medfly ( ceratitis capitata ) biology and control spain
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Medfly ( Ceratitis capitata ) Biology and control Spain. MODULE C16. Index. Taxonomy 2. Importance as pests 3. Distribution 4. Life cycle 5. Monitoring 6. Control. Taxonomy. Order Diptera. Family Tephritidae Ceratitis capitata Bactrocera oleae - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) Biology and control
Spain
MODULE C16
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IndexIndex
1. Taxonomy
2. Importance as pests
3. Distribution
4. Life cycle
5. Monitoring
6. Control
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Order Diptera. Family Tephritidae
Ceratitis capitata
Bactrocera oleae
Rhagoletis cerasi
TaxonomyTaxonomy
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Latin name
Common name
Distri-bution
Host species
Bactrocera oleae
Olive fruit fly Mediterra-nean region
Olive
Ceratitis capitata
Mediterranean fruit fly
Mediterra-nean region
More than 250
Rhagoletis cerasi
European cherry fruit fly
Central. Mediterra-nean region
Cherry
Most important species in Most important species in EuropeEurope
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• Attack high value crops (fruit crops)
• Direct injury to the fruits
• Fruit about to ripen
• Larvae live inside the fruit
• Introduced pests in many regions (by man)
• Quarantine species
Importance as pestsImportance as pests
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http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/muller/ (2003)
DistributionDistribution
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Life cycle 1: Life cycle 1: OverwinteringOverwintering
Polyphagous and multivoltine species, whose development is mainly driven bytemperature No evidence of diapause
Overwinters in the ground as pupa within a puparium
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Life cycle 2: Adult Life cycle 2: Adult emergenceemergence
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Life cycle 3: AdultsLife cycle 3: Adults
male seta
female ovipositor
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Life cycle 4: Adult Life cycle 4: Adult emergence and longevityemergence and longevity
• Peak adult emergence takes place in the early morning
• Adults need food: honeydew, nitrogen sources
• The post-emergence pre-maturation period of the females is short: 2 –3 days
• Adult survival in the field doest not exceed probably 2 – 3 months
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• The adults do not migrate readily after emergence
• Dispersion distances by flight depends on fruit availability
• Few hundreds meters per week when available• Long distances (both mature and immature females) when not available
Life cycle 5: Adult Life cycle 5: Adult dispersion dispersion
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Life cycle 6: OvipositionLife cycle 6: Oviposition
• Eggs continuously produced
• Under the skin of fruit which is just beginning to ripen
• Several females can lay eggs on the same fruit
• Oviposition hole difficult to detect
female ovipositor
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Life cycle 7: Egg, larva Life cycle 7: Egg, larva and damageand damage
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Monitoring 1: Summary of Monitoring 1: Summary of methodsmethods
1. Trap types () McPhail () Tephri Trap
2. Lure types () Liquid: Trimedlure () Solid: trimetilamine, putrescine & ammonium acetate () Plant volatiles
3. Economic threshold () 1 adult per trap per day
4. Fruit sampling
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Monitoring 2: Tephri trapsMonitoring 2: Tephri traps
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Monitoring 3: an exampleMonitoring 3: an example
BABY GOLD 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CA
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/DIA
total
hembras
machos
trimetilamine, putrescine & ammonium acetate
female
male
No
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Control 1: chemical Control 1: chemical controlcontrol
• Chemical control• Few insecticides available (OPs, pyrethroids, spinosad), even less in Integrated Fruit Production• Safe to harvest intervals• Full cover sprays• Aerial treatments (against IFP concept)• Bait sprays
• Mass trapping
• Attract and sterilize
• Sterile Insect Technique
AREAWIDE MANAGEMENT
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Control 2: mass trappingControl 2: mass trapping
• Based on the use of the same traps and lures than for monitoring
• 50 – 80 traps / ha distributed across the orchard
• Traps placed 4 – 6 weeks before harvest
• Traps may be distributed in all the orchard, if it is small, or only in its perimeter, if it is big
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Control 3: attract and killControl 3: attract and kill
• Plant extracts + hydrolyzed protein+ insecticide
• 400 units / ha
• Units placed 4 – 6 weeks before harvest
• 4 months of duration
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Control 4: attract and Control 4: attract and sterilizesterilize
• Attractants + phagostimulants +lufenuron
• 24 units/ ha
• 1,5 m high, south side, before 1st generation
• Placed only once