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CROMOSOMA 1. Características generales 2. Ultraestructura 3. Composición química 4. Organización molecular

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CROMOSOMA

1. Características generales2. Ultraestructura3. Composición química4. Organización molecular

CROMOSOMAS METAFÁSICOS

EL CROMOSOMAFORMA

Características generales

Page 3: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Características generales

ucm.es

Cromátideshermanas

Cromátide

FORMAEL CROMOSOMA

CROMOSOMAS METAFÁSICOS

Page 4: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

ucm.es

metacéntrico

submetacéntrico

acrocéntrico

Características generales

FORMAEL CROMOSOMA

CROMOSOMAS METAFÁSICOS

Page 5: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Características generales

Cromosoma acrocéntrico

EL CROMOSOMAFORMA

CROMOSOMAS METAFÁSICOS

Page 6: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Species # Species #Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64Dove 16 Garden snail 54Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36Domestic cat 38 Domestic pig 38Laboratory mouse 40 Laboratory rat 42Rabbit 44 Syrian hamster 44Hare 46 Human 46Gorillas, Chimpanzees 48 Domestic sheep 54Elephants 56 Cow 60Donkey 62 Horse 64Dog 78 Kingfisher 132Goldfish 100-104 silkworm 56

EL CROMOSOMANÚMERO

Número de cromosomas (2n) en algunos animales

Goldfish

garden snail

Earthworm

Kingfisher

2n=100-104 2n=132

2n=36 2n=54

Número de cromosomas (2n) en algunos animalesEL CROMOSOMA

n: 190

NÚMERO

Page 8: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Cortes ultrafinos

Ultraestructura

MET: Permite solo visiones parciales de los cromosomas.Conglomerado de fibras apretadas cortadas en múltiples puntos (30 nm)

EL CROMOSOMA

Microscopía electrónica de barrido

MEB:Microcónvulas

Page 9: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Secuencias de ADN en un cromosoma eucariota

EL CROMOSOMA

Figure 4-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Page 10: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Composición química

ADNProteínas:

•Histonas•No-histonas

EL CROMOSOMA Organización molecular

Figure 4-23 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Page 11: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Figure 4-25 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Organización estructural de las histonas del núcleo del nucleosoma

EL CROMOSOMA Organización molecular

lisinaarginina

102-135 a.a.

Page 12: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Organización molecular

Fibra nucleosómica de 11nm

EL CROMOSOMA

Primer nivel de empaquetamiento

Page 13: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

EL CROMOSOMA

Ensamblaje de las histonas

Organización molecular

Unión del ADN en un nucleosoma

Page 14: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Figure 4-24 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Estructura del núcleo del nucleosoma

EL CROMOSOMA Organización molecular

Page 15: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Figure 4-28 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

EL CROMOSOMA Los nucleosomas son dinámicos

Page 16: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Figure 4-29 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

EL CROMOSOMA

La reorganización de los nucleosomas requiere energía

Page 17: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Figure 4-33b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Formación de la fibra de 30 nm

EL CROMOSOMA Organización molecularSegundo nivel de empaquetamiento

Page 18: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Figure 4-34 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Posición de la histona H1

EL CROMOSOMA Organización molecular

Page 19: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Fibra cromatínica de 30nmEL CROMOSOMA Organización molecular

Page 20: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Modelo en zig-zag de la fibra de 30 nmEL CROMOSOMA Organización molecular

Page 21: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Modelo en solenoide de la fibra de 30 nm

EL CROMOSOMA Organización molecular

Page 22: MED 13-14 Cromosoma-1.ppt [Modo de compatibilidad] · Species # Species # Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64 Dove 16 Garden snail 54 Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36 Domestic cat 38 Domestic

Niveles de empaquetamiento de la cromatina

ADN-topoisomerasa II

EL CROMOSOMA

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