measuring community views about the reintegration of offenders: victorian data
DESCRIPTION
Measuring community views about the reintegration of offenders: Victorian data. Lesley Hardcastle, Terry Bartholomew, Joe Graffam The Centre for Offender Reintegration @ Deakin. Outline. Background Rehabilitation v reintegration Our study Some trends and implications. Background. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Measuring community views about the reintegration of
offenders: Victorian data
Lesley Hardcastle, Terry Bartholomew, Joe Graffam
The Centre for Offender Reintegration @ Deakin
Outline Background Rehabilitation v reintegration Our study Some trends and implications
Background 30 June 2005–30 June 2009: 17.8% increase in
incarceration rates (males 18.4%, females 9.7%)
27.7% of male prisoners have sentences of < 12 months (42.5% of females)
46.6% sentences of 1 yr – <5 yrs (females 40.5%)
50% all prisoners prior adult imprisonment
33.9% released 2006–7 had returned within 2 yrs (42.5% in 1999-2000)
14.1% discharged from CC orders in 2006–7 had returned within 2 yrs
(ABS 2009)
Net expenditure (Vic 2008-9)
Prisoner$242.65 per day (>$88,500 per
annum)
Community Corrections$18.65 per day
Correlates of recidivsm Reoffending peaks in mid – late adolescence (17-
21 yrs) Gender (mixed results) but females are at less
risk The younger they start, the more likely to be
recidivist Robbery and property crimes markers of
increased risk Lifestyle, drug use, unemployment, low
education, poor accommodation, mental health, family instability
Post release difficulties (including lack of social support and health services)
“They all come back” (Travis, 1995)
“Most of them come backto community and then go back to
prison”
Sentencing objectives
Punishment and incapacitation Deterrence and rehabilitation Reintegration?
Rehabilitation and Reintegration
Psychological Psychosocial
Rehabilitation
Offender focused, offender deficit, criminogenic needs
‘What works’ debate
‘Nothing works’ to ‘what works for whom and why?’
Reintegration as a goal of sentencing
Reintegration per se is not included as a goal of sentencing for adult offenders in any Australian jurisdiction. Rehabilitation is mentioned as a goal of sentencing for adult offenders in 6 of the 8 Australian jurisdictions, (ACT, NSW, NT, Q’ld, SA, Vic)
ReintegrationA process facilitating the transition from offender to law-abiding citizen A reinstatement of what went before? Were they integrated in the first place? Programs that focus on broader issues
than just reoffending? (e.g., transition, self esteem, family support, employment , accommodation, access to health and other services)
Common understandingsExamples: promoting social responsibility and ensuring that the young
offender develops in a socially responsible way
the need to strengthen, preserve and/or maintain family ties
importance of allowing the juvenile offender to continue educational and/or vocational training uninterrupted
the importance of preserving the racial, ethnic and cultural identity of the juvenile offender
the importance of minimising stigma
the need to maintain community ties/involvement.
Rehabilitation /Reintegration rehabilitation as vocational and
educational courses, and employment
rehabilitation assisted by family
rehabilitation achieved through performing unpaid community work
rehabilitation that is facilitated by unsupervised community-based sentences.
Law / policy / theory / programs make reference to the importance of reintegrative ideas, but little attention is given to the gatekeepers of these reintegrative opportunities – the community
Attitude studiesPublic holds inaccurate and negative views of sentencing
Underestimates lengths of sentences Over estimates crime rates Stereotyping (offence, offender)
BUT, when given more information Favours rehabilitation and community-based
sentences for juveniles, first time offenders
(Hough & Roberts, 1998; Hough & Park, 2002; Mirrless-Black, 2001; Paulin, Searle, & Knaggs, 2003; Roberts & Stalans, 1997; Roberts, Stalans, Hough, & Indermaur, 2003)
Public opinion and policyHow the public thinks creates barriers and opportunities regarding what policies might be implemented “An optimistic view about offenders and their treatment will create ideological space for policy initiatives that are more progressive and rehabilitation-oriented.” (Piquero et al., 2010)
Our StudyAims to identify:
Levels of community support for specific aspects of reintegration
Community groups with positive/negative views re reintegration
Offence and offender sub-groups that the community are least / most accepting of
Reintegrative policies the community are most likely to support
The predictors of community views about reintegration.
Factors of interestRespondent factors:
Personal characteristics – age, gender, parent, education, income
Experience – victim, know an offender Knowledge (of criminal justice system)
Views about employment of offenders Proximity (working with) Policy (gov’t support for)
Views about housing of offenders Proximity (working with) Policy (gov’t support for)
Effects of offence, correctional history, characteristics of offender
Method
Questionnaire mailed to 15,000 randomly selected Victorian households
Voluntary, anonymous, reply paid return Sample size 2,629 (return rate almost
20%) Sample representative of Vic pop’n —
age, sex, income Significant interest in follow-up study
What does the community think are the goals of sentencing?
Goals of sentencing
Make community safer 69%
Punish offenders 56%
Deter other 52%
Deter offender 43%
Provide a measure of seriousness
40%
Rehabilitate offenders 34%
Help offenders lead productive lives
28%
Percentage chosen as priority 1
Success of sentencing goals
Make community safer 3.0
Punish offenders 3.0
Help offenders lead productive lives
3.0
Rehabilitate offenders 3.0
Provide a measure of seriousness
2.9
Deter offender 2.7
Deter others 2.6
1= not at all successful –– 7 = very successful
The policy / proximity divide
Not in my backyard (NIMBY, Martin & Myers, 2005)
Doctrine of “less eligibility”
People supported domains in this order:
1. Employment policy (most support – 5 out of 7)
2. Housing policy (4 out of 7)
3. Employment proximity (3 out of 7)
4. Housing proximity (least support 2 / 7)
This order is regardless of what other information they have about the offender, the offence or their correctional history.
Proximity v Policy
Employment Housing0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ProximityPolicy
Abstract v. concrete
Does additional information make a difference? Offence Corrections history Offender personal characteristics?
Offences Across all domains the offending
groups regarded as least eligible for reintegrative opportunities were all three listed ‘types’ of sex offenders
Sex offenders seen as less ‘eligible’ than murderers and drug dealers
Most support for fraud, embezzlement, corporate crime
Corrections historyIn order of most to least support
offence-related rehabilitation education / training programs single crime community sentence prison and community sentence
(parole) prison sentence only multiple crimes
Offender personal characteristics
In order of most to least support remorseful motivated to desist parent aged 17 or under female male minority culturral group aged 41 or over aged 31-40 aged 18-30
Support for housing
Housing (in prin-ciple)
Offence Corrections Offender0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ProximityPolicy
Support for employment
Housing (in principle) Offence Corrections Offender0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ProximityPolicy
Offence related (housing proximity) Would not trust them ever
I would feel threatened and unsafe
White collar criminals do not pose a threat to me, nor does a person 'caught' with grass
No tolerance for child related offences
We should have penal system not a justice system
Perhaps they should live next to judges, MPs, people who defend them in court or police officers
Depends on the circumstances of the crime
I would not be aware that the person had a record
Corrections history (housing proximity) Wouldn’t feel safe don’t believe people really change at
their core
Whether the way the sentence was served has any effect on future behaviour seems to be a matter of luck rather than anything else …
The offence would matter more
Serious offenders will offend again if not punished enough
It depends on the effectiveness of the program
Offenders who are multiple criminals are of more concern that a single offender. Kind of sentence is of little relevance.
Only if they can prove to me they have changed for the better
I think that the longer the prison sentence, the more dangerous the person
Everybody should be allowed one mistake
Personal characteristics of offender (housing proximity)
Young offenders are worse to live around because they will keep re-offending. They know nothing much will happen to them in court.
Who knows if they are 'motivated' not to reoffend?
The "class" of crime is more important than the age of the offender.
If an immigrant or refugee – deport them back to wherever they came from – no second chances!
I don't think age is relevant; the concern for me is based on the nature of the crime and the risk of reoffending
Age would be a major consideration. I would be more tolerant of both youthful and older offenders (over 50)
Comments related to policy
Offender reintegration requires government support for employment and housing. How does the public feel about such support if they see it as preferencing those who have committed crimes?
Comments related to policy Why? Nobody has helped me or mine! We work,
we pay out taxes, we are good citizens – criminals wreck the world!
Why should they get help when there are plenty of honest people who can’t get housing?
These people should help themselves
Depends on priority – I don’t believe a criminal should get housing if it means non-criminals miss out on support
These services should be part of the rehabilitation process
“Doctrine of less eligibility”
The public does not want people who have committed crimes to be treated better that the most disadvantaged in society.
Other findings ... Youthful offenders seen as more
eligible Respondents aged 18-30 much more
accepting in general than other age groups
Men more accepting than women Victims of crime less accepting
(particularly re employment factors) Higher levels of education more
supportive of gov’t support
The planTo identify: eligibility cut-offs predictors of these (and the rationales) attitudinal obstacles that services face reintegrative opportunitiesUse the qualitative data to build theory around these processesReplication of study in NSW
“Ex-offenders can re-integrate themselves and communities can re-integrate ex-offenders. But the most the state can do is to help or hinder the process. Reintegration happens “out there”, when the professionals go home“ (Maruna, 2006).
40
Offender factorsLabour m
arket
Global,
nati
onal
even
ts
Views about ‘eligibility’
Respondentcharacteristics
Comm
unity
attitudes & values
Offence factors