media and development, context and issues
TRANSCRIPT
Changing Conceptions of Development and Changing Roles of the Media
Some preliminary thoughts
IDSC08 2013
Some Key Questions
• What are some common assumptions about the roles of the media in society?▫What were the assumed relationship between
Media and Communication? • What role did Media play in early
development thinking?▫Media mirror development?▫Media drive development?
• Did change in Media Production change the way we think about Development?▫From “main stream” to “new” media
Remembering Aaron Swartz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz
What is Development?
•Economic growth?•Good governance?•Equality?•Social Justice?•Happiness?•Sustainability?
What are the functions of Media?•Public Service? •To inform? •To educate?•To propagandize?•To entertain? •Social control?•Culture?
“The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.”Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media, Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, 1988
http://nwothesis.blogspot.ca/2011/04/military-industrial-complex-in-5.html
http://www.21stcentech.com/human-prospects-arrive-2013/military-industrial-complex/
•Media Concentration – Global Oligopology ▫Transnational ownership▫Acquisition of local outlets
Why media concentration?
•Media Logic and the Free Market Capitalism
• Media ownership and funding sources•Government policies and citizens roles
Media and Development:
Paradigms and Assumptions
Paradigms of Development
▫ Western societies as a model – emphasis on economic growth
▫ Causes of underdevelopment inherent in the countries themselves
▫ Focus on the nation-state
▫ Emphasis on individual freedoms
▫ Vertical pattern of communication – from the elite to the people.
World systems perspective – development defined in terms of center and periphery
Underdevelopment ascribed to the industrialized capitalist powers of the West
Information gaps – underdevelopment in the periphery is prerequisite to development in the center
A country in the periphery must strive for self-reliance and liberation from the world system
Emphasis on social equality.
Modernization Dependences
Paradigms of Development
▫ Western societies as a model – emphasis on economic growth
▫ Causes of underdevelopment inherent in the countries themselves
▫ Focus on the nation-state
▫ Emphasis on individual freedoms
▫ Vertical pattern of communication – from the elite to the people.
World systems perspective – development defined in terms of center and periphery
Underdevelopment ascribed to the industrialized capitalist powers of the West
Information gaps – underdevelopment in the periphery is prerequisite to development in the center
A country in the periphery must strive for self-reliance and liberation from the world system
Emphasis on social equality.
Modernization Dependences
Mass media accorded a central role in the development process
The mass media reinforce the dominance of the metropole over its satellites
Criticisms of media and development
•Growing media concentration, ownership and content
•the hypodermic-needle model of media effects
•the need for social-structural changes•shortcomings of the classical diffusion-of-
innovations model•Limited effects of mass media•Lack of study or methodologies
•"American communication research has grown up in an atmosphere of behaviorism and operationalism, which has made it correct in technical methodology but poor in conceptual productivity.” Nordenstreng (1968)
Media as…• Tool for development• “Mobility multipliers” (Mass Media and
National Development, Schramm 1964)
• “diffusers of innovations” (E M Rogers, 1962, 1976, 1983)
• “Network”
•Early warnings on the limits of growth and environmental consequences
•Attributions of “underdevelopment”
First published in 1972
•"It is capitalism, world and national, which produced under- development in the past and still generates underdevelopment in the present" (Andre Gunder Frank, 1971:1).
•Multiple pathways to development
Everett Rogers
•“development as a widely participatory process of social change in a society, intended to bring about both social and material advancement (including greater equality, freedom, and other valued qualities) for the majority of the people through their gaining greater control over their environment” (Rogers, 1975)
Refer to assigned reading
Everett Rogers
•Diffusion of Innovations and Development•field experiments and network analysis•communication effects gaps and audience
participation•Diffusion is uneven•Local innovation and local problem
solving
•“what is really new about communication technology is not the technology per se as much as the social technology of how the new communication devices are organized and used.” (1976: 34)
•Importance of interpersonal network in knowledge transmission (not through “opinion leaders”)
•4 main elements that influence the spread of a new idea: ▫the innovation, communication channels,
time, and a social system. •Diffusion is the process by which an
innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.
• Innovations progress through 5 stages: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation."
Emergence of the Participatory Paradigm
Post-war paradigm
•“free flow of information” – meanings and assumptions
•But how is this different from the “participatory” approach?
• Development assistance, technology and skills transfer
• Research, fact finding and dissemination
• Norm setting, principles and declarations
The McBride Commission Report (1985)•Self-reliance and cultural identity• international character of the media, their
structures, world-views and markets•Globalization: concentration of media
ownership, monopolization of markets, and a decline in diversity
•Emergence of the information society
The New World Information Communication Order (NWICO)
• The Four “Ds” ▫ Democratization▫ Decolonization▫ Demonopolization ▫ Development