MECAG 4203MECAG 4203

IRRIGATION PRINCIPLESIRRIGATION PRINCIPLES

SPRING 2005SPRING 2005

INSTRUCTOR: INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Michael A. KizerDr. Michael A. Kizer

228 Ag Hall228 Ag Hall

744-8421 (office)744-8421 (office)

744-5653 (secretary – Pat in 218 Ag Hall)744-5653 (secretary – Pat in 218 Ag Hall)

mkizer@okstate.edu

OFFICE HOURS: OFFICE HOURS: Normally available in office daily;Normally available in office daily;

Call before making a special trip to be sure that I am in.Call before making a special trip to be sure that I am in.

GRADER:GRADER: TBATBA

PREREQUISITE: PREREQUISITE: Math 1513 (College Algebra)Math 1513 (College Algebra)

COURSE MATERIALS: Class notes by Eisenhauer, Martin, and HoffmanCOURSE MATERIALS: Class notes by Eisenhauer, Martin, and Hoffman

(University of Nebraska); Purchase notes (Cost: (University of Nebraska); Purchase notes (Cost: $25)$25) at OSU Bookstore; Various class handouts at OSU Bookstore; Various class handouts

FINAL EXAM: FINAL EXAM: Tuesday, May 1, at 10:00-11:50 AM in Room 225 AGH Tuesday, May 1, at 10:00-11:50 AM in Room 225 AGH

GRADING:GRADING: Homework (35%) + Hour Exams (40%) + Final (25%) =Homework (35%) + Hour Exams (40%) + Final (25%) = 100% 100%

Exams are open book and open notes. Homework will be collected at the beginning of class on the date due. Late homework may be turned in (for half credit) up to the beginning of the next class. For homework turned in after that time, no credit will be given. Homework is to be done neatly and in pencil, with the answers clearly identified. Show all work if you wish to receive any partial credit for an incorrect answer. Staple all pages together and be sure your name is on each page.

Attendance is not explicitly a part of the grading criteria. However experience has shown that class attendance has a high correlation with performance on homework and exams. It’s very difficult to learn the material if you aren’t in class on a regular basis.

In assigning letter grades at the end of the semester, the numerical scores will be “curved”. In other words, your grade will depend on how well you perform relative to the rest of the class, and how well the entire class performs relative to previous classes. The “curve” can’t hurt you, meaning that any score above 90 will be an A, 80-90 will be at least a B, 70-80 at least a C, and 60-70 at least a D.

Academic dishonesty will not be tolerated. You are encouraged to discuss concepts and homework problems with your fellow students, but direct copying of someone else's homework answers is not allowed. Failure to work the homework problems yourself is almost always reflected in poor performance on the examinations.

READING ASSIGNMENTSREADING ASSIGNMENTS

ChapterChapter TopicTopic PagesPages

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction 1-12 1-12

2.2. Soil Water-Plant RelationshipsSoil Water-Plant Relationships 13-52 13-52

3.3. Measuring Water ApplicationsMeasuring Water Applications 53-76 53-76

4.4. Plant Water UsePlant Water Use 77-123 77-123

5.5. Irrigation System PerformanceIrrigation System Performance 124-161124-161

6.6. Irrigation SchedulingIrrigation Scheduling 162-195162-195

7.7. Salinity ManagementSalinity Management 196-220196-220

8.8. Irrigation HydraulicsIrrigation Hydraulics 221-253221-253

9.9. Water Delivery SystemsWater Delivery Systems 254-277254-277

10.10. Surface IrrigationSurface Irrigation 278-309278-309

11.11. SprinklersSprinklers 310-351310-351

12.12. Set Move/Traveler SystemsSet Move/Traveler Systems 352-387352-387

13.13. Center Pivots & Lateral MovesCenter Pivots & Lateral Moves 388-415388-415

14.14. MicroirrigationMicroirrigation 416-447416-447

15.15. Landscape IrrigationLandscape Irrigation 448-474448-474

Reading Approx.Reading Approx. AssignmentAssignment # of Periods# of Periods

   A. A. IntroductionIntroduction Class orientationClass orientation Chapter 1Chapter 1 11 Importance of irrigation Importance of irrigation pp. 124-127; 159-160pp. 124-127; 159-160 Types of irrigation systems, Irrigation in OKTypes of irrigation systems, Irrigation in OK B. B. Water MeasurementWater Measurement Chapter 3Chapter 3 11 Units; Volume balance (Qt=Ad); Flow measurementUnits; Volume balance (Qt=Ad); Flow measurement C. C. Soil-Water RelationshipsSoil-Water Relationships Chapter 2Chapter 2 33    Soil properties; Water in soils; Infiltration;Soil properties; Water in soils; Infiltration; Soil water measurementSoil water measurement  D. D. Irrigation Water RequirementsIrrigation Water Requirements Chapter 4Chapter 4 11 EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration pp. 127-160pp. 127-160 Efficiencies and uniformities; System capacityEfficiencies and uniformities; System capacity  E. E. Irrigation SchedulingIrrigation Scheduling Chapter 6Chapter 6 22    Principles; Moisture accounting; Other methodsPrinciples; Moisture accounting; Other methods  F. F. Irrigation Water SupplyIrrigation Water Supply Chapter 9Chapter 9 33 Surface water; Ground water and wells;Surface water; Ground water and wells; Chapter 7Chapter 7 Water quality; Water lawWater quality; Water law

Hour Exam 1Hour Exam 1 (TBA)(TBA) 11

ReadingReading Approx. Approx. AssignmentAssignment # of Periods# of Periods

  G. G. Pipeline HydraulicsPipeline Hydraulics pp. 222-236pp. 222-236 22 Basic relationships; Friction loss Basic relationships; Friction loss pp. 458-464pp. 458-464H. H. Pumping PlantsPumping Plants    Types of pumps; Pump characteristics; Pump selectionTypes of pumps; Pump characteristics; Pump selection pp. 237-252pp. 237-252 44 Power units; Pumping costsPower units; Pumping costs  I. I. Sprinkler IrrigationSprinkler Irrigation pp. 124-125pp. 124-125 55 Types of systems Types of systems pp. 159-160pp. 159-160 System components System components Chapter 11Chapter 11 Sprinkler performance Sprinkler performance Chapter 12Chapter 12 Hydraulics of laterals Hydraulics of laterals Chapter 13Chapter 13 Other design/management considerationsOther design/management considerations pp. 448-457; 465-473pp. 448-457; 465-473

Hour Exam 2Hour Exam 2 (TBA)(TBA) 11

J. J. MicroirrigationMicroirrigation pp. 126-127pp. 126-127 22 Types of systems; System componentsTypes of systems; System components p. 159p. 159 Emitter and lateral hydraulics Emitter and lateral hydraulics Chapter 14Chapter 14 Other design/management considerationsOther design/management considerationsK. K. Landscape IrrigationLandscape Irrigation pp. 126-127pp. 126-127 33 Types of systems; Control systems Types of systems; Control systems pp. 159-160pp. 159-160 Other design/management considerationsOther design/management considerations Chapter 15

Final ExamFinal Exam Tuesday, May 1, 10:00 – 11:50 AMTuesday, May 1, 10:00 – 11:50 AM

Class NotesClass Notes

The lecture notes for class are available online on Dr. Kizer’s The lecture notes for class are available online on Dr. Kizer’s personal web page:personal web page:

http://biosystems.okstate.edu/Home/mkizer/index.htm

The notes are in MS PowerPoint and can be viewed with the The notes are in MS PowerPoint and can be viewed with the web browser of any campus computer with a network web browser of any campus computer with a network connection. They can also be viewed from off-campus connection. They can also be viewed from off-campus computers which have Internet service. However, be warned computers which have Internet service. However, be warned that many of the PowerPoint files are large (1 MB to 8 MB in that many of the PowerPoint files are large (1 MB to 8 MB in size). If you do not have a high-speed cable modem or DSL size). If you do not have a high-speed cable modem or DSL service, it will take a long time to read the files via the typical service, it will take a long time to read the files via the typical dial-up internet connection. Once you have finished all the dial-up internet connection. Once you have finished all the slides of a particular file (or any time you want to quit viewing) slides of a particular file (or any time you want to quit viewing) click on the click on the BackBack arrow of your browser and you will be arrow of your browser and you will be returned to the Home page.returned to the Home page.

If you want to print out copies of the notes for study or If you want to print out copies of the notes for study or review you can do so by using the following steps:review you can do so by using the following steps:

Open the target file by clicking on the appropriate hypertext Open the target file by clicking on the appropriate hypertext title in the class index;title in the class index;

On your web browser’s tool bar click on On your web browser’s tool bar click on FileFile and then on and then on PrintPrint;;

In the interest of saving trees, I would suggest that you go to In the interest of saving trees, I would suggest that you go to the the Print what:Print what: drop-down menu of the print window and drop-down menu of the print window and select select HandoutsHandouts;;

In the In the Slides per page:Slides per page: drop down menu select drop down menu select 66 (usually (usually the default value). This will print six, 2-in x 3-in images of the default value). This will print six, 2-in x 3-in images of the slides per page, which are typically large enough to be the slides per page, which are typically large enough to be read easily;read easily;

Click on the Click on the OKOK button.button.

IntroductionIntroduction

Importance of IrrigationImportance of Irrigation• DefinitionDefinition

– ““the supply of water to crops and landscaping the supply of water to crops and landscaping plants by artificial means”plants by artificial means”

• Estimates of magnitudeEstimates of magnitude– world-wide: 544 million acres world-wide: 544 million acres

• (17% of land (17% of land 1/3 of food production) 1/3 of food production)

– U.S.: 59 million acres U.S.: 59 million acres • (10% of land (10% of land 25% of crop value) 25% of crop value)

– annual water withdrawal (world-wide): annual water withdrawal (world-wide): 870 trillion gallons (6X Mississippi River)870 trillion gallons (6X Mississippi River)

PurposePurpose

• Raise a crop where nothing would grow Raise a crop where nothing would grow otherwise (e.g., desert areas)otherwise (e.g., desert areas)

• Grow a more profitable crop (e.g., alfalfa Grow a more profitable crop (e.g., alfalfa vs. wheat)vs. wheat)

• Increase the yield and/or quality of a given Increase the yield and/or quality of a given crop (e.g., fruit)crop (e.g., fruit)

• Increase the aesthetic value of a Increase the aesthetic value of a landscape (e.g., turf, ornamentals)landscape (e.g., turf, ornamentals)

Reasons for yield/quality increaseReasons for yield/quality increase

• Reduced water stressReduced water stress

• Better germination and standsBetter germination and stands

• Higher plant populationsHigher plant populations

• More efficient use of fertilizerMore efficient use of fertilizer

• Improved varietiesImproved varieties

Other Benefits of IrrigationOther Benefits of Irrigation

• Leaching of saltsLeaching of salts

• Frost protectionFrost protection

• Plant/soil coolingPlant/soil cooling

• Chemical applicationChemical application

• Wind erosion controlWind erosion control

• Waste disposalWaste disposal

An Historical PerspectiveAn Historical Perspective

• Nile River Basin (Egypt) - 6000 B.C.Nile River Basin (Egypt) - 6000 B.C.• Tigris-Euphrates River Basin (Iraq, Iran, Syria) - Tigris-Euphrates River Basin (Iraq, Iran, Syria) -

4000 B.C.4000 B.C.• Yellow River Basin (China) - 3000 B.C.Yellow River Basin (China) - 3000 B.C.• Indus River Basin (India) - 2500 B.C.Indus River Basin (India) - 2500 B.C.• Maya and Inca civilizations (Mexico, South Maya and Inca civilizations (Mexico, South

America) - 500 B.C.America) - 500 B.C.• Salt River Basin (Arizona) - 100 B.C.Salt River Basin (Arizona) - 100 B.C.• Western U. S. - 1800’sWestern U. S. - 1800’s• Involvement of federal government - 1900 (only Involvement of federal government - 1900 (only

about 3 million acres then)about 3 million acres then)

Types of SystemsTypes of Systems• SprinklerSprinkler

– pressurized irrigation through devices called pressurized irrigation through devices called sprinklers (water is discharged into the air and sprinklers (water is discharged into the air and hopefully infiltrates near where it lands)hopefully infiltrates near where it lands)

– used on agricultural and horticultural crops, turf, used on agricultural and horticultural crops, turf, landscape plantslandscape plants

• SurfaceSurface– Irrigation water flows across the field to the point of Irrigation water flows across the field to the point of

infiltrationinfiltration– primarily used on agricultural crops and orchardsprimarily used on agricultural crops and orchards

• MicroMicro (drip, trickle) (drip, trickle)– frequent, slow application of irrigation water using frequent, slow application of irrigation water using

pressurized systemspressurized systems– used in landscape and nursery applications, and on used in landscape and nursery applications, and on

high-value agricultural and horticultural cropshigh-value agricultural and horticultural crops

Rainfall DistributionRainfall Distribution

Temperature ProfileTemperature Profile

Alfalfa Irrigation RequirementAlfalfa Irrigation Requirement (inches of irrigation/year)(inches of irrigation/year)

Normal YearNormal Year

Irrigated Acreage in Oklahoma by CountyIrrigated Acreage in Oklahoma by County-2000-2000-

(x 1000 acres)(x 1000 acres)

90 190 3490 190 34

1616

21 6821 68

6161

5252

2020

Irrigation in OklahomaIrrigation in Oklahoma2000 Irrigation Survey2000 Irrigation Survey

• About 667,000 irrigated acresAbout 667,000 irrigated acres• 48% in Cimarron/Texas/Beaver Counties48% in Cimarron/Texas/Beaver Counties• 24% in Harmon/Greer/Jackson/Tillman counties 24% in Harmon/Greer/Jackson/Tillman counties • 9% in Caddo County9% in Caddo County• 68% sprinkler irrigation68% sprinkler irrigation• 28% surface irrigation28% surface irrigation• 4% microirrigation4% microirrigation• 82% using ground water 82% using ground water • 18% using surface water18% using surface water

Irrigation in OklahomaIrrigation in Oklahoma

• 51% pumped with natural gas as the energy source51% pumped with natural gas as the energy source• 23% pumped with LP gas as the energy source23% pumped with LP gas as the energy source• 20% pumped with electricity as the energy source20% pumped with electricity as the energy source• Agronomic cropsAgronomic crops

– Corn (180,000 acres)Corn (180,000 acres)– Wheat (105,000 acres)Wheat (105,000 acres)– Grain sorghum (57,000 acres)Grain sorghum (57,000 acres)– Cotton (56,000 acres)Cotton (56,000 acres)– Alfalfa (98,000 acres)Alfalfa (98,000 acres)– Peanuts (60,000 acres)Peanuts (60,000 acres)

• Horticultural and turf cropsHorticultural and turf crops– Commercial vegetables (15,000 acres)Commercial vegetables (15,000 acres)– Commercial nurseries (5,000 acres)Commercial nurseries (5,000 acres)– Golf courses, parks, sod farms (14,000 acres)Golf courses, parks, sod farms (14,000 acres)– Orchards (5,000 acres)Orchards (5,000 acres)