MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN LEARNING A PHSYICAL LEARNING A PHSYICAL

SKILLSKILL

Output & FeedbackOutput & Feedback

Week 4Week 4

Key ContentKey Content Reaction timeReaction time

Types of reaction timeTypes of reaction time Age, genderAge, gender Intensity of the stimulusIntensity of the stimulus Number of choicesNumber of choices Warning signalsWarning signals Probability of the signal occurringProbability of the signal occurring Psychological refractory periodPsychological refractory period Stimulus-response compatibilityStimulus-response compatibility

FeedbackFeedback Types of feedbackTypes of feedback Feedback and the learnerFeedback and the learner

OutputOutput

The neuromuscular system automatically The neuromuscular system automatically carries out the movement response carries out the movement response initiated and coordinated by the central initiated and coordinated by the central nervous systemnervous system

Reaction TimeReaction Time

The time it takes to complete the information The time it takes to complete the information processing stage is known as ________ ______processing stage is known as ________ ______

Reaction timeReaction time is the time ________ detecting a is the time ________ detecting a cue and initiating a response to itcue and initiating a response to it

Movement timeMovement time is the ______ time it takes to is the ______ time it takes to complete the movementcomplete the movement

Response timeResponse time is the time taken from the onset is the time taken from the onset of a cue to the completion of the movement of a cue to the completion of the movement Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement TimeResponse Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time

See figure 1.20, page 31 See figure 1.20, page 31

Types of Reaction TimeTypes of Reaction Time Simple reaction timeSimple reaction time

Only ______ appropriate response to the stimulusOnly ______ appropriate response to the stimulus Therefore, this is the fastest reaction timeTherefore, this is the fastest reaction time Eg: Gun going off at start of swimming raceEg: Gun going off at start of swimming race

Choice reaction timeChoice reaction time Several stimuli, therefore _______ appropriate Several stimuli, therefore _______ appropriate

responsesresponses SlowerSlower Single channel hypothesis usedSingle channel hypothesis used Are your responses quicker for sight, sound or touch Are your responses quicker for sight, sound or touch

stimuli?stimuli? Eg: Team sports – who do I kick to? What type of Eg: Team sports – who do I kick to? What type of

pass do I use?pass do I use?

Influences on Reaction TimeInfluences on Reaction Time

AgeAgeGenderGender Intensity of the stimulusIntensity of the stimulusNumber of choicesNumber of choicesWarning signalsWarning signalsProbability of the signal occurringProbability of the signal occurringPsychological refractory periodPsychological refractory periodStimulus-response periodStimulus-response period

Age & GenderAge & Gender

AgeAgeFastest between 19 and 30 years of ageFastest between 19 and 30 years of age Increases after that (slows down)Increases after that (slows down)

GenderGenderMales tend to have quicker reaction timesMales tend to have quicker reaction timesAlthough, male reaction time tends to slow Although, male reaction time tends to slow

down at a quicker ratedown at a quicker rate

Intensity of the Stimulus & Number Intensity of the Stimulus & Number of Choicesof Choices

Intensity of the stimulus (or cue)Intensity of the stimulus (or cue)Think back to our senses, same principle Think back to our senses, same principle

appliesappliesStrong, large and bright cues are easier to Strong, large and bright cues are easier to

detectdetectNumber of choicesNumber of choices

Hick’s Law:Hick’s Law: Reaction time __________ as the Reaction time __________ as the number of choices increasesnumber of choices increases

See figure 1.22, page 33See figure 1.22, page 33

Warning Signals & Probability of Warning Signals & Probability of the Signal Occurringthe Signal Occurring

Warning signalsWarning signals If present it reduces the reaction timeIf present it reduces the reaction time

Eg: “On your marks”, “Set”, …”Go”Eg: “On your marks”, “Set”, …”Go”

Probability of the signal occurringProbability of the signal occurring If you know a cue is coming you can If you know a cue is coming you can

__________, thus reducing your reaction time__________, thus reducing your reaction timeEg: You know that if the bowler goes wide on the Eg: You know that if the bowler goes wide on the

crease that they will bowl a bouncercrease that they will bowl a bouncerYou have learnt this from past experiencesYou have learnt this from past experiences

Psychological Refractory PeriodPsychological Refractory Period

Also known as successive cuesAlso known as successive cues The brain only processes one cue at a time, but The brain only processes one cue at a time, but

in many sports you have to respond to _____ in many sports you have to respond to _____ cues in successioncues in succession

The time between the brain reacting to the first The time between the brain reacting to the first and second cue is called the and second cue is called the psychological psychological refractory periodrefractory period You are committed to processing the first cue, before You are committed to processing the first cue, before

your brain can process the second cueyour brain can process the second cue

This is why the ‘fake’ can be an excellent play in This is why the ‘fake’ can be an excellent play in many sportsmany sports

Stimulus-Response CompatibilityStimulus-Response Compatibility

It is the degree of cohesion between the It is the degree of cohesion between the stimulus presented and the response stimulus presented and the response performedperformed

If compatibility is high then the reaction will If compatibility is high then the reaction will be fasterbe fasterEg: Netball players are used to the umpire Eg: Netball players are used to the umpire

blowing whistle to start. If the umpire instead blowing whistle to start. If the umpire instead says “play” then the player will take says “play” then the player will take

longer to react because it is less longer to react because it is less

compatiblecompatible

FeedbackFeedback

Information a performer receives about Information a performer receives about how a skill was __________how a skill was __________

Available to the athlete ________, Available to the athlete ________, _______ and _______ the performance_______ and _______ the performance

Can be from the performer or the coachCan be from the performer or the coachMain rolesMain roles

MotivateMotivateReinforceReinforceChange the performanceChange the performance

Types of FeedbackTypes of Feedback

Using your text (page 35) define the following in Using your text (page 35) define the following in your own wordsyour own words Internal feedbackInternal feedback External feedbackExternal feedback Augmented feedbackAugmented feedback Positive feedbackPositive feedback Continuous feedbackContinuous feedback Terminal feedbackTerminal feedback Knowledge of resultsKnowledge of results Knowledge of performanceKnowledge of performance

Feedback and the LearnerFeedback and the Learner

Stage of learningStage of learning Cognitive: needs knowledge of resultsCognitive: needs knowledge of results Not too much augmented feedbackNot too much augmented feedback Associative: needs knowledge of performanceAssociative: needs knowledge of performance

Precision of feedbackPrecision of feedback Needs to be precise, specific, accurate, meaningfulNeeds to be precise, specific, accurate, meaningful Eg: “Great swing” or “You rotated your chest and kept Eg: “Great swing” or “You rotated your chest and kept

your arms extended, well done”your arms extended, well done” Timing of feedbackTiming of feedback

Needs to be given _______ after the performanceNeeds to be given _______ after the performance Don’t have to receive feedback for every performanceDon’t have to receive feedback for every performance

Performers can generally internally self-analyse a skillPerformers can generally internally self-analyse a skill