mechanics lab

Flu

id M

echan

ic’s lab 02-01

F1issue 16

F1–12 Hydrostatic pressure

ACCESSORIES COMPRISE

➤ F1-11 Dead weight calibrator➤ F1-12 Hydrostatic pressure➤ F1-13 Flow over weirs➤ F1-14 Metacentric height➤ F1-15 Bernoulli's Theorem demonstration➤ F1-16 Impact of a jet➤ F1-17 Orifice & free jet flow➤ F1-17a Orifice discharge➤ F1-18 Energy losses in pipes➤ F1-19 Flow channel➤ F1-20 Osborne Reynolds' demonstration➤ F1-21 Flow meter demonstration➤ F1-22 Energy losses in bends➤ F1-23 Free & forced vortices

➤ F1-24 Hydraulic ram➤ F1-25 Demonstration Pelton turbine➤ F1-26 Series/Parallel pumps➤ F1-27 Centrifugal pump characteristics➤ F301 Computer aided learning software➤ C6MkII-10 Fluid friction apparatus

F1–16 Impact of a jet

F1–10 Hydraulics bench with F1-24 Hydraulic ram

David Hanzal

Text Box

Items 02-01-01 thru item 02-01-20

F1-10 Basic Hydraulics Bench

DESCRIPTION

This unit is designed as a portable and self-containedservice module for the range of accessories describedlater in this data sheet.

The bench is constructed from lightweight corrosionresistant plastic and is mounted on wheels for mobility.

The bench top incorporates an open channel with sidechannels to support the accessory on test.

Volumetric measurement is integral and has beenchosen in preference to other methods of flowmeasurement for its ease of use, accuracy and safety inuse (no heavy weights for students to drop). Thevolumetric measuring tank is stepped to accommodatelow or high flow rates. A stilling baffle reducesturbulence and a remote sight tube with scale gives aninstantaneous indication of water level. A measuringcylinder is included in the supply for measurement ofvery small flow rates.

A dump valve in the base of the volumetric tank isoperated by a remote actuator. Opening the dumpvalve returns the measured volume of water to thesump in the base of the bench for recycling. Anoverflow in the volumetric tank avoids flooding.

Water is drawn from the sump tank by a centrifugalpump and a panel mounted control valve regulates theflow. An easy-to-use quick release pipe connectorsituated in the bench top allows for the rapid exchangeof accessories without the need for hand tools.

Each accessory is supplied as a complete piece ofequipment needing no additional service items otherthan the Hydraulics Bench. When coupled to the benchthey are immediately ready for use.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pump: ...................................... centrifugal typemax. head 21m H2Omax. flow 1.35 litres/sec

Motor rating: ............................ 0.37kWSump tank capacity: ............... 250 litresHigh flow volumetric tank: ...... 40 litresLow flow volumetric tank: ....... 6 litresHeight of working surface: ..... 1 metre above floor level

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Head

(met

res o

f wat

er)

Flow (litres S

-1)

Service pump characteristics curve (indicative)

F1-11 Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator

This calibrator functions on the same principle adoptedin calibrating industrial pressure gauges.

DEMONSTRATION CAPABILITIES

➤ calibrating a Bourdon type pressure gauge

DESCRIPTION

This dead weight pressure gauge calibrator consists ofa precision machined piston and cylinder assemblymounted on levelling screws. A Bourdon gauge issupplied for calibration. The weights supplied areadded to the upper end of the piston rod which isrotated to minimise friction effects. The gauge is thussubject to known pressures which may be comparedwith the gauge readings and an error curve drawn.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pressure gauge: ................ Bourdon tuberange 0 to 200 KN/m2 (KPa)

Area of Piston: ................... 244.8 x 10–6 m2

Mass of piston: .................. 0.5kgAncillary masses: .............. 0.5kg, 1.0kg and 2.5kg

F1–11 Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator

120

100

80

60

40

20

00 20 40 60 80 100 120

Calib

rate

d pr

essu

re K

N/m

2

Indicated pressure KN/m

3

F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure

The Hydrostatic Pressure accessory has been designedto determine the static thrust exerted by a fluid on asubmerged surface and allow comparison of themeasured magnitude and position of this force withsimple theory.


➤ determining the centre of pressure on both asubmerged or partially submerged plane surfaceand comparison with the theoretical position

DESCRIPTION

A fabricated quadrant is mounted on a balance armwhich pivots on knife edges. The knife edges coincidewith the centre of arc of the quadrant. Thus, of thehydrostatic forces acting on the quadrant whenimmersed, only the force on the rectangular end facegives rise to a moment about the knife edges.

The balance arm incorporates a balance pan for theweights supplied and an adjustable counterbalance.

This assembly is mounted on top of an acrylic tankwhich may be levelled by adjusting screwed feet.Correct alignment is indicated on a circular spirit levelmounted on the base of the tank.

An indicator attached to the side of the tank showswhen the balance arm is horizontal.

Water is admitted to the top of the tank by a flexibletube and may be drained through a cock in the side ofthe tank. The water level is indicated on a scale on theside of the quadrant.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Tank capacity: ....................................................... 5.5 litresDistance between suspended mass and fulcrum: 275mmCross-sectional area of quadrant (torroid): ... 7.5 x 10–3m2

Total depth of completely immersed quadrant: .... 160mmHeight of fulcrum above quadrant: ........................ 100mm

Graph plotting r against mass using F1-12 (indicative)

F1–13 Flow over Weirs - vee notch weir

F1-13 Flow over Weirs

Two weir plates of different shape are provided allowingfamiliarisation and comparison with theory.


➤ demonstrating the characteristics of flow overa rectangular notch

➤ demonstrating the characteristics of flow over a veenotch

➤ determining the coefficient of discharge

DESCRIPTION

The Flow over Weirs consists of five basic elements usedin conjunction with the flow channel in the moulded benchtop of the Hydraulics Bench.

(i) A quick release connector in the base of the channel isunscrewed and a delivery nozzle screwed in its place.

(ii) A stilling baffle locates into slots in the walls of thechannel. The inlet nozzle and stilling baffle in combinationpromote smooth flow conditions in the channel.

(iii) A Vernier hook and point gauge is mounted on aninstrument carrier which is located on the side channels ofthe moulded top. The carrier may be moved along thechannels to the required measurement position.

(iv) The rectangular notch weir or (v) vee notch weir to betested is clamped to the weir carrier in the channel bythumb nuts. The weir plates incorporate captive studs toaid assembly.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Overall dimensions of weir plates: .... height 160mmwidth 230mmthickness 4mm

Dimensions of rectangular notch: ..... height 82mmwidth 30mm

Angle of vee notch weir: .................... 900 inclusiveHook & point gauge range: ................ 0 to 150mm

Accuracy 0.1mm

0 500MASS (g)

FULLY SUBMERGED PLATE ONLY

PARTIALLY SUBMERGED BELOW THIS POINT

r (m

m)

200

0

Typical results obtained using F1–13 vee notch weir (left) and rectangular weir

H 5/2 (m

5/2)

(x10 -4 m

3/s)

FLOW

RAT

E

0

5.0

0 0.001 H 3/2 (m

3/2)

(x10 -3 m

3/s)

FLOW

RAT

E

0

1.5

0 0.03

F1-14 Metacentric Height

This equipment allows a thorough investigation ofthe factors affecting the stability of a floating body.


➤ determining the centre of gravity of the pontoon➤ determining the metacentric height and from this

the position of the metacentre for the pontoon➤ varying the metacentric height with angle of heel

DESCRIPTION

On this item the position of the metacentre can bevaried to produce stable and unstable equilibrium.The equipment consists of a plastic rectangularfloating pontoon, the centre of gravity of which canbe varied by an adjustable weight which slides andcan be clamped in any position on a vertical mast.

A single plumb-bob is suspended from the mastwhich indicates the angle of heel on a calibratedscale. A weight with lateral adjustment allows thedegree of heel to be varied and hence the stability ofthe pontoon determined.

The equipment does not require a separate watertank as it may be used on the Hydraulics Bench byfilling the volumetric tank.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Max. angle of heel: ........................ ±13o

Corresponding linear dimension: . ±90mmPontoon dimensions: .................... length 350mm

width 200mmoverall height

F1-15 Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration

The Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration accessoryillustrates those circumstances to which Bernoulli'sTheorem may be applied. Also, separately, why in othercircumstances the theorem gives an inadequatedescription of the fluid behaviour.


➤ demonstrating Bernoulli's Theorem and itslimitations

➤ directly measuring the static and total headdistributionalong a Venturi tube

➤ determining the meter coefficient at various flowrates

DESCRIPTION

The test section consists of a classical Venturimachined in clear acrylic. A series of wall tappingsallow measurement of the static pressure distributionalong the converging duct, while a total head tube isprovided to traverse along the centre line of the testsection. These tappings are connected to a manometerbank incorporating a manifold with air bleed valve.Pressurisation of the manometers is facilitated by ahand pump. The test section is arranged so that thecharacteristics of flow through both a converging anddiverging section can be studied. Water is fed througha hose connector and is controlled by a flow regulatorvalve at the outlet of the test section.

The Venturi can be demonstrated as a means of flowmeasurement and the discharge coefficient can bedetermined.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Manometer range: ........................ 0 to 300mmNumber of manometer tubes: ...... 8Throat diameter: ........................... 10.0mmUpstream diameter: ...................... 25.00mmUpstream taper: ............................ 14o

Downstream taper: ....................... 21o

F1–14 Metacentric Height F1–15 Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration

F1-16 Impact of a Jet

This equipment allows the force developed by a jet ofwater impinging upon a stationary object to bemeasured.

MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES

➤ measuring the force exerted on different targets andcomparison with the forces predicted bymomentum theory

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consists of a cylindrical clear acrylicfabrication with provision for levelling. Water is fedthrough a nozzle and discharged vertically to strike atarget carried on a stem which extends through thecover. A weight carrier is mounted on the upper end ofthe stem. The dead weight of the moving parts iscounter-balanced by a compression spring. The verticalforce exerted on the target plate is measured by addingthe weights supplied to the weight pan until the markon the weight pan corresponds with the level gauge. Atotal of four targets are provided: a flat plate, a 120o

cone and a hemispherical cup.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Nozzle diameter: ............................................ 8mmDistance between nozzle & target plate: ...... 20mmDiameter of target plate: ................................ 36mmTarget plates: .................... – 180o hemispherical target

– 120o target (cone)– flat target- 30O target

F1–17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow

Typical results obtained using F1–16 with hemispherical plate (top), 1200

cone (centre) and flat plate (bottom)

F1-17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow

This equipment permits calibration of two orifices ofdiffering diameter.


➤ establishing the coefficient of velocity for a smallorifice

➤ finding experimentally the coefficient of dischargefor a small orifice with flow under constant head andflow under varying head

➤ comparing the measured trajectory of a jet with thatpredicted by simple theory of mechanics

DESCRIPTION

In the Orifice & Free Jet Flow accessory a constanthead tank is fed with water from the Hydraulics Bench.The orifice is installed at the base of this tank by meansof a special wall fitting which provides a flush insidesurface.

The head is maintained at a constant value by anadjustable overflow and is indicated by a level scale. Ajet trajectory tracing device allows the path followed bythe jet to be ascertained.

Adjustable feet permit levelling.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Orifice diameters: .............. 3.0mm and 6.0mmJet trajectory probes: ....... 8Max. constant head: ......... 410mm

F T (N)

10

00 10

F A (N

)

F T (N)

10

00 10

F A (N

)

F T (N)

10

00 10

F A (N

)

20

15

Pipe surge and water hammer are two related but independent phenomena which arisewhen fluid flowing in a pipe is accelerated or decelerated. The associated pressuretransients can be damaging to pipework or components and systems must be designedto avoid or withstand them.The equipment designed by Armfield clearly demonstrates the different effects resultingfrom gradual or instantaneous changes in fluid velocity (created by slow and fast valveclosure). Effect of initial fluid velocity can also be investigated.Pipe surge resulting from a gradual change in fluid velocity is clearly seen as fluctuatingchanges in head in a surge shaft.Water hammer resulting from a rapid change in fluid velocity is clearly seen as largechanges in pressure monitored using a pair of transducers and indicated using anoscilloscope.


➤ demonstration of pipe surge

➤ determination of oscillatory characteristics of the surge shaft

➤ demonstration of frictional head loss between reservoir and surge shaft

➤ comparison between theoretical and measured pressure profilesproduced by water hammer

➤ using a dual trace storage oscilloscope to record transient waterhammer pressure profiles

➤ measuring the pressure profile characteristics

➤ determination of the velocity of sound through a fluid in a pipe

➤ demonstration of the effects of cavitation on subsequentcycles.

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-21

DESCRIPTION

The equipment comprises two stainless steelpipes connected to a constant head tank.A service module provides the water supply tothe head tank and also incorporates a volumetrictank for flow rate measurement, sump tank,circulating pump and flow control valve.Water enters the two test pipes via the constanthead tank and discharges into the volumetrictank. A dump valve in the volumetric tank returnsthe water to the sump tank.The pipe surge test section incorporates a clearacrylic surge shaft to enable visualisation of itsoscillatory characteristics to be demonstrated.A metric scale on the shaft permits the height ofthe oscillations to be measured. The test pipeterminates with a lever operated gate valve andseparate flow control valve.

The water hammer test section uses a uniquefast acting valve specifically designed byArmfield.

A moving shuttle within the valve travels with thewater flow, thereby enabling a very high closurerate to be obtained. The valve can easily beoperated simply by pressing the valve releasebutton, and a spring loaded plunger re-sets it forfurther use. Straight pipes are used, rather than acoiled arrangement, to reduce the distortion ofthe pressure wave.Pressure transducers mounted at the fast actingvalve itself and at a point along the test pipeprovide analogue outputs which are fed into asignal conditioning module. The correspondingoutput voltage from the signal conditioningmodule can then be fed into a dual traceoscilloscope (C7-11A). A Centronics printeroutput is available from the oscilloscope. Thisallows the stored display to be transferred onto asuitable printer (C7-12) to provide a hard copy ofthe transient.The pipe surge (C7-10) part of the apparatus maybe ordered separately, with the water hammer(C7-11) being added at a later stage if required.

Pressure-time diagram showing cyclic nature of pressure pulses withdecay due to friction

Using pressure-time diagrams to determine velocity of sound in the test pipe

TimeTimebase 2.0ms Amplitude 20mV/divChannel 1 only - Pressure transducernearest fast acting valve

Pre

ssur

e

Atmosphericpressure

Observed oscillations in surge shaft

mm

sec

Height of water

Time

Graph of pressure head against time following sudden closure of the valve

TimeTimebase 2.0ms Amplitude 20mV/div

Oscillations superimposed onwaveform caused by vibration

Average readingof Amplitude

Atmosphericpressure

Pre

ssur

e

TimeTimebase 2.0ms Amplitude 20mV/div

Pre

ssur

e

Atmosphericpressure

Channel 1Pressure transducer

nearest fast acting valve

Channel 2Pressure transducer

furthest from thefast acting valve

Atmosphericpressure

ORDERING SPECIFICATION C7-10, C7-11, C7-11A

● A self-contained unit designed todemonstrate the phenomena of pipe surgeand water hammer.

● The unit includes two separate test pipes,service module and constant head tank.

● Two pressure transducers provide electricalsignals for connection to a dual tracestorage oscilloscope with an integral printeroutput.

● Straight pipes are used, rather than a coiledarrangement, to reduce distortion of thepressure wave.

ORDERING OPTIONS

C7-10: Self-contained pipe surge apparatus only

C7-11: Water hammer apparatus, additional toC7-10

C7-11A: Oscilloscope for C7-11

C7-12: Printer for C7-11A

TECHNICAL DETAILS

C7-10:Pipe surge test pipe: stainless steel

22mm I/D x 3m longSurge shaft : clear acrylic

40mm I/D x 800mm HService pump: centrifugal type,

delivering 1.35litres/sec at 3m H20

Flow rate measurement: volumetric tank,stepped0-40 litre high flows0-6 litre low flows

Head tank: capacity 45 litresmade from PVC.

C7-11:Water hammer test pipe:stainless steel

22mm I/D x 3m longPressure transducers: 2 off range

1 to 69 bar,(13.5 bar max operating)1/4" BSP connections

C7-11A:Oscilloscope dual trace storage

oscilloscope

C7-12:Printer with Centronics

interface for usewith C7-11A

Fast acting valve and pressure transducer

SERVICES REQUIRED

Electrical supply:C7-10-A: 220-240V/1ph/50HzC7-10-B: 120V/1ph/60HzC7-10-G: 220-240V/1ph/60HzC7-11-A: 220-240V/1ph/50HzC7-11-B: 120V/1ph/60HzC7-11-G: 220-240V/1ph/60HzC7-11A: 120-240V/1ph/50 or 60HzC7-12-A: 220-240V/1ph/50HzC7-12-B: 120V/1ph/60HzC7-12-G: 220-240V/1PH/60HZ

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 1.865mLength: 3.875mDepth: 0.725m

SHIPPING SPECIFICATION

C7-10:Volume: 2.5m3

Gross weight: 300kg

C7-11:Volume: 0.5m3

Gross weight: 20kg

C7-11A:Volume: 0.1m3

Gross weight: 10kg

C7-12:Volume: 0.1m3

Gross weight: 10kg

F1-17a Orifice Discharge

The Orifice Discharge accessory enables full analysis ofthe flow through five different orifices over a range offlow rates.


➤ determining the contraction and velocitycoefficients

➤ calculating the discharge coefficient

DESCRIPTION

The Orifice Discharge accessory consists of acylindrical glass tank which has an orifice fitted in thebase.

A traverse assembly is provided which enables a pitottube to be positioned anywhere in the jet. Attached tothis pitot tube is a sharp blade which can be traversedacross the jet to accurately measure the jet diameterand the vena contracta diameter and so determine thecontraction coefficient. The pitot head and the totalhead across the orifice are shown on manometer tubesadjacent to the tank.

In addition to the standard orifice, supply includes fouradditional orifices. These are supplied in an attractivestorage case. A label inside the lid gives dimensionaldetails of each orifice.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Standard orifice: ............... sharp-edged 30mm diameterMax. head: ......................... 365mmTraverse mechanism:........ lead screw with adjusting nut

calibrated 0.1mm per division

F1-18 Energy Losses in Pipes

This equipment allows the pressure drop of waterpassing through a hydraulically smooth circular pipe tobe measured in detail and the pipe friction equation tobe verified.


➤ investigating the variation of friction head along acircular pipe with the mean flow velocity in the pipe

➤ investigating the effects of laminar and turbulentflow regimes

DESCRIPTION

The Energy Losses in Pipes accessory consists of a testpipe, orientated vertically on the side of the equipment,which may be fed directly from the Hydraulics Benchsupply or, alternatively, from the internal constant headtank.

These sources provide high or low flow rates whichmay be controlled by a valve at the discharge end ofthe test pipe. Head loss between two tapping points inthe test pipe is measured using two manometers, awater over mercury manometer for large pressuredifferentials and a press-urised water manometer forsmall pressure differentials.

Water discharging from the head tank is returned to thesump tank of the Hydraulics Bench. Adjustable feetpermit levelling.

Mercury not supplied.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Diameter of test pipe: .................................... 3.0mmLength of test pipe: ........................................ 560mmDistance between pressure tapping points: . 510mmRange of mercury manometer: ..................... 500mmRange of water manometer: .......................... 500mmMeasuring cylinder capacity: ........................ 1000ml

F1–17a Orifice Discharge F1–18 Energy Losses in Pipes

F1-19 Flow Channel

The Flow Channel introduces students to thecharacteristics of flow in an open channel at anelementary level.

DEMONSTRATION & VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES

➤ demonstrating basic phenomena associated withopen channel flow

➤ visualisation of flow patterns over or aroundimmersed objects

DESCRIPTION

The channel consists of a clear acrylic working sectionof large depth to width ratio incorporating undershotand overshot weirs at the inlet and discharge endsrespectively. Water is fed to the streamlined channelentry via a stilling tank to reduce turbulence. Waterdischarging from the channel is collected in thevolumetric tank of the Hydraulics Bench and returnedto the sump for recirculation. A dye injection systemincorporated at the inlet to the channel permits flowvisualisation in conjunction with a graticule on the rearface of the channel.

Models supplied with the channel include broad andsharp crested weirs, large and small diameter cylindersand symmetrical and asymmetrical aerofoils which, inconjunction with the inlet and discharge weirs, permit avaried range of open channel and flow visualisationdemonstrations.

Adjustable feet permit levelling

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Dye injection needles: ....... 5Dye reservoir capacity: ..... 0.45 litresWidth of channel: .............. 15mmLength of channel: ............ 615mmDepth of channel: .............. 150mmModels: .............................. – broad crested weir

– narrow crested weir– symmetrical aerofoil– asymmetrical aerofoil– small cylinder– large cylinder

F1-20 Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration

This item is intended to reproduce the classicexperiments conducted by Professor OsborneReynolds concerning the nature of laminar andturbulent flow.

VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES

➤ reproducing the classic experiments conducted byProfessor Osborne Reynolds concerning fluid flowcondition

➤ observing the laminar, transitional, turbulent flowand velocity profile

DESCRIPTION

The equipment operates in a vertical mode. A headertank containing stilling media provides a constant headof water through a bellmouth entry to the flowvisualisation pipe. Flow through this pipe is regulatedusing a control valve at the discharge end. The flow rateof water through the pipe can be measured using thevolumetric tank (or measuring cylinder) of theHydraulics Bench. Velocity of the water can thereforebe determined to allow calculation of Reynolds'number.

The equipment uses a similar dye injection technique tothat of Reynolds' original apparatus to enableobservation of flow conditions.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Test pipe diameter: ................. 10mmLength of test pipe: ................. 700mmDye reservoir capacity: ........... 0.45 litres

F1–19 Flow Channel F1–20 Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration

F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings

This accessory permits losses in different bends, asudden contraction, sudden enlargement and a typicalcontrol valve to be demonstrated.

DEMONSTRATION & MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES

➤ measuring the losses in the devices related to flowrate and calculating loss coefficients related tovelocity head

➤ comparing the pressure drop across each device

DESCRIPTION

The equipment is mounted on a free-standingframework which supports the test pipework andinstrumentation. The following typical pipe fittings areincorporated for study: mitre bend, 900 elbow, sweepbends (large and small radius), sudden contraction andsudden enlargement. All are instrumented with upstreamand downstream pressure tappings. These tappings areconnected to a bank of twelve water manometer tubes,mounted on the framework. Pressurisation of themanometers is facilititated by a hand pump.

A gate valve is used to control the flow rate. A separategate valve is instrumented with upstream anddownstream pressure tappings which are connected toa differential gauge on the edge of the framework.

The unit stands on the working top of the HydraulicsBench which is also used as the source of water supply.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pipe diameter: ......................... 19.48mmDifferential pressure gauge: ... 0 to 1.3.5barEnlargement diameter: ........... 26.2mmContraction diameter: ............. 19.48mmFittings: .................................... – 450 mitre

– elbow– short bend– large bend– enlargement– contraction

Manometer range: .................. 0 to 440mmNumber of manometer tubes: 12Differential manometers: ........ 6

Typical results obtained using F1–21 orifice meter (top) and venturi meter F1–22 Energy Losses in Bends

F1-21 Flow Meter Demonstration

This accessory is designed to introduce students tothree basic types of flow meter.


➤ directly comparing flow measurement using aVenturimeter, variable area meter and orifice plate

➤ calibrating each flow meter using the volumetricmeasuring tank of the bench

➤ comparing pressure drops across each device

DESCRIPTION

The equipment consists of a Venturi meter, variablearea meter and orifice plate, installed in a seriesconfiguration to permit direct comparison. A flowcontrol valve permits var-iation of the flow rate throughthe circuit. Pressure tappings are incorporated so thatthe head loss characteristics of each flow meter may bemeasured. These tappings are connected to an eighttube manometer bank incorporating a manifold with airbleed valve. Pressurisation of the manometers isfacilitated by a hand pump. The circuit and manometerare attached to a support framework which stands onthe working top of the Hydraulics Bench. The bench isused as the source of water supply and for calibratingvolumetrically each flow meter.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Manometer range: ........................ 0 to 440mmNumber of manometer tubes: ...... 8Orifice plate diameter: .................. 20mmVariable area meter: ...................... 2 to 20 litres/minVenturi dimensions:

– Throat diameter .................... 15mm– Upstream pipe diameter ...... 31.75mm– Upstream taper ..................... 210 inclusive– Downstream taper ................ 140 inclusive

7.0

00 0.7

Flow

Rat

e

H /1 2

(x10 -4 m 3/s)

(m ) /1 2

7.0

00 0.7

Flow

Rat

e

H /1 2

(x10 -4 m 3/s)

(m ) /1 2

F1-23 Free and Forced Vortex

This equipment is designed to produce and measurethe characteristics of free and forced vortices.

MEASUREMENT & VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES

➤ understanding the difference between free andforced vortices

➤ determining the surface profile of a forced vortex➤ determining the surface profile and total head

distribution of a free vortex➤ visualisation of secondary flow in free vortex

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus comprises a clear acrylic cylinder on aplinth designed to produce and measure free andforced vortices. The free vortex is generated by waterdischarging through an interchangeable orifice in thebase of the cylinder and the resulting profile ismeasured using a combined caliper and depth scale.The forced vortex is induced by a paddle in the base ofthe cylinder which is rotated by jets of water. Theprofile of the forced vortex is determined using a seriesof depth gauges.Velocity at any point in the free or forced vortices maybe measured using the appropriate pitot tube supplied.Dye crystals (not supplied ) may be used todemonstrate secondary flow at the base of the freevortex.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Tank diameter: .................. 245mmHeight to overflow point: .. 180mmOrifice diameters: .............. 8, 16 and 24mmForced vortex measuring probesDistance from centre: ....... 0, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110mmPitot tubes having measuringpoint (nose) at: .................. 15, 25 and 30mm radiusInlet tubes: ......................... 9 and 12.5mm diameter

F1-24 Hydraulic Ram

If flowing water is suddenly brought to rest in a longpipe, a phenomena known as water hammer occurs,wherein a pressure wave travels along the pipe. Thisprinciple is used in the hydraulic ram to pump water.


➤ establishing flow/pressure characteristics anddetermining efficiency of the hydraulic ram

DESCRIPTION

The Hydraulic Ram comprises an acrylic baseincorporating pulse and non-return valves and a supplyreservoir on a stand which is fed by the HydraulicsBench. An air vessel above the valve chamber smoothscyclic fluctuations from the ram delivery.

The weights supplied may be applied to the pulse valveto change the closing pressure and hence the operatingcharacteristics.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Supply head: ..................... 300 - 700mm variableDelivery head: .................... 750 - 1500mm variable

F1–23 Free and Forced Vortex F1–24 Hydraulic Ram

F1-26 Series/Parallel Pumps

The introduction of a second pump to the HydraulicBench system allows the study of two pumpperformance, both in series and parallel operation.


Determining the head/flow rate characteristics of:➤ a single centrifugal pump at a single speed➤ two similar pumps operating in a parallel

configuration at the same speed➤ two similar pumps operating in a series

configuration at the same speed

DESCRIPTION

This accessory comprises a fixed speed pumpassembly and independent discharge manifoldinterconnected by flexible tubing with quick releaseconnectors. This auxiliary pump is intended to be usedin conjunction with the basic Hydraulics Bench.

The auxiliary pump is mounted on a support plinthwhich stands adjacent to the Hydraulics Bench primarypump.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pump: ...................................... centrifugal type max. head 21m H2O max. flow 1.35 litres/secMotor rating: ............................ 0.36kWPressure gauge range:............ 0 to 45m H2OCompound gauge range: ........ –10 to + 45m H2OSee Hydraulics Bench F1–10 Technical Details forprimary pump characteristics.

F1-25 Demonstration Pelton Turbine

The Demonstration Pelton Turbine provides a simplelow cost introduction to turbine performance.


➤ determining the operating characteristics, i.e.power, efficiency and torque, of a Pelton turbine atvarious speeds

DESCRIPTION

This accessory comprises a miniature Pelton wheelwith spear valve arrangement mounted on a supportframe which locates on the Hydraulics Bench topchannel. Mechanical output from the turbine isabsorbed using a simple friction dynamometer.

Pressure at the spear valve is indicated on a remotegauge. A non-contacting tachometer (not supplied)may be used to determine the speed of the Peltonwheel. Basic principles of the Pelton turbine may bedemonstrated and, with appropriate measurements,power produced and efficiency may be determined.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Speed range: ........................... 0 to 2000 r.p.m.Brake power: ........................... 10 WattsPressure gauge range: ............ 0 to 25m H2OForce balance range: .............. 0 to 10N x 0.1NNumber of Pelton buckets: ..... 16Diameter of Pelton wheel: ...... 123mm

F1–25 Demonstration Pelton Turbine

F1–26 Series/Parallel Pumps

F1-27 Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

This accessory offers similar features to thosedescribed for the item F1-26 but with enhancedcapabilities provided by the inclusion of a variablespeed pump rather than a fixed speed pump withinverter drive.


➤ determining the relationship between head,discharge, speed, power and efficiency for acentrifugal pump at various speeds

➤ determining the head/flow rate characteristics oftwo similar pumps operating in either parallel orseries configuration at the same speed

DESCRIPTION

The auxiliary pump is mounted on a support plinthwhich stands adjacent to the Hydraulics Bench primarypump, with which it is intended to be used.

The pump is driven by an a.c. motor, the speed ofwhich is varied by a compatible inverter drive. Themotor speed, output voltage and motor current areeasily monitored on the inverter display.

A compound pressure gauge is mounted directly on thepump inlet and a pressure gauge is mounted directly onthe pump outlet. When operated independently or inparallel with the bench service pump, the auxiliarypump draws its water direct from the sump tank on theHydraulics Bench. When operated in series with thebench service pump, the auxiliary pump is connectedto the bench supply outlet in the bed of the channel.

An independent discharge manifold incorporates apressure gauge and flow control valve prior to adischarge pipe with diffuser. A quick release connectorincorporating a watertight valve permits operation ofvarious other bench accessories when the flow controlvalve is closed.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pump: ................................ centrifugal typemax. head 21.0m H2Omax. flow rate 1.35 l/sec

Motor: ................................ 0.36kWSpeed controller: .............. PWM inverterSpeed range: ..................... 0 to 1500 rpm

Pressure gauge: ................ 0 to 60 m H2OCompound gauge: ............ -10 to 32m H2O

See Hydraulics Bench F1–10 Technical Details forprimary pump characteristics.

F301 Computer Aided Learning Software

F1-11-301 Windows Program for F1-11 Dead WeightCalibrator

F1-12-301 Windows Program for F1-12 HydrostaticPressure

F1-13-301 Windows Program for F1-13 Flow overWeirs

F1-14-301 Windows Program for F1-14 MetacentricHeight

F1-15-301 Windows Program for F1-15 Bernoulli’sTheorem Demonstration

F1-16-301 Windows Program for F1-16 Impact of aJet

F1-17-301 Windows Program for F1-17 Orifice andFree Jet Flow

F1-17a-301 Windows Program for F1-17a OrificeDischarge

F1-18-301 Windows Program for F1-18 EnergyLosses in Pipes

F1-19-301 Windows Program for F1-19 FlowChannel

F1-20-301 Windows Program for F1-20 OsborneReynolds’ Demonstration

F1-21-301 Windows Program for F1-21 Flow MeterDemonstration

F1-22-301 Windows Program for F1-22 EnergyLosses in Bends

F1-23-301 Windows Program for F1-23 Free andForced Vortices

F1-24-301 Windows Program for F1-24 Hydraulic Ram

F1-25-301 Windows Program for F1-25Demonstration Pelton Turbine

F1-26-301 Windows Program for F1-26 Series/Parallel Pumps

F1-27-301 Windows Program for F1-27 CentrifugalPump Characteristics

F1–27 Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

ORDERING SPECIFICATION

A self-contained mobile service module & accessories

Special features:➤ constructed from lightweight, corrosion resistant

plastic➤ an open channel incorporated in the bench top➤ volumetric flow measurement for both high and

low flow rates.Capacities: high flow 40 litres, low flow 6 litres

➤ easy to use quick release pipe connector allowsrapid exchange of accessories

➤ pump tank capacity 250 litres➤ computer aided learning programs available for

selected accessories➤ eighteen accessories:

Dead Weight Pressure Gauge CalibratorHydrostatic PressureFlow over WeirsMetacentric HeightBernoulli's Theorem DemonstrationImpact of a JetOrifice and Free Jet FlowOrifice DischargeEnergy Losses in PipesFlow ChannelOsborne Reynolds' DemonstrationFlow Meter DemonstrationEnergy Losses in Bends and FittingsFree and Forced VortexHydraulic RamDemonstration Pelton TurbineSeries/Parallel PumpsCentrifugal Pump Characteristics

➤ when coupled to the bench, the accessories areimmediately ready for use and require noadditional service items

A user instruction manual provides installation,commissioning and maintenance data, together withdemonstration and measurement exercises.

RECOMMENDED INSTRUMENTS

Stop watchVernier caliperReference pressure gauge

SERVICES REQUIRED

F1–10, F1–26 and F1–27Electrical supplyStandard: 220/240V, 1ph, 50HzAlternative: 110V, 1ph, 60Hz available at extra cost

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

F1–10 Hydraulics Bench only:Height: 1.00mWidth: 1.13mDepth: 0.73m


F1–10 Hydraulics Bench only:Volume: 1.5m3

Gross Weight: 160kgIndividual accessories on request

COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS

F301: Computer Aided Learning Software (Windows)The F1-xx-301 Software package comprises:3.5” High density disksInstruction manualThe complete F1 software family is alsoavailable on a single CD-ROM (code F301-CD)for customers who use the full range ofaccessories.

F4: Precision Pressure Gauge CalibratorF5: Osborne Reynolds' DemonstrationF6: Air Flow StudiesF9092: Fluid Properties and Hydrostatics BenchF10: Cavitation DemonstrationF12: Particle Drag CoefficientsF14: Hydrogen Bubble Flow Visualisation SystemC6MkII-10: Fluid Friction Apparatus

TOXIC MATERIALS

Due to international restrictions limiting the transportof toxic materials we do not include mercury in oursupply.

A Digital Pressure Meter: H12-8 is available as analternative to Mercury manometers -ask for data sheet H12: Manometers and PressureMeter.

Specifications may change without noticeiss16/5k/0502/HH.

The Armfield Properties of Fluidsand Hydrostatics Bench isdesigned to demonstrate theproperties of fluids and theirbehaviour under hydrostaticconditions (fluid at rest). Thisallows students to develop anunderstanding and knowledge ofa wide range of fundamentalprinciples and techniques, beforestudying fluids in motion.

INSTRUCTIONAL CAPABILITIES

The provision of practical instruction exercises demonstrating the principles of fluidmechanics, in particular:

Understanding the properties of fluids:➤ determining the density, specific gravity and viscosity of different liquids➤ observing the effects of capillarity

Understanding the effects of static pressure:➤ demonstrating that the free surface of a static liquid is horizontal➤ studying the effect of flow on a free surface➤ measuring changes in liquid level➤ studying the relationship between intensity of liquid pressure and depths➤ determining the position of the centre of pressure on a plane surface

Studying the operation and application of pressure gauges and manometers:➤ using a direct reading Mercury barometer (Mercury not supplied)➤ measuring air and water pressure using manometers➤ comparing results obtained from various devices➤ calibrating a Bourdon-type pressure gauge using a dead weight

pressure gauge calibrator

Investigating the buoyancy force and stability of floating bodies:➤ verifying Archimedes' principle➤ determining metacentric height

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-22

DESCRIPTION

The equipment is mounted on a steel-framedbench fitted with castors. A variety ofmeasuring devices is incorporated, eitherfastened to the back of the bench orfreestanding. Water is stored in a polythenetank situated on the lower shelf of the bench.The water can be transferred by two positivedisplacement hand pumps either to anelevated open storage tank connected to anumber of glass tubes for free surfacestudies, or to a plastic sink recessed into theworking surface so that bench topexperiments may be conducted withoutspillage. All excess water is returned to thestorage tank via the sink drain.

The following experimental apparatus isincluded:➤ universal hydrometer and hydrometer jars➤ falling sphere viscometers

➤ free surface tubes➤ hook and point gauge➤ Mercury barometer (Mercury not supplied)

➤ Bourdon gauge➤ u-tube manometers➤ deadweight pressure gauge calibrator

and weights➤ hydrostatic pressure apparatus➤ Pascal's apparatus➤ parallel plate capillary apparatus➤ capillary tube apparatus➤ lever balance with displacement vessel,

bucket and cylinder➤ metacentric height apparatus➤ measuring cylinder➤ thermometer➤ air pump➤ 600ml beaker➤ stop clock

Pressurising a manometerDemonstration of the free surface of a static liquid

Calibration of a Bourdon guage using a dead weight calibratorDetermining the stability of a floating body

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Universal hydrometer: range 0.70 to 2.00 sub-divided in 0.01 intervals

Falling sphere viscometer: 40mm tube diameter

Hydrostatic pressure apparatus: comprises counter-balanced precision quadrantpivotted on knife edges at its centre of arc

Direct reading barometer: with compensated silvered metal scalerange 585 to 790mm subdivided in 1mm intervalsincludes thermometer

100mm dial pressure gauge: range 0 to 200 kN/m2 (kPa) and equivalent head ofwater in metres

Dead weight pressure gauge calibrator: with 2 x 1/2 kg, 1kg and 21/2 kg weightsLever balance: 178mm diameter pan, hook for use in buoyancy

experiments, anti-parallax cursor, double scale 0 to0.25kg and 0 to 1.00kg

Thermometer: range -100C to +500C.

V10

Pressure and liquid level experiments are conducted using a built-in pipe system shown in outline in this diagram

VENT

WATERPUMPS

TANK 1

TANK 2

V1

V7

V5

A

SINK

B

V3V4

V2

a b c

DEAD WEIGHTTESTER

V9

V6V8

PRESSUREGAUGE

AIRPUMP

U-TUBEMANOMETERS

W

Calibration of a Bourdon gaugeDemonstration of Archimedes' principle

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 KN/m3

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Ca

libra

ted

pre

ssur

e

+

+

+

+

++

Indicated pressure

KN/m3


● A self-contained and mobile unit fordemonstration of the properties of fluidsand hydrostatics.

● The equipment is mounted on a steel-framed bench fitted with castors.

● The bench top incorporates a recessedplastic sink.

● A variety of measuring devices isincorporated in the unit including auniversal hydrometer, range 0.70 to 2.00;falling sphere viscometer; hook andpoint gauge; hydrostatic pressureapparatus; Pascal's apparatus; doublescale lever balance with displacementvessel, bucket and cylinder; metacentricheight apparatus; direct readingbarometer range 585 to 790mm; dialpressure gauge range 0 to 200 kN/m2

(kPa); dead weight pressure gaugecalibrator with weights;thermometerrange -100C to +500C.

● These devices allow a full range of 16experiments to be carried out,demonstrating the properties of fluids,the effects of static pressure, theoperation and application of pressuregauges and manometers and theinvestigation of the stability of floatingbodies.

● A comprehensive manual is includeddescribing how the experiments areperformed as well as how to commissionthe equipment.


Vernier caliperReference pressure gauge - Bourdon typeElectronic top loading balance

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES

Consequent to its hazardous nature manytechnicians prefer not to use Mercury or itsuse may be prohibited in the laboratory. Inany case Armfield is unable to include it inthe supply with the purchase of Mercurymanometers due to shipping restrictions.With this in mind Armfield offers a hand held,portable, battery operated pressure meter(H12-8) which is capable of measuringpressures of air or water from 0-2000mBar(0-1500mm Hg).

A full description and ordering specificationis provided in data sheet:H12: Manometers and Pressure Meters


F1: Hydraulics Bench & AccessoriesF1-301: Computer Aided Learning Programs

(PC: Windows)F5: Osborne Reynolds DemonstrationF6: Air Flow StudiesF10: Cavitation DemonstrationF12: Particle Drag CoefficientsF14: Hydrogen Bubble Flow Visualisation

System

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 1450mmWidth: 1830mmDepth: 610mm


Volume: 2.7m3

Gross weight: 270kg

Specifications may change without noticeiss13/5k/0204/B&S.

The apparatus has been designed to introduce students to the fundamentalcharacteristics of the behaviour of particle/fluid systems, in particular the relationshipbetween the drag coefficients of falling particles and their Reynolds number value.Particles covering a range of sizes and densities are supplied. The experiments areconducted by allowing single particles to fall through a number of different liquidscontained in vertical glass tubes. Blockage effects are reduced to a minimum as thelargest particle used has a projected area of only 1% of the tube cross-section.The rate of fall of the particles is determined by timing their passage between twomarks on the walls of the glass tubes.


➤ measurement of drag coefficients of spheres overseveral decades of particle Reynolds number

➤ exploration of dimensional analysis and dynamic similarity➤ introduction to the effects of boundary layer

separation on motion of spheres➤ effect of particle shape on rate of fall and on

drag coefficient

PARTICLE DRAGCOEFFICIENTS

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-23

VELOCITY PROFILES

Streamlines for potential Deformation flow around aflow past a sphere: falling sphere: streamlinesobserver stationary with and velocity profiles arerespect to sphere shown for an observer at rest

DESCRIPTION

The equipment consists of two precisionglass tubes 1.5m long and 93mm insidediameter fixed vertically on a wall mountedbackboard. A guide is provided at the topof each tube to facilitate the introduction ofparticles with the minimum of disturbanceto the liquid. A sliding valve device at thebottom of each tube allows the particles tobe removed with minimum loss of liquid.Observation of the particle movement isaided by a shielded fluorescent lightmounted on the backboard between theglass tubes, marks on the tubes enable therate of fall to be timed.In addition to the range of spheres, twostreamlined shaped objects are supplied toallow comparison to be made between theirdrag coefficients and those of the spheres.


➤ Compact, wall mounted apparatus tostudy the behaviour of particles andshapes within fluids.

➤ Two transparent vertical glass tubes,back lit by a fluorescant lamp forease of viewing.

➤ Tube sizes 93mm inside diameterby 1.5m long, with calibration marksfor timing.

➤ Guide to aid the insertion of particlesat the top of the tubes.

➤ Sliding valves to aid the removal ofparticles from the bottom of thetubes.

➤ The equipment is supplied with setsof spheres of different sizes andmaterials, plus two streamlinedshapes.

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

(not supplied)Stopwatch or stopclockGlass beaker

SERVICES REQUIRED

Electrical supply:F12-A: 220-240V/1ph/50HzF12-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 1.57mWidth: 0.60mDepth: 0.16m


Volume: 0.7m3

Gross weight: 120kg

Streamlines

Velocityprofiles

Specifications may change without noticeiss11/5k/0402/AB.

CAVITATION APPARATUS

The Armfield Cavitation Apparatus has been designed to demonstrate to students thephenomena of cavitation. It is possible to compare the pressure at which cavitationoccurs relative to the vapour pressure of water. Fully comprehensive results can beachieved if used in conjunction with an Armfield Hydraulics Bench (F1-10). Alternatively alaboratory water supply and suitable flow measuring device can be utilised.

EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES

➤ Observation of the phenomenon of cavitation

➤ Comparison of theoretical and actual pressures at cavitation conditions

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-24

RECOMMENDED INSTRUMENTSAND ACCESSORIES

StopwatchThermometer

SERVICES REQUIRED

Armfield Hydraulics Bench (F1-10) orWater supply at least 43 l/min at 14m headFlow measuring DeviceLaboratory drain

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Length: 675mmWidth: 165mmHeight: 425mm


Volume: 0.1m3

Gross weight: 30kg

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consists of a rectangularventuri section with a window allowingfull visualisation. The venturi section iscontained between two end fittings, theone on the upstream side incorporatinga flow regulating valve. The completeassembly is mounted on a backboardarranged for wall mounting and requiresthe services of an Armfield HydraulicsBench (F1-10) or laboratory watersupply, flow measurement and drainagesystem.

Pressure tappings are provided at thethroat and inlet of the venturi and each isconnected to a gauge mounted on thebackboard.

An instruction manual is supplied withthe equipment.


● Compact, wall mounted apparatus to demonstrate cavitation phenomena using an Armfield F1-10 Hydraulics Bench or laboratory water supply anddrain, as appropriate.

● The apparatus includes a black acrylic plastic venturi with window, Bourdon pressure gauge 0-3bar, Bourdon vacuum gauge 0-1bar and control valve.

● An instruction manual includes data sheets for student experiments.

}Not supplied by Armfield

F1–16 Impact of a jet

F1–10 Hydraulics bench with F1-24 Hydraulic ram

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-25 thru 02-01-26

F1-10 Basic Hydraulics Bench

DESCRIPTION

This unit is designed as a portable and self-containedservice module for the range of accessories describedlater in this data sheet.

The bench is constructed from lightweight corrosionresistant plastic and is mounted on wheels for mobility.

The bench top incorporates an open channel with sidechannels to support the accessory on test.

Volumetric measurement is integral and has beenchosen in preference to other methods of flowmeasurement for its ease of use, accuracy and safety inuse (no heavy weights for students to drop). Thevolumetric measuring tank is stepped to accommodatelow or high flow rates. A stilling baffle reducesturbulence and a remote sight tube with scale gives aninstantaneous indication of water level. A measuringcylinder is included in the supply for measurement ofvery small flow rates.

A dump valve in the base of the volumetric tank isoperated by a remote actuator. Opening the dumpvalve returns the measured volume of water to thesump in the base of the bench for recycling. Anoverflow in the volumetric tank avoids flooding.

Water is drawn from the sump tank by a centrifugalpump and a panel mounted control valve regulates theflow. An easy-to-use quick release pipe connectorsituated in the bench top allows for the rapid exchangeof accessories without the need for hand tools.

Each accessory is supplied as a complete piece ofequipment needing no additional service items otherthan the Hydraulics Bench. When coupled to the benchthey are immediately ready for use.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pump: ...................................... centrifugal typemax. head 21m H2Omax. flow 1.35 litres/sec

Motor rating: ............................ 0.37kWSump tank capacity: ............... 250 litresHigh flow volumetric tank: ...... 40 litresLow flow volumetric tank: ....... 6 litresHeight of working surface: ..... 1 metre above floor level

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Head

(met

res o

f wat

er)

Flow (litres S

-1)

Service pump characteristics curve (indicative)

F1-11 Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator

This calibrator functions on the same principle adoptedin calibrating industrial pressure gauges.


➤ calibrating a Bourdon type pressure gauge

DESCRIPTION

This dead weight pressure gauge calibrator consists ofa precision machined piston and cylinder assemblymounted on levelling screws. A Bourdon gauge issupplied for calibration. The weights supplied areadded to the upper end of the piston rod which isrotated to minimise friction effects. The gauge is thussubject to known pressures which may be comparedwith the gauge readings and an error curve drawn.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pressure gauge: ................ Bourdon tuberange 0 to 200 KN/m2 (KPa)

Area of Piston: ................... 244.8 x 10–6 m2

Mass of piston: .................. 0.5kgAncillary masses: .............. 0.5kg, 1.0kg and 2.5kg

F1–11 Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator

120

100

80

60

40

20

00 20 40 60 80 100 120

Calib

rate

d pr

essu

re K

N/m

2

Indicated pressure KN/m

3

F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure

The Hydrostatic Pressure accessory has been designedto determine the static thrust exerted by a fluid on asubmerged surface and allow comparison of themeasured magnitude and position of this force withsimple theory.


➤ determining the centre of pressure on both asubmerged or partially submerged plane surfaceand comparison with the theoretical position

DESCRIPTION

A fabricated quadrant is mounted on a balance armwhich pivots on knife edges. The knife edges coincidewith the centre of arc of the quadrant. Thus, of thehydrostatic forces acting on the quadrant whenimmersed, only the force on the rectangular end facegives rise to a moment about the knife edges.

The balance arm incorporates a balance pan for theweights supplied and an adjustable counterbalance.

This assembly is mounted on top of an acrylic tankwhich may be levelled by adjusting screwed feet.Correct alignment is indicated on a circular spirit levelmounted on the base of the tank.

An indicator attached to the side of the tank showswhen the balance arm is horizontal.

Water is admitted to the top of the tank by a flexibletube and may be drained through a cock in the side ofthe tank. The water level is indicated on a scale on theside of the quadrant.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Tank capacity: ....................................................... 5.5 litresDistance between suspended mass and fulcrum: 275mmCross-sectional area of quadrant (torroid): ... 7.5 x 10–3m2

Total depth of completely immersed quadrant: .... 160mmHeight of fulcrum above quadrant: ........................ 100mm

Graph plotting r against mass using F1-12 (indicative)

F1–13 Flow over Weirs - vee notch weir

F1-13 Flow over Weirs

Two weir plates of different shape are provided allowingfamiliarisation and comparison with theory.


➤ demonstrating the characteristics of flow overa rectangular notch

➤ demonstrating the characteristics of flow over a veenotch

➤ determining the coefficient of discharge

DESCRIPTION

The Flow over Weirs consists of five basic elements usedin conjunction with the flow channel in the moulded benchtop of the Hydraulics Bench.

(i) A quick release connector in the base of the channel isunscrewed and a delivery nozzle screwed in its place.

(ii) A stilling baffle locates into slots in the walls of thechannel. The inlet nozzle and stilling baffle in combinationpromote smooth flow conditions in the channel.

(iii) A Vernier hook and point gauge is mounted on aninstrument carrier which is located on the side channels ofthe moulded top. The carrier may be moved along thechannels to the required measurement position.

(iv) The rectangular notch weir or (v) vee notch weir to betested is clamped to the weir carrier in the channel bythumb nuts. The weir plates incorporate captive studs toaid assembly.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Overall dimensions of weir plates: .... height 160mmwidth 230mmthickness 4mm

Dimensions of rectangular notch: ..... height 82mmwidth 30mm

Angle of vee notch weir: .................... 900 inclusiveHook & point gauge range: ................ 0 to 150mm

Accuracy 0.1mm

0 500MASS (g)

FULLY SUBMERGED PLATE ONLY

PARTIALLY SUBMERGED BELOW THIS POINT

r (m

m)

200

0

Typical results obtained using F1–13 vee notch weir (left) and rectangular weir

H 5/2 (m

5/2)

(x10 -4 m

3/s)

FLOW

RAT

E

0

5.0

0 0.001 H 3/2 (m

3/2)

(x10 -3 m

3/s)

FLOW

RAT

E

0

1.5

0 0.03

F1-14 Metacentric Height

This equipment allows a thorough investigation ofthe factors affecting the stability of a floating body.


➤ determining the centre of gravity of the pontoon➤ determining the metacentric height and from this

the position of the metacentre for the pontoon➤ varying the metacentric height with angle of heel

DESCRIPTION

On this item the position of the metacentre can bevaried to produce stable and unstable equilibrium.The equipment consists of a plastic rectangularfloating pontoon, the centre of gravity of which canbe varied by an adjustable weight which slides andcan be clamped in any position on a vertical mast.

A single plumb-bob is suspended from the mastwhich indicates the angle of heel on a calibratedscale. A weight with lateral adjustment allows thedegree of heel to be varied and hence the stability ofthe pontoon determined.

The equipment does not require a separate watertank as it may be used on the Hydraulics Bench byfilling the volumetric tank.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Max. angle of heel: ........................ ±13o

Corresponding linear dimension: . ±90mmPontoon dimensions: .................... length 350mm

width 200mmoverall height

F1-15 Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration

The Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration accessoryillustrates those circumstances to which Bernoulli'sTheorem may be applied. Also, separately, why in othercircumstances the theorem gives an inadequatedescription of the fluid behaviour.


➤ demonstrating Bernoulli's Theorem and itslimitations

➤ directly measuring the static and total headdistributionalong a Venturi tube

➤ determining the meter coefficient at various flowrates

DESCRIPTION

The test section consists of a classical Venturimachined in clear acrylic. A series of wall tappingsallow measurement of the static pressure distributionalong the converging duct, while a total head tube isprovided to traverse along the centre line of the testsection. These tappings are connected to a manometerbank incorporating a manifold with air bleed valve.Pressurisation of the manometers is facilitated by ahand pump. The test section is arranged so that thecharacteristics of flow through both a converging anddiverging section can be studied. Water is fed througha hose connector and is controlled by a flow regulatorvalve at the outlet of the test section.

The Venturi can be demonstrated as a means of flowmeasurement and the discharge coefficient can bedetermined.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Manometer range: ........................ 0 to 300mmNumber of manometer tubes: ...... 8Throat diameter: ........................... 10.0mmUpstream diameter: ...................... 25.00mmUpstream taper: ............................ 14o

Downstream taper: ....................... 21o

F1–14 Metacentric Height F1–15 Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration

F1-16 Impact of a Jet

This equipment allows the force developed by a jet ofwater impinging upon a stationary object to bemeasured.


➤ measuring the force exerted on different targets andcomparison with the forces predicted bymomentum theory

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consists of a cylindrical clear acrylicfabrication with provision for levelling. Water is fedthrough a nozzle and discharged vertically to strike atarget carried on a stem which extends through thecover. A weight carrier is mounted on the upper end ofthe stem. The dead weight of the moving parts iscounter-balanced by a compression spring. The verticalforce exerted on the target plate is measured by addingthe weights supplied to the weight pan until the markon the weight pan corresponds with the level gauge. Atotal of four targets are provided: a flat plate, a 120o

cone and a hemispherical cup.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Nozzle diameter: ............................................ 8mmDistance between nozzle & target plate: ...... 20mmDiameter of target plate: ................................ 36mmTarget plates: .................... – 180o hemispherical target

– 120o target (cone)– flat target- 30O target

F1–17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow

Typical results obtained using F1–16 with hemispherical plate (top), 1200

cone (centre) and flat plate (bottom)

F1-17 Orifice and Free Jet Flow

This equipment permits calibration of two orifices ofdiffering diameter.


➤ establishing the coefficient of velocity for a smallorifice

➤ finding experimentally the coefficient of dischargefor a small orifice with flow under constant head andflow under varying head

➤ comparing the measured trajectory of a jet with thatpredicted by simple theory of mechanics

DESCRIPTION

In the Orifice & Free Jet Flow accessory a constanthead tank is fed with water from the Hydraulics Bench.The orifice is installed at the base of this tank by meansof a special wall fitting which provides a flush insidesurface.

The head is maintained at a constant value by anadjustable overflow and is indicated by a level scale. Ajet trajectory tracing device allows the path followed bythe jet to be ascertained.

Adjustable feet permit levelling.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Orifice diameters: .............. 3.0mm and 6.0mmJet trajectory probes: ....... 8Max. constant head: ......... 410mm

F T (N)

10

00 10

F A (N

)

F T (N)

10

00 10

F A (N

)

F T (N)

10

00 10

F A (N

)

F1-17a Orifice Discharge

The Orifice Discharge accessory enables full analysis ofthe flow through five different orifices over a range offlow rates.


➤ determining the contraction and velocitycoefficients

➤ calculating the discharge coefficient

DESCRIPTION

The Orifice Discharge accessory consists of acylindrical glass tank which has an orifice fitted in thebase.

A traverse assembly is provided which enables a pitottube to be positioned anywhere in the jet. Attached tothis pitot tube is a sharp blade which can be traversedacross the jet to accurately measure the jet diameterand the vena contracta diameter and so determine thecontraction coefficient. The pitot head and the totalhead across the orifice are shown on manometer tubesadjacent to the tank.

In addition to the standard orifice, supply includes fouradditional orifices. These are supplied in an attractivestorage case. A label inside the lid gives dimensionaldetails of each orifice.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Standard orifice: ............... sharp-edged 30mm diameterMax. head: ......................... 365mmTraverse mechanism:........ lead screw with adjusting nut

calibrated 0.1mm per division

F1-18 Energy Losses in Pipes

This equipment allows the pressure drop of waterpassing through a hydraulically smooth circular pipe tobe measured in detail and the pipe friction equation tobe verified.


➤ investigating the variation of friction head along acircular pipe with the mean flow velocity in the pipe

➤ investigating the effects of laminar and turbulentflow regimes

DESCRIPTION

The Energy Losses in Pipes accessory consists of a testpipe, orientated vertically on the side of the equipment,which may be fed directly from the Hydraulics Benchsupply or, alternatively, from the internal constant headtank.

These sources provide high or low flow rates whichmay be controlled by a valve at the discharge end ofthe test pipe. Head loss between two tapping points inthe test pipe is measured using two manometers, awater over mercury manometer for large pressuredifferentials and a press-urised water manometer forsmall pressure differentials.

Water discharging from the head tank is returned to thesump tank of the Hydraulics Bench. Adjustable feetpermit levelling.

Mercury not supplied.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Diameter of test pipe: .................................... 3.0mmLength of test pipe: ........................................ 560mmDistance between pressure tapping points: . 510mmRange of mercury manometer: ..................... 500mmRange of water manometer: .......................... 500mmMeasuring cylinder capacity: ........................ 1000ml

F1–17a Orifice Discharge F1–18 Energy Losses in Pipes

F1-19 Flow Channel

The Flow Channel introduces students to thecharacteristics of flow in an open channel at anelementary level.

DEMONSTRATION & VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES

➤ demonstrating basic phenomena associated withopen channel flow

➤ visualisation of flow patterns over or aroundimmersed objects

DESCRIPTION

The channel consists of a clear acrylic working sectionof large depth to width ratio incorporating undershotand overshot weirs at the inlet and discharge endsrespectively. Water is fed to the streamlined channelentry via a stilling tank to reduce turbulence. Waterdischarging from the channel is collected in thevolumetric tank of the Hydraulics Bench and returnedto the sump for recirculation. A dye injection systemincorporated at the inlet to the channel permits flowvisualisation in conjunction with a graticule on the rearface of the channel.

Models supplied with the channel include broad andsharp crested weirs, large and small diameter cylindersand symmetrical and asymmetrical aerofoils which, inconjunction with the inlet and discharge weirs, permit avaried range of open channel and flow visualisationdemonstrations.

Adjustable feet permit levelling

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Dye injection needles: ....... 5Dye reservoir capacity: ..... 0.45 litresWidth of channel: .............. 15mmLength of channel: ............ 615mmDepth of channel: .............. 150mmModels: .............................. – broad crested weir

– narrow crested weir– symmetrical aerofoil– asymmetrical aerofoil– small cylinder– large cylinder

F1-20 Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration

This item is intended to reproduce the classicexperiments conducted by Professor OsborneReynolds concerning the nature of laminar andturbulent flow.

VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES

➤ reproducing the classic experiments conducted byProfessor Osborne Reynolds concerning fluid flowcondition

➤ observing the laminar, transitional, turbulent flowand velocity profile

DESCRIPTION

The equipment operates in a vertical mode. A headertank containing stilling media provides a constant headof water through a bellmouth entry to the flowvisualisation pipe. Flow through this pipe is regulatedusing a control valve at the discharge end. The flow rateof water through the pipe can be measured using thevolumetric tank (or measuring cylinder) of theHydraulics Bench. Velocity of the water can thereforebe determined to allow calculation of Reynolds'number.

The equipment uses a similar dye injection technique tothat of Reynolds' original apparatus to enableobservation of flow conditions.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Test pipe diameter: ................. 10mmLength of test pipe: ................. 700mmDye reservoir capacity: ........... 0.45 litres

F1–19 Flow Channel F1–20 Osborne Reynolds' Demonstration

F1-22 Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings

This accessory permits losses in different bends, asudden contraction, sudden enlargement and a typicalcontrol valve to be demonstrated.

DEMONSTRATION & MEASUREMENT CAPABILITIES

➤ measuring the losses in the devices related to flowrate and calculating loss coefficients related tovelocity head

➤ comparing the pressure drop across each device

DESCRIPTION

The equipment is mounted on a free-standingframework which supports the test pipework andinstrumentation. The following typical pipe fittings areincorporated for study: mitre bend, 900 elbow, sweepbends (large and small radius), sudden contraction andsudden enlargement. All are instrumented with upstreamand downstream pressure tappings. These tappings areconnected to a bank of twelve water manometer tubes,mounted on the framework. Pressurisation of themanometers is facilititated by a hand pump.

A gate valve is used to control the flow rate. A separategate valve is instrumented with upstream anddownstream pressure tappings which are connected toa differential gauge on the edge of the framework.

The unit stands on the working top of the HydraulicsBench which is also used as the source of water supply.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pipe diameter: ......................... 19.48mmDifferential pressure gauge: ... 0 to 1.3.5barEnlargement diameter: ........... 26.2mmContraction diameter: ............. 19.48mmFittings: .................................... – 450 mitre

– elbow– short bend– large bend– enlargement– contraction

Manometer range: .................. 0 to 440mmNumber of manometer tubes: 12Differential manometers: ........ 6

Typical results obtained using F1–21 orifice meter (top) and venturi meter F1–22 Energy Losses in Bends

F1-21 Flow Meter Demonstration

This accessory is designed to introduce students tothree basic types of flow meter.


➤ directly comparing flow measurement using aVenturimeter, variable area meter and orifice plate

➤ calibrating each flow meter using the volumetricmeasuring tank of the bench

➤ comparing pressure drops across each device

DESCRIPTION

The equipment consists of a Venturi meter, variablearea meter and orifice plate, installed in a seriesconfiguration to permit direct comparison. A flowcontrol valve permits var-iation of the flow rate throughthe circuit. Pressure tappings are incorporated so thatthe head loss characteristics of each flow meter may bemeasured. These tappings are connected to an eighttube manometer bank incorporating a manifold with airbleed valve. Pressurisation of the manometers isfacilitated by a hand pump. The circuit and manometerare attached to a support framework which stands onthe working top of the Hydraulics Bench. The bench isused as the source of water supply and for calibratingvolumetrically each flow meter.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Manometer range: ........................ 0 to 440mmNumber of manometer tubes: ...... 8Orifice plate diameter: .................. 20mmVariable area meter: ...................... 2 to 20 litres/minVenturi dimensions:

– Throat diameter .................... 15mm– Upstream pipe diameter ...... 31.75mm– Upstream taper ..................... 210 inclusive– Downstream taper ................ 140 inclusive

7.0

00 0.7

Flow

Rat

e

H /1 2

(x10 -4 m 3/s)

(m ) /1 2

7.0

00 0.7

Flow

Rat

e

H /1 2

(x10 -4 m 3/s)

(m ) /1 2

F1-23 Free and Forced Vortex

This equipment is designed to produce and measurethe characteristics of free and forced vortices.

MEASUREMENT & VISUALISATION CAPABILITIES

➤ understanding the difference between free andforced vortices

➤ determining the surface profile of a forced vortex➤ determining the surface profile and total head

distribution of a free vortex➤ visualisation of secondary flow in free vortex

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus comprises a clear acrylic cylinder on aplinth designed to produce and measure free andforced vortices. The free vortex is generated by waterdischarging through an interchangeable orifice in thebase of the cylinder and the resulting profile ismeasured using a combined caliper and depth scale.The forced vortex is induced by a paddle in the base ofthe cylinder which is rotated by jets of water. Theprofile of the forced vortex is determined using a seriesof depth gauges.Velocity at any point in the free or forced vortices maybe measured using the appropriate pitot tube supplied.Dye crystals (not supplied ) may be used todemonstrate secondary flow at the base of the freevortex.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Tank diameter: .................. 245mmHeight to overflow point: .. 180mmOrifice diameters: .............. 8, 16 and 24mmForced vortex measuring probesDistance from centre: ....... 0, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110mmPitot tubes having measuringpoint (nose) at: .................. 15, 25 and 30mm radiusInlet tubes: ......................... 9 and 12.5mm diameter

F1-24 Hydraulic Ram

If flowing water is suddenly brought to rest in a longpipe, a phenomena known as water hammer occurs,wherein a pressure wave travels along the pipe. Thisprinciple is used in the hydraulic ram to pump water.


➤ establishing flow/pressure characteristics anddetermining efficiency of the hydraulic ram

DESCRIPTION

The Hydraulic Ram comprises an acrylic baseincorporating pulse and non-return valves and a supplyreservoir on a stand which is fed by the HydraulicsBench. An air vessel above the valve chamber smoothscyclic fluctuations from the ram delivery.

The weights supplied may be applied to the pulse valveto change the closing pressure and hence the operatingcharacteristics.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Supply head: ..................... 300 - 700mm variableDelivery head: .................... 750 - 1500mm variable

F1–23 Free and Forced Vortex F1–24 Hydraulic Ram

F1-26 Series/Parallel Pumps

The introduction of a second pump to the HydraulicBench system allows the study of two pumpperformance, both in series and parallel operation.


Determining the head/flow rate characteristics of:➤ a single centrifugal pump at a single speed➤ two similar pumps operating in a parallel

configuration at the same speed➤ two similar pumps operating in a series

configuration at the same speed

DESCRIPTION

This accessory comprises a fixed speed pumpassembly and independent discharge manifoldinterconnected by flexible tubing with quick releaseconnectors. This auxiliary pump is intended to be usedin conjunction with the basic Hydraulics Bench.

The auxiliary pump is mounted on a support plinthwhich stands adjacent to the Hydraulics Bench primarypump.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pump: ...................................... centrifugal type max. head 21m H2O max. flow 1.35 litres/secMotor rating: ............................ 0.36kWPressure gauge range:............ 0 to 45m H2OCompound gauge range: ........ –10 to + 45m H2OSee Hydraulics Bench F1–10 Technical Details forprimary pump characteristics.

F1-25 Demonstration Pelton Turbine

The Demonstration Pelton Turbine provides a simplelow cost introduction to turbine performance.


➤ determining the operating characteristics, i.e.power, efficiency and torque, of a Pelton turbine atvarious speeds

DESCRIPTION

This accessory comprises a miniature Pelton wheelwith spear valve arrangement mounted on a supportframe which locates on the Hydraulics Bench topchannel. Mechanical output from the turbine isabsorbed using a simple friction dynamometer.

Pressure at the spear valve is indicated on a remotegauge. A non-contacting tachometer (not supplied)may be used to determine the speed of the Peltonwheel. Basic principles of the Pelton turbine may bedemonstrated and, with appropriate measurements,power produced and efficiency may be determined.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Speed range: ........................... 0 to 2000 r.p.m.Brake power: ........................... 10 WattsPressure gauge range: ............ 0 to 25m H2OForce balance range: .............. 0 to 10N x 0.1NNumber of Pelton buckets: ..... 16Diameter of Pelton wheel: ...... 123mm

F1–25 Demonstration Pelton Turbine

F1–26 Series/Parallel Pumps

F1-27 Centrifugal Pump Characteristics

This accessory offers similar features to thosedescribed for the item F1-26 but with enhancedcapabilities provided by the inclusion of a variablespeed pump rather than a fixed speed pump withinverter drive.


➤ determining the relationship between head,discharge, speed, power and efficiency for acentrifugal pump at various speeds

➤ determining the head/flow rate characteristics oftwo similar pumps operating in either parallel orseries configuration at the same speed

DESCRIPTION

The auxiliary pump is mounted on a support plinthwhich stands adjacent to the Hydraulics Bench primarypump, with which it is intended to be used.

The pump is driven by an a.c. motor, the speed ofwhich is varied by a compatible inverter drive. Themotor speed, output voltage and motor current areeasily monitored on the inverter display.

A compound pressure gauge is mounted directly on thepump inlet and a pressure gauge is mounted directly onthe pump outlet. When operated independently or inparallel with the bench service pump, the auxiliarypump draws its water direct from the sump tank on theHydraulics Bench. When operated in series with thebench service pump, the auxiliary pump is connectedto the bench supply outlet in the bed of the channel.

An independent discharge manifold incorporates apressure gauge and flow control valve prior to adischarge pipe with diffuser. A quick release connectorincorporating a watertight valve permits operation ofvarious other bench accessories when the flow controlvalve is closed.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Pump: ................................ centrifugal typemax. head 21.0m H2Omax. flow rate 1.35 l/sec

Motor: ................................ 0.36kWSpeed controller: .............. PWM inverterSpeed range: ..................... 0 to 1500 rpm

Pressure gauge: ................ 0 to 60 m H2OCompound gauge: ............ -10 to 32m H2O

See Hydraulics Bench F1–10 Technical Details forprimary pump characteristics.

F301 Computer Aided Learning Software

F1-11-301 Windows Program for F1-11 Dead WeightCalibrator

F1-12-301 Windows Program for F1-12 HydrostaticPressure

F1-13-301 Windows Program for F1-13 Flow overWeirs

F1-14-301 Windows Program for F1-14 MetacentricHeight

F1-15-301 Windows Program for F1-15 Bernoulli’sTheorem Demonstration

F1-16-301 Windows Program for F1-16 Impact of aJet

F1-17-301 Windows Program for F1-17 Orifice andFree Jet Flow

F1-17a-301 Windows Program for F1-17a OrificeDischarge

F1-18-301 Windows Program for F1-18 EnergyLosses in Pipes

F1-19-301 Windows Program for F1-19 FlowChannel

F1-20-301 Windows Program for F1-20 OsborneReynolds’ Demonstration

F1-21-301 Windows Program for F1-21 Flow MeterDemonstration

F1-22-301 Windows Program for F1-22 EnergyLosses in Bends

F1-23-301 Windows Program for F1-23 Free andForced Vortices

F1-24-301 Windows Program for F1-24 Hydraulic Ram

F1-25-301 Windows Program for F1-25Demonstration Pelton Turbine

F1-26-301 Windows Program for F1-26 Series/Parallel Pumps

F1-27-301 Windows Program for F1-27 CentrifugalPump Characteristics

F1–27 Centrifugal Pump Characteristics


A self-contained mobile service module & accessories

Special features:➤ constructed from lightweight, corrosion resistant

plastic➤ an open channel incorporated in the bench top➤ volumetric flow measurement for both high and

low flow rates.Capacities: high flow 40 litres, low flow 6 litres

➤ easy to use quick release pipe connector allowsrapid exchange of accessories

➤ pump tank capacity 250 litres➤ computer aided learning programs available for

selected accessories➤ eighteen accessories:

Dead Weight Pressure Gauge CalibratorHydrostatic PressureFlow over WeirsMetacentric HeightBernoulli's Theorem DemonstrationImpact of a JetOrifice and Free Jet FlowOrifice DischargeEnergy Losses in PipesFlow ChannelOsborne Reynolds' DemonstrationFlow Meter DemonstrationEnergy Losses in Bends and FittingsFree and Forced VortexHydraulic RamDemonstration Pelton TurbineSeries/Parallel PumpsCentrifugal Pump Characteristics

➤ when coupled to the bench, the accessories areimmediately ready for use and require noadditional service items

A user instruction manual provides installation,commissioning and maintenance data, together withdemonstration and measurement exercises.


Stop watchVernier caliperReference pressure gauge

SERVICES REQUIRED

F1–10, F1–26 and F1–27Electrical supplyStandard: 220/240V, 1ph, 50HzAlternative: 110V, 1ph, 60Hz available at extra cost

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

F1–10 Hydraulics Bench only:Height: 1.00mWidth: 1.13mDepth: 0.73m


F1–10 Hydraulics Bench only:Volume: 1.5m3

Gross Weight: 160kgIndividual accessories on request


F301: Computer Aided Learning Software (Windows)The F1-xx-301 Software package comprises:3.5” High density disksInstruction manualThe complete F1 software family is alsoavailable on a single CD-ROM (code F301-CD)for customers who use the full range ofaccessories.

F4: Precision Pressure Gauge CalibratorF5: Osborne Reynolds' DemonstrationF6: Air Flow StudiesF9092: Fluid Properties and Hydrostatics BenchF10: Cavitation DemonstrationF12: Particle Drag CoefficientsF14: Hydrogen Bubble Flow Visualisation SystemC6MkII-10: Fluid Friction Apparatus

TOXIC MATERIALS

Due to international restrictions limiting the transportof toxic materials we do not include mercury in oursupply.

A Digital Pressure Meter: H12-8 is available as analternative to Mercury manometers -ask for data sheet H12: Manometers and PressureMeter.

Specifications may change without noticeiss16/5k/0502/HH.

The Armfield Multi-purpose Teaching Flume has been specifically designed todemonstrate the principles of fluid mechanics when applied to engineering structuresin open channel flow.


➤ Use of hook and point gauges to measure water level

➤ Use of a Pitot-static tube to measure flowrate

➤ Learning how to apply force-momentum and steady flow energy equations tosimple flow situations

➤ Understanding the relationship between water level above the crest of a weir andflowrate over the weir

➤ Using hydraulic structures to control level, e.g. syphon spillways

➤ Understanding sub-and super-critical flow and the underlyingcharacteristics of waves

➤ Hydraulic jump

➤ Using hydraulic structures for control of flow e.g. sluice gate

➤ Applying and understanding Manning’s formula

➤ Measurement of velocity profiles

MULTI-PURPOSE TEACHING FLUMEarmfield

C4issue 10

20

15

David Hanzal

Text Box

Items 02-01-27 thru 01-01-36 XX

Sharp Crested Weir

DESCRIPTION

A small open channel comprising a clearacrylic working section with GRP inlet anddisharge tanks mounted on a rigidframework. The flume can be tilted by use ofa calibrated screwjack which allowsaccurate slope adjustment of the channel.Bed pressure tappings and fixing points formodels are provided. A longitudinal scalepositioned at the top of the channel allowsdepth gauges and Pitot-static tubes to bepositioned along the channel length.The flume is available in two standardlengths of 2.5m and 5.0m.The water supply and flow measuringsystem is provided from a service module.Water is drawn from a sump tank by asubmersible pump and delivered via a shunttype flowmeter and flow control valve intothe inlet tank. A suitable stilling arrangementdiffuses the water flow prior to entry into thechannel, ensuring smooth, uniform flow.The level in the working section of the flumemay be controlled by an overshot weirarrangement. Flowrates can be measuredeither by using the volumetric tank(maximum flowrate 1.2 l/sec), a set ofnotched weirs or by the direct readingflowmeter.

Basic models supplied are:

● Venturi flume

● Sharp and broad crested weirs

● 3 vernier level gauges

● Crump weir

● Adjustable undershot weir

Adjustable Undershot WeirVenturi Flume

Broad Crested Weir

Crump Weir

Syphon Spillway

Air-Regulated Syphon

Radial Gate

Optional models available:

C4 - 61: Pitot tube and manometerboard

C4 - 62: Culvert fitting, one edgesquare, one rounded

C4 - 63: Flow splitters; central wall withvarious nose pieces

C4 - 64: Free overflow spillway sectioncomplete with ski jump,sloping apron and blendedreverse curvature attachments

C4 - 65: Syphon spillway andair regulated syphon

C4 - 66: Model radial gate

C4 - 67: Wave generator and waveabsorbing beach

C4 - 68: False floor sections forgradually varied profiles

C4 - 69: Artificially roughened bed 2.5mlong section (2 required for a5m flume)

Hydraulic Jump


● A small self-contained open channelwith inlet and discharge tanks, whichis supported on rigid pedestals. Ajacking arrangement permits theslope of the channel bed to beadjusted between -1 and +3%. Amoulded GRP service unit contains asubmersible pump which supplieswater to the inlet tank via a flowmeterand control valve, a stillingarrangement and profiled inletensures even flow through theworking section.

● Several types of weir, flow measuringdevices and hydraulic structuresassociated with open channel floware included. A range of optionalmodels are available that extend thecapabilities. Typical subjects whichcan be studied are super- and sub-critical velocity flow, hydraulic jump,flow under a sluice gate, syphonspillways, and water waves.

● 2.5 or 5m long versions are availablewith a working section of 76 x 250mm.

● An instruction booklet describinghow to perform the flowmeasurements and to interpret theresults, as well as how to install,commission and maintain theequipment, is included.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

C4 - 2.5m C4 - 5.0mLength: 3.40m Length: 5.90mWidth: 0.8m Width: 0.8mHeight: 1.54m Height: 1.54m


C4 - 2.5mGross weight: 370kgVolume: 3.5m3

C4 - 5.0mGross weight: 520kgVolume: 4.4m3

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Acrylic channel: 2.5 or 5m L x 76mm Wx 250mm H

Service module: made from glass reinforced plastic (GRP)Sump tankcapacity:250 litresVolumetric tankcapacity:40 litres

Pump: Submersible typeMotor: 0.55kW split capacitor

start with built in overloadprotection.Speed 2800rpm.Class B insulation.Continuous duty.

Flowmeter: Shunt orifice type,range 0.5 to 2.5 litres/sec

Vernier level 1 x 150mm resolution 0.1mmgauges: 2 x 300mm resolution 0.1mm

SERVICES REQUIRED

Electrical supply:C4 - 2.5m - A: 220/240V/1ph/50HzC4 - 2.5m - B: 120V/1ph/60HzC4 - 2.5m - G: 220V/1ph/60HzC4 - 5m - A: 220/240V/1ph/50HzC4 - 5m - B: 120V/1ph/60HzC4 - 5m - G: 220V/1ph/60Hz

C4 - 67 - A: 220/240V/1ph/50HzC4 - 67 - B: 120V/1ph/60HzC4 - 67 - G: 220V/1ph/60HzWater supply: Initial fill

LABORATORY FLUMES ANDCHANNELS FOR HYDRAULICTEACHING/RESEARCH STUDIES

➤ Standard Flumes➤ Special Flumes, Tanks and Basins➤ Ancillary Equipment

• Sediment Transport Facilities• Mono and Random Wave Makers• Instrumentation

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-37 thru 02-01-51

Armfield has been designing and supplying open channel facilities to hydrauliclaboratories throughout the world for over 40 years.

This brochure describes the range of channel designs available from Armfield, fromwhich research/teaching personnel may wish to request specific quotationsdepending on their field of interest.

Usually channels are of rectangular prismatic section. The dimensions of the workingcross-section and length are the principal features which determine both thefunctional suitability and the cost of a channel.

Depending on customer requirements, channels can be designed to incorporate thefollowing alternative features:

• fixed bed or variable slope • self-contained or laboratory supplied water • open circuit or re-circulating sediment load • choice of working section materials (glass, metal, wood) • inclusion of a wave generator and beach • instrumentation systems for flow, velocity, level, etc.• sediment sampling

Introduction

2

Because of the physical size and the general heavy nature of the construction, it iseasy to forget that a flume is an instrument and in many instances required to have ahigh level of integrity regarding both its working dimensions and ability to achieverepeatable results.

Armfield acknowledge the necessity for accuracy, precision and repeatability. Theseare cornerstones of the design, manufacture and final installation.

Dimensions

The critical dimensions of a flume are the working length and cross-section (widthand depth). Working length also means usable length. All too often the turbulent entryconditions require a substantial portion of what would be described as the workingsection before suitable flow conditions prevail. Armfield flumes are designed suchthat the working length is maximised. The overall dimensions of the flume are alsominimised through careful design of the inlet and outlet conditions and sensible useof the space underneath the flume and immediately adjacent. For example, whereverpossible floor standing reservoir tanks run parallel to the flume and are covered, thusproviding an access walkway to the working section.

The Key Features of an Open Channel Facility

3

S6MkII flow channel complete with its own service system

Materials of Construction

The materials of construction are of paramount importance, not only for the durabilityand longevity required of an expensive piece of equipment, but also suitability forpurpose. Many flumes are used for sediment transport studies and therefore thematerials in contact with the sediment must have abrasion resistance. In suchinstances it is standard practice for Armfield to incorporate stainless steel on the bedof flumes.

Clarity of flow visualisation is an essential ingredient, particularly if laser doppleranemometry or sophisticated photography is involved. Even potable water will abradea surface but water containing harsh particles, such as sediment, will quickly damageany soft material. This is why all Armfield flumes are constructed with toughenedglass viewing panels, whether these be small portholes or full length workingsections. Toughened glass is also used as a safety feature. In the unlikely event that aglass panel shatters, it will not break into dangerous sharp shards but into smallrelatively harmless cubes.

Wherever possible the more basic components in contact with water are made ofnon-corroding materials, such as plastic or GRP. Pumps are usually steel but wheresediment is involved we recommend the use of special pumps, typically glass lined.Where wood or a composite material is chosen for the base and/or sides of theflume, these are carefully treated to protect against water ingress.

Set-up and Assembly

Armfield flumes, whether a standard product or customised, are built on a modularprinciple. This allows them to be delivered to site in pre-fabricated, manageablesections. The designs are such that in most cases with help from the instructionmanual, clients are able to assemble and commission the equipment without theneed for our skilled staff. However this is always an option, and Armfield are happy tosubmit a quotation for installation, commissioning and, where appropriate, basictraining.

Ease of Use

Experimentation can be a time-consuming andtedious business. Quite often long periods arerequired in order to gather sufficient meaningfuldata. It is at these times that the userappreciates equipment that has been carefullydesigned from an ergonomic viewpoint.

Armfield incorporates many features to ease thelife of the operator. All controls on a single floormounted console. Electrical options for drivingvalves, jacking systems and weirs. Direct readingflow meter instrumentation, with digital readoutat the control console. Powered instrumentcarriages offering three way axes. A sensibleworking height that provides comfortable accessto the working section.

4

S6MkII control console

Uniform Flow

Within the limited confines of a laboratory flume itis critical that the best possible working conditionsare achieved as quickly as possible after the flowenters the working section. Much hinges on theentry conditions and particularly the means usedto settle and direct the flow as it enters the inlettank and is re-directed into the working section.

Inlet Tank Design

The inlet tank design generally adopted asstandard by Armfield is the consequence of 40years of experience coupled with comprehensivemodel test work. The result is a carefully shapedtank, with profiling to both the side walls and base,whilst remaining compact in its length, an essentialingredient to minimise the waste of laboratoryspace. Within the tank various stilling devices areincorporated.

Level Control - The Outlet Weir

Of equal importance is the method of controllingthe level within the flume. This is usually donethrough a weir at the discharge end. Many optionsexist but most frequently Armfield utilise either anadjustable overshot tilting weir or, for morecomplex flow conditions, a venetian blind weir witheither vertical or horizontal slats.

Water Supply

Traditionally hydraulic laboratories wereconstructed with underfloor sumps and elevatedheader tanks linked with a ring main. Modernlaboratories rarely enjoy these facilities. Armfieldare, however, able to supply flumes either in a nonself-contained configuration, where they can beserviced from an existing header tank anddischarge to a laboratory sump, or as fully self-contained facilities, where floor mountedreservoirs, pumps, pipework, valves and flowmeters are incorporated, including, whereappropriate, re-circulating loops for sedimenttransport.

Occasionally flumes are required that meet bothrequirements. These can also be supplied.

5

Hydraulics: Performance and Systems Design

6

There are numerous design features associated with Armfield channel facilities, many areunique. The following list is not exhaustive. Not all features are appropriate to everychannel.

➤ Accurate for education and research

➤ Extremely stable design, no user adjustments required to the flume bed

➤ Floor space requirements reduced to a minimum

➤ Fabricated high precision stainless steel channel bed (optional extra)

➤ Can be readily converted to closed-loop recirculation for sediment transport studies

➤ Precision screw jacks provide accurate slope adjustment with minimum effort(powered jacks available as an option)

➤ Designed for ease of visibility:- toughened glass sides; slimline side supports; comfortable viewing height. etc.

➤ Adjustable instrument rails with positioning scales are fitted over the whole working length

➤ Fully profiled inlet tank fitted with stilling and smoothing devices

➤ Discharge tank with adjustable overshot weir and draft tube to avoid splashing and reduce noise

➤ Modular construction - supplied in pre-glazed sections for rapid and easy assembly onsite

➤ Wave generation options, both regular and random - the end tanks acting as basins extending the working length

➤ Standard flumes have a comprehensive range of accessories, instruments and modelsavailable

➤ Standard flumes have non-corroding durable GRP tanks throughout

➤ Transverse members have been eliminated throughout the working length

➤ Transparent sides are of toughened glass, which is extremely strong, abrasion resistant, dimensionally stable, does not discolour or scratch and is inherently safe

➤ Working section is fully adjustable, enabling extremely accurate setting

➤ Substantial underframes reduce load deflections to a minimum

➤ Close tolerances specified and achieved.

Major Design Features

S6MkIIDetail showing side support with instrument rail and side wall adjustment system

7

S6MkII Slope adjustment

Armfield offer a design, manufacture and installation service for special channelfacilities of all types and sizes. Their reputation and expertise has developed throughthe evolution of standard products. By this we mean high quality flumes offered to astandard design.

History and experience has shown that there is an optimum cross-section that will filla great majority of educational and research needs. Those dimensions are a width of300mm and a depth of 450mm (these are internal working dimensions).

The length of a flume is dictated by many factors. Common amongst them areexperimental requirements, space availability and cost. Standard Armfield flumes aretherefore available as modular units.

Standard Flumes

8

Description

A glass sided tilting flume with fabricated all stainless steel bed. A working cross-section of 300mm wide by 450mm deep and available in standard working lengths of5m, 7.5m, 10m and 12.5m. Longer lengths are available to special order in incrementsof 2.5m.

Completely self-contained and comprising the working section, moulded inlet anddischarge tanks, a series of sump tanks, a pump, an electronic flow meter, a jackingsystem and a control console.

The channel section is fully glazed with large clear panels of toughened glass. This iscoupled with careful design of the side support profiles to provide excellent visibilityand allow flow visualisation of the full working height of the flume. The glass panelsare sealed using a rubber “U” section compressed by an aluminium alloy clampingstrip. The flume bed is manufactured to high tolerances and designed with an integralweb support frame to give the flume a high degree of rigidity and stability. Rigiddowelled joints are used to connect the sections. The overall strength and rigidity ofthe design allows excellent stability figures to be achieved and eliminates the need toprovide adjusting screws or to perform periodic setting up of the flume to maintain itsspecification. No underframe or support structure other than jacks is necessary.

Instrument rails are provided along the entire working length of the flume and acontinuous scale calibrated in millimetres is provided along the length of one of therails. Adjustable screws allow the track to be set level and true.

Excellent velocity profiles are achieved in the working section by careful shaping ofthe inlet tank and by the incorporation of stilling and smoothing devices. Operatingwater levels are maintained by an overshot tilting weir located in the discharge tank.Both end tanks are made from tough non-corroding GRP.

Water circulation is by a centrifugal pump mounted beneath the flume channel,drawing water from a series of interconnected non-corroding sump tanks mountedon the floor and running alongside the flow channel. All interconnecting pipes andfittings are made of non-corroding materials.

The flow is regulated using a manually adjusted valve. Flow rate is measured using anelectro-magnetic flow meter and displayed on a digital readout located on the controlconsole. An isolation valve is included.

The control console is mounted on a pedestal and located in a convenient positionfor the installation, such that it is easily accessible and the flow rate can be readwhilst adjusting the valve. Also located on the console the emergency stop buttonand the pump controls. An additional emergency stop button is provided on longerflumes.

S6 MK II Glass Sided Tilting Flumes

9

10

The flume is tilted using a jacking system - a single jacking station on 5m flumes.Flumes up to 12.5m have two jacks interconnected by a geared drive. A slopeindicator is provided.

Electrical jacking is available as an optional extra, including a control box withup/down inch buttons plus an additional emergency stop button. Electronic limitswitches disable the electrical device at the maximum and minimum extent of travel.

Technical Details

Width 300mmDepth 450mmLength As ordered (multiples of 2.5m) Note: length overall is

3.25m longer than the working section definedWalls Toughened glassBed Exclusively fabricated from stainless steelEnd Tanks GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic)Sump Tanks and Pipework PVC (Polyvinylchloride)Pump Close-coupled centrifugalIsolation Valve Lever-operated butterflyFlow Regulation Valve Hand wheel operated wedge+ve Slope 1:40 max (1.4º)-ve Slope 1:200 max (0.28º)Flow Meter Electro-magneticBed Stability <0.8mm (typical) at 400mm water depthSide Wall Stability <0.5mm (typical) at 400mm water depth

Ordering Specification S6 Flume

A self-contained glass sided tilting flume for fluid mechanics laboratoryexperiments, project work and research activities. The flume working channel isassembled from modular sections of 2.5m length. A wide choice of standardlengths are available from 5m upwards. The flume cross-section is 300mm wide by450mm deep.

A fabricated high precision stainless steel bed provides excellent strength andrigidity, eliminating the need for a separate underframe. No adjustments otherthan the jacking stations are necessary in order to set up and maintain theequipment, achieving typical bed deformations better than 1mm.

Each flume incorporates a discharge tank fitted with an adjustable overshot weirand draught tube to avoid splashing and noise. An electro-magnetic flow meter isincorporated as standard.

A comprehensive range of optional accessories and instruments is available tosupplement the capabilities of the basic flume.

Closed-loop recirculation is available as an option for sediment transport studies.

See back page for ordering options.

A comprehensive range of experimentalmodels and measuring instruments isavailable for selection. These provide thebasis for a large number of practicalexperiments in open channel flowincluding the use and operation ofregulating and gauging structures.

Wherever possible non-corrodingmaterials have been used to reducemaintenance time and increase theworking life of the models.

S6-20: Plate Weirs - (Stainless steel)

➤ screw operated adjustable undershot weir

➤ rectangular overshot weir plate

➤ `V´ notch weir

S6-21: Broad Crested Weirs - (GRP)

➤ rectangular sharp cornered weir

➤ rectangular streamlined weir

Experimental Models & Instrumentation

S6-21: Broad crested weir - in operation (above) and theory (right)

S6-20: Rectangular overshot weir - in operation (above) and theory (right)

Stable conditions are obtainedfor the rectangular weir byexposing both upper and lowersurfaces of the nappe toatmosphere, air being admittedbelow and immediatelydownstream of the weir crest.Vent pipes are utilised toreplenish lost air throughentrainment with the fallingwater (Fig. 1)

Should air loss occur then avacuum will be created causingthe nappe to adhere to thedownstream face of the weir.This condition is associated withan increase in discharge,instability of flow behaviourand is incompatible withaccurate flow measurement(Fig. 2)

This type of weir is commonlyused in the gauging ofdischarge in open channels,particularly where accuracyand reliability are required tobe combined with ease ofconstruction and maintenance.

Shown is a traditionalstreamlined hump in operation,which may be compared withthe crump weir.

Aerated nappe

Aeration pipeopen

Clinging nappe

Aeration pipeblocked

Broad Crested Weir

Cw ≈ 0.85 to 0.9hd ≥ 0.67 huha ≥ 0.40 hu

Q=1.704CdbH3/2

11

12

S6-22 Venturi Flume - (GRP)

A set of GRP mouldings for installation inthe channel section to form a venturiflume.

S6-23: Ogee Weir & ManometerBoard - (GRP)

Eight pressure tappings (2 upstream,5 downstream, 1 at apex) complete withmulti-tube piezometer board.

S6-24: Dam Spillway Models - (GRP)

Complete with the followinginterchangeable downstream sections:

➤ spillway toe

➤ roller bucket toe

➤ apron with removeable energy dissipator

S6-25: Syphon Spillway - (Acrylic)

Complete with adjustable breather tube.

S6-26: Self-regulating Syphon -(Acrylic)

S6-27: Roughened Beds - (GRP)

Two sections of different roughness.Each consists of three modules arrangedto cover a 2.5m length.

S6-28: Vibrating Pile

For the study of vortex shedding by pilesand tall structures.

S6-29: Lift & Drag Balance &Models - (GRP)

Three models - large and small diametercylinders and an aerofoil section.

S6-30: Pitot Tube & ManometerBoard - (GRP)

Complete with traversing carriage andvernier height adjustment, and aninverted paraffin water manometer formagnification of small pressuredifferences.

S6-20: ‘V’ notch weir

S6-31: Crump Weir - (GRP)

Single pressure tapping at apex,complete with piezometer tube.

S6-32: Parshall Flume - (GRP)

One of the most widely used standingwave flumes; allows comparison of head-flow characteristics with those publishedin the literature.

S6-33: WSC Flume - (GRP)

Developed by Washington State College,this trapezoidal flume conforms moreclosely to natural channel sections andpasses sediment even more freely thanthe Parshall Flume.

S6-35: Wave Generator

Simple, regular, flap-type generatordesigned to be mounted on the flumedischarge tank.

S6-36: Beach

S6-37: Zagni Flow MonitoringSystem

Consists of a free standing manometerboard and instrument carriage fitted withPitot tube and interconnecting tubing.

This system may be used to establish thebasic parameters of fluid flow in thechannel including, invert slope, surfaceprofiles, pressure profiles and velocityprofiles.

S6-40: Instrument Carrier

Both longitudinal and transversemovement and position lock.

S6-42: Velocity Meter andMountings

Velocity probe and analogue meter,complete with mounting attachments tochannel. Range 0.6 to 3m/sec.

H-1: Hook & Point Gauge

Designed to be mounted on S6-40.

S6-23: Ogee weir S6-25: Syphon spillway

13

14

This machine utilises the base hinge weir in the discharge tank of the Armfield S6Flume as the paddle. Additional hardware comprises a control box, a filter box and a50 way ribbon connector. There are two cards for insertion into a PC.

Wave generation software

➤ Regular waves

➤ Irregular waves - filtered white noise

➤ Irregular waves - Fourier series

➤ User defined wave generation techniques

This is an advanced software package designed to simulate long crested seaconditions. It can generate Regular, Irregular and Solitary waves.

It is capable of running on any Windows compatible-PC fitted with the two interfacecards supplied with the software.

Installation is by means of an installation program. Following installation it allows allthe relevant dimensional details of the paddle to be entered and saved in a file.

The experimental transfer function can be entered and saved for a range of waterdepths.

Wave height and period requirements are entered at full (prototype) scale togetherwith the model scale being used.

When it is running, the parameters of the generated sea state and a real timegraphical display of the paddle movement are shown on screen.

For more information on S6-45 request data sheet S6-45 provisional

S6-45 Random Wave Maker

Many areas of study require or are enhanced by using flumes with a tilting capability.This mostly translates into positive slope but sometimes there is the requirement fornegative slope.

The most important aspect of a tilting flume is retaining the integrity of the workingsection, i.e., maintaining tolerances.

To achieve this requires an extremely rigid design which ensures almost no deflectionregardless of load or tilt. Design of the jacking system is crucial in guaranteeing this.

The general construction of such flumes is similar to the tilting flume described at S6MKII.

Dimensions can be modified to suit requirements.

Jacking Systems

Tilting flumes need jacks to raise and lower them. The need for stability and the sizeand weight of the installation make this element of crucial importance.

Various options are available, including chain drive and hydraulic lift. None, however,give the degree of repeatable accuracy achievable with screw jacks driven throughshafting and gear boxes. The Armfield choice.

Long flumes need a series of jack stations carefully linked to avoid distortion of themain frame.

On larger flumes, or where exceptional degrees of slope are involved, a pivotmechanism at each station ensures a vertical aspect to the jacks at all times.

Other features include indicators for setting slope, soft “bearings” to limit noise,electric drives (optional) and detection systems permitting operation only if all jacksmove together.

Special Tilting Flumes

15

Not all applications require a flume to be tilting. In many cases it is sufficient for theunit to have a fixed horizontal position. In such cases the options for construction areincreased. The most flexible arrangement being a wood/composite and glasspanelled knock-down form.

Wood/Composite and Glass Panelled Construction

Flumes of this type are invariably fixed bed, as the structure does not lend itself to therigidity required for tilting. The knock-down format is particularly suited for researchfacilities where future projects may require flow channels of different proportions. Theknock-down design provides for optimum flexibility in the assembly of the flume, inletand outlet tanks, service pumps and pipework.

The walls are made of varnished plywood or composite materials and glass panelswhich are interchangeable. A special jointing compound, which remains plastic, iswatertight and bonds itself to the glass or wood/composite, seals the panels whichare themselves supported by mild steel channel sections. These sections are spacedat regular intervals and support the flume bed and side walls through adjustablejacking studs. It is therefore possible to level and align the flume with the utmostaccuracy.

Steel Bed and Glass Wall Construction

Similar in construction to the tilting flume described at S6 Mk II, these flumes do notrequire the sophisticated underframe or jacking system of a tilting flow channel.Instead, they sit on simple ‘A’ frames, whilst the accuracy of the working sectioncontinues to be maintained at the same high levels prescribed for all other flowchannels.

Fixed Bed Flumes, Wave Tanks and Basins

16

Sediment Transport

Studies involving bed movement are increasingly relevant, frequently based aroundenvironmental issues. A topic notoriously difficult to study in the field lends itself todetailed study using a flow channel in the controlled environment of a laboratory.

Recirculating Sediment Systems

Frequently in experimentation there is the need for erosion and/or deposition. Thisrequires the circulation of sediment. For this configuration a flow channel requires arecirculating loop enabling the water containing sediment in suspension to berecirculated. Armfield flow channels can be designed to incorporate such loops, thepipework being designed to ensure the sediment stays in suspension and does notsettle out within the system.

Sediment is abrasive and this makes the selection of materials of particularimportance. Pumps are usually lined with glass, valves are reduced to a minimumand flow metering is via electro-magnetic flow meters that do not require anycomponents within the flow. Flow visualisation areas must be of toughened glass andstainless steel is essential on the base and in tanks.

Non-Recirculating Systems

These tend to be more complex and require that sediment be collected afterdischarge, either through a settling tank or hydro-cyclones.

Ancillary Hardware

These typically include sediment feeders and sediment samplers.

Armfield have in-depth experience of all these options and are happy to advise onsupply.

17

Wave generation and the effects of waves are significant areas of study. Wavegenerators themselves can range from simple mechanical systems for regular wavesthrough multi-paddle random generating systems that may be computer controlled.For many applications, particularly coastal models and flume studies, long crestedand directional random waves are sufficient to model the sea state. For offshorestudies and some shallow water problems multi-directional components are required.

In flumes or open channels, such as described in this brochure, there are a number ofdifferent types of wave maker that are appropriate. For small scale laboratoryinstallations electrically driven piston machines are available. Where larger flumes areinvolved hydraulic powered piston machines and for deeper water, wedge type wavemakers. Flumes may be used to study breakwaters, sea walls and beach behaviour,or for fundamental research.

Multi-element wave makers recreate complex short crested waves. Many wavemakers of this type have hinge-flap type paddles and are used, for example, inoffshore sea basins where models of oil and gas rigs are tested. For shallow waterpiston mechanism is the preferred mechanical option.

Whatever the application Armfield can supply a complete system designed to suityour particular requirements.

Wave Generators

18

A selection of instruments is available for use in flumes, channels and basins:-

H1-1 to H1-11 Vernier Hook & Point GaugesH12-1 to H12-7 Manometers including water, pressurised, water-mercuryH12-8 to H12-9 Portable Pressure MetersH30-1H to H30-3H Pitot TubesH32 Turbulence/Velocity MeterH33 to H33-8 Velocity Probes, Indicators and RecordersH40-1-1 to H40-2-3 Wave Probe Systems

Individual detailed catalogues available on request.

Instrumentation

S6 MkII - 5.0m Basic self contained flume (no electrics)S6 MkII - 7.5m Basic self contained flume (no electrics)S6 MkII - 10m Basic self contained flume (no electrics)S6 MkII - 12.5m Basic self contained flume (no electrics)

S6 MkII - C 415V/3ph/50Hz - Basic electrics comprising control console & pumpS6 MkII - D 208V/3ph/60Hz - Basic electrics comprising control console & pumpS6 MkII - E 380V/3ph/50Hz - Basic electrics comprising control console & pumpS6 MkII - F 220V/3ph/60Hz - Basic electrics comprising control console & pump

S6 MkII - SL Sediment loop for any of the above flumesS6 MkII - 14 - 1 Powered jacks for 5.0m or 7.5m flumesS6 MkII - 14 - 2 Powered jacks for 10m or 12.5m flumes

Ordering options S6MkII

Available on request

Shipping Specifications S6MkII

19

MODEL SEDIMENTATION TANK

This unit has been designed to demonstrate the hydraulic characteristics and settling efficiencies of a model settling basin. Although scale-up to industrial size sedimentation tanks is difficult, relevant deductions can be made as to how non-uniform flows occur and how these interact with the settling characteristics of particular suspensions.


➤ measuring flow short-circuiting and dead space using a tracer➤ comparison of real flow regimes with idealised flow models (fig. 1)➤ effect of flow rate and baffle position on dispersion➤ measuring sediment removal efficiencies and relating these to the hydraulic characteristics.

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-52

DESCRIPTION

Water is taken from the laboratory mains supply and is fed to the settling tank via a flow meter. For studies of sedimentation, a slurry is prepared in a sump tank and pumped via a specially designed flow meter to join the fresh water stream just before entry to the settling tank. A well-mixed slurry of known concentration and flow enters the tank uniformly under an inlet weir. This may be comparatively analysed by the Imhoff cone technique or more accurately by drying and weighing. The sump tank is continually agitated by a flow sparge device to prevent settling of solids during an experiment. For hydraulic tracer and visualisation studies, an accurate dye injection system is provided. A known volume of dye solution is injected just before the entry to the settling tank.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

Settling tank: 1000 x 400 x 200mmSediment sumptank capacity: 120 litresWater flow meterrange: 0.5-5 l/minSediment suspensionflow meter range: 0-2 l/minPump flow rate: 25 l/min at 5m headMotor: 0.1kW

SERVICES REQUIRED

Electrical supply:W7-A: 220-240V/1ph/50HzW7-B: 120V/1ph/60HzW7-G: 220V/1ph/60HzWater supply: 5 litres/min @ 1 bar

0 0.5 1.0 1.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Time (Q/V)

Rela

tive

conc

entra

tion

AB

CD

E F

Fig. 1 Typical dispersion curves

A = completely mixed model

F = ideal ‘plug flow’ Typical curves forreal tanks:B: unbaffled tank

C: wide shallow tank

D: long narrow tank

E: baffled, long tank

Specifications may change without notice iss8/5k/0404/RG.


● A rigid acrylic settling tank of 80L capacity can be fed by a mains water or a slurry supply. Slurry is pumped from a 120L sump tank via a centrifugal pump. A sparging device in the sump tank keeps the slurry in suspension.● Both supplies are fitted with a flow meter. Mains water flow meter range 0.5 - 5.0 litres/ min; slurry flow meter range 0 - 2 litres/min.● A dye injection system is incorporated to allow hydraulic tracer and flow visualisation studies.● Measuring flow regimes using a dye tracer and comparison of these with idealised flow models.● Effect of variables such as flow rate and baffle position on flow regimes.● Measurement of sediment removal efficiencies.

RECOMMENDED ACCESSORIES

Armfield Sedimentation Studies Apparatus (W2) to characterise settling regimes of selected suspensionPrecipitated calcium carbonateBalancesColorimeter - 7 narrow band-pass filters covering wavelengths 450 to 700mm

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 1.55m Width: 1.90m Depth: 0.60m

SHIPPING SPECIFICATION Volume: 2.9m3

Gross weight: 310kg

Clarified zone

Discreteparticle settling

Hinderedsettling

Transition zone

Compression

h ∞

Fig 1: Settling regimes

SEDIMENTATION STUDIESAPPARATUS

The Armfield Sedimentation Studies Apparatus provides a facility for studying thebasic physical processes involved in sedimentation.


➤ effect of initial concentration on sedimentation rates➤ construction of settling rate curves from a single batch test➤ effect of initial suspension height on sedimentation rates➤ effect of particle size distribution➤ use of flocculating additives.

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-58

Armfield LimitedBridge House West Street Ringwood

Hampshire England BH24 1DYTel: +44 (0)1425 478781Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916

E mail: [email protected]: http://www.armfield.co.uk

USA Office:Armfield Inc.

436 West Commodore Blvd (#2)Jackson NJ 08527Tel: (732) 928-3332Fax: (732) 928-3542

E mail: [email protected] may change without noticeiss6/5k/0503/San.

DESCRIPTION

Sedimentation is a process used widely in theclarification of water and wastewater. Particlessettle from suspension in different ways,depending on the concentration of the suspensionand the characteristics of the particles. Thesimplest type of sedimentation is the settling of adilute suspension of particles which have little orno tendency to flocculate. In these circumstances,the prediction of clarification rates and theirscale-up to plant design is relativelystraightforward. For higher concentrations whereinter-particle effects become significant andwhere agglomeration may take place, differentregimes of settling rate occur, known as ‘zone’settling (fig 1). Information from batch tests forsuch systems forms a vital part of the search forthe optimum design and operation of industrialsedimentation tanks.

The Armfield Sedimentation Studies Apparatusallows demonstration of these differentcharacteristics for any chosen sediment/watersystem.

Five equal sized glass cylinders are mountedvertically on a backboard incorporating measuringscales. Each of the cylinders may be removedfrom the board for washing, filling and mixing ofthe solid particles. Solutions containing differentamounts of suspension can be placed in thecylinders and the differences in sedimentationrate observed by measuring the changes in heightof the various solid/liquid interfaces with respectto time (e.g. fig 2).The equipment includes the following accessoriesnecessary for a self-contained facility: stop clock,three plastic beakers of 2 litre capacity, specificgravity bottle. An accurate balance (not supplied)is required for weighing the solids. The wholeapparatus is bench-mounted and provided withback lighting.


● Five graduated, 1m long x 51mm borecylinders mounted vertically on a backboard.

● Cylinders are illuminated from behind andremovable for cleaning.

● Supply includes stopclock, three 2 litrecapacity plastic beakers and a specificgravity bottle.

● Demonstration capabilities:➤ effect of initial concentration on

sedimentation rates➤ construction of settling rate curves from a

single batch test➤ effect of initial suspension height on

sedimentation rates➤ effect of particle size distribution➤ use of flocculating additives.


Triple Beam Top Loading BalanceCapacity: 2610gSensitivity: 0.1gTare: 225g

SERVICES REQUIREDElectrical supply:

W2-A: 220-240V/1ph/50HzW2-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 1.14mWidth: 0.70mDepth: 0.43m

SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONVolume: 0.80m3

Gross weight: 90kg

Fig 2: Typical sedimentation curves

Sedimentation curves110

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

020 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time (mins)

Top interface liquid/solid

Sedimentlayerthickness

Heig

ht o

f int

erfa

ce (c

m)

15%

12.5% 10%

7.5%5%

ADVANCED HYDROLOGYSTUDY SYSTEM

S12 MkII

This apparatus demonstrates some of the major physical processes found in hydrology andfluvial geomorphology, including: rainfall hydrographs for catchment areas of varyingpermeability; the abstraction of ground water by wells, both with and without surfacerecharge from rainfall; the formation of river features and effects of sediment transport.Realistic results can be obtained from this small scale, floor standing apparatus, which canbe conveniently located and requires no special services.

INVESTIGATION CAPABILITIES

➤ Determination of run-off hydrographs from model catchmentsincluding multiple storms, moving storms, effect of reservoir storage and land drains

➤ Construction of draw-down curves for one or two well systems in a sand bed

➤ Hydraulic gradients in ground water flow

➤ Investigation of model stream flow in alluvial material

➤ Formation of river features and development over time

➤ Sediment transport, bedload motion, scour and erosion

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-59

FEATURES

➤ Stilled inlet tank provides developed river flow conditions, allowing the full length ofthe tank to be used for river simulations

➤ Novel outlet tank design for water flow and sediment flow measurement

➤ Stainless steel sand tank

➤ Dual jacks provide adjustable tilt

➤ Adjustable spray nozzle height

➤ Use of fine grade sand allows detailed feature development

➤ Single grade of sand for all defined demonstrations, no need to change the sand

➤ Control and measurement of inlet flows

➤ Flexible configuration allows a wide range of simulations

➤ Flexible configuration allows a wide range of simulations

➤ Computer data logging option for sediment and water outlet flow measurement

DESCRIPTION

The unit comprises a sand tank, made of stainless steel, measuring 2 metres by 1 metre.Water may be input to the sand tank from spray nozzles located above the tank(simulating rainfall), from an inlet tank simulating a river flow or from two french drainsburied in the sand at either end of the tank. The water is output either from an outlet tankand flow measurement system located at the end of the main sand tank, from one orboth of the two wells located in the tank, or from one or both of the French drains. Alarge plastic sump tank is located under the sand tank.Ground water table levels (phreatic surface) are measured using twenty tapping points inthe sand tank, configured in a cruciform pattern, and displayed on a manometer bank.Eight stainless steel spray nozzles are mounted on a gantry above the sand tank,positioned to give an even distribution across the tank surface. The height of the gantrycan be easily adjusted. Each nozzle has an associated on/off valve, allowing a widevariety of moving rainfall patterns to be simulated.The river inlet tank uses glass balls to still the flow, and a shaped channel section toprovide formed flow conditions into the sand tank.The subsurface flow inputs are via two French drains, buried in the sand at either end ofthe tank. These French drains extend the full width of the tank. Each drain can beconfigured as an inlet or an outlet to permit a wide variety of hydrologicaldemonstrations.Two variable area flowmeters with integral adjusting valves are used to control andmeasure the various flows into the tank. The use of self-sealing quick release fittingsallows the system to be configured in a variety of different ways, enabling a wide range ofdemonstrations. The two flowmeters have different ranges, further enhancing theflexibility of the overall system. Pressure regulators and filters are incorporated in thewater supply lines, minimising system disturbances.The outlet tank is located at the end of the sand tank, and is used for hydrographs, run-off and river formation demonstrations. A stepped height weir is used to adjust the outletconditions. (When performing water table demonstrations this stepped weir is replacedwith a sealing plate.) The outlet tank comprises a sand trap, a water stilling system and aflow measurement device. The flow measurement is performed by measuring the heightof the water flowing over the outlet weir, using a direct reading inclined manometer. Thesand trap is configured to allow the sediment to be collected in a sieve. In this way theamount of sediment collected over a period of time can be measured.

The S12MkII-50 version includes additional instrumentation and a data logging systemthat is used to measure both the water flow and the sediment flow. This system works bymeasuring the weight of the sand and water collected in the outlet tank, and calculatingthe sediment flow rate from the rate of change of the weight. It comes complete witheducational software, help texts, graph plotting, etc., and requires a user provided PC.

An optional accessory is a set of shapes and models for use when investigating surfaceflow effects and run-off effects.

Equation ofTHIEM

LongitudeTransverse

Tapping pointsarray

Ele

vati

on

Radial distance from well

600 400 200 0 200 400 600

Ele

vati

on (

mm

)

Excavation site

Ground surface

Longitude distance (mm)

Well B Well A

75

200 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Ele

vati

on (

mm

)

Rainfall onlyWell flows onlyRainfall + wells

Islandprofile

Longitude distance (mm)

Well B Well A

110

300 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Cone of depression for a single well

Use of well points to de-water an excavation

Well abstraction from a circular island

Example of a braided channel planform

Example of scour in open channel flow


1. A self contained floor standing apparatus for hydrology and fluvial geomorphologydemonstrations, comprising:

(a) A 2m x 1m stainless steel tank, tiltable using a dual linked jacking system(b) 8 stainless steel spray nozzles mounted on an adjustable height gantry(c) A stilled tank providing a formed flow river inlet(d) Two flowmeters (3L/min & 5L/min) to measure and adjust the inlet flows(e) An outlet tank allowing both water and sediment flow to be measured(f) Two French drains, two well points and 20 manometer tapping points linked to

a manometer bank(g) A large plastic sump tank plus a recirculating pump

2. Experimental capabilities include:

(a) Run-off hydrographs from model catchments(b) Draw-down curves for one well and two well systems(c) Ground water flow and hydraulic gradients(d) Model stream flow in alluvial material(e) Formation and development of river features over time(f) Sediment transport, bedload motion, scour and erosion

3. A version is available with instrumentation to measure both water and sedimentrun-off in real time. The package included data logging and educational software,(requires a customer provided PC).

ORDERING INFORMATION

S12-MKII-A Advanced hydrology study system 220/240V, 50HzS12-MKII-B Advanced hydrology study system 110/120V, 60HzS12-MKII-G Advanced hydrology study system 220V, 60HzS12-MKII-50-A Hydrology system c/w instrumentation 220/240V, 50HzS12-MKII-50-B Hydrology system c/w instrumentation 110/120V, 60HzS12-MKII-50-G Hydrology system c/w instrumentation 220V, 60HzS12-MODELS Surface models for use with S12-MkII

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Length 2700mmWidth 1300mmDepth 1700mm


Packed Volume: 7.5m3

Gross Weight: 600Kg

FM3SUTURBINE SERVICE UNITThe Armfield FM3 range of small-scale hydropower units consists offour prototypes of industrialmachines, designed to demonstratethe principles of design andoperation of impulse and reactionturbines in both axial and radialflow situations. Three of themachines (shown opposite) may beseparately mounted on the commonTurbine Service Unit (FM3SU) forself-contained operation, whilst thefourth - the low head propellerturbine unit FM33 - has a speciallydesigned service system of its ownto accommodate the necessarylarger water flows.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONThe FM3SU Service Unit is an essentialaccessory designed to allow self-containedoperation of the three Armfield turbines,FM30, FM31 and FM32. The unit consists of aclear acrylic reservoir, a circulating pump andassociated pipework on a supporting base,which is bench-mounted. The flow of water ismeasured using an orifice plate (installed inthe pump inlet line).The pump discharge pipework incorporates athrottle valve to allow adjustment of thewater flow/pressure supplied to a turbinemounted on the unit.Water circulation is provided by a single stagecentrifugal pump, which has a maximum flowof 0.33 litres/sec at a head of 29m. The unitrequires a single phase electrical supply.A measurement sensor is included to monitordifferential pressure across the orifice ( henceflow rate)The FM3SU includes program disks for thethree associated turbine accessories.

ORDERING SPECIFICATION• A self-contained, bench top service module

designed to accommodate three different water turbines:- FM30 Axial Flow Impulse Turbine- FM31 Radial Flow Reaction Turbine- FM32 Pelton Turbine

• Equipped with electronic measurement sensor for orifice differential pressure (flow-rate).

• Capable of being linked to a PC (not supplied) via the IFD6 interface console.

• Requires a single phase electrical supply.• Software is supplied with the equipment

providing full instructions for setting up, operating, calibrating and performing the teaching exercises. Facilities are provided forlogging, processing and displaying data graphically. Full theoretical back-up is included together with a student questions and answers session.

SERVICES REQUIREDSingle phase electrical supply:FM3SU-A 220/240V/1ph/50HzFM3SU-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz

OVERALL DIMENSIONSHeight: 800mmLength: 850mmWidth: 450mm

SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONSGross Weight: 60KgVolume: 0.50m3

The FM3SU shown with an FM32 Pelton Turbine installed

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-01-62

FM31RADIAL FLOW REACTIONTURBINE DEMONSTRATIONUNIT

In accepted turbine practice, an impulsemachine has stationary nozzles whilst thereaction type has moving nozzles.Consequently, reaction turbines areassociated with considerable changes inpressure energy but little change inkinetic energy, whilst the impulse turbinehas the opposite characteristic.

TECHNICAL DETAILSThe turbine rotor has an external diameter of45mm. Water enters the rotor through anadjustable PTFE/graphite face seal and isdischarged tangentially through two passages,each having an area of approximately 8 squaremm.The rotor is mounted on a stainless steel shaftrunning in corrosion resistant bearings withdouble shields to provide lifetime lubrication.The turbine develops approximately 32W at6000rpm when supplied with 18 litres perminute of water at 270kPa.

ORDERING SPECIFICATION• A small scale hydropower unit

designed to demonstrate the principles of design and operation of a radial flow reaction turbine.

• One of a family of three turbines each capable of being mounted interchangeably on a common self-contained service unit, available as an essential accessory.

• Equipped with electronic measurement sensors for inlet pressure, rotational speed and brake force.

• Capable of being linked to a PC (not supplied) via the IFD6 interface console (available as an accessory).

• 45mm external diameter rotor.

EESENTIAL ARMFIELD ACCESSORIESFM3SU Turbine Service Unit (page 24)IFD6 Interface Console (page 35)



David Hanzal

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Item 02-01-64

FM32PELTON TURBINEDEMONSTRATION UNITThe industrially used Peltonturbine is the most visuallyobvious example of an impulsemachine. The kinetic energy of ajet leaving a high pressurenozzle is converted on impactwith the turbine blades torotational mechanical energy.

The Pelton turbine can bedemonstrated to be the optimalchoice for power generationwhere high inlet pressure headsare available.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONThe rotor carries 10 divided buckets on a pitch circle of70mm diameter.The rotor is mounted on a horizontal stainless steel shaftcarried in corrosion resistant ball bearings with doubleshields, to provide life-time lubrication.The spear valve has a nozzle of 4.5mm diameter, fittedwith an adjustable valve stem to vary the jet diameterwith minimum friction loss. This allows the flow rate tobe varied with a constant exit jet velocity.The pressure sensor is installed in the pipeworkupstream of the spear valve.The inclusion of a spear valve allows comparison ofturbine control using this device with that using a normalthrottle valve.A robust clear acrylic casing houses the rotor and spearvalve.The turbine develops approximately 33W at 2100rpmwhen supplied with 20 litres per minute of water at270kPa, no line feed required.

David Hanzal

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Item 02-01-65

ORDERING SPECIFICATION• A small-scale hydropower unit designed to

demonstrate the principles of design and operation of a Pelton turbine.

• One of a family of three turbines each capable of being mounted interchangeablyon a common self-contained service unit available as an essential accessory.

• Equipped with electronic measurement sensors for inlet pressure, rotational speed and brake force.

• Capable of being linked to a PC (not supplied) via the IFD6 interface console (available as an accessory).

• 70mm diameter, 10 bucket rotor.• 4.5mm diameter nozzle.• Adjustable spear valve.

ESSENTIAL ARMFIELD ACCESSORIESFM3SU Turbine Service Unit (page 24)IFD6 Interface Console (page 35)



FM20CENTRIFUGAL PUMPDEMONSTRATION UNITThe centrifugal pump is themachine most commonly used tomove liquids from one place toanother. As such, it is aparticularly instructive unit withwhich to introduce students tothe whole subject of rotodynamicfluid machines.

Discovering the relationshipbetween head, flow, rotationalspeed and power, provides aframework of generalapplicability. For example,matching the required duty pointto the conditions of maximumenergy efficiency may beexplored as a creative studentproject.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONThis bench-top unit is self-contained. A reservoir andpipework for continuous water circulation is included.Manually operated valves at the pump inlet and outletallow control of the flow and also facilitate study ofsuction effects. Flow rate is monitored by an orificeplate.The pump is single-stage and is driven by a close coupled180W ac induction motor. Maximum pressure is10mWG, and maximum flow is l litre/s (at 50Hz). Measurement sensors are included in the supply. Theymonitor:➤ pressure head across the pump

➤ ∆ P across the orifice plate (hence flow rate)

➤ water temperature at the inlet

➤ rotational speed of the impeller

A CD-ROM with data logging educational software isincluded in the supply of this Unit.

David Hanzal

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Item 02-01-66

INSTRUCTIONAL CAPABILITIES➤ Demonstration of a single-stage centrifugal

water pump in operation ➤ Measurement of inherent-speed pump

performance, including production of characteristic curves of flow rate against:- pump total headmotor input power- impeller speed- overall total efficiency

➤ Introduction to pump speed laws

➤ Comparison of student calculations with computer results

ORDERING SPECIFICATION• A small-scale centrifugal pump

demonstration unit.• Equipped with electronic measurement

sensors for pump differential pressure, orifice differential pressure (flow-rate), temperature and rotational speed.

• Capable of being linked to a PC (not supplied) via the IFD6 interface console (available as an essential accessory).

• Powered via the SWA1 power measurement unit (available as an essential accessory).

• Self-contained, bench-top machine.• Supplied with software providing full

instructions for setting up, operating, calibrating and performing the teaching exercises. Facilities are provided for logging, processing and displaying data graphically. Full theoretical back-up is included together with a student questions and answers session.

ESSENTIAL ARMFIELD ACCESSORIESIFD6 Interface Device (page 35)SWA1 Integrating Wattmeter (page 35)

ORDERING INFORMATIONFM20-50 for 50Hz mains supplyFM20-60 for 60Hz mains supply(Note: Voltage compensation takes place in theIFD6, see page 35).



FM21SERIES ANDPARALLEL PUMPSDEMONSTRATION UNITCentrifugal pumps are often usedtogether to enhance either theflow rate or the deliverypressure beyond that availablefrom a single pump.

The unit is designed todemonstrate the operationaladvantages of parallel or seriesoperation, depending on therequired duty.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONThis bench-top unit is self-contained and includes areservoir and pipework for continuous water circulation.Ball valves at the pump inlets and outlets allow theconfiguration to be selected. A manually operated valvecontrols the flow, which is monitored by a single orificeplate.The two single-stage pumps are driven by close-coupled180W ac induction motors. Maximum head (each pump)is 10mWG, and maximum flow (each pump) is 1 litre/s(at 50Hz).Measurement sensors are included in the supply.They monitor:➤ pressure head across each of the pumps

➤ ∆ P across the orifice plates (hence flow-rate)

➤ water temperature at the inlet

➤ rotational speed of the impellers

A CD-ROM with data logging educational software isincluded in the supply of this unit.Optional power measurement sensors are available, tomeasure the consumption of each pump.Note: If at least one power measurement sensor isordered, all the practical exercise capabilities of theSingle Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit FM20 can beperformed.

David Hanzal

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Item 02-01-67

INSTRUCTIONAL CAPABILITIES➤ Demonstration of either series, parallel or single

pump operation➤ Comparison of head-flow characteristics with

single pump operation, at inherent speed➤ Comparative measurement of power and overall

efficiency at different speeds (with 2 SWA1)➤ Comparison of student calculations with

computer results

ORDERING SPECIFICATION• A small-scale series/parallel pump

demonstration unit.• Equipped with electronic measurement

sensors for pump differential pressure, orifice differential pressure (flow-rate), temperature and rotational speed.

• Capable of being linked to a PC (not supplied) via the IFD6 interface console (available as an essential accessory).

• Powered via the SWA1 power measurement unit (available as an essential accessory).

• Self-contained, bench-top machine.• Supplied with software providing full

instructions for setting up, operating, calibrating and performing the teaching exercises. Facilities are provided for logging, processing and displaying data graphically. Full theoretical back-up is included together with a student questions and answers session.

ESSENTIAL ARMFIELD ACCESSORIESIFD6 Interface Device (page 35)Two SWA1 Integrating Wattmeters (page 35)

ORDERING INFORMATIONFM21-50 for 50Hz mains supplyFM21-60 for 60Hz mains supply(Note: Voltage compensation takes place in theIFD6, see page 35).



Th

ermod

ynam

ics lab 02-02

HEAT TRANSFERTEACHING EQUIPMENT

HT10X service unit shown with the HT11 Linear Heat Conduction Accessory installed

The Armfield range of heat transfer laboratory teaching equipment comprises seven small scaleaccessories which demonstrate the three basic modes of heat transfer (conduction, convectionand radiation) which result from differences in temperature. The accessories may be individually connected to a common bench top service unit (HT10X)which provides the necessary electrical supplies and measurement facilities for investigation andcomparison of the different heat transfer characteristics.

FEATURES

➤ Small inexpensive bench top equipment

➤ Common service unit avoids unnecessary repeat costs for control and instrumentation

➤ Additional accessories and/or service units can be added later

➤ Investigates Conduction, Convection and Radiation including combined effects,non-steady state and measurement errors

➤ Accurate quantitative results can be taken

➤ Fast settling times

➤ Optional data logging facility allows recording and analysis of theresults on a personal computer

➤ Educational software included with data logging package

➤ Results can be directly related to the theory provided

NOW WITH THE LATEST ARMSOFT

EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE

& USB DATA LOGGER

● Modular● Accurate● Fast settling● Computer compatible

David Hanzal

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Item 02-02-01

HT10X HEAT TRANSFER SERVICE UNIT

Technical DetailsThe service unit, housed in a robust steelenclosure and designed for bench mounting, isessential equipment designed to allowoperation of the seven Armfield small scaleheat transfer accessories HT11, HT12, HT13,HT14, HT15, HT16 and HT17 which may bepurchased singly. Each of the heat transferaccessories may be separately connected tothe common service unit which incorporatesthe following features:-

● All electrical/electronic componentsmounted in a robust steel enclosure anddesigned for bench mounting. Standardconnections on the enclosure for any of theseven interchangeable heat transferaccessories.

● Electrical circuits protected by RCD andappropriate circuit breakers.

● Regulated low voltage DC power supply toprovide safe, variable but constant power tothe heating elements on the variousaccessories and the circulating pump on theHT17. Variable over the range 0-24VDC andproviding immunity from fluctuations in themains electrical supply.

● Temperature measurement of up to twelvetype K thermocouples installed on theappropriate accessory. Temperaturereadings indicated on a digital panel metervia selector switch:

Temperature: T1 - T9 range: 4.0-200.0OCTemperature: T10 - T12 range: 4 - 600OC

● Other measurements indicated on digitalpanel meter via selector switch:

Voltage: V range 0-24.00 VDCCurrent: I range 0-9.00 ARadiation: R range 0-333 W/m2

Light: L range 0-234 LuxAir velocity: Ua range 0-10.00 m/secCooling waterflow rate: Fw range 0-1.50 l/min

● Banana sockets provided on HT10X for anytemperature measurement signal to beexported to a suitable chart recorder.Multiway socket for all measured signals tobe logged using a PC via an optional DataLogging Accessory.

● Sockets provided on HT10X for mains supplyto accessory (where appropriate) andvariable low voltage DC supply to accessory(where appropriate).


A bench top service unit designed toaccommodate seven different heat transferaccessories:-➤ Linear heat conduction

➤ Radial heat conduction

➤ Laws of radiant heat transfer andradiant heat exchange

➤ Combined convection and radiation

➤ Extended surface heat transfer

➤ Radiation errors in temperaturemeasurement

➤ Unsteady state heat transfer

A user provided heat transfer model may beaccommodated in place of the above allowingstudent project work involving design,construction and testing of alternative heattransfer experiments. The service unitprovides a stabilised, variable low voltage DCsupply to the heat transfer accessory underevaluation. It incorporates the necessaryinstrumentation to measure the variablesassociated with heat transfer, namely:➤ temperatures

➤ heater power (voltage and current)

➤ heat radiated

➤ light radiated

➤ air velocity

➤ cooling water flowrate

and is capable of being linked to a proprietarymicrocomputer via an optional interfacedevice. A comprehensive instruction manualis included.The unit requires a single phase electricalsupply. A cold water supply is also requiredfor several of the accessories (connecteddirectly to the appropriate accessory).

SERVICES REQUIRED

Single phase mains electrical supply:HT10X-A: 220/240V/1ph/50Hz @ 6 AmpsHT10X-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz @ 10 Amps

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 0.24 mWidth: 0.32 mDepth: 0.39 m

SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS

Volume: 0.05 m3

Gross Weight: 15 kg

The Armfield Linear Heat Conduction accessoryhas been designed to demonstrate the applicationof the Fourier Rate equation to simple steady-state conduction in one dimension. The unit canbe configured as a simple plane wall of uniformmaterial and constant cross sectional area orcomposite plane walls with different materials orchanges in cross sectional area to allow theprinciples of heat flow by linear conduction to beinvestigated. Measurement of the heat flow andtemperature gradient allows the thermalconductivity of the material to be calculated. Thedesign allows the conductivity of thin samples ofinsulating material to be determined.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The accessory comprises a heating section andcooling section which can be simply clampedtogether or clamped with interchangeableintermediate sections between them, as required.The temperature difference created by theapplication of heat to one end of the resulting walland cooling at the other end results in the flow ofheat linearly through the wall by conduction.

The heating section is manufactured from 25mmdiameter cylindrical brass bar with a cartridgetype electric heating element installed at one end.The heating element is operated at low voltage forincreased operator safety and is protected by athermostat to prevent damage by overheating.The heating element is rated to produce 60 Wattsnominally at 24VDC. The power supplied to theheating element can be varied and measuredusing the HT10X. Three thermocouples arepositioned along the heated section at uniformintervals of 15mm to measure the temperaturegradient along the section. The cooling section ismanufactured from 25mm cylindrical brass barto match the heating section and cooled at oneend by water passing through galleries in thesection. Three thermocouples are positionedalong the cooling section at uniform intervals of15mm to measure the temperature gradientalong the section.

HT11 LINEAR HEATCONDUCTION

Quick-release connections allow rapid connectionto a cold water supply. A pressure regulator isincorporated to minimise the effect of fluctuationsin the supply pressure. A manual control valveallows the flow of cooling water to be varied, ifrequired, over the operating range of 0-1.5litres/min. Measurement of the cooling waterflowrate is not essential to the teaching exercisesbut an optional turbine type flow sensor can befitted if required using the quick-release fittings.The optional flow sensor (Order code SFT2)connects directly to the HT10X to providereadings of cooling water flowrate directly inlitres/min.

Four intermediate sections are supplied asfollows:

30mm long brass section of the same diameteras the heating and cooling sections and fittedwith two thermocouples at the same intervals.When this section is clamped between theheating and cooling sections a long plane wallof uniform material and cross section is createdwith temperatures measured at eight positions.

Stainless steel section of the same dimensionsas the brass section to demonstrate the effectof a change in thermal conductivity.

Aluminium section of the same dimensions as the brass section to demonstrate the effectof a change in thermal conductivity.

30mm long brass section reduced in diameterto 13mm to demonstrate the effect of a changein cross sectional area.

The heat conducting properties of insulatorsmay be found by simply inserting the paper orcork specimens supplied between the heatingand cooling sections.A tube of thermal paste is provided todemonstrate the difference between good andpoor thermal contact between the sections.

Schematic diagram showing construction of HT11

Specimenposition

Coolingwaterinlet

Heater

Filter Regulator Valve

Cooling wateroutlet

Insulation

} Thermocouples

T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8

David Hanzal

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Item 02-02-01

The heating section, cooling section and allintermediate sections are located co-axially insideplastic housings which provide an air gap andinsulate the section to minimise heat loss to thesurroundings and prevent burns to the operator.All temperatures are measured using type Kthermocouples, each fitted with a miniature plugfor direct connection to the service unit HT10X.Eight thermocouples in total are installed alongthe heated, intermediate and cooling sections.The linear heat conduction accessory is mountedon a PVC baseplate which stands on the benchtop alongside the HT10X. The intermediatesections and samples of insulators are stored onthe baseplate when not in use.


● Understanding the use of the Fourier RateEquation in determining rate of heat flowthrough solid materials

● Measuring the temperature distribution forsteady-state conduction of energy through auniform plane wall and a composite plane wall

● Determining the constant of proportionality(thermal conductivity k) of different materials(conductors and insulators)

● Measuring the temperature drop at the contactface between adjacent layers in a compositeplane wall (contact resistance)

● Measuring the temperature distribution forsteady-state conduction of energy through aplane wall of reduced cross-sectional area

● Understanding the application of poorconductors (insulators)

● Observing unsteady-state conduction(qualitative only)


A small scale accessory designed to introducestudents to the basic principles of linear heatconduction and to allow the thermalconductivity of various solid conductors andinsulators to be determined.Consists of a heated section with 60W element(operating at 24VDC maximum) and watercooled section with pressure regulator. Fourintermediate sections containing conductorsand two samples of insulators are supplied. Aplane brass section can be created with eightthermocouples to measure the temperaturegradient. The accessory is mounted on a PVCbaseplate which is designed to stand on thebench top and connect to the Heat TransferService Unit without the need for tools. Acomprehensive instruction booklet describinghow to carry out a range of laboratory teachingexercises in linear heat conduction and theiranalysis as well as assembly, installation andcommissioning is included.

ESSENTIAL ARMFIELD EQUIPMENT

HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit

OPTIONAL ARMFIELD ACCESSORIES

IFD5 USB Interface DeviceHT11-304 Educational Software for HT11FT61 Chilled Water Circulating Unit (Requiredwhere a continuous source of cold water lessthan 20OC is not available)

SERVICES REQUIRED

Cold water supply: 1.5 litres/min @ 1 Barg

OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume :0.04 m3

Gross weight: 5 kg

Temperature distribution for conduction through a com-posite wall

Temperature distribution for conduction though a planewall (with and without thermal paste)

25W stainlesssteel specimen

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Thermocouple position

Tem

per

atur

e OC

110

90

70

50

30

10

Tem

per

atur

e OC

90

70

50

30

101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Thermocouple position

30W with paste25W withoutpaste

The Armfield Radial Heat Conduction accessory hasbeen designed to demonstrate the application ofthe Fourier Rate equation to simple steady-stateconduction radially through the wall of a tube. Thearrangement, using a solid metal disk withtemperature measurements at different radii andheat flow radially outwards from the centre to theperiphery, allows the temperature distribution andflow of heat by radial conduction to be investigated.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The accessory comprises a solid disk of materialwhich is heated at the centre and cooled at theperiphery to create a radial temperature differencewith corresponding radial flow of heat byconduction.The disk is manufactured from brass 3.2 mm thickand 110 mm diameter with a central copper core 14mm diameter. The central core is heated by acartridge type electric heating element which isoperated at low voltage for increased operatorsafety and is protected by a thermostat to preventdamage from overheating. The heating element israted to produce 100 Watts nominally at 24 VDC.The power supplied to the heating element can bevaried and measured using the HT10X. Theperiphery of the disk is cooled by cold water flowingthrough a copper tube which is attached to thecircumference of the disk. Six type Kthermocouples are positioned at different radii inthe heated disk to indicate the temperature gradientfrom the central heated core to the periphery of thedisk. The radial distance between eachthermocouple in the disk is 10 mm. Eachthermocouple is fitted with a miniature plug fordirect connection to the service unit HT10X. Quick-release connections allow rapid connection of thecooling tube to a cold water supply. A pressureregulator is incorporated to minimise the effect offluctuations in the supply pressure. A manualcontrol valve allows the flow of cooling water to bevaried, if required, over the operating range of 0 -1.5 litres/min. Measurement of cooling waterflowrate is not essential to the teaching exercise butan optional turbine type flow sensor can be fitted ifrequired using the quick-release fittings.

The optional flow sensor (Order code SFT2)connects directly to the HT10X to provide readingsof cooling water flowrate directly in litres/min. Theentire radial specimen is located inside a plasticenclosure which provides an air gap and insulatesthe section to minimise heat loss to thesurroundings and prevent burns to the operator. Theradial heat conduction accessory is mounted on aPVC baseplate which stands on the bench topalongside the HT10X.


● Understanding the use of the Fourier RateEquation in determining rate of heat flow throughsolid materials

● Measuring the temperature distribution forsteady-state conduction of energy through thewall of a cylinder (radial energy flow)

● Determining the constant of proportionality(thermal conductivity k) of the disk material


A small scale accessory designed to introducestudents to the basic principles of radial heatconduction and to allow the thermal conductivityof the solid metal disk to be determined. Consistsof a thin brass disk with 100W heating element(operating at 24VDC maximum) mounted at thecentre and cooling water tube attached to theperiphery. Six type K thermocouples measure thetemperature gradient between the heated centreand cooled periphery. The accessory is mountedon a PVC baseplate which is designed to stand onthe bench top and connect to the Heat TransferService Unit without the need for tools. Acomprehensive instruction booklet describing howto carry out the laboratory teaching exercise inradial heat conduction and the analysis as well asassembly, installation and commissioning isincluded.

HT12 RADIAL HEATCONDUCTION


Metal diskHeater

Insulation

Cooling Water Outlet

ThermocouplesT1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Cooling water inlet

Valve

Regulator

Filter

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-02

Temperature distribution for radial conduction throughthe wall of a cylinder

Educational software displaying Mimic diagram of HT12

HT12 graphical analysis

T1

T1

T6

T6

Log n R

Increasing Q

TOC




IFD5 USB Interface Device

HT12-304 Educational Software for HT12

FT61 Chilled Water Circulating Unit. (Requiredwhere a continuous source of cold water lessthan 20OC is not available)

SERVICES REQUIRED

Cold water supply 1.5 litres/min @ 1 barg

OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.03 m3

Gross Weight: 5 kg

HT13 LAWS OF RADIANTHEAT TRANSFER ANDRADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE

This Armfield accessory has been designed todemonstrate the laws of radiant heat transfer andradiant heat exchange using light radiation tocomplement the heat demonstrations where theuse of thermal radiation would be impractical. Theequipment supplied comprises an arrangement ofenergy sources, measuring instruments, apertureplates, filter plates and target plates which aremounted on a linear track, in differentcombinations, to suit the particular laboratoryteaching exercise chosen.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The track consists of a rigid aluminium frame withtwin horizontal rails which incorporates slidingcarriages to allow the positions of theinstrumentation, filters and plates to be varied. Theposition of the carriages relative to the energysource can be measured using a graduated scaleattached to the side of the track. The track isdesigned to stand on the bench top alongside theHT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit. The heat sourceconsists of a flat copper plate which is heatedfrom the rear by an insulated electric heatingelement which operates at low voltage forincreased operator safety. The front of the plate iscoated with a heat resistant matt black paint whichprovides a consistent emissivity close to unity. Thesurface temperature of the plate is measured by athermocouple which is attached to the front of theplate.

The heating element is rated to produce 216 wattsnominally at 24VDC into the plate which is 100mmin diameter. The power supplied to the heatedplate can be varied and measured using theHT10X. The heated plate is mounted at one end ofthe calibrated track inside a protective cage whichprevents inadvertent contact with the hot surface.Radiation from the heated plate is measured usinga heat radiation detector (radiometer) which canbe positioned along the graduated track on acarriage. The radiometer is connected to theHT10X to provide readings calibrated directly inunits of W/m2. Metal plates with different surfacefinishes are supplied to demonstrate the effect ofemissivity on radiation emitted and received. Twoblack plates, one grey plate and one polishedplate are supplied together with a track mountedcarrier which positions the plates in front of theheat source. Each plate incorporates athermocouple to indicate the surface temperatureof the plate. Surface temperatures of the heatsource and metal plates are all measured usingtype K thermocouples, each fitted with a plug fordirect connection to the service unit HT10X.Two cork-coated metal plates are supplied thatallow a vertical slot aperture of adjustable width tobe created between the source and detector todemonstrate area factors. The light sourceconsists of a lamp in a housing with a glassdiffuser and operates at low voltage for increasedoperator safety. The source may be rotatedthrough 180O and the angle measured using anintegral scale. The lamp is rated to produce 40Watts nominally at 24 VDC. The power supplied tothe lamp can be varied and measured on theHT10X. The light source is mounted at one end ofthe calibrated track. Radiation from the lightsource is measured using a light meter which canbe positioned along the graduated track on acarriage. The light meter is connected to theHT10X to provide readings of illuminationcalibrated directly in units of Lux. Filter plates ofvarying opacity and thickness are supplied todemonstrate the laws of absorption.


● Inverse square law using the heat source andradiometer or light source and lightmeter

● Stefan Boltzmann Law using the heat sourceand radiometer

● Emissivity using the heat source, metal platesand radiometer

● Kirchoff Law using the heat source, metal platesand radiometer

● Area factors using the heat source, apertureand radiometer

● Lamberts Cosine Law using the light source(rotated) and lightmeter

● Lamberts Law of Absorption using the lightsource, filter plates and lightmeter

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-03

Schematic diagram showing HT13 set up for exercisesusing heat

Schematic diagram showing HT13 set up for exercisesusing light

Typical result showing the inverse square law using theheat source and radiometer

Typical result showing Lambert’s cosine law using thelight source and lightmeter

Light Plastic filter Light meter

Scale

T10

HT13 accessories

Averageslope = -2

log 1

0(r

adio

met

er m

easu

rem

ent)

log10 (distance)

2.8

2.4

2.0

1.6

1.2

Experimental Theoretical

light

met

er r

ead

ing

(lux)

Angle (øO)


A small scale accessory designed to introducestudents to the basic laws of radiant heattransfer and radiant heat exchange. A heatsource with radiometer and a light source withlightmeter are used where appropriate todemonstrate the principles.The heat source consiste of a flat circular plate100mm in diameter which incorporates a 216Watt electric heating element (operating at at24VDC maximum).The light source consists of a 40 Watt light bulb(operating at 24VDC maximum) mounted insidea housing with a glass diffuser.The heat and light sources, instruments, filtersand plates are mounted on an aluminium trackwith graduated scale which is designed to standon the bench top and connect to the HeatTransfer Service Unit without the need for tools.A comprehensive instruction booklet describinghow to carry out the laboratory teachingexercises in radiant heat transfer/exchange andtheir analysis as well as assembly, installationand commissioning is included.




IFD5 USB Interface DeviceHT13-304 Educational Software for HT13

OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.3 m3

Gross Weight: 12kg

Heat Metal plate Aperture

Radiometer

T7

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0

A hot surface loses heat (heat is transferred) toits surroundings by the combined modes ofconvection and radiation. In practice thesemodes are difficult to isolate and therefore ananalysis of the combined effects at varyingsurface temperature and air velocity past thesurface provides a meaningful teaching exercise.The heated surface studied is a horizontalcylinder which can be operated in freeconvection or forced convection when located inthe stream of moving air. Measurement of thesurface temperature of the uniformly heatedcylinder and the electrical power supplied to itallows the combined effects of radiation andconvection to be compared with theoreticalvalues. The dominance of convection at lowersurface temperatures and the dominance ofradiation at higher surface temperatures can bedemonstrated as can the increase in heat transferdue to forced convection.

HT14 COMBINED CONVECTIONAND RADIATION

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The equipment consists of a centrifugal fan withvertical outlet duct at the top of which is mounteda heated cylinder. The heated cylinder has anoutside diameter of 10 mm, a heated length of 70mm and is internally heated throughout its lengthby an electric heating element which is operatedat low voltage for increased operator safety.

The heating element is rated to produce 100Watts nominally at 24 VDC into the cylinder. Thepower supplied to the heated cylinder can bevaried and measured on the HT10X. Electricalconnections to the cylinder incorporatetemperature resistant insulation with plugconnection to the variable 24 Volt DC supplysocket on HT10X. The mounting arrangement forthe cylinder in the duct is designed to minimiseloss of heat by conduction to the wall of the duct.The surface of the cylinder is coated with heatresistant paint which provides a consistentemissivity close to unity. A type K thermocoupleattached to the wall of the cylinder, at midposition, allows the surface temperature to bemeasured under the varying operating conditions.The thermocouple is fitted with a standard plugfor direct connection to the service unit HT10X. Avariable throttle plate at the inlet to the fan allowsthe velocity of the air through the outlet duct tobe varied and a vane type anemometer within thefan outlet duct allows the air velocity in the ductto be measured over the range 0-7 metres/sec.The inside diameter of the outlet duct is 70 mm.A type K thermocouple located in the outlet ductallows the ambient air temperature to bemeasured upstream of the heated cylinder. Thethermocouple is fitted with a miniature plug fordirect connection to the service unit HT10X. Theaccessory is designed to be used in conjunctionwith the HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit and isassembled on a mounting plate to allow it tostand on the bench alongside the HT10X.


Heated zone

T10

Anemometer

T9

Throttle plate

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-04

Typical result showing the effect of changing the airvelocity obtained using Armfield educational software.


A small scale accessory designed todemonstrate combined convection (free andforced) and radiation from a horizontal heatedcylinder. It consists of a centrifugal fan withvertical outlet duct at the top of which ismounted the heated cylinder. Air velocity can bevaried by rotating a throttle plate at the inlet tothe fan and measured by a vane typeanemometer in the outlet duct.Type K thermocouples measure the airtemperature upstream and the surfacetemperature of the cylinder.The accessory is mounted on a PVC baseplatewhich is designed to stand on the bench topand connect to the Heat Transfer Service Unitwithout the need for tools.A comprehensive instruction booklet describinghow to carry out the laboratory teachingexercises in combined radiation and convection(free and forced) and their analysis as well asassembly, installation and commissioning isincluded.

SERVICES REQUIRED

HT14-A: 220/240 V /1ph/50Hz @ 1.5 AmpHT14-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz @ 3 Amps





OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.1 m3

Gross Weight: 9 kg


● Determining the combined heat transfer(Qradiation + Qconvection ) from a horizontal

cylinder in natural convection over a widerange of power inputs and correspondingsurface temperatures.

● Measuring the domination of the convectiveheat transfer coefficient Hc at low surfacetemperatures and the domination of theradiation heat transfer coefficient Hr at highsurface temperatures

● Determining the effect of forced convection onthe heat transfer from the cylinder at varying airvelocities

A long horizontal rod, which is heated at one end,provides an extended surface (pin) for heattransfer measurements. Thermocouples at regularintervals along the rod allow the surfacetemperature profile to be measured. By making thediameter of the rod small in relation to its length,thermal conduction along the rod can be assumedto be one-dimensional and heat loss from the tipcan be ignored. The measurements obtained canbe compared with a theoretical analysis of thermalconduction along the bar combined with heat loss(heat transferred) to the surroundings by themodes of free convection and radiationsimultaneously.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The rod is manufactured from a solid cylindricalbrass bar with a constant diameter of 10 mm. Therod is mounted horizontally with support at bothends and positioned to avoid the influence ofadjacent surfaces. The rod is heated by a cartridgetype electric heating element which operates atlow voltage for increased operator safety and isprotected by a thermostat to prevent damage fromoverheating. The heating element is inserted co-axially into the end of the rod and is rated toproduce 20 Watts nominally at 24 VDC into therod. The power supplied to the heated rod can bevaried and measured on the HT10X. Eightthermocouples are attached to the surface of rodat equal intervals of 50 mm giving an overallinstrumented length of 350 mm. Eachthermocouple is wrapped around the rod tominimise errors by conduction. One thermocoupleis mounted adjacent to the heated rod to measurethe ambient air temperature. All temperatures aremeasured using type K thermocouples, each fittedwith a miniature plug for direct connection to theservice unit HT10X. The rod is coated with a heatresistant matt black paint which provides aconsistent emissivity close to unity The heated endof the rod is mounted co-axially inside a plastichousing which provides an air gap and insulatesthe area occupied by the heater to minimise heatloss and prevent burns to the operator.

HT15 EXTENDED SURFACEHEAT TRANSFER


● Measuring the temperature distribution alongan extended surface (pin) and comparing theresult with a theoretical analysis

● Calculating the heat transfer from an extendedsurface resulting from the combined modes offree convection and radiation heat transfer andcomparing the result with a theoreticalanalysis.


A small scale accessory designed todemonstrate the temperature profiles and heattransfer characteristics for an extended surface(cylindrical pin) when heat flows along the rodby conduction and heat is lost along the rod bycombined convection and radiation to thesurroundings.The extended surface comprises a long solidrod mounted horizontally and heated at one endwith thermocouples at eight positions along therod to provide the temperature distribution.Temperature of the ambient air is measured byan independent thermocouple. The accessory ismounted on a PVC baseplate which is designedto stand on the bench top and connect to theHeat Transfer Service Unit without the need fortools.A comprehensive instruction booklet describinghow to carry out the laboratory teachingexercise in combined radiation and freeconvection from an extended surface andanalysis as well as assembly, installation andcommissioning is included.

Schematic diagram of HT15 construction

The accessory is designed to be used inconjunction with the HT10X Heat Transfer ServiceUnit and is assembled on a mounting plate tostand on the bench top alongside the HT10X.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8Thermocouples

T9 (Ambient)

Insulation

Heater

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-05

Typical result showing temperature profile along theextended surface





OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.01 m3

Gross Weight: 5 kg

Typical Help window showing description of apparatus

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

90

70

50

30

0

Tem

per

atur

eOC

Thermocouple position

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The equipment comprises a tubular metal ductthrough which air, at ambient temperature, isblown vertically upwards by an electric fan.A section of the duct wall is heated from theoutside by an electric band heater and providesthe source of radiation to the test thermocoupleswhich are located on the centreline of the ductadjacent to the heated section. The heater isinsulated on the outside and operates at lowvoltage for increased operator safety.The power output from the heater is 216 Wattsnominally at 24 VDC. The temperature of theheated wall can be changed by varying the powersupplied to the heater using the power control onthe HT10X. The actual temperature of the heatedsurface is measured using a type K thermocouplewhich is attached to it. The effect of the duct walltemperature on the measurement thermocouplescan be demonstrated. The effect of air velocitypast the test thermocouples can be demonstratedby rotating a throttle plate at the inlet to the fan.A vane type anemometer within the fan outletduct allows the air velocity through the heatedsection to be measured over the operating range0 - 7 m/s. Three thermocouples with differentstyles of bead are installed in the duct todemonstrate the differences in readings obtained.A radiation shield, which remains close to the gastemperature, can be raised or lowered over thethermocouples to demonstrate the change inreadings when a radiation shield is used.A thermocouple is installed upstream of theheated section to measure the temperature of theambient air passing over the thermocouples at thecore of the duct.All temperatures are measured using type Kthermocouples, each fitted with a plug for directconnection to the service unit HT10X.

Radiative heat transfer between a thermometerand its surroundings may significantly affect thetemperature reading obtained from thethermometer, especially when the temperature ofa gas is to be measured while the thermometer‘sees’ surrounding surfaces at a higher or lowertemperature than the gas. The error in thereading from the thermometer is also affected byother factors such as the gas velocity past thethermometer, the physical size of thethermometer and the emissivity of thethermometer body. In this equipment a group ofthermocouples are used to measure thetemperature of a stream of air, at ambienttemperature, passing through the centre of a ductwhile the wall of the duct is elevated intemperature to subject the thermocouples to asource of thermal radiation. Each thermocouplegains heat by radiation from the heated wall andloses heat by convection to the air stream andconduction along the wire. The net result is anincrease in the temperature of the thermocoupleabove the temperature of the air stream which itis supposed to measure. The result is an error inthe reading from the thermocouple. The HT16provides a means of demonstrating these sourcesof error and suitable methods by which the errorscan be reduced or eliminated.

HT16 RADIATION ERRORSIN TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT

Schematic diagram showingconstruction of HT16

Throttle plate

T6

Heater

Shield

T10

Anemometer

T7T8T9

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-06


● Errors associated with radiative heat transfer:

- Effect of wall temperature on measurementerror

- Effect of air velocity on measurement error

- Effect of thermocouple style on measurementerror

● Methods for reducing errors due to radiation:

- Design of a radiation resistant thermometer

- Use of a radiation shield to surround thethermometer


A small scale accessory designed todemonstrate how temperature measurementscan be influenced by sources of thermalradiation which can ‘see’ the temperaturesensor. It consists of a centrifugal fan withvertical outlet duct incorporating a heatedsection of duct wall. Air velocity can be variedby rotating a throttle plate at the inlet to the fanand measured by a vane type anemometer inthe outlet duct. A type K thermocouplemeasures the air temperature upstream of theheated section. Three type K thermocoupleswith different styles of bead are mounted on thecentreline of the duct adjacent to the heatedsection of wall. Measurement of the airtemperature using the thermocouplesdemonstrates the errors due to radiation fromthe heated wall.A radiation shield can be lowered over thethermocouples to demonstrate theimprovement in reading accuracy when thethermocouples are shielded from the source ofradiation. The accessory is mounted on a PVCbaseplate which is designed to stand on thebench top and connect to the Heat TransferService Unit without the need for tools. Acomprehensive instruction booklet describinghow to carry out the laboratory teachingexercises concerning radiation errors intemperature measurement and their analysisas well as assembly, installation andcommissioning is included.

SERVICES REQUIRED

HT16-A: 220/240 V /1ph/50Hz @ 1.5 AmpHT16-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz @ 3 Amps

Schematic diagram showing function of the radiationshield

Shield

Ambient air

Test thermocouple

Shield

Ambient air

Heater





OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.1 m3

Gross Weight: 9 kg

Tabulated results from HT16

The accessory is designed to be used inconjunction with the HT10X Heat Transfer ServiceUnit and is assembled on a mounting plate tostand on the bench top alongside the HT10X.

Analytical solutions are available for temperaturedistribution and heat flow as a function of timeand position for simple solid shapes which aresuddenly subjected to convection with a fluid at aconstant temperature. Simple shapes areprovided together with appropriate classicaltransient-temperature/heat flow charts whichallow a fast analysis of the response from actualtransient measurements. Each shape is allowedto stabilise at room temperature then suddenlyimmersed in a bath of hot water at a steadytemperature. Monitoring of the temperature at thecentre of the shape allows analysis of heat flowusing the appropriate transient-temperature/heatflow charts provided.An independent thermocouple mountedalongside the shape indicates the temperature ofthe water adjacent to the shape and provides anaccurate datum for measurement of the timesince immersion in the hot water.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The equipment consists of a heated water bathtogether with set of instrumented shapes.Three simple shapes are supplied, namely, arectangular slab, a long solid cylinder and a solidsphere. Each of the shapes incorporates athermocouple to measure the temperature at thecentre of the shape. Each of the shapes isduplicated in brass and stainless steel which havedifferent thermal conductivities. Measurementstaken on a shape in one material can be used toconfirm the conductivity of a similar shapeconstructed from a different material. Transient-temperature/heat flow charts are supplied foreach of the shapes.The water heating bath has a capacity of 30 litresand is heated by an electric heating elementhaving a rating of 3.0 kW. A thermostat allows thewater to be heated to a predeterminedtemperature before taking measurements.The large volume of water in the bath ensuresthat any change in the temperature of the water,as the measurements are taken, is minimal.

The electrical supply to the heating element isprotected by a combined RCD/circuit breaker foroperator safety. A circulating pump mountedalongside the water bath draws water from thebath and returns it at the base of a verticalcylindrical duct which is located inside the waterbath at the centre. A holder ensures that each ofthe shapes is quickly and correctly positionedwithin the vertical duct for measurements to betaken. The upward flow of water at constantvelocity past the shape ensures that the heattransfer characteristic remains constant and alsoensures that the water surrounding the shaperemains at a constant temperature.The circulating pump operates from the variable24 VDC supply on the HT10X. The velocity of thewater can be varied by adjusting the voltagesupplied to the pump. A thermocouple located inthe water bath allows the temperature of thewater to be monitored and adjusted to therequired temperature before immersing theshapes. Each of the shapes can be attached to aholder which eliminates the need to touch theshape when its temperature has stabilised in airand accurately positions the shape inside thewater bath while transient measurements aretaken. A thermocouple mounted on the shapeholder contacts the hot water at the same instantas the solid shape and provides an accuratedatum for temperature/time measurements.All temperatures are measured using type Kthermocouples, each fitted with a miniature plugfor direct connection to the service unit HT10X.The accessory is designed to be used inconjunction with the HT10X Heat Transfer ServiceUnit and is assembled on a mounting plate tostand on the bench top alongside the HT10X.

HT17 UNSTEADY STATEHEAT TRANSFER

Schematic diagram showing operation of the HT17

Carrier

Water bath

Shape

Circulating pump Drain Heating element

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-07


A small scale accessory designed to allowexercises to be performed in unsteady stateheat transfer. A set of solid shapes are suppliedcomprising a rectangular slab, long cylinder andsphere, each shape manufactured from brassand stainless steel and instrumented with athermocouple to monitor the temperature at thecentre of the shape. A heated water bath withintegral flow duct and external circulating pumpensures that hot water flows past the solidshape under evaluation at constant velocity andconstant temperature. Supplied complete withanalytical transient-temperature/heat flowcharts for each of the shapes.The accessory is mounted on a PVC baseplatewhich is designed to stand on the bench topand connect to the Heat Transfer Service Unitwithout the need for tools.A comprehensive instruction booklet describinghow to carry out the laboratory teachingexercises in non-steady state heat transfer andtheir analysis as well as assembly, installationand commissioning is included.

SERVICES REQUIRED

Electrical supplyHT17-A: 220/240 V /1ph/50Hz @ 13 AmpsHT17-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz @ 26 Amps





OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.17 m3

Gross Weight: 14 kg


● Bodies of different size, shape and material areallowed to stabilise at room temperature thendropped into the hot water bath. The change intemperature of each body is monitored usingHT17-304 Educational Software or suitablechart recorder connected to the HT10X

● Using analytical temperature/heat flow chartsto analyse the results obtained from differentsolid shapes

● Using the results obtained from one shape todetermine the conductivity of a similar shapeconstructed from a different material

● Investigating the effect of shape, size andmaterial properties on unsteady heat flow

Typical Mimic diagram showing spherical shape immersedin the hot water bath

Shape holder and solid shapes supplied with HT17

Educational and Data Logging Software is available for all the HT10X range of HeatTransfer equipment. Used in conjunction with the Armfield IFD5 USB interface device,this provides a comprehensive educational software environment within which theheat transfer investigations can be performed. It offers a complete teaching packageof coursework and laboratory investigation. The familiar Windows environment allowsthe students to explore the principles of each Heat Transfer accessory quickly andeasily, providing them with a good understanding of the principles involved.The Software runs under the Windows 98 or Windows 2000 operating systems, andhas been designed for maximum flexibility and ease of use.Comprehensive Help screens guide the student through both the theoreticalbackground and the practical investigation of the topic being studied.Suggested laboratory investigations and further questions for the student to answerare included in the Software, together with all the information required to set up andrun the experiment.

● Reduces Lecturer and Technician support time in the laboratory, by leading thestudent logically through the use of the equipment and the experimentalprocedures

● Can be used outside the laboratory to familiarise the student with the equipmentand procedures, prior to performing the practical training exercise.

● Reinforces understanding of practical concepts such as taking readings,experimental errors, units of measurement, etc.

● Reinforces understanding of the theoretical concepts involved

● Eliminates the need for repetitive calculations, but still requires the student todemonstrate an understanding of the mathematical background concepts

● Allows the student to process all his results during the laboratory session, thusgiving immediate feedback on the success or otherwise of the investigation whilsthe still has access to the equipment.

Educational Software and Data Logging Accessory

Mimic diagram showing temperature distribution with theHT15

HT15 graphical analysis showing temperature profileswith varying heater power

HT15 tabular analysisTypical question presented

SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES

This software includes a range of functions and capabilities designed to make theoperation of the equipment and processing of the results more straightforward, andalso to enhance student understanding of the subjects being covered.It includes:● Diagrammatic representation of the equipment, complete with real time display of

the various sensor outputs

● Presentation screens, giving an overview of the software, the equipment, theprocedure and associated theory

● Detailed ‘Help’ facilities giving in depth guidance

● Automatic data logging of sensor values into a spreadsheet format

● Control over sampling intervals

● Student questions and answers, including a layered ‘Hint’ facility

● Processing of sampled values (this may be linked to the questions and answers toensure student understanding)

● Sophisticated graph plotting facilities of both measured and calculated values,including comparisons taken under different conditions

● Export of data to Microsoft Excel or other spreadsheets

● Links to user defined word processor

● Calibration facility for sensors

● Real time bar graph display of sensor outputs

● Recent history graphical display

ORDERING INFORMATION

HT10X-304IFD Educational Software for HT11 to HT17 on a single CDROM, complete with data logger. This is a complete package, containing the Software for all seven Heat Transfer accessories, the IFD5 interface, and all cables required to link to a PC.

HT11-304 Educational Software for HT11 (IFD5 required)HT12-304 Educational Software for HT12 (IFD5 required)HT13-304 Educational Software for HT13 (IFD5 required)HT14-304 Educational Software for HT14 (IFD5 required)HT15-304 Educational Software for HT15 (IFD5 required)HT16-304 Educational Software for HT16 (IFD5 required)HT17-304 Educational Software for HT17 (IFD5 required)

IFD5 USB Interface Device, including all cables required to link an HT10Xto a Personal Computer. (appropriate - 304 software required)

Note: All Software is provided on CDROM unless Floppy Disks are specifically requested.

ESSENTIAL ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT

The user must have access to a computerwith an unused USB port, runningWindows 98 or Windows 2000.(Note, an alternative data logger isavailable for Windows 3.1 and Windows95. This data logger uses the parallel(printer) port on the computer.Order code HT10X-303IFD)

This computer does not form part ofthe Armfield supplied equipment

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The system uses the Armfield IFD5interface device, which digitises theanalogue output data from the HT10X andtransfers the data to a computer. Thecomputer interface uses the standard USB(Universal Serial Bus) for communication,which allows any standard modernWindows computer to be used, includingNotebooks, and does not require anyinternal access to the computer.The equipment is supplied complete with aUSB lead for connection to the computer.Also included is a Software driver thatallows the outputs from the HT10X to beread in other software programs, such asLabview.

The IFD5 USB Interface

COMPUTER CONTROLLED HEAT EXCHANGER SERVICE MODULE

A range of small scale heat exchangers, designed to illustrate the principles and techniques of indirect heat transfer between fluid streams. Different types of heat exchanger can be mounted on a common bench-top service unit. Small scale versions of commonly used industrial heat exchangers are available (including plate, tubular and ‘shell and tube’) for analysis and comparison. The equipment is controlled by a user supplied personal computer, which serves as the operator interface. Full data logging, control and educational software is supplied with the equipment. In addition, the equipment has been fitted with failsafe systems, including a watchdog circuit, which allows for safe operation from a remote computer.

KEY FEATURES

➤ Small scale, bench top equipment➤ Fast response times allow in depth investigations in a short time➤ Representative of industrial heat exchangers➤ Multiple, industrially representative heat exchangers available➤ All functions computer controlled, including reversing of one of the fluid streams for co-current and counter-current investigations➤ Standard USB interface➤ Safety functions implemented to allow for remote operation by computer➤ Full educational software with data logging, control, graph plotting, and detailed ‘Help’➤ Suitable for project work. The service bench provides facilities for evaluating in-house heat exchanger designs

HT30XC Service Unit fitted with HT37 Plate Heat Exchanger

David Hanzal

Text Box

Items 02-02-08 thru 02-02-12

DESCRIPTION

The HT30XC is a service unit, to allow the operation of one of the Armfield range of small scale heat exchanger systems. It provides controlled cold water flow, bi-directional hot water flow and the instrumentation required to do a series of in-depth investigations into heat exchanger performance. The individual heat exchangers can be quickly changed over, to allow comparisons between different types of heat exchanger to be made.The HT30XC requires a user supplied personal computer for the operator interface. The interface to this computer is USB, allowing for simple interfacing and setting up. Once the appropriate heat exchanger has been installed and setup, all other functions can be performed under computer control. Appropriate measures have been implemented so that in the case of a computer failure or communications breakdown, the system shuts itself down in a safe manner.

Hardware Description

The service unit provides two fluid streams to the heat exchanger, a hot water stream and a cold water stream. The hot water stream is heated in a vessel fitted with an electric heater. The heater is switched on and off by a solid state relay (SSR) which is under software control. A thermostat limits the maximum water temperature to 850C for operator

safety. A gear pump circulates water from the vessel, through the heat exchanger and back into the heater vessel. Both the pump speed and direction are under software control, allowing for co-current and counter-current investigations over a wide range of flow rates.The cold water stream is generated from a mains water supply. The flow through the heat exchanger is adjusted by a variable flow valve, again under software control. A manually adjustable pressure regulator is used to minimise the effect of mains pressure fluctuations.Conditioning circuits for up to 10 K-type thermocouples are included, (the thermocouples themselves are supplied with the heat exchangers). The instrumentation also includes flowmeters to measure the flow rates of the two fluid streams.Switching on the unit puts it into ‘Standby’ mode. From this mode it is necessary for a regular series of pulses to be received from the software (via the built in USB interface) to fully power up the unit. This ensures that unless the control software is running, the heaters, the pump and the cold water control valve cannot be switched on. The unit also includes an emergency stop switch.All electrical circuits are located in a bench mounted ABS supporting base, and protected by a Residual Current Device for operator safety. The ABS base includes a drip tray and drain tap in case of water spillage or leakage.

HT30XC Service Unit

Software Description

Full educational software is provided with the HT30XC for all the Armfield heat exchangers. Separate programs are provided for each exchanger, and each program contains a selection of separate exercises that can be performed. The actual details are exercise specific, but typically the following interfaces are available:■ All the temperatures and flow rates are displayed on a diagrammatic representation of the equipment.■ A software ‘button’ switches the equipment from ‘standby’ mode to fully on.■ The cold water flow control valve is operated by using up/down arrows or typing in a value between 0 and 100%. The actual flow rate can be read directly in L/min.■ The hot water flow rate is set by entering a required set point into a PID control function. This use of PID control ensures the flow is stable despite changes in the viscosity of the water due to heating.■ The heater is again controlled in a PID loop, by setting a required temperature set point.■ Data from the sensors is logged into a spreadsheet format, under operator control.■ Sophisticated graph plotting facilities are provided. Comparisons between data taken on different runs can be displayed. ■ Student questions and answers, including a layered ‘Hint’ facility.■ Processing of measured values to obtain calculated values (this can be linked to the questions and answers to ensure student understanding).■ The data samples (measured and calculated) can be saved, or exported directly in Microsoft Excel format.

■ Data from the sensors can be displayed independently from the data logging. This can be in bar graph format, or a recent history graphical display (useful to check for temperature stability prior to taking a sample).■ Presentation screens are available, giving an overview of the software, the equipment, the procedure and the associated theory. This is backed up by a detailed ‘Help’ facility giving in-depth guidance and background information.

Typical co-current results from HT36

Typical counter-current results from HT36

Mimic diagram of HT32


then be operated remotely. The HT34, HT36 and HT37 Heat Exchangers can be configured in different ways, and so the required configuration has to be manually implemented locally. However once this has been done, a full set of investigations can be performed for that configuration, including co-current and counter-current flows.

User Defined Software and/or Remote Operation

Included separately on the software CD are the ‘drivers’ required to allow other software applications to communicate with the HT30XC via the USB interface. This allows users to write their own software instead of using the Armfield provided software. This software can be written in many different systems. Typically LabView, MatLab, ‘C’, ‘C++’, Visual Basic, Delphi, and any other software environment which allows calls to external drivers can be used.In this way the user can write software to suit their specific requirements, in an environment which they are fully familiar with and which is compatible with their other equipment.An extension of this methodology allows the equipment to be operated remotely, such as over a Local Area Network (LAN) or even over the internet. The HT30XC is ideal for this remote operation as it has been designed to ensure that the unit shuts down safely in the event of a communications failure. It has also been designed so that once the heat exchanger has been installed and configured, all the controls to perform a series of investigations are under software control, and so the student does not need to be present with the equipment.In a typical installation, the HT30XC would be connected to a local PC via the USB bus. The local PC would be connected to the users’ PC’s via the LAN. The operator interface software would be run on the remote (users) PC and communicate to the control software on the local PC. (Armfield do not provide the software to implement this type of system).For remote use, the appropriate heat exchanger would be installed onto the service unit, and the cold water pressure regulator adjusted to match the heat exchanger to the cold water supply. The unit is then switched on and remains in ‘Standby’ mode until appropriate software is run requesting the unit to power up fully. With the HT31, HT32 and HT33, Heat Exchangers, all functions can


INSTRUCTIONAL CAPABILITY

Training exercises which are common to each of the heat exchangers when used with the HT30XC:

■ Demonstration of indirect heating/ cooling by transfer of heat from one fluid stream to another when separated by a solid wall.■ Energy balance determination (heat balance) and calculation of efficiencies by measuring the flow rates and temperature changes in the hot and cold fluid streams.■ Introduction to different styles of heat exchanger and comparison of the differences in operation and performance.■ Using the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) in heat transfer calculations.■ Definition and measurement of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U).■ Demonstration of the differences between counter-current and co-current operation, (not relevant for some HT34 configurations).■ Demonstration of the transition from linear to turbulent flow.■ Effect of hot and cold fluid flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient.■ Effect of driving force (temperature differential) on the heat transfer coefficient.■ Investigation of heat loss and reduction in heat transfer coefficient due to fouling of the heat transfer surfaces (suitable student project using user induced. fouling).

A wide selection of heat exchanger options are available for use with the HT30XC, ranging from simple exchangers to demonstrate co-current and counter-current flow, to reconfigurable systems with interim temperature measurements, capable of being used for in-depth heat exchanger analysis. The heat exchangers are easily interchanged, with quick release fittings on the flexible interconnecting tubes, and a simple location system using thumbscews to secure the exchangers onto the service unit.

HT36 connections


HEAT EXCHANGER OPTIONS

Additional training exercises using the HT34 Jacketed Vessel:

■ Introduction to heat exchange in a batch or continuously fed stirred vessel and comparison of the differences in operation and performance when using a heating jacket or heating coil.■ Effects of stirring and vessel contents (volume) on the heat transfer characteristics.

Additional training exercises using a user provided heat exchanger:

■ Any of the above exercises can be performed, where appropriate, using a user provided heat exchanger having appropriate characteristics, dimensions and fittings. The service unit will support evaluation of experimental heat exchangers constructed as design exercises by students.

Additional training exercises using the HT36 Extended Tubular Heat Exchanger:

■ Demonstration of temperature overlaps between fluid streams in countercurrent operation.■ Temperature profiles along the effective length of the heat exchanger in both counter-current and co-current operation■ Comparing the effect of different heat transfer areas.

Additional training exercises using the HT37 Extended Reconfigurable Plate Heat Exchanger:

■ Temperature profiles along the effective length of the heat exchanger in both counter-current and co-current operation.■ Demonstration of temperature overlaps between fluid streams in counter-current operation.■ Use of LMTD correction factor when calculating the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient.■ Comparing the effect of different heat transfer areas.■ The use of a regeneration stage for energy efficiency, when heating and subsequently cooling a product stream.■ Project work to implement a wide variety of plate configurations, giving series, parallel and combined fluid passes.

ORDERING SPECIFICATION - HT30XC

● Bench top service unit, designed to accommodate a range of different small scale heat exchangers.● Comprises hot water vessel, hot water recirculation pump, cold water control system, computer interface and all necessary instrumentation.● The hot water vessel is made from clear acrylic (for visibility) and includes a 2kW heater with thermostatic over-temperature cut-out and low water level detection.● The hot water pump is bi-directional (to allow co-current and counter- current investigations without re-configuring the hardware) and the flow rate is under computer control.● The cold water system includes a manually adjustable pressure regulator and a flow control valve which is under computer control.● Flow rates for both fluid streams in excess of 4L/min are achievable, but this may be restricted by some designs of heat exchanger (e.g. HT32 & HT36 Plate Heat Exchangers).● Up to 10 temperatures (K-type thermocouples) can be monitored using the service unit. Range, 0-1330C, resolution 0.10C.● Two flow meters are included, calibrated from 0.2 to 5 L/min● All data is available to a (user supplied) Windows PC, via a USB interface. This computer is also used to control the flow rates, hot water temperature, and hot water direction.● Full software for educational use is included.● A comprehensive instruction manual describing how to carry out the laboratory teaching exercises in combined radiation and convection (free and forced) and their analysis as well as assembly, installation and commissioning is included.

SERVICES REQUIRED

Single phase electricity supply:HT30XC-A: 230V, 50Hz, 10AmpHT30XC-B: 115V, 60Hz, 20AmpHT30XC-G: 230V, 60Hz, 10Amp

Cold water supply and drain:4.5 Litres/minute at 1bar Gauge

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 0.45m (service unit only) Width: 1.0m Depth: 0.5m


Volume: 0.33m3

Gross Weight: 33kg

ESSENTIAL/OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT

The user must have access to a PC with a free USB port, running Windows 98, 2000, ME or XP.At least one heat exchanger module is required, additional heat exchangers are optional.

HT31/HT36TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGERSHT31 - Tubular Heat ExchangerHT36 - Extended Tubular Heat Exchanger

The tubular heat exchanger is the simplest form of heat exchanger and consists of two concentric (coaxial) tubes carrying the hot and cold fluids. In these miniature versions the tubes are separated into sections to reduce the overall length and to allow the temperature at points along both fluid streams to be measured. Two versions are available, the HT31 is a basic version with two sections and a single interim temperature measurement point. The HT36 is a more sophisticated unit with four longer tube sections, giving four times the overall heat transfer area and three interim temperature measurement points in each fluid stream.The HT36 has sufficient heat transfer area to demonstrate the classic counter current flow conditions where the outlet of the heated stream is hotter than the outlet of the cooled stream.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

On both heat exchangers the inner tube is used for the hot fluid and the outer annulus for cold fluid. This minimises heat loss from the exchanger without the need for additional insulation. The inner tubes are constructed from stainless steel and the outer annulus from clear acrylic, providing visualisation of the heat exchanger construction and minimising thermal losses. The tubes can be dismantled for cleaning.

HT31 HT36Temperature measurement points 6 off:

● Hot fluid inlet

● Hot fluid mid-position

● Hot fluid outlet

● Cold fluid inlet

● Cold fluid mid-position

● Cold fluid outlet

10 off:

● Hot fluid inlet

● Hot fluid interim positions (3)



● Cold fluid interim positions (3)


Number of tube sections 2 4(can also be configured for 1, 2 or 3 sections)

Heat transfer area 0.02m2 0.08m2 max

ORDERING SPECIFICATIONS

● A small scale Tubular Heat Exchanger system for use with an Armfield Heat Exchange Service Unit to teach the fundamental concepts of heat exchangers.● Comprises a number of sections of concentric tubes, the outer section constructed from clear acrylic for visibility and the inner tube from stainless steel.● The tubes are easily dismantled for cleaning.● A comprehensive instruction manual is included.

ESSENTIAL ARMFIELD ACCESSORIES

HT36 requires the Armfield HT30XC, Computer Controlled Heat Exchanger Service Unit.HT31 can be used with either the HT30XC or the HT30X Heat Exchanger Service Unit.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

HT31: HT36:Height: 0.16m Height: 0.2mWidth: 0.51m Width: 0.95mDepth: 0.39m Depth: 0.4m


HT31: HT36:Volume: 0.05m3 Volume: 0.1m3

Gross weight: 4kg Gross Weight: 10kg

HT32/HT37PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERSHT32 - Plate Heat ExchangerHT37 - Extended Reconfigurable Plate Heat Exchanger

The plate heat exchanger is extremely versatile and commonly used in the food and chemical processing industries where different combinations of plates and gaskets can be arranged to suit a particular application. The miniature exchanger supplied consists of a pack of plates with sealing gaskets held together in a frame between end plates. Hot and cold fluids flow between channels on alternate sides of the plates to promote heat transfer.The HT37 is designed to be reconfigurable by the student, and can accommodate up to four sections of heating, each section providing an additional temperature measurement point for each fluid stream. In order to make the unit easy to reconfigure, these sections are supplied as pre-assembled groups of plates complete with an intermediate plate (containing the temperature measurement points). Using the four heating sections provided, students can compare heat exchangers of different heat transfer area and different numbers of passes. A quick release clamp system allows the different arrangements to be changed quickly and easily without using tools.Also supplied is a pre-assembled regeneration section to demonstrate this important energy efficient method of heating. The regeneration section can be used in conjunction with one, two or three of the standard heating sections in different configurations.Plate heat exchangers can be implemented in a wide variety of configurations, with parallel passes, serial passes, or combinations of both. For more advanced investigations into these effects, (e.g. for project work) a further twelve loose plates are supplied

with the HT37. These can be used in conjunction with the plates from the pre-assembled modules to investigate these other configurations.The HT32 has a single heating section configured for multi-pass operation with passes in series. It comprises seven individual plates, which are clamped together using two stainless steel threaded bars and nuts. It is possible to dismantle and reassemble the heat exchanger using only three plates to demonstrate a single pass.

HT32 Plate Heat Exchanger

HT37 with four heating sections installed

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The plates used in these heat exchangers have been specifically developed by Armfield for use in miniature heat exchanger systems. They are fabricated from 316 stainless steel, with a pressed chevron pattern to promote turbulence and provide multiple support points. Silicone rubber gaskets are used on each plate to seal the adjacent flow channels from each other.

Plate details:Plate overall dimensions: 75mm x 115mm Effective diameter: 3.0mm Plate thickness: 0.5mmWetted perimeter: 153.0mmProjected heat 0.008m2 pertransmission area: plateThe plates are mounted in a frame incorporating fixed and moving end plates with connections for hot and cold fluids. The exchangers are easily dismantled for inspection of the heat transfer surfaces.

HT32 HT37Number of plates 7 (5 effective plates) Reconfigurable up to 20 plates

(12 effective plates)

Heat transfer area 0.04m2 0.096m2 (max)

Heat exchanger configuration Single heating stage Configurable sections, with a separate regeneration section

Temperature measurement points 4 off:

● Hot fluid inlet




Up to 10 off:

● Hot fluid inlet

● Hot fluid interim positions (up to 3)



● Cold fluid interim positions (up to 3)


Clamping mechanism Dual screw threads with nuts Quick release, hand operated, no tools required

Project work 12 additional plates (supplied loose) give the option of exploring many

different configurations


● A small scale plate heat exchanger system for use with an Armfield Heat Exchange Service Unit to teach the fundamental concepts of heat exchangers.● Comprises a number of stainless steel plates, each with a pressed chevron pattern and a food grade silicon rubber sealing gasket, mounted in a frame.● Easily dismantled for cleaning.● A comprehensive instruction manual is included.


HT37 requires the Armfield HT30XC, Computer Controlled Heat Exchanger Service Unit.HT32 can be used with either the HT30XC or the HT30X Heat Exchanger Service Unit.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

HT32: HT37:Height: 0.17m Height: 0.17mWidth: 0.18m Width: 0.18mDepth: 0.39m Depth: 0.39m


HT32: HT37:Volume: 0.03m3 Volume: 0.03m3

Gross weight: 6kg Gross Weight: 9.5kg

HT33 - SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERThe shell and tube heat exchanger is commonly used in the food and chemical process industries. This type of exchanger consists of a number of tubes in parallel enclosed in a cylindrical shell. Heat is transferred between one fluid flowing through the tubes and another fluid flowing through the cylindrical shell around the tubes.The miniature exchanger supplied is designed to demonstrate liquid to liquid heat transfer in a 1-7 shell and tube heat exchanger (one shell and 7 tubes with two transverse baffles in the shell).

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The accessory consists of a miniature shell and tube heat exchanger with the following features:■ Hot fluid in the inner tubes and cold fluid in outer shell to minimise heat loss from the exchanger without the need for additional insulation.■ Seven stainless steel tubes, 6.35mm OD.■ The outer annulus, end caps and baffles constructed from clear acrylic to allow visualisation of the heat exchanger construction and minimise thermal losses.■ Nominal combined heat transfer area of 20,000mm2, (equivalent to that of the HT31 Tubular Heat Exchanger for direct comparison).■ Cold fluid (cold water) enters one end of the shell at the bottom and exits at the opposite end at the top having flowed over and under two transverse baffles inside the shell.■ Thermocouples are installed at the following 4 locations: ❏ Hot fluid ❏ Hot fluid outlet ❏ Cold fluid inlet ❏ Cold fluid


● A miniature shell and tube heat exchanger for use with an Armfield Heat Exchanger Service Unit.● Comprises an outer shell and 7 internal tubes. There are two transverse baffles inside the shell.● Four temperature sensors are supplied in tappings at fluid inlets and outlets.● The heat exchanger is constructed from stainless steel tube and clear acrylic. It is mounted on a PVC baseplate which is designed to be installed on the plinth of the Heat Exchanger Service Unit without the need for tools.● The stainless steel tubes can be removed from the heat exchanger for cleaning.● A comprehensive instruction manual is included.


HT30XC or HT30X Heat Exchanger Service Unit.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.06m3

Gross Weight: 5kg

Specifications may change without notice.iss1/5k/0804/B&S.

HT34 - JACKETED VESSEL WITH COIL & STIRRERVessel Heating or cooling of a process liquid in a tank, either batchwise or with continuous product feed, is common practice throughout industry.The characteristics of the heat transfer using an external jacket or internal coil can be demonstrated together with the effect of stirring the vessel contents.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

The accessory consists of a jacketed vessel with the following features:■ The vessel consists of a stainless steel wall with PVC base and clear acrylic top. A glass outer jacket allows the wall of the vessel to be surrounded with hot fluid for indirect heating from the outside. Alternatively, a stainless steel coil inside the vessel allows the cold fluid contained within the vessel to be indirectly heated from inside.■ The vessel incorporates a variable speed stirrer and baffle arrangement to allow thorough mixing of the vessel contents when required.■ An adjustable overflow allows the volume of liquid inside the vessel to be varied with a maximum capacity of 2 litres and a minimum of 1 litre.■ The vessel can be operated batchwise by simply filling to the overflow or with continuous feed of cold liquid to the base of the vessel, the excess liquid flowing from the overflow to drain.

■ Thermocouples are installed at the following six locations: ❏ Vessel contents (cold fluid) ❏ Hot fluid inlet to jacket ❏ Hot fluid outlet from jacket ❏ Hot fluid inlet to coil ❏ Hot fluid outlet from coil ❏ Cold fluid inlet to vessel ■ Quick release hot and cold fluid connections allow rapid connection to HT30X and conversion from heating jacket to heating coil.


● Miniature jacketed vessel heat exchanger system for use with an Armfield Heat Exchanger Service unit● Comprises processing vessel with outer jacket, inner coil, variable speed stirrer and baffle.● K-Type thermocouples measure the vessel contents and the inlet and outlet temperature of both fluid streams (6 in total).● The Heat Exchanger is designed to be installed on the service unit without the need for tools.● A comprehensive instruction manual describing how to carry out the laboratory teaching exercises in combined radiation and convection (free and forced) and their analysis as well as assembly, installation and commissioning is included.


HT30XC or HT30X Heat Exchanger Service Unit.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 0.10m3

Gross Weight: 9kg

TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT AND

CALIBRATION

The Armfield Temperature Measurement and Calibration unit is designed to introduce studentsto temperature and how different techniques can be employed to measure this variable.The thermometric properties and characteristics of temperature measuring devices can beinvestigated and the devices calibrated using precisely generated fixed points and an accuratereference thermometer.


➤ Concepts of measurement and temperature scales

➤ Thermometric properties and characteristic behaviour of different sensors

➤ Structure of the International Temperature Scale (ITS90)

➤ Calibration and the use of fixed points➤ Sources of error in measurement and calibration

KEY FEATURES

➤ Thermometric properties (physical changes due to temperature) ofdifferent sensors are investigated

➤ Condensing vapour (using a hypsometer) provides an accuratefixed point for calibration

➤ Stirred hot water bath provides variable temperatures

➤ Reference PRT with NAMAS calibration supplied➤ All electrical sensors can be logged using a PC

(optional teaching software available)

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-13

DETAILED EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES

Teaching exercises will enable students to become familiar with the following topics:

Concepts of measurement and calibration:➤ Celsius (Fahrenheit) and absolute temperature scales➤ conversion of arbitrary scale into engineering units - correlating equations➤ zero error➤ scale error➤ non-linearity

Properties and characteristic behaviour of different sensors:

➤ thermoelectric properties of platinum resistance thermometer (PRT), thermocouple andthermistor

➤ pressure thermometer (vapour pressure)➤ expansion (liquid in glass)➤ speed of response and the effect of a sheath

Structure of the International Temperature Scale (ITS90):

➤ the reference PRT equation and the standard temperatures➤ correction equations

Calibration:

➤ boiling point/condensation point - use of saturation temperature tables➤ establishment of accurate fixed points➤ ice point or triple point➤ primary calibration of a PRT using fixed points and ITS90➤ secondary calibration of a thermocouple or other sensor

against a PRT at several water bath temperatures

Sources of error:

➤ static and dynamic errors➤ thermal linking and the effects of the sensor on the target temperature➤ conduction error➤ connecting lead effects➤ self heating effects➤ manufacturing tolerances➤ signal conditioning➤ display accuracy and resolution➤ cold junction compensation (for thermocouples)

Project work:

➤ calibration of alternative temperature sensors/thermometers➤ properties of alternative temperature sensors➤ ageing and drift

DESCRIPTION

A bench top unit designed to introduce students to temperature, temperature scales andcommonly available devices to measure temperature.The equpment comprises a hypsometer/hot water bath and ice flask to generate accuratefixed points (the condensation point and triple point of water) and variable temperatures.

Temperature sensors having different thermometric principles and characteristics aresupplied. An accurate platinum resistance thermometer (PT100) with five point NAMAScalibration certificate and temperature indicated directly in OC, is included for reference.

The temperature of the condensing watervapour in the hypsometer can be determinedaccurately using steam tables (included in theteaching manual and educational software),provided that an accurate barometer (notsupplied) is available. The water level is simplyraised to change the hypsometer into avariable temperature water bath.

The unit is designed for safe operation withinsulation surrounding the vessel and aprotected steam vent. A radiation shieldsurrounds the sensors to be calibrated tominimise measurement errors. A commoncarrier allows all sensors to be transferredsimultaneously from ice flask to thehypsometer/water bath.

All power supplies, signal conditioningcircuitry etc are contained in an electricalconsole with appropriate current protectiondevices and an RCD for operator protection.

All thermometric properties and temperaturesmeasured are displayed on a digital meter withselector switch and all corresponding signalsare routed to an I/O port for connection to aPC using an optional interface device witheducational software package (TH-304IFD).The following sensors/signal conditioningcircuits are included:

Accurate reference PRT with linearisedoutput in OC

Industrial PRT with a bridge circuit tomeasure the resistance in Ohms. Highercurrent can be passed through thesensor to show the effect of self-heating

Type K thermocouple using a precisionpreamplifier to measure the

thermoelectric voltage with cold junctioncompensation or a second thermocouple inice as required.

Additional thermocouples allow errors due toresponse and conduction to bedemonstrated. An additional conditioningcircuit with user adjustable zero and spancontrols allows the output to be displayed asa direct reading thermometer calibrated in OC

Thermistor with constant current through thesensor to measure the resistance in OhmsIn addition to the thermoelectric sensors aliquid in glass and vapour pressurethermometer are also supplied.

TH1: Response curves for different temperature sensors

Sens

or

out

put

Time

TH1: Schematic diagram of hypsometer/heated water bath

Filler/ventTemperaturesensors

Levelgauge

Radiationshield

Stirrer

Water level:heated bath

Insulation

Heating element

Vapour pressurethermometer


● A bench top unit comprising ahypsometer/hot water bath and ice flaskwhich generate accurate fixed points andvariable temperatures. An accurateplatinum resistance thermometer (PT100)with five point NAMAS calibrationcertificate and temperature indicateddirectly in OC is included for reference.

● Other temperature sensors include:Platinum resistance sensor, type Kthermocouple, thermistor, vapourpressure and liquid in glass thermometers.

● The hypsometer is heated by a pair of 1kWelectric heating elements with variablepower control and over-temperatureprotection.

● The electrical console houses all thenecessary electronics with appropriateprotection devices and an RCD. A digitalmeter with selector switch displays allthermometric properties andtemperatures measured. Correspondingsignals are routed to an I/O port forconnection to a PC using the Windows™operating system, via an interface device.

● An optional interface device andeducational software package is available.

● A comprehensive instruction manual witha range of fully detailed laboratoryteaching exercises is included in thesupply.


TH1: Temperature Measurement and CalibrationTH2: Pressure Measurement and CalibrationTH3: Saturation PressureTH4: Recycle LoopsTH5: Expansion Processes of a Perfect Gas

The TH range for the studyof thermodynamics


TH-304IFD:Educational software for TH1-TH5 on asingle CD-ROM complete with Data-logger


Barometer: (to determine absolute pressure)

Stop clock: (when not using the optionalinterface device/educational software)

DC calibrator/thermocouple simulator: (todemonstrate calibration of instrumentation)Resistance box/PRT simulator: (todemonstrate calibration of instrumentation/lead errors)

SERVICES REQUIRED

Single phase electrical supply:

TH1-A: 220v/1ph/50Hz @ 13A

TH1-B: 120v/1ph/60Hz @ 20ATH1-G: 220v/1ph/60Hz @ 13A

Fill with pure water:

Hypsometer: 1 litre

Water bath: 4 litresSource of ice shavings made from pure water

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 0.680m

Width: 0.700m

Depth: 0.325m


Volume: 0.2m3

Gross weight: 15kg

SATURATION PRESSURE

The Armfield Saturation Pressure Apparatus has been designed to introduce students to howthe temperature of water behaves at its boiling point with variation in the absolute pressure.

Saturation curves can be obtained by the student and compared with published steam tables.The quality of steam exiting the apparatus can be determined using a throttling calorimeterconnected at the point of discharge.


➤ Understanding saturation curves and the characteristics of a two phase fluid➤ Understanding the origin and use of steam tables➤ Using a throttling calorimeter to determine the quality of wet steam

KEY FEATURES

➤ Measurement of the relationship between temperature and pressure of thesaturated vapour in the loop

➤ Convenient control of heat input to the boiler using variablepower control

➤ Sight glass in the boiler allows observation of the boilingpatterns in the water

➤ Safe operation with pressure relief valve and permanentindication of system pressure

➤ Pressure and temperatures measured can belogged using a PC (optional teachingsoftware available)

TH3issue 3

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-14


Teaching exercises will enable students to become familiar with the following topics:

Saturation Loop:➤ observation of the patterns of boiling at the surface of the water

➤ measurement of the temperature of saturated steam over the range of pressures 0 to 7bar gauge and comparison of the saturation curves obtained with those published insteam tables.

➤ the concept of a saturation line

➤ the describing equation and linearisation➤ gauge and absolute pressures

➤ temperature scales

➤ the characteristic behaviour of a two phase fluid

➤ the effect of rate of response on the accuracy of measurement

Throttling Calorimeter:➤ determination of the condition of the wet steam (quality of the steam)

produced by theSaturation Pressure Apparatus at differentoperating pressures.

➤ use of the steady flow energy equation

➤ the two property rule

➤ use of steam tables➤ the difference in enthalpy between phases - enthalpy of vaporisation

DESCRIPTION

A bench top unit designed to introduce students to the characteristics of saturated watervapour.The apparatus consists of a rectangular pipe loop incorporating a cylindrical boiler in onevertical limb. Pure water in the boiler is heated to its boiling point using a pair of cartridgeheaters with variable power control. A sight glass on the front of the boiler allows the internalprocesses to be observed, namely boiling patterns at the surface of the water, and also allowsthe water level in the boiler to be monitored. Saturated steam leaving the top of the boilerpasses around the pipe loop before condensing and returning to the base of the boiler forre-heating. The operating range of the boiler and loop is 0 to 7 bar gauge. The top limb of thepipe loop incorporates a PRT temperature sensor and an electronic pressure sensor tomeasure the properties of the saturated steam. A filling point on the top limb allows the loop tobe filled with pure water and allows all air to be vented safely before sealing the loop forpressurised measurements. A vapour offtake, with isolating valve, allows steam from within theloop to be passed through a throttling calorimeter, the purpose of which is to demonstratehow the dryness fraction of the saturated steam in the loop can be determined. The steamexpands to atmospheric pressure as it is throttled and a second PRT temperature sensormeasures the temperature of the steam following expansion.The apparatus is designed for safe operation with a pressure relief valve set to operateif the pressure rises above the working pressure and a Bourdon gauge that remainsoperational when power is disconnected from the electrical console.All power supplies, signal conditioning, circuitry etc are contained in an electrical console withappropriate current protection devices and an RCD for operator protection. Readings from thesensors are displayed on a common digital meter with selector switch and all correspondingsignals are routed to an I/O port for connection to a PC using an optional parallel interface/educational software package (TH-304IFD).


TH-304IFD:Educational software for TH1-TH5 on a singleCD-ROM complete with Data-logger


Accurate barometer: (to determine theabsolute pressure)


● A bench top unit comprising a boilervessel and pipe loop with a pressurerelief valve to limit the operatingpressure to 8 bar gauge. A sight glass onthe front of the boiler allows the boilingpatterns to be observed and a Bourdontype gauge indicates the pressure in theapparatus at all times for safe operation.

● A throttling calorimeter mountedadjacent to the pipe loop allows thecondition of the saturated steam to bedetermined by measuring thetemperature of the steam followingthrottling to atmospheric pressure.Temperatures in the pipe loop and insidethe throttling calorimeter are measuredusing PRT sensors and pressure in theloop is measured using an electronicpressure sensor.

● An electrical console houses thenecessary electronics with currentprotection devices and an RCD foroperator protection. A digital meter withselector switch displays all sensormeasurements. Corresponding signalsare routed to an I/O port for connectionto a PC. An optional interface device andeducational software package isavailable.

● The boiler is heated by a pair of 500 Welectric heating elements with variablepower control and over-temperatureprotection.

● A comprehensive instruction manual isincluded with a range of fully detailedlaboratory teaching exercises.

TH3: Schematic diagram of apparatus

Pressure relief valve

Saturatedvapour

Heating elements

Filling point

Throttlingcalorimeter

Boiler

P

Viewingport

T2

T1

SERVICES REQUIRED

Single phase mains electrical supply:

TH3-A: 220/240V/1ph/50Hz @ 10A

TH3-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz @ 15A

TH3-G: 220V/1ph/60Hz @ 10A

Initial fill with pure water (3 litres) andreplenish as consumed

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Saturation Loop/Throttling Calorimeter

Height: 0.580mWidth: 0.670m

Depth: 0.290m

Electrical Console

Height: 0.215m

Width: 0.225m

Depth: 0.290m


Volume: 0.26m3

Gross Weight: 20kg




RECYCLE LOOPS

TH4issue 3

Recycle is a simple phenomenon which occurs in many aspects of everyday life but a conceptthat can lead to confusion in engineering applications when combined with other principlessuch as mass and energy balances and the use of the steady flow energy equation.The Armfield Recycle Loops apparatus has been designed to demonstrate clearly, bothvisually and experimentally, what recyle is and to allow mass and energy balances to beperformed under steady state and unsteady state conditions. The application modelled istypical of a heating arrangement in the chemical, food or pharmaceutical industries wherebythe temperature of a product is raised or lowered offline by recirculating some of the productthrough a heat exchanger.

The practical training exercises are appropriate to heat transfer and thermodynamics coursesand the training of technicians and engineers in those disciplines.


➤ Understanding the meaning of recycle➤ Steady state heat and mass balances➤ Unsteady state responses to step changes in through flow rate, heat input to the

loop or recycle rate➤ The effect of residence time can be demonstrated by changing the volume

of the loop

KEY FEATURES

➤ The small scale of the loop ensures that responses can be fullyevaluated in a normal laboratory session

➤ Water is used as the working fluid for safety and ease of use➤ All electrical sensors can be logged using a PC

(optional teaching software available)

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-15


Teaching exercises are included to enable students to become familiar with the following topics:

Understanding the meaning of recycle.

Steady state mass balances:➤ demonstrating that whatever the recycle rate, the inlet flow rate always equals the outlet

flow rate

Steady state heat balances:➤ with the heater switched on and at fixed input water flow rate the outlet temperature is

independent of the recycle rate

➤ with the heater switched on the temperature rise between inlet and outlet can be used todetermine the combined heat input of the heater and pump at different input water flowrates

Unsteady state heat balances:

➤ determining the response when the heater is switched on at different through flow rates

➤ determining the response when the heater is switched off at different through flow rates➤ determining the effect of a step change in the input flow

➤ determining the effect of recycle with no through flow

Use of the steady flow energy equation:

➤ for the overall system

➤ for the mixing process

Effects on response rates to parameter changes:➤ in heater power

➤ in through flow

➤ in recycle flow

➤ in loop volume

Comparison of test results with simulations:

➤ using analytical methods

➤ using finite difference simulations

DESCRIPTION

A bench top unit designed to introduce students to the characteristics of a recyleloop and the typical responses under steady state and unsteady state conditions.The apparatus consists of a through pipe conveying water from a cold water supplyto a suitable drain with a loop of pipework connected between the supply and drainconnections. This recycle loop incorporates a circulating pump and a heater to raisethe temperature of the water in the loop. The heater can be switched on or off togenerate step changes when investigating the transient responses of the recycleloop.A pair of self-sealing fittings allows a short length of pipe or a reservoir to beconnected in series with the recyle loop to change the volume of the loop anddemonstrate the effect of residence time. The arrangement also allows differentlengths of flexible tubing to be connected in series with the loop if it is required tocreate further changes in residence time.Water temperatures at the inlet, outlet and within the recycle loop are measuredusing type K thermocouples. Water flowrates at the corresponding locations aremeasured using miniature turbine type flow sensors. Flow sensors are included at

TH4: Typical response when the heater in the recycle loop is switched on

the outlet as well as the inlet to show that these two flow rates are always equal(a simple principle that is often confusing when water is flowing through the recycleloop).All power supplies, signal conditioning circuitry etc are contained inside the mouldedABS support and integral console with appropriate current protection devices and anRCD for operator protection. Readings from the sensors are displayed on a digitalmeter with selector switch and all corresponding signals are routed to an I/O port forconnection to a PC using an optional interface device with educational softwarepackage (TH-304IFD).



TH4: schematic diagram of the loop

▼

▼ ▼

▼▲

▲

▲

Gearpump

F3F1 F2

Pressureregulator Cold water supply

Water heater

Additional volume

To drain

T3T1

T2

Elapsed time

Tem

per

atu

re T3

T1

T230

25

20

15

10

5

0


● A bench top unit comprising a vacuumformed ABS plastic plinth with integralelectrical console on to which ismounted a through pipe with a recycleloop which incorporates a circulatingpump and heater.

● A pressure regulator with filter at theinlet to the apparatus minimises theeffect of fluctuations in the cold watersupply pressure. Water in the recycleloop is heated by a 2 kW electric heaterwith over-temperature protection. Flowin the loop can be varied from 0 (norecycle) to 3 litres/min. The through flowof water can be varied from 0 to 1.5litres/min.

● Temperatures at the entry to the system,at the exit from the system and insidethe recycle loop are measured usingtype K thermocouples. Flow rates atcorresponding locations are measuredusing turbine type flow sensors. Areservoir with self-sealing fittings allowsthe volume of the loop to be changed.

● All electrical circuits are protected byappropriate protection devices.

● The console incorporates a digital meterwith selector switch, which displays thetemperatures and flowrates measured.Corresponding signals are routed to anI/O port for connection to a PC.

● An optional interface device andeducational software package isavailable.




SERVICES REQUIRED

Single phase mains electrical supply:

TH4-A: 220/240V/1ph/50Hz @ 13ATH4-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz @ 20A

TH4-G: 220V/1ph/60Hz @ 13A

Mains cold water supply 3 litres/min @ 2 bargauge

Drain connection for hot water at 3 litres/minmaximum

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Height: 0.400m

Width: 1.000m

Depth: 0.500m


Volume: 0.32m3

Gross Weight: 30kg

● A comprehensive instruction manual isincluded with a range of fully detailedlaboratory teaching exercises.

David Hanzal

Text Box

Item 02-02-16

KEY FEATURES

➤ interconnected vessels operatingunder pressure and under vacuumare supplied complete with electricair pump and appropriateinstrumentation ready for use.

➤ this modern version of a classicexperiment (attributed to Clémentand Désormes) allows pressureand temperature changes to bemonitored continuously using a PC. (optional teaching software available)

➤ the vessels can be operated singlyor in combination allowingprocesses whereby air flows from apressurised vessel to atmosphere,from atmosphere to an evacuatedvessel or from a pressurised vesselto an evacuated vessel.

DETAILED CAPABILITIES

Teaching exercises will enable students tobecome familiar with the following topics:

➤ the non-flow energy equation

➤ the behaviour of a perfect gas andits describing equations

➤ an adiabatic reversible process(isentropic expansion)

➤ a constant volume process

➤ an adiabatic irreversible process

➤ conversion of pressure units

➤ a constant internal energy process

➤ polytropic processes, with thelimiting case of n = γ

➤ conversion of pressure units

➤ gauge and absolute pressures

➤ the unsteady-flow energy equation (in vacuum mode)

DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consists of two floor-standing interconnected rigid vessels, oneequipped for operation under pressure andthe second under vacuum.

An electrically operate air pump mountedon top of the vessels, together with valvesand tappings allows the appropriate vesselto be pressurised or evacuated as requiredto suit the teaching exercise. The vesselscan be used independently or together toallow different thermodynamic processes tobe evaluated. A pressure sensor connectedto each vessel and a temperature sensorinside each vessel allow the changes in theproperties of the air contained within thevessels to be monitored continuously.

Both vessels are constructed from clearrigid plastic which affords light insulationbetween the air inside the vessel and thesurroundings to reduce heating/cooling butallows each vessel and its contents toreturn to ambient temperature reasonablyquickly.

The capacity of the pressurised vessel isapproximately 23 litres. The capacity of theevacuated vessel is approximately 11 litres.Each vessel incorporates the followingfeatures:

➤ connection to the air pump via anisolating valve to allow the vessel tobe pressurised/evacuated

➤ connection to a piezo-resistivesensor to measure the pressure/vacuum inside the vessel (range ofboth sensors ±34.5kN/m2

➤ connection to a large bore pipe andvalve to allow depressurisation/pressurisation of the vessel to/fromthe atmosphere (the valve is rapidlyopened and closed to provide asmall step change in pressure)

➤ interconnection between the twovessels via a large bore pipe andvalve (fast change) and small borepipe and needle valve (gradualchange).

➤ fast response thermistor to monitorair temperature inside the vessel

➤ relief valve to preventover-pressurisation

All power supplies, signal conditioningcircuitry etc are contained in a simpleelectrical console with appropriate currentprotection devices and an RCD foroperator protection. The console isdesigned to stand on a bench top abovethe pressure and vacuum vessels andincorporates electrical connections for theair pump and sensors.

Readings from the pressure sensors andthermistors are displayed on a commondigital meter with selector switch on thefront of the console. All signals aresimultaneously connected to an I/O Port forconnection to a PC with USB port using anoptional interface device and educationalsoftware package (TH-304IFD) or a usersupplied chart recorder as required.

As the teaching exercises require thetransient pressure and temperatureresponses to be observed and recordedone of these recording options is necessary.

▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲ ▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲▲

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PRESSURE (kNm-2)

TEMPERATURE ( 0C)(from thermistor resistance)

Response of the pressurised vessel following a brief depressurisation

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Response of the pressurised vessel following stepwise depressurisation

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Elapsed time

Elapsed time

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● A small scale unit designed tointroduce students to the properties ofa perfect gas using air to demonstratebasic thermodynamic processes.

● The hardware consists of two floor-standing interconnected rigid vessels,one equipped for operation underpressure and the second undervacuum. Appropriate valves andtappings are fitted to allow differentthermodynamic processes to beevaluated. An electric air pump issupplied to allow pressurisation orevacuation of the vessels as requiredfor the different exercises. Each vesselincorporates a fast response thermistorsensor to monitor the temperature ofthe air and connection to a piezoelectric pressure sensor.

● All power supplies, signal conditioningcircuitry etc are contained in a simpleelectrical console with appropriatecurrent protection devices and an RCDfor operator protection. Readings fromthe pressure sensors and thermistorsare displayed on a common digitalmeter with selector switch andcorresponding signals are routed to anI/O port for connection to a PC using anoptional interface device/educationalsoftware package or a user suppliedchart recorder as required.







Barometer to determine the atmosphericpressure

SERVICES REQUIRED

Single phase mains electrical supply:-

TH5-A: 220/240V/1ph/50Hz @ 3 AmpsTH5-B: 120V/1ph/60Hz @ 5 AmpsTH5-G: 220V/1ph/60Hz @ 3 Amps

OVERALL DIMENSIONS

Vessel Assembly:Height: 800mmWidth: 460mmDepth: 280mm

Electrical Console:Height: 220mmWidth: 220mmDepth: 300mm


Volume: 0.34m3

Gross Weight: 22kg

● A comprehensive instruction bookletdescribing how to carry out thelaboratory teaching exercises isincluded.

GASOLINE ENGINE

CM11issue 1

The Armfield CM11 Gasoline Engine provides a self contained engine test rig which allows students to investigate a range of engine performance characteristics. The unit is designed to be linked to a computer, and is supplied with sophisticated educational data acquisition software.

FEATURES

➤ Four cylinder automotive engine➤ Eddy current dynamometer to vary engine load➤ Plotting of characteristic torque and power curves against engine speed➤ Full software control of system, including load and throttle settings➤ Closed loop software control of brake loading to maintain constant engine speed during measurements➤ Secondary water cooling by heat exchanger, with measurement of temperature change and flow rate➤ Engine manufacturer’s diagnostic software, also displays ignition timing and injection characteristics➤ Measurement of exhaust oxygen content by Lambda sensor➤ Remote emergency stop, and facility for safety interlocks➤ Optional operation on LPG as well as gasoline➤ Optional mea surement of cylinder pressure, and plotting this on a p-v diagram➤ Option to allow ignition and injection characteristics to be varied

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Items 02-02-17 thru 02-02-20

DESCRIPTION

CM11 is a self-contained integrated multi-cylinder engine, dynamometer and instrumentation system. It is based on a 1-litre 4-cylinder automotive engine as used in the Volkswagen Polo car. This engine is a modern design, with electronic engine management of ignition and fuel injection settings.An eddy current dynamometer provides a variable load on the engine, allowing the characteristic power and torque curves to be reproduced in the laboratory. The system comes complete with extensive instrumentation, including rpm measurement, torque (from which power can be calculated), plus various temperatures, pressures and flows (see Technical Specification).The whole system is designed to be linked to a computer using the software provided. This provides real time monitoring of the various sensors, with a wide range of data logging and graphical display options. The dynamometer and throttle can both be controlled electronically from the software, which makes installation into a closed test cell very straightforward, and allows for remote computer operation. A safety ‘watchdog’ facility ensures the system shuts down safely in the event of computer failure or software lock-ups. The interfaces are compatible with packages such as LabView and MatLab for users who wish to provide their own control and monitoring software. A further advantage of the computer control is that stable rpm readings can be easily achieved using the closed loop control function on the dynamometer drive.A closed loop primary water-cooling system is incorporated, complete with a heat exchanger for connecting into a secondary cold water supply.Also included in the supply is the Volkswagen diagnostic software. This communicates to a PC, and gives the user direct access to view the current parameters used by the engine control unit (ECU), such as ignition timing, injector opening times, and many more. In particular the injector opening times can be used to calculate an accurate fuel consumption figure for the engine. The ECU also records any engine faults and these are accessible by this software. (Note if the CM11-14 option is specified, the engine manufacturers’ software is replaced by alternative software that does not include the diagnostic function).The ECU software can either be run on the same computer as is used for control and data logging, or can be run on a separate computer, according to user preference.

TECHNICAL DATA

Engine DataEngine model: Volkswagen AER Displacement: 999ccBore: 67.1 mmStroke: 70.6 mmCylinders: 4Nominal power: 37kW @ 5000 rpm(running on gasoline with the engine manufacturer’s ECU)Nominal torque: 86Nm @ 3400 rpm(running on gasoline with the engine manufacturer’s ECU)

Dynamometer dataDynamometer type: Eddy currentCooling: Air cooledMax Power: 55kW for 20 minutes

CM11 - Software Mimic diagram

Instrumentation and SensorsEngine speed counterLoad cell to measure torqueInlet air flow measured by orifice plateInlet air temperatureSecondary cooling water flow and temperatures (inlet and outlet)Lambda sensorAlso the VW diagnostic software can be used to monitor a wide variety of internal engine functions, in particular the ignition timing and fuel injector opening times. The injection characteristics can be used to establish the gasoline consumption rate.

OPTIONS

The CM11 can be ordered with a number of optional accessories. These must be ordered with the CM11. They cannot be fitted retrospectively.

CM11-12 Engine Indicator SetThe engine indicator set comprises a high temperature pressure sensor integrated into a spark plug. A separate charge amplifier provides signal conditioning to generate a voltage which can be logged on the computer. A special routine in the Armfield software allows for high speed data acquisition of this signal, and automatically plots the results on a p-v diagram. Note: The spark plug used in this arrangement is not identical to the other sparkplugs. This sensor is a high precision unit and is physically delicate.

CM11-13 LPG Fuel SystemThe LPG option includes the pipework, solenoid valves, injectors and an LPG control unit to allow the engine to be run on Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) as well as gasoline. The engine is started on gasoline, and when hot enough, can be switched to run under LPG by software request.The equipment is supplied with a flexible feed pipe terminating in a 6mm OD copper tube and a self sealing quick release connector suitable for fitting to the LPG bottles available in many countries. The user must supply a liquid offtake LPG bottle, and if necessary a suitable fitting to the feed pipe.

CM11-14 Ignition and Injection Control (Cannot be fitted together with CM11-13)The CM11-14 option replaces the VW ECU with an aftermarket unit which allows the ignition timing and the fuel injection characteristics of the engine to be changed by the user. The students can produce their own characteristic maps and compare the engine performance with the manufacturer’s data.

INSTALLATION AND SERVICES

The CM11 should be installed in a well ventilated area with exhaust gas extraction facilities. The unit is supplied on wheels for ease of movement, these can be removed and the unit bolted to the floor for permanent installation.Apart from the master on/off switch, and the cooling water, everything can be controlled by computer, allowing the engine to be installed in a dedicated test cell, and operated from outside the cell. It is supplied with a 5 metre USB lead, giving a maximum distance between the unit and the controlling computer of approx 4m.The following services are required:Electricity: 220-240V, single phase, 10 AmpCooling water: 6 L/min at 3 bar pressure, <200C

CM11 - Software graphical display

Specifications may change without notice.iss1/5k/0404/San.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 3.00m3

Weight: 500kg

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

The user must have access to one or two PCs (according to preference). One free USB port is required to run the Armfield data logging and control software, and one serial COM port is required to run the VW diagnostic software or the alternative ECU software as appropriate. The operating system requirements are Windows 98, 2000, ME or XP.


● A four cylinder, 1.0 litre, water cooled, normally aspirated engine complete with all services and ancillaries required to run the engine in a laboratory environment.

● Variable load, eddy current dynamometer which acts as a brake, allowing direct measurement of engine torque.

● Supported on strong tubular steel framework via flexible mounts. Frame houses fuel tanks, battery, electrical enclosures, etc.

● Protected by guards around all moving parts, and around key hot surfaces. Safety interlock switches are incorporated to prevent operation with guards removed.

● Throttle and brake load can be controlled from a computer.

● Standard instrumentation includes sensors for: ■ Engine speed ■ Torque ■ Air flow ■ Cooling water temperature (inlet and outlet of heat exchanger) ■ Cooling water flow ■ Exhaust gas Lambda sensor

● Sensor variables are logged in real time on a customer supplied computer via a USB interface, using sophisticated educational software. The software includes full data logging and analysis functions, and incorporates detailed teaching material.

● Optional Engine Indicator set allows production of real time P-V diagram.

● Optional LPG System allows engine to run on LPG fuel.

● Optional Ignition and Injection Control system allows user to investigate the effects of alterations to fuel injection and ignition timing.

DIESEL ENGINE SYSTEM

The Armfield CM2 is a diesel fuelled, three cylinder, water cooled internal combustion engine system specifically developed for engineering education purposes. It is equipped with an eddy current dynamometer, can be linked to a computer, and is supplied with sophisticated, data logging educational software. While small enough to be easily accommodated in a teaching laboratory, it is a true multi-cylinder water cooled engine with a characteristic and representative performance.

EDUCATIONAL CAPABILITIES

➤ Multiple Cylinder Engine Training System, generating characteristic torque, power and fuel consumption curves under different conditions➤ Thermodynamic investigations of internal combustion engines, with an option to measure real time cylinder pressure

FEATURES

➤ Computer linkable for data capture and analysis➤ Water cooled three cylinder engine➤ Variable load dynamometer➤ Comprehensive instrumentation➤ Easy to install, portable unit

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Item 02-02-21

DESCRIPTION

The system is based on a three cylinder water cooled engine, mounted on a painted steel frame. The engine assembly includes a radiator, fan and water pump for cooling purposes. An electric starter motor, battery and alternator are also included.The engine is loaded by the electrical dynamometer, which is mounted on the same frame as the engine and directly coupled to it. The dynamometer is capable of providing a completely variable load on the engine. The torque produced is measured by a load cell connected to the dynamometer. From the torque measurement and the engine speed the power produced by the engine can be calculated and displayed on a computer.An operator control box contains the controls required to start the engine and to enable and vary the load. The engine throttle is cable driven with a Vernier control located adjacent to the control box. The fuel tanks are installed under the frame with a diesel fuel tank. Also located under the frame are enclosures for the electrical and electronics systems.The complete engine and dynamometer are enclosed underneath a safety cover which protects the users, while still providing a view of the components. The cover is safety interlocked with the engine electrical system. The system includes a USB computer interface and software for displaying and logging the data on a Windows PC (computer not supplied).A comprehensive range of instrumentation is provided as standard including: engine speed, torque, cooling water flow, exhaust back pressure. Multiple thermocouples are provided to measure the temperature of the cooling water, inlet and exhaust manifolds, oil, engine block, etc. All the relevant sensor information is displayed on the computer screen in a mimic diagram format.The educational software supplied with the equipment provides a fully flexible data logging and graph plotting facility. It includes presentation screens describing how the software works, how to do the demonstrations and the theory required for the demonstrations. This is backed up by comprehensive and detailed Help facilities in all areas. The software includes facilities for the calibration of sensors. The package also includes a software driver to allow the equipment to be interfaced to software produced by the user, e.g. in Labview or C.

SERVICES AND INSTALLATION

The equipment should be installed in a well ventilated area.The engine exhaust may be connected to a duct pipe and vented external to the building. For exhaust ducts of greater than 6m (20ft),a fan assisted duct is recommended. (The engine incorporates an adjustable exhaust back pressure valve and sensor to allow variations in installations to be compensated for).

The following services are required:CM2-A: 230V, 50Hz, single phase electricity supplyCM2-G: 220V, 60Hz, single phase electricity supply

ENGINE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION

No of Cylinders: 3Bore x Stroke: 68mm x 64mmDisplacement: 697ccGross Power (nominal): 13.5kW (18.0HP)Gross Torque (nominal): 44Nm (32.5 ft.lbs)Electric Starter: 1.0kWAlternator: 40A


CM2-12:Engine Indicator Set for CM2. This option provides a real time electrical output related to cylinder pressure.NOTE: This option must be ordered at the same time as CM2.

CM3:Exhaust Gas Analyser. A Lambda sensor is available to measure the oxygen content of the exhaust gasses.NOTE: This option must be ordered at the same time as CM2.


● A water-cooled, three-cylinder, diesel-fuelled internal combustion engine, complete with all services and instrumentation to allow the engine to be evaluated in a laboratory environment.● The unit includes a variable load dynamometer, which directly measures the power and torque produced by the engine.● The engine, dynamometer, fuel tank, battery etc. are all mounted on a self- contained steel frame of painted and welded construction. The frame is designed to be easily moved.● The standard instrumentation package monitors: inlet air flow and temperature, exhaust back pressure and temperature, torque, rotational speed, cooling water inlet and outlet temperature and cooling water flow rate. The parameters are displayed in real time on a (customer supplied) personal computer.● The software supplied includes extensive data logging, analysis and graph plotting facilities, plus full instructions on operating the equipment and performing the investigations. An optional engine indicator set allows cylinder pressure to be displayed in real time against crank position.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS



Volume: 3.5m3

Gross Weight: 350kg

Specifications may change without notice.prov/0404/AL.

ESSENTIAL ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT

The user must have access to a PC running Windows 98 or Windows 2000 or XP with an unused USB port.

RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT

It is recommended that the user has access to a barometer for measuring air pressure.

INSTRUMENTATION INCLUDED

Inlet manifold temperatures (x3)Exhaust manifold temperatures (x3)Cooling water inlet temperatureCooling water outlet temperatureCooling water flowOil pressureOil temperatureMeasured torque - From which the power is calculatedEngine speed - From which the power is calculatedFuel fuel flow rate Inlet manifold pressure for estimating the air flowExhaust back pressure (not available for data logging)Real time cylinder pressure display (with CM2-12)

CONTROLS

Throttle: Cable controlledExhaust back pressure valve: Manually controlledBrake load: On/Off controls at the control box.Braking load then controlled from computer

NOTE: Two methods of brake load control are available via the computer, a manual control which applies a percentage of full load, and a closed loop control which varies the load in order to maintain a pre-set speed. In closed loop control the operator has full access to the PID control parameters.

Weld

ing 02-04

XMT®

Series Multiprocess Welding Power Source

Issued June 2004 • Index No. DC/18.8

Lightweight, aerospace-grade aluminum caseoffers protection with the benefit of reduced weight.

Lift-Arc™ allows TIG starting without the use ofhigh-frequency. Starts the arc without contaminatingthe weld with tungsten.

Adaptive Hot Start™ increases the output amperageat the start of a weld if necessary, eliminatingelectrode sticking.

Inverter arc control technology provides greaterpuddle control for superior 6010 Stick electrodeperformance.Fan-On-Demand™ cooling system operates only

when needed, reducing noise, energy use and theamount of contaminants pulled through machine.

The Power of Blue®.

115 VAC auxiliary power provides 10 amps ofcircuit-breaker-protected power for watercirculators, etc. Standard on XMT 456, optional onXMT 304 and XMT 350 CC/CV models only.

Wind Tunnel Technology™ protects electricalcomponents and PC boards from contamination.

ProcessesMIG (GMAW)/Pulsed MIG (GMAW-P)*Stick (SMAW) TIG (GTAW)/Pulsed TIG (GTAW-P)*Flux Cored (FCAW) Air Carbon Arc Cutting and Gouging(CAC-A)

*With optional controls only — not available with XMT 350 VS model.

Input Power 304/350: Requires 3- or 1-Phase Power456: Requires 3-Phase Power

Output Power 304: 10 – 35 V, 5 – 400 A350: 10 – 38 V, 5 – 425 A456: 10 – 38 V, 5 – 600 A

Weight 304: Net: 79.5 lb (36.1 kg) Ship: 88.6 lb (40.2 kg)350: Net: 80 lb (36.3 kg) Ship: 89.1 lb (40.4 kg)456: Net: 118 lb (53.5 kg) Ship: 129 lb (58.5 kg)

Heavy Industrial ApplicationsConstructionShipbuildingRailroad Truck/Trailer ManufacturingFabricationRepair ShopsRental Fleets

Power source is warranted for 3 years, parts and labor.Original main power rectified parts are warranted for 5 years.

QuickSpecs

XMT 456 CC/CVwith Manual Link

XMT 304CC/CV withAuto-Link®

XMT 350 CC/CV with

Line voltage compensation keeps power constanteven if power input varies by ±10%.

Process selector switch reduces the number ofcontrol setup combinations without reducing any features.

Large, dual digital meters are easy to view and arepresettable to ease setting weld output.

Pulsed MIG capabilities with optional Optimacontrol reduces spatter and distortion, allows betterout-of-position puddle control, and providespotential reduction of fume particle emission.

NEW! XMT 350 provides more weldingoutput with superior electrical efficiencyand an amazing .95 power factor! See page 3 for details and additionalfeatures of the XMT 350.Please see: page 2 for additional XMT 304 features.page 4 for additional XMT 456 features.

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CV VOLT/AMP CURVEDUTY CYCLE CHART CC VOLT/AMP CURVE

DUTY CYCLE

WEL

DING

AM

PERE

S

30

250225200

150

10010 15 20 25

500

400

300

10040 50 60 70 9080 0 100 200 300 400 5000

20

40

60

80

100

AMPS

VOLT

S

25%50%

75%100%

GTAW-MAX

SMAW-MAX

GTAW-MINSMAW-MIN

0%

230 VAC 1-PHASE OPERATION

3-PHASE AND 460 VAC 1-PHASE OPERATION

0 100 200 300 400 5000

20

40

60

80

100

AMPS

VOLT

S

MIN

MAX

1. Voltmeter2. Power On/Off Switch3. Inductance/Dig Control4. Process Selector Switch (Rotary Switch)5. Ammeter6. Voltage/Amperage Adjustment Control7. Voltage/Amperage Control Switch

2

3

4

1 5

6

7

XMT® 304 CC/CV Performance Data

XMT® 304 CC/CV Control Panel

InputPower

Three-Phase

Single-Phase

Rated Outputat 60% Duty Cycle

300 A at 32 VDC

225 A at 29 VDC

AmperageRange inCC Mode

5–400 A

5–400 A

VoltageRange inCV Mode

10–35 V

10–35 V

Max. Open-CircuitVoltage

90 VDC

90 VDC

Amps Input at Rated Load Output, 60 Hz, 208 V 230 V 400 V 460 V 575 V KVA KW

33.7 30.5 17 18.9 15.2 12.2 11.6

52.4 47.4 — 24.5 — 11.3 7.6

Weight

79.5 lb(36.1 kg)

Dimensions

H: 17 in(432 mm)

W: 12-1/2 in(318 mm)

D: 24 in(610 mm)

Certified to both the Canadian and U.S. Standards for welding equipment.

XMT® 304 CC/CV Specifications (Subject to change without notice.)

Additional FeaturesAuto-Link® circuit automatically links the power source to primary voltage beingapplied (230/460 or 460/575 VAC, single- or three-phase).

Ultra-tough, polycarbonate-blended cover for control panel protects front controls from damage.

International-style weld disconnects provide high-quality weld cable connections.(Two connectors supplied with each unit.)

Features Benefits

D-60M Model

Index No. M/2.4Issued Oct. 2000

SharpArc™ Technology

Start/Crater Ramp

Microprocessor-based design

Digital control

User-friendly front panel

Two back-lit liquid crystal displays

16 built-in synergic pulse programs

Power source selectable

Teach mode for pulse programs

Full-featured, adjustable weld sequence control

An arc control that offers a simple way to tailor factory weld programs to accommodate a variety of welding applications.

Allows the output power to be tapered from start to weld and from weld to crater.

Flexible system with many standard features that can be customized for a variety of applications.

Offers precise control and regulation of the welding arc not found in conventional systems.

One simple and easy control for setting weld parameters.

Easy-to-set and view all welding parameters and selectable features.

Quick and easy selection of the right pulse program based on your wire and gas. Eight programs each for the Invision 456P and XMT 304.

No setup card required for the Invision 456P or XMT 304. 16 programs are stored in the software. Just select either powersource and do a system reset.

Allows easy field modification of pulse programs to meet your specific application.

You can select and adjust any parameter within the weld sequence — preflow, run-in, weld time, crater, burnback andpostflow, as required.

S-60M Model

The 60M Series of semiautomatic wire feedersoffers the ultimate in versatility and performance.Designed for pulse MIG and semiautomaticwelding, all 60M models are equipped with eightsynergic pulse programs. The dual models canperform the same process on both sides, or one canbe used for conventional MIG, and the other usedfor pulsed MIG welding.

ApplicationsMetal fabricationHeavy manufacturingConstructionLight manufacturing

60M SeriesSingle and Dual, Programmable, Constant-Speed Wire Feeders

Processes

MIG (GMAW) and Pulsed MIG(GMAW-P) Welding

Flux Cored (FCAW) Welding(Gas and Self-shielded)

New!New!

New!

� See page 2 for additional features and benefits.

Model

S-60M (Single)

D-60M (Dual)

InputPower

24 VAC 50/60 Hz

Electrode WireDiameter Capacity

.023–1/8 in (0.6–3.2 mm)

Wire Speed

50–780 IPM (1.3–19.8 m/min.)

Peak VoltageRange*

0–99.9 V

Peak CurrentRange*

100–600 A

BackgroundCurrent Range*

0–200 A

Pulses perSecond*

20–400 PPS

Pulse Width*

1.0–5.0Milliseconds

Dimensions

H: 14 in (356 mm)W: 14 in (356 mm)D: 26-1/2 in (673 mm)

H: 14-3/4 in (375 mm)W: 18 in (457 mm)D: 32 in (813 mm)

Net Weight

58 lb (26 kg)

82 lb (37 kg)

(Use with CC/CVPower Sources.)

*Applies only when 60M feeders are used with the Invision®456 and Phoenix™456 power sources.

Specifications (Subject to change without notice.) Heavy Industrial

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Additional Features BenefitsProgrammable security system

Dual schedule capabilities

Arc time totalizer and cycle counter

Electronic trigger hold control

Gas purge and wire jog control

Quick-change drive rolls

Rotatable wire drive assembly

Sealed ball bearing, all-gear driven system

Posifeed™ wire drive system

Consistent results are possible by programming limits to the range of parameter adjustments. Eliminates inadvertentchanges of preset parameters.

Allows two separate welding conditions to be programmed for one wire.

Handy feature for conducting job studies and maintenance schedules.

Allows the operator to make long extended welds without holding gun trigger.

Purge gas line and feed wire without energizing system.

Gear-driven drive rolls are easy to change. No tools required.

Eliminates sharp bends in the gun cable, thus improving wire feed performance and extending the service life of the gunliner. (Bench models only.)

Smooth, positive and accurate wire feed offers long, uninterrupted service life.

Four drive roll provides excellent feeding of welding wire.

45

6

1

23

5

1

62

37

4

Control Panels

60M Series Front Panel1. Parameter Select. Controls the selection of voltage or

arc length, wire feed speed, program number, andalso SharpArc™.

2. Purge Button. Purges gas line and gun without energizing feeder.

3. Gun Trigger Receptacle. Prewired for single- and dual-schedule operation. Receptacle willaccommodate a variety of dual schedule switches.

4. Trigger Hold Button and Light. System remainsenergized when operator releases gun trigger—idealwhen making extended welds.

5. Digital Display6. Jog Button. Feeds wire without energizing the power

source contactor and gas valve. (Independent control)7. Display Control. Single-knob control for setting all

adjustable, displayed parameters.

60M Series Side Panel1.Mode Displays.2. Mode Select Button. Provides choice of four modes:

• Process Mode. (Pulse, adaptive pulse, or MIG.)Also used to teach customized pulse programs.

• Sequence Mode. Allows variety of sequences inweld program. (Refer to Sequence Chart.)

• Dual Schedule Mode. Links two weld programswhen two different welding conditions arerequired for one wire.

• Card Mode. Writes programs to optional DataCard or reads programs from the Data Card.

3.Parameter Select Button. Selects parameter to be changed.

4.Parameter Display5.Parameter Increase Button6.Parameter Decrease Button

*Inductance is adjustable in the MIG process mode only when using the Invision or Phoenix 456 power source.

Sequence ChartSequence Time Wire Feed Speed Voltage or Trim

Preflow 0–9.9 sec. not active during preflow not active during preflow

Run-in not active during run-in adjustable not active during run-in

Start 0–2.5 sec. adjustable adjustable

Weld* 0–25 sec. adjustable adjustable

Crater 0–2.5 sec. adjustable adjustable

Burnback 0–0.25 sec. not active during burnback adjustable (voltage only)

Postflow 0–9.9 sec. not active during postflow not active during postflow

60M Design Features Programming FeaturesCan be used with a variety of Miller power sources :For pulsed MIG/conventional MIG weldinguse the 60M with the Invision™456, Phoenix™ 456 CC/CV, or the XMT®304CC/CV inverter power source.For conventional MIG welding only, the 60M can also be used with the Deltaweld®

or Dimension™ Series power source.

Eight Synergic Pulsed MIG Programsfactory-set for use with the XMT®304welding power source:

Mild steel wire with Argon/CO2 shielding gas(1) .030 in (0.8 mm)(2) .035 in (0.9 mm)(3) .045 in (1.1 mm)

Stainless steel wire with Argon/Helium/CO2shielding gas(4) .030 in (0.8 mm)(5) .035 in (0.9 mm)(6) .045 in (1.2 mm)

Nickel alloy wire with Argon/Helium shielding gas(7) .035 in (0.9 mm)

Metal core wire with Argon/CO2 shielding gas(8) .045 in (1.2 mm)

Eight Synergic Pulsed MIG Programs factory-set for use with the Invision™456 weldingpower source:

Mild steel wire with Argon/CO2 shielding gas(1) .035 in (0.9 mm)(2) .045 in (1.2 mm)(3) .052 in (1.3 mm)(4) .062 in (1.6 mm)

Stainless steel wire with Argon/Helium/CO2shielding gas(5) .035 in (0.9 mm)(6) .045 in (1.2 mm)

Metal core wire with Argon/CO2 shielding gas(7) .045 in (1.2 mm)(8) .052 in (1.3 mm)

On-Board Programming and Diagnostics:• All factory-set synergic pulse programs can

be modified to meet specific weldingapplications

• Feeder can be manually programmed forthe voltage and/or amperage range of thepower source being used

• Automatic shutdown if arc voltage is notdetected when gun trigger is depressed

• Automatic shutdown if no wire feed speedis present when the gun trigger is pressed

• Drops out contactor and gas valve if arc isnot sensed after 3 seconds

Selectable Operating Features:• Feeder will compensate for variations in

tip-to-work distance and provide a constantarc length (in Adaptive Pulse mode)

• Arc voltage can be regulated at the powersource output studs or at the welding gun

• Gun trigger can be used to make programselection

• Arc time counter accumulates and displaysactual arc time (up to 9,999.99 hours) and weld cycles (up to 999,999 cycles).Counter can be reset to 0 (zero) as required.Ideal for job time studies, shift output,maintenance, etc.

Security Capabilities:• Feeder can be programmed to limit the

range of parameter control, the number ofprograms available, and the selectableparameters that are available to the operator

• A three-digit code can be programmed to restrict unauthorized access to the set-up screen

3

When pulsed MIG welding, the power sourcerapidly switches the output from high peak current to low background current in preciselyregulated intervals. The peak current pinchesoff a spray-transfer droplet while the low back-ground current “cools” the arc with little or no

metal transfer. With proper adjustment of thepulse parameters, the pulsed MIG weldingprocess can produce high-quality welds whenusing a broad range of material types, thick-nesses, and joint configurations. Requires use of a Miller inverter power source.

Advantages of Pulsed MIG Process over MIGSpray Transfer and Short Arc Welding

• Can use larger, more economical wire diameters

• Reduces or eliminates spatter• Lower heat input; therefore, reduced distortion• Better out-of-position puddle control• Optimum bead shape and penetration• Potential reduction in fume particulate

emission

Note: For additional pulsed MIG information, order MillerElectric’s GMAW-P Pulsed Spray Transfer Process Guide(#168 336).A 4-volume video training package (#175 773) is also available.• What is Pulsed MIG Welding?• Pulsed MIG Process Variables• Pulsed MIG Equipment and Set-Up• Pulsed MIG Operator TechniquesIncludes Pulsed Spray Transfer Process Guide (#168 336)

Pulses Per Second

Time

Ampe

rage

Pulse Width(milliseconds)

PeakAmperage(Current)

BackgroundAmperage(Current)

Pulsed MIG Wave Form

Description of Pulsed MIG Welding Process

ITEM 02-04-16

HF-251D-1 High-Frequency Arc Starter and Stabilizer Portable 115 Volt, 250 amp unit , 60% duty cycle unit adds high-frequency to the welding circuit to help start the arc when using the TIG process. (requires Secondary Contactor and RMLS-14 Switch).

ITEM 02-04-17

Increase the flexibility and performance of most AC,DC or AC/DC constant current welding machineswith these portable high-frequency arc starters andstabilizers. The unit impresses high frequency onthe welding circuit and provides the arc controlneeded for TIG welding. With the addition of an HF unit, your constant current power source canhandle welds on aluminum, magnesium, thinstainless steel, brass, copper and a wide variety ofboth ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.

The HF unit expands the capability of existingequipment and offers the stamina to handle toughindustrial usage. An excellent performer in generalmanufacturing, tool and die, repair shops and forall-purpose maintenance. Four versions meet mostsingle-phase power configurations, and all are ratedat 60% duty cycle.

HF-251 FeaturesThe HF-251 is compatible with power sources made by othermanufacturers.

250 A output at 60% duty cycleFor use with power source with 14-socketreceptacle (5-socket adapter available)Power on/off switch with pilot light

Start, off and continuous controlGas solenoid valveHigh frequency intensity controlBuilt-in postflow eliminates contaminationProtected secondary terminalConvenient, portable design14-pin receptacle on front panel for remotecontrols

HF-20 FeaturesThe HF-20 is for use with welding power sources having 50 to 100 Volts OCV (open-circuit voltage).

1000 A output at 60% duty cyclePower on/off switchAC/DC process selector switchHigh frequency intensity controlStart selector switch—in Touch position, gas flow,water flow and high frequency are initiated whenthe electrode makes contact with the workpiece.In High Frequency position, initiation takes placevia a remote switchAdjustable time delay—when the arc is broken,the gas, water and high frequency are shut offafter an adjustable time delay.Gas and water valvesRHS-11A remote hand switch with 20 ft (6 m) cord

HF-251 and HF-20High-Frequency Arc Starters and Stabilizers

Index No. AY/5.0Issued June 1996

ProcessGas Tungsten Arc (TIG) Welding

Description

Specifications (Subject to change without notice.) Lt. Industrial, Industrial

Model

HF-251D-1

HF-251-2

HF-20-1WG

HF-20-2WG

Input Volts

115 VAC, 50/60/100 Hz

230 VAC, 50/60 Hz

115 VAC, 50/60 Hz

230 VAC, 50/60 Hz

Rated Output at 60% Duty Cycle

250 A

250 A

1000 A

1000 A

Dimensions

H: 13 in (330 mm)W: 9-1/4 in (235 mm)D: 16 in (406 mm)

H: 13 in (330 mm)W: 9-1/4 in (235 mm)D: 16 in (406 mm)

H: 13-1/2 in (343 mm)W: 19-3/4 in (502 mm)D: 16-1/2 in (419 mm)

H: 13-1/2 in (343 mm)W: 19-3/4 in (502 mm)D: 16-1/2 in (419 mm)

Net Weight

34 lb (15 kg)

36 lb (16 kg)

92 lb (42 kg)

98 lb (44 kg)

HF-251

HF-20

Ordering InformationHF-251D-1115 V 50/60/100 Hz #042 388

HF-251-2230 V 50/60 Hz #042 387

HF-20-1WG115 V 50/60 Hz #900 356

HF-20-2WG230 V 50/60 Hz #900 359

1

2

3

4

5

HF-251 Control Panel

1. Pilot Light2. Power Switch3. High Frequency Switch4. High Frequency Selector Switch5. High Frequency Intensity Control

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Litho in USA

Secondary Contactor Kit

For HF-251D-1 model#041 969 Field only

For HF-251-2 model#041 906 Field only

Mounts inside HF-251 cabinet. For use with a power source that does not have its own contactor.

Remote Controls and SwitchesControls listed below are for use with Miller constantcurrent power sources with solid-state output control. Thecontrols are used when remote current control is desired.The HF-251 is equipped with a 14-pin plug on a 6 ft (1.8 m)cord for direct connection to new Miller CC power sources.An adapter cord will be required for older Miller equipmentwith 5-socket receptacles.

RMLS-14 #129 337Momentary- and maintained-contact rockerswitch. 20 ft (6 m) cord with 14-pin plug.

RCC-14 #151 086Attachs to the TIG torch handle to providecontactor and current control. Includes 28 ft(8.5 m) cord and 14-pin plug prewired.

RHC-14 #129 340Miniature remote hand current and contactorcontrol. Includes 20 ft (6 m) cord and 14-pin plug.

RFC-14 #129 339Remote foot current and contactor control.Includes 20 ft (6 m) cord and 14-pin plug.

Extension Cords#122 973 25 ft (7.6 m)#122 974 50 ft (15 m)#122 975 75 ft (23 m)Extends HF-251 farther from power source orextends remote control farther from HF-251.

Adapter Cord #129 3411 ft (305 mm) cord with 5-pin and 14-pin plugsfor use between 5-socket receptacle powersource and HF-251.

Adapter Cord #041 9471 ft (305 mm) cord with 14-pin plug and 5-socketreceptacle for use between HF-251 and 5-pinremote controls.

Water Coolant Systems

Coolmate™ 3 #043 007 115 VACCoolmate™ 3 #043 008 230 VACWatermate™ 1A #042 495 115 VACCoolmate™ 4 #042 288 115 VACFor use with water-cooled guns. Refer toLiterature Index No. AY/7.2 for additionalcoolant system information.

Options and Accessories

Miller Power Source

with 5-SocketReceptacle

Electrode Cable

Work Cable

1 ft (305 mm)Adapter Cord(#129 341)

Optional Extension Cords (See Options and Accessories for Lengths Available.)

6 ft (1.8 m) CordSupplied with

HF-251 (not installed)

Work

TIG Torch

Remote

To 115 Volt Supply (10 ft/3 m)

HF-251

Denotes Plug (Threaded Collar) Denotes Receptacle (External Threads)

TIG Torch

Electrode Cable

Work Cable

Optional Extension Cords(See Options and Accessories

for Lengths Available.)

Work

Remote6 ft (1.8 m) Cord

Supplied with HF-251(not installed)

Miller Power Source

with 14-SocketReceptacle

To 115 Volt Supply (10 ft/3 m)

HF-251

Electrode Cable

Work Cable

Work

TIG Torch

RemoteAC Input Power Cord

HF-20

Miller Power Source

Gas In Coolant In

Typical Connections

HF-251 HF-20

Watermate 1A

Coolmate 4Coolmate 3

Spectrum® 1250Heavy Industrial Air Plasma Cutting and Gouging Systems

Index No. PC/11.0Issued April 1999

ProcessesAir Plasma Cutting

Air Plasma Gouging

Description

Gouging and piercing

ICE-100 Torch

Postflow cooling circuit

Miller’s True Blue® Warranty

The 1250 offers a long powerful gouging arc for those heavy duty metal displacementjobs plus piercing capabilities up to 1 in steel.

Miller’s rugged ICE torches include an epoxy cup that outlives typical ceramic partsand is virtually unbreakable. Hand-held and machine-held torch models available.

A postflow circuit cools the consumables and torch with postflow air after you releasethe trigger. This feature extends life of torch and consumables.

No other manufacturer offers a better warranty than Miller. Power source is warrantedfor three years, parts and labor. Original rectifier parts have a five-year warranty andthe ICE torches have a one-year parts and labor warranty.

Features Benefits

Quality

Sever

Cutting Capability (Thickness to scale.)

Rated Cutting Capacity10 inches per minute (minimum speedat which an operator achieves a smooth,steady cut using a hand-held torch).

Maximum Quality Cutting CapacityGood-quality cut achieved at lowerspeeds.

Sever Cut CapacityMaximum cut achieved in idealconditions.*Using shielded consumables.

1-1/4 in (32 mm)* 1-1/2 in (38 mm)* 1-3/4 in (44 mm)*

MILD STEEL

Rated

Ordering InformationSpectrum® 1250 With 30 ft (9 m) With 50 ft (15 m) With 50 ft (15 m) with 100 Amp Torch Voltage Hand-Held Torch Hand-Held Torch Machine Torch

200/230/460 #903 450* #903 450-01-1* #903 450-01-2*

230/460/575 #903 451* #903 451-01-1* #903 451-01-2*

220/380/415 #903 452 #903 452-01-1** #903 452-01-2

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Max. Open-Circuit Voltage

270 VDC

Rated Output

100 A at 120 VDC,80% Duty Cycle

Input Power

3-Phase, 200/230/460 V, 50/60 Hz

3-Phase, 230/460/575 V, 50/60 Hz

3-Phase, 220/380/415 V, 50/60 Hz

Amps Input at Rated Output, 50/60 Hz200 V 220 V 230 V 380 V 415 V 460 V 575 V KVA/KW

85 – 74 – – 37 – 30/16

– – 74 – – 37 30

– 77 – 45 41 – –

Plasma GasFlow/Pressure

7.0 CFM (170 L/min) at 70 PSI (442 kPa)

Dimensions

H: 38 in(965 mm)

W: 22-1/2 in(571 mm)

D: 20 in(508 mm)

ShipWeight

470 lb(212 kg)

NetWeight

410 lb(185 kg)

Specifications (Subject to change without notice.) Heavy Industrial

Cutting Performance

90(2.3)

60(1.5)

30(0.8)

00 1/4 3/4 1-1/4 1-1/2

CUTOFF SPEED VS. MATERIAL THICKNESSMATERIAL: MILD STEEL

Cutti

ng S

peed

, in/

min

(m/m

in)

Plate Thickness, in (mm)

SPECTRUM 1250

.25 (6.4) .75 (19.0) 1.25 (31.7) 1.5 (36.7)

Drag shield

User-friendly control panel

Built-in gas/air filter/regulator

Portability

Trigger hold switch

Pilot arc switch

The ICE torch includes a drag shield that attaches to the cup and holds the tip 1/8 in (3.2 mm) off of theworkpiece. This permits the operator to drag the torch on the workpiece while cutting at full output, whichincreases operator comfort and makes template cutting easier.

Spectrum units are easy to use because the control panels are easy to understand. Spectrums also includediagnostic lights to help troubleshoot for quick setup.

The Spectrum Series has its regulator housed inside the power source to protect it from transportation damage. Astandard air connection is also provided on the back panel for easy gas or air hookup.

Order the optional running gear for in-shop portability.

Allows operator to control cutting arc without triggering. Provides convenience and comfort by enabling operatorto keep clear of extremely hot areas while gouging or cutting for long periods of time.

The expanded metal mode allows operator to cut grates, chain link fence, and other perforated metals withoutretriggering the gun.

Additional Features Benefits

Control Panel1. Pilot Arc Control Switch2. Trigger Hold Switch3. Trouble Lights4. Ready Light5. Set/Run Switch6. Output Control7. Power Switch8. Pilot Light

To determine the maximum rated cutting thickness,follow the dashed line from the 10 IPM (inches perminute) point on the cutting chart. The point atwhich this line intersects the cutting curvedetermines the maximum recommendedproduction cutting thickness of the unit.

Note: The rating is based on 10 IPM because this is the minimumspeed at which the operator achieves a smooth, steady cut whenusing a hand-held torch.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3

*If hand-held torch is being replaced by machine-held, optional remote pendant control (#042 585) must be ordered.

#169 235 For ICE-70Includes four electrodes, four tips for shielded,two tips for non-shielded, one swirl ring, oneretaining cup, one drag shield, one deflector, onegouging electrode, one gouging tip, one gougingshield, one O-ring, one wrench and siliconegrease.

#169 236 For ICE-100Includes four electrodes, four tips for shielded,two tips for non-shielded, one swirl ring, oneretaining cup, one drag shield, one deflector, onegouging tip, one O-ring, one wrench and siliconegrease.

#170 559 For ICE-70M #170 560 For ICE-100M Kits include five electrodes (70 and 100 amp), fivetips for shielded, two swirl rings (70 and 100 amp),one retaining cup, two machine shields, one O-ring, one wrench and silicone grease.

Torch Consumable Kits

Silicone Grease #169 231

Cable Covers#118 677 15 ft (4.5 m) torch #118 678 30 ft (9 m) torch Protect hose and cables. Feature nonconductivezipper and are easily removed if necessary.

Circle Cutting Guide #173 404Attaches to torch to cut even circles. Adjusts toover 18 in (457 mm) diameter.

Standoff Guide #132 657Attaches to torch cup while using non-shieldedor extended electrode to create 1/8 in (3 mm)standoff.

Motor Guard Air Filter #042 306This filter is equipped with a mounting bracketthat allows installation on the top, side, or rearpanel of most plasma cutters. The filter isequipped with a 1/4 in NPT port to match thefittings on most plasma systems; it has a ratedairflow of over 45 SCFM.

Replacement Filter Element #042 312Carton of four filters for use with motor guardair filter #042 306.

Running Gear #042 989Includes two rubber tires, and two swivel casters.

Pendant Control #042 585For ICE-70M or ICE-100M torch. Providesremote start and stop control of the arc andremote amperage control.

Extractor Dryer #171 517Two-stage filter/dryer drains excess water out ofair supply to extend consumable and torch life.

Options and Accessories

ICE-100 Hand-held Torch #169 207 30 ft (9 m)#169 246 50 ft (15.2 m)

ICE-100M Machine-held Torch* #169 247 50 ft (15.2 m)

ICE-70/100 Machine-held Torch* #174 572 75 ft (22.5 m)

Replacement Torches

ShieldDrag#169 224

MachineShield#169 230

Deflector(100 A)#169 225

Gouge Shield(70 A)#170 995

O-Ring#169 233

O-Ring#169 233

O-Ring#169 233

O-Ring#169 233

Electrode#169 217

Electrode#169 217

Electrode#173 816

Electrode#169 218 (70 A)#169 217 (100 A)

Swirl Ring#169 222

Swirl Ring#169 222

Swirl Ring#169 222

Swirl Ring#169 222

Tip#169 219 (70 A)#169 226 (100 A)

Tip#169 220 (70 A)#169 227 (100 A)

Tip#173 815 (70 A)#173 814 (100 A)

Tip#169 221 (70 A)#169 228 (100 A)

Retaining Cup#169 223




Deflector#169 225

Deflector#169 225

ShieldedHand/Machine-Held

CuttingNon-Shielded

CuttingExtendedCutting Gouging

Torch Consumables

ProcessesMIG (GMAW)Stick (SMAW) TIG (GTAW) Flux Cored (FCAW) Air Carbon Arc (CAC-A)

Cutting and GougingSubmerged Arc (SAW)

Heavy Industrial ApplicationsFabrication and ConstructionHeavy ManufacturingMRO — Maintenance/RepairPressure Tank/Vessel FabricationPipe WeldingShipbuildingRefineries and FoundriesRailcar ManufacturingEarth-Moving Equipment Manufacturing

QuickSpecs

Dimension™ Series Multiprocess WeldingPower Source

Issued April 2003 • Index No. DC/19.2

14-pin receptacle provides quick,direct connection to Miller 14-pinwire feeders and accessories.

Internal digital voltage control(DVC) enables operator to presetweld voltage in the CV mode beforestriking an arc.

Built-in arc control lets you get intight without sticking the electrode.An electrode compensation circuitensures consistent arc controlperformance regardless of theelectrode size.

DC multiprocess capabilityprovides versatility and outstandingarc performance in CV (MIG) andCC (Stick, TIG).

Power efficient for exceptional valueand return on your investment.

Fan-On-Demand™ operates onlywhen needed reducing noise, powerconsumption, and the amount ofairborne contaminants pulledthrough the machine.

The Power of Blue®.

Power source is warranted for 3 years, parts and labor.Original main power rectified parts are warranted for 5 years.

Input Power 3-Phase Power on all models

Rated Output 302: 300 A at 32 VDC, 100% Duty Cycle452/562: 450 A at 38 VDC, 100% Duty Cycle652/812: 650 A at 44 VDC, 100% Duty Cycle1000: 1000 A at 44 VDC, 100% Duty Cycle1250: 900 A at 44 VDC, 100% Duty Cycle

Weight 302: 361 lb (164 kg)452/562: 424 lb (192 kg)652/812: 545 lb (247 kg)1000/1250: 644 lb (292 kg)

115 V duplex receptacle provides 15 amps of auxiliary power.

Hot Start™ makes it easier to startdifficult-to-start Stick electrodessuch as E-6010 and E-7018.

Simple control panel features singlerange amperage/voltage adjustment.Provides easy, efficient operation.

Digital voltmeter and ammeter areeasy to read, even at 30 ft (9.2 m).

Line voltage compensation ensuresconsistent weld performance bykeeping output power constant even ifprimary input power varies by ±10%.

Dimension 452/562

Power cord strain relief providedfor your convenience at installation.

Remote on/off capabilities allowoperator to turn power sourceon/off from a distance.

Remote voltage control allowsoperator to change voltage fromfeeder.

Thermal overload protection light indicatespower shutdown. Helps prevent machine damageif the duty cycle is exceeded or airflow is blocked.

PC board protection prevents thewire feeder power or other strayvoltages (less than 115 VAC) fromharming the power source PC board.

Enclosed circuit boards provideadditional protection fromcontaminants resulting in longerservice life.

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% DUTY CYCLE

WEL

DING

AM

PS

DUTY CYCLE CHART

300

400

600

800

1000

50 60 70 80 90 10040

RATED OUTPUT

DC AMPS

DC V

OLTS

VOLT/AMP CURVE CV

00

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

GMAWFCAW

MAX.

MED.

MIN.

DC AMPS

DC V

OLTS

VOLT/AMP CURVE CC

00

20

10

30

40

50

60

70

80

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

SMAW

SMAWARC FORCE

MIN. MAX.

SMAWARC FORCE

MIN. MAX.

Performance Data

50/60 Hz models with CE Specifications are manufactured according to the Standards IEC-974-1 and EN-60974-1.

® Dimension 652 and 812 (without CE) certified by Canadian Standards Association to both Canadian and U.S. Standards.NRTL/C

7

8

23

4

1

65

Control Panel

1. Arc Force (DIG) Control2. Remote Amperage/Voltage Control Switch3. Output Switch (Contactor)4. Process Selector Switch

5. Digital Meters6. Amperage/Voltage Adjustment Control7. High Temperature Shutdown Light8. Power Switch with Indicator Light

Dimension™ 652/812 Specifications (Subject to change without notice.)

Rated Output


Amperage/Voltage Range

50–815 A in CC mode

10–65 V in CV mode

Max. Open-CircuitVoltage*

72 VDC

Amps Input at Rated Output, 50/60 Hz230 V 380 V 400 V 440 V 460 V 520 V 575 V KVA KW

126 77 73 66 63 54 50.4 50 34.8

Dimensions

H: 30 in (762 mm)including lift eyeW: 23 in (585 mm)D: 38 in (966 mm)including strain relief

Net Weight

545 lb(247 kg)

*Open-circuit voltages in CV mode are factory set at values less than indicated for CC.

5

% DUTY CYCLE

WEL

DING

AM

PS

DUTY CYCLE CHART

500

600

700

800

1600

100012001400

18002000

VOLT/AMP CURVE CC

VOL

TS

0

20

10

30

40 MIN

MAX

MAXDIG

MAXDIG

50

60

70

AMPS0 200 400 600 800 1000 14001200 1600

VOLT/AMP CURVE CV Dimension 1000-CV 190 973

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

AMPS

VOLT

S

MAX.

MIN.

20 30 40 50 60 9070 80 10010

DIMENSION 1250

DIMENSION 1000

Performance Data

50/60 Hz models with CE Specifications are manufactured according to the Standards IEC-974-1 and EN-60974-1.

® Dimension 1000 and 1250 (without CE) certified by Canadian Standards Association to both Canadian and U.S. Standards.NRTL/C

7

8

23

4

1

65GTAW 0

100

SMAW DIG

ON

REMOTE REMOTE

OUTPUT CONTROL

ARC FORCE PROCESS

A/VADJUST

V VOLTS A AMPS

ON

OFF

POWER

CC

CV

AV

MIN MAX

800

900

1000

1100

1200

700600

500

400

300

100

200

CV

SUB-ARC

(For SUB-ARCwire1/16" dia. or smaller)

FCAW

PANEL

HIGH TEMPSHUTDOWN

Control Panel

1. Arc Force (DIG) Control2. Remote Amperage/Voltage Control Switch3. Output Switch (Contactor)4. Process Selector Switch

5. Digital Meters6. Amperage/Voltage Adjustment Control7. High Temperature Shutdown Light8. Power Switch with Indicator Light

Dimension™ 1000/1250 Specifications (Subject to change without notice.)

Model

1000 A

1250 A

Rated Output



Amperage/Voltage Range

100–1250 A in CC mode

10–60 A in CV mode

Max. Open-CircuitVoltage*

66 VDC

Amps Input at Rated Output, 50/60 Hz230 V 380 V 400 V 440 V 460 V 575 V KVA KW

180 111 105 96 90 72 73 535.8** 4.9** 4.7** 4.2** 2.9** 2.4** 3.2** 0.5**

— 101 96 87 — — 66.3 48.45.2** 5.0** 4.5** — — 3.4** 0.56**

Dimensions

H: 30 in (762 mm)including lift eyeW: 23 in (585 mm)D: 38 in (966 mm)including strain relief

Net Weight

644 lb(292 kg)

*Open-circuit voltages in CV mode are factory set at values less than indicated for CC.**While idling.

6

ARC & GAS WELDING TABLES

SMALL ARC WELDING TABLES

WALL MOUNTED ARC & GAS TABLES

*For optional torch clips add the suffix .TC (Ex: GT-673.A.TC)

HoseGuard

Continuous welded construction of heavy11 gauge steel.Work surface height: 34”Grouted firebrick work surface includesgrounding rails.3/8” steel top is reinforced to preventwarping.All models include floor anchor pads.Available in Safety Green, Safety Blue &Steel Gray.

All welded construction of heavy11 gauge steel with a one piecereplaceable steel grate top.Overall height: 34”All models include a slag tray, flooranchor pads & 11 gauge supportrails.Available in Safety Green, SafetyBlue & Steel Gray.

Constructed of heavy 7 & 11 gauge steel with a one piecereplaceable steel grate top.Tables can be bolted together at the sides to form a row.Add removable side shields for multiple tableinstallation.Tables come standard with an arc spatter shield.Torch clips available*Available in Safety Green, Safety Blue & Steel Gray.

Table Size Grouted Firebrick 3/8” Steel Top(W X D) Part Number Part Number

30” X 25” GT-2 GT-2.STL

50” X 25” GT-4 GT-4.STL

Table Size Steel Grate Top(W X D) Part Number

30” X 24” GT-774

36” X 24” GT-776

48” X 24” GT-778

Table Size(W X D) Part Number

36” X 24” GT-673

48” X 24” GT-673.A

Shield Size(D X H) Description Part Number

25” X 24” Side shield GT-673.SS

25” X 24” Side shield with hose guard GT-674.SSHG

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WINDOW FRONT BOOTHS

OPEN FRONT BOOTHS*For steel reinforced panels add the suffix .STL (Ex: GB-74.S.STL)

*For steel reinforced panels add the suffix .STL (Ex: GB-73.S.STL)

Starter

Add-On

Free StandingGB-1075

PortableGB-1075.C

Wall MountedGB-1075.02

DEMONSTRATION BOOTHS

Constructed of heavy gauge tubular steel with noncon-ductive, asbestos-free, fire resistant panels.Overall height: 76”Available with steel reinforcement sheets insertedbetween the fire resistant panels.*Booths come in either starter or add-on units. Onestarter unit per row.Available in Safety Green, Safety Blue & Steel Gray.

Constructed of heavy gauge tubular steel withnonconducting, asbestos-free, fire resistant panels.Overall Height: 76”Available with steel reinforcement sheets insertedbetween the fire resistant panels.*A #10 shade observation window on front panelallows safe viewing from outside the booth.Booths come in either starter or add-on units. Onestarter unit per row.Available in Safety Green, Safety Blue & Steel Gray.

Constructed of heavy gaugetubular steel with nonconductive,asbestos-free, fire resistantpanels.Overall height: 76”Booths measure 60”W x 60”Dwith a 26”W door opening.Observation windows on front &side allow safe viewing fromoutside the booth.Portable units include 3” swivellocking casters.Available in Safety Green, SafetyBlue & Steel Gray.

Starter GB-73.SAdd-On GB-73.A

Booth Size Door Size Free Standing(W X D) (W) Type Part Number

48” X 48” 43”

Booth Size Door Size Window Size Wall Mounted Free Standing(W X D) (W) (W X H) Type Part Number Part Number

48” X 48” 32” 12” X 24”

48” X 60” 32” 12” X 24”

60” X 60” 26” 30” X 24”

60” X 72” 26” 30” X 24”

72” X 72” 39” 30” X 24”

Starter GB-74.S GB-74.04.SAdd-On GB-74.A GB-74.04.A

Starter GB-724.02.S GB-724.SAdd-On GB-724.02.A GB-724.A




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Type 400BT Electrode Oven

• Digital electronic indicating temperature controls

• High temperature limit device (see specifications for models)

• High capacity centrifugal, recirculating blower with balanced airflow / heat inputs provide even heat throughout chamber (blowers are OSHA safe)

• Fresh air intake with adjustable exhaust

• Vertical airflow • Spring loaded door latches,

explosion-venting type • Resilient door gaskets prevent

heat loss • Structurally reinforced 14, 16, &

18 gauge steel construction • Aluminumized steel interior

chamber • Baked enamel, chemical-resistant

exterior coating

Shipped Completely Assembled Following Thorough Factory Testing Including:

• Air circulation adjustment • Temperature control adjustment • Operation at maximum

temperature

Specifications Type 400BT (2-NM) Electrode Capacity 18" (45.7cm) max. - 400lbs (181 Kg) Temperature Range 100° to 800°F (38° to 427°C) Chamber Size / Volume 21.5" dia x 20" deep / 3.7 cu. ft. (54.6cm dia x 50.8cm deep / .104m3 Shelves 7 metal compartments Exterior (Welded) #16 gauge Aluminumized Steel Chamber #18 Gauge Heating Elements 6.0 KW - sheathed elements Insulation 5" (12.7 cm) avg., thermafiber Voltage - Three Phase Only 3/60/240 or 3/60/480 Volt AC (convertible) Wiring Wired for 480V (factory) - convertible to 240V in field Manual Controls Digital Electronic Indicating Controller with High Temp Limit Device Recirculating System Calculated, 150 CFM (4.2 m3 / M) Centrifugal Blower Motor 1/2 H.P. Exterior Dimensions

Net Weight

31."5 W x 43.5" D x 43" H (90.1 W x 110.5 D x 109.2 H cm)

430 lbs (195 Kg) Shipping Weight

Dimensions

580 lbs (263 Kg)

43"W x 49"D x 51"H (109.2 W x 124.5 D x 129.5 H cm)

8

FOUR STATION WELDING TABLE

*For drawers add the suffix .D to any table (Ex: GOA-4.WPD)

OPTIONS & ACCESSORIES

ARC WELDING CENTER

Part NumberGT-9

All welded construction of heavy 11 gauge steelwith a 26” X 30” fire resistant non-asbestos fiberback shield.Overall size: 30”W X 25”D X 64”H.Work surface height: 34”One piece, replaceable steel grate top measures29”W X 24”D.Drawer measures 4”H X 12”W X 18”D.A removable/adjustable curtain hanger holds 2fire resistant, transparent, smoke gray curtains.Includes floor anchor pads & slag pan.Available in Safety Green, Safety Blue & Steel Gray.

All welded construction of heavy 7 gauge steel.Work surface height: 34”Gas distribution tower meets safety regulations & in-cludes two each: 1/2” ball valves and one way checkvalves on inlet.All models have a grouted firebrick work surface, fourtorch holders & floor anchor pads.Optional welding package includes four each: oxygen andacetylene regulators, hoses, welding torches, goggles,strikers, cutting tips, cutting attachment, #0, #2, & #4welding tips.Optional drawers measure 3”H X 12”W X 16”D*Available in Safety Green, Safety Blue & Steel Gray.

Table Size Standard Table(W X D) Part Number

50” X 50” GOA-4

60” X 60” GOA-5

Table Size Table with Table with(W X D) Welding Package Regulators

50” X 50” GOA-4.WP GOA-4.VR

60” X 60” GOA-5.WP N/A

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David Hanzal

Line

Roughneck V Style ITEM 02-04-52 • The Roughneck is a complete heavy duty outfit with all the necessary components for industrial and commercial applications including cutting, brazing, heating and welding. • RV Series regulators incorporate a durable stainless steel diaphragm, an easily accessible seat assembly, and easy to read single scale brass cased 2-½" gauges. • Our CA780 Cutting Attachment with its unique one piece copper mixer sets the industry standard for all fuel gases 3 PSIG and above with the proper tip. • The WH360 Welding Handle has O-ring sealed tube within a tube construction for long life and easy maintenance. Capacity: Cutting range, As Supplied: 3/4", With Optional Tips: 8" Capacity: Welding range, As Supplied: ½", With Optional Tips: 3" Capacity: Heating range, As Supplied: 0/80 CFH acet., 118,000 BTU/HR With Optional Tips: 90/220 CFH acet. 324,000 BTU/HR. *Dual scale gauges and other regulator connections available upon request.

Instructions Included

Torch Handle

Cutting Attachments

Cutting Tip

Weld/Braze Type 4 Sizes 1,3,5

Heating Tip

Oxygen* Regulator

5-125 PSIG

Acetylene* Regulator 2-15 PSIG

Twin Hose 25' - 1/4" "B" Lighter Goggles

mechanics lab

Documents

adjusting

14o downstream

quick release

45m h2o

international

f126 seriesparallel

signal conditioning

quick release