MED 6000Session 4

Research DesignsDoes the design enable the

researchers to answer the research question?

Types of Research DesignsQuantitative: Explore relationships

between variablesExperimental: Active independent

variableIndividual Differences: Attribute

independent variableQualitative: Descriptive

Types of Research Designs: ExperimentalExperimental

DesignsPurpose: to determine

causesRandomizedClassic experimental

designsBetween subjectsWithin subjectsMatched pairs

Others . . .

Quasi-experimental Designs

Purpose: to examine causality

Nonequivalent control groupOne group posttest onlyPosttest only with

nonequivalent comparison group

One group pre/posttest Two group pre/posttest with

untreated control groupRepeated treatmentSolomon Four

Types of Research Designs: Individual Differences

ComparativePurpose: to compare

groupsExisting groupsDifferences on

some measure that exists within the group

AssociationalPurpose: to find

associations and make predictions

Correlations (relationships) between two variables for the same person or group

Qualitative Research DesignsDescribe and illuminateCase studyParticipant observationSociometry and network analysisEthnographyFocus groupsContent analysisNarrative analysis

Do the procedures, including tools used to gather information, appear appropriate and sufficient to address the research questions?

Are the procedures described in sufficient detail to allow you to make an informed judgment about their appropriateness?

Are the procedures relevant for the research questions identified by the researchers?

Are the instruments used in the study clearly identified?

Do the identified instruments appear appropriate and sufficient to define and describe the variables investigated in the study?

Sufficient Information?Is enough information given that you

could replicate the study?

Procedures Appropriate for the Question?Is the research qualitative or quantitative?

Qualitative Natural settings Descriptive data Focus on process Inductive logic – specific to general Search for meaning

Quantitative Describe current status Identify relationships Compare outcomes

VariablesDependent

variableCriterion variableOutcome variableThe one that

changes in response to changes in the independent variable

y variable or vertical axis

Independent variable

Experimental variableTreatment variableVarying levels of this

variable could lead to changes in the dependent variable

x variable or horizontal axis

Extraneous variables – other factors that could influence the dependent variable

Instruments“If anything exists, it exists in some amount. If

it exists in some amount, it can be measured” Thorndike, 1914

Measurement: The assigning of numbers to a result

InstrumentsReliability

Consistency – does the instrument produce consistent results? Internal consistency – consistent with a different

form or part of the test.

ValidityRelevance – does the instrument measure

what it purports to measure? Content validity– experts assess content of test

Qualitative InstrumentsIs there enough information to make a valid

judgment?Observer bias: tendency to see what we

expect to seeObserver effect: the extent to which being

observed changes the nature of what is observed

Triangulation: corroborate findings with other data sources

Evaluate Procedures and InstrumentationIn your groups of two or three, evaluate the

procedures and instrumentation of two research reports using the template on pg. 95

Discuss Article #2

New Topic: Six Trait WritingIDEAS

Ideas are what the writer has to say, a message. The paper should be interesting and hold the reader's attention all the way through. The paper should contain supporting details that enrich the main idea. The main ideas should stand out from the supporting details. The writer should show how people respond to life and to each other

Six Trait WritingWORD CHOICE

Word Choice is where the writer creates a mental picture for the reader by using words that are specific and accurate. The writer uses active verbs whenever possible to give the writing energy. The adjectives are as descriptive as possible.

CONVENTIONSWriting Conventions include spelling, punctuation,

capitalization, grammar, and paragraphing. The writer should use conventions to enhance the readability of the paper. Paragraphing should reinforce organization.

Six Trait WritingVOICE

Voice is the personality of the writer coming through on the page. In academic writing, the voice is more formal.

SENTENCE FLUENCYThere are many possible ways to write any sentence

correctly, but usually, of those correct versions, one or two will sound better than others. A writer who can pick out those versions and can use them frequently will have a strong sense of sentence fluency. It means using long sentences when they would be best and short sentences when they would suit better. Good sentence fluency stands out when a piece of writing is read aloud.

Six Trait Writing

ORGANIZATIONOrganization is the structure of the paper. The

order should be logical and effective so that the reader hardly thinks about it. The information should be delivered at just the right moment. There should be an inviting lead that "hooks" the reader. The body should build to an important point by using supporting details that fit where they are placed. The conclusion should tie everything together. The ideas should be linked together with smooth transitions.

http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/LindaJancola/6Trait/6-trait.html

APA Quotations6.03 (p. 170)

Material directly quoted should be reproduced word for wordShorter quotations (fewer than 40 words) should

be incorporated into text using quotation marks.Quotations of 40 words or more should be in a

freestanding (1/2 in. indent) block without quotation marks.

Always provide author, year, and page number (paragraph number for web documents)

More QuotationsUse double quotation marks to enclose

quotations in text. Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks to set off material that in the original source was enclosed in double quotation marks.

Use three ellipses ( . . . ) to indicate omitted material. Use four ellipses if material omitted is between two sentences -- the first ellipse is actually a period.

Punctuation Around Quotations

Midsentence: end quotation, put citation in ( ), use only necessary punctuation.

End of sentence: end quotation, put citation in ( ), end with a period outside parentheses.

End of a block quote: cite the quoted source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark.

APA Citations(p. 171)

Direct quotesResearch (author, year) has indicated that “each

student . . .” (p. x).Smith (year) stated “each student . . .” (p. x).Sources without page numbers should indicate the

paragraph number or section name and paragraph number. Ex: (Discussion section, para. 2)

ParaphrasingResearch (author, year) has indicated that

students . . .Smith (year) found that students . . .

APA CitationsWorks by multiple authors

When a work has 3-5 authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, inlcude only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year.

When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. for all citations.

Omit the year from subsequent citations after the first nonparenthetical citation with a paragraph.

Reference ListList of sources that were referred to in

the paper.Each source mentioned in the paper must

be in the reference list and each entry in the reference list must be referred to in the paper.

Different from a bibliography which might include background reading that was not specifically referred to in the paper.

p. 180

Reference ListAlphabetical order by first author’s last nameOlder works by the same author go before later

works.If you have cited two works by the same author in the

same year, alphabetize by the article name and then designate the first article cited as a and the second article as b.Example: Smith, J. A. (2005a)

Use a hanging indent – first line of each reference is at left margin, all other lines indented ½ inch.

Capitalize only the first word of an article or book title and subtitle

Give journal titles in Upper and lowercase with italicsDouble space everything!

Basic Elements of a ReferenceJournals

Author, A. A., Author, B. , & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article: Subtitle if needed. Title of Journal, 81 (2), 35-48.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of article: Subtitle if needed. Title of Journal, 81 (2), 35-48. doi: 83.8482/983-78.2017

Author, A. A., Author, B. , & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article: Subtitle if needed. Title of Journal, 81 (2), 35-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.wein.edu.au/index/journal

Basic Elements of a ReferenceBook

Author, A. A. (year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.

Book chapter

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter of book. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book

(pp. 35-38). Location: Publisher Reference Round-about

ReferencesResources

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

http://citationmachine.net/

APA PracticeAPA 2

Next SessionNext session: October 20 Article critique 3 due – pick your own articleRead Chapter 5Print and begin working on APA 3