measuring china’s sti development part...
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1
Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
Beijing, 14th October 2014
Measuring China’s STI Development PART I
Beijing, 14th October 2014
2
Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
Beijing, 14th October 2014
I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
3
Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
Beijing, 14th October 2014
I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
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Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
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WP1: Identifying, Assessing and Updating Data and
Indicators Relevant to STI in China
The objective of this WP is to identify indicators which are
most relevant to measure the overall progress of STI
development in China and which are coherent with the
Innovation Union Scoreboard and the Innovation Union
Competitiveness Report.
I. Introduction
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Data Collection STI Indicators
A selection of indicators used by the Innovation Union
Scoreboard (IUS 2011 and 2014) and the Innovation
Union Competitiveness report (IUC 2011 and 2013).
A selection of IUC indicators - the most recent
available data for the EU was extracted from Eurostat
in 2014, allowing a comparison between the EU and
China on relevant indicators.
I. Introduction
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Methodology for Bibliometrics
The analysis of the scientific fields consists of two layers:
General developing trends of 12 fields are presented, focusing on
the number and growth rate of publications in the selected years;
In-depth analysis of collaborative research between China and the
EU in 6 selected fields – 1) Chemistry; 2) Computer Science; 3)
Environmental Science; 4) Medicine; 5) Pharmacology, Toxicology
and Pharmaceutics; 6) Physics and Astronomy.
I. Introduction
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I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
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Indicators EU
(IUS 2011) China
Percentage population aged 30-34 having completed tertiary education 35.8
(2012) 15.2
(2012)
New S&T graduates (ISCED 5A) with S&E orientation, person 875,225 (2011)
1,433,849 (2011)
New doctoral graduates (ISCED 6), person 114,174 (2011)
50,289 (2011)
Human resources in Science and Technology aged 25-64, thousand persons
98,121 (2011)
74,086 (2011)
Indicators on Human Resources
II. Results
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Indicators on R&D Spending
Indicators EU
(IUS 2011) China
Business R&D expenditure as % of GDP 1.3
(2012) 1.4
(2012)
Non-R&D innovation expenditures as % of GDP 0.56
(2010) 1.19
(2010)
SMEs innovating in-house 31.8
(2010) 17.5
(2010)
SMEs introducing product or process innovations 38.4
(2010) 28.3
(2010)
Venture capital (early stage, expansion and replacement) as % of GDP 0.277 (2012)
0.12 (2012)
II. Results
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Indicators on Economic Effects
Indicators EU
(IUS 2011) China
Knowledge-intensive services exports as % total service exports 49.4 (2011) 38.8 (2011)
Contribution of medium and high-tech product exports to the trade
balance 11.90 (2012) 3.18 (2012)
License and patent revenues from abroad as % GDP 0.21 (2011) 0.013 (2011)
II. Results
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Bibliometrics: Strongest Research Fields II. Results
Strongest research fields
represent scientific strengths
and competitiveness in the
past:
• Engineering
• Physics
• Astronomy
• Material Science
• Chemistry
Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier
Share of academic disciplines, China vs. Worldwide
(total applications between 2000 and 2013)
01
02
03
0
perc
en
tag
e o
f to
tal
Eng
inee
ring
Phy
sics
& a
stro
nom
y
Mat
eria
ls
Che
mistry
Med
icin
e
Bio
ch, g
ene
& m
olec
ular
bio
Com
pute
r
Che
mical
Eng
Mat
hem
atics
Ear
th &
plane
tary
Agr
& b
io sci
Env
ironm
ent
Ene
rgy
Pha
rmac
olog
y
Imm
unol
ogy
Mul
tidisciplin
ary
Soc
ial s
ci
Neu
rosc
ienc
e
Bus
ines
s & m
anag
emen
t
Dec
ision
sci
Eco
nom
ics
Arts
& h
uman
ities
Vet
erin
ary
Nur
sing
Psy
chol
ogy
Hea
lth
Den
tistry
worldwide china
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China’s Increasing Share in Publications
(% in Worldwide Research Output)
II. Results
China grew the most,
from 4% of the world
total in 2000 to 18% in
2013.
Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier
Shares in the worldwide total 2000-2013
(BRICK countries, EU27, United States and Japan)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
EU 27
United States
China
Japan
India
Brazil
Russia
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Fastest Growing Fields in China
II. Results
12 fields Growth rate
2000-11
Ratio to the total
(2011)
Immunology and Microbiology 28.0% 0.03
Computer Science 27.5% 0.10
Environmental Science 25.7% 0.06
Agricultural and Biological
Sciences 25.3% 0.08
Medicine 24.7% 0.15
Biochemistry, Genetics and
Molecular Biology 23.9% 0.13
Energy 21.4% 0.05
Engineering 20.8% 0.30
Pharmacology, Toxicology and
Pharmaceutics 19.1% 0.04
Physics and Astronomy 18.3% 0.20
Materials Science 17.9% 0.20
Chemistry 17.7% 0.17
• Fastest growing fields indicate
future development trends
• Small fields with growth over
20%: Immunology and
Microbiology, Environmental
Science, Energy
• Strong fields with growth over
20%: Computer Science,
Medicine, Biochemistry,
Engineering
Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%Engineering
EnergyMaterials Science
Computer Science
Chemical Engineering
Physics and Astronomy
Multidisciplinary
Chemistry
Earth and Planetary Sciences
Mathematics
Environmental Science
Pharmacology
Biochemistry... BiologyImmunologyAgr. and Biological Sciences
Decision Sciences
Medicine
Neuroscience
Veterinary
Dentistry
Economics, Econometricsand Finance
Business, Management andAccounting
Social Sciences
Health Professions
Nursing
Arts and HumanitiesPsychology
2000 2005 2010 2013
II. Results Share of Chinese Publications
Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier
Competitive advantage
in natural sciences
(Engineering, Computer
Science and Materials
Science). On the
contrary, research in
social sciences
(Psychology and Arts
and Humanities) has
not progressed on the
same level.
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II. Results
A value greater than 1 indicates that China
had more collaborative research with the EU
than the US
A value less than 1 means that China
collaborated more with the US than the EU.
In 2005, in terms of total collaborative
research with China, the EU was at a slightly
higher level than the US in Chemistry
(EU/US=1.04), and at a similar level in the
rest of the fields.
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500Chemistry
Computerscience
Environmentalscience
Medicine
Pharmacology,Toxicology andPharmaceutics
Physics andAstronomy
Total publications Publications in high impact journals Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier
Joint Publications with Chinese Institutes in 2005 (EU25/US)
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Joint Publications with Chinese Institutes in 2011 (EU27/US)
II. Results
The EU/US ratio of publications in high
impact journals increased in almost all
fields from 2005 to 2011.
The values in all fields (in terms of total
publications) dropped in 2011, indicating
that the US performed more collaborative
research with China while the EU
decreased its share in the selected fields.
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500Chemistry
Computerscience
Environmentalscience
Medicine
Pharmacology,Toxicology and
Pharmaceutics
Physics andAstronomy
Total publications Publications in high impact journals Source: Scopus - SciVerse Elsevier
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I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
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III. Conclusions
Compared to indicators which are labelled as ‘enablers’ in
the IUS, the improving Chinese performance on indicators
for innovation activities of firms are more impressive.
The strongest fields of publications are Engineering,
Physics and Astronomy, Material Science, and Chemistry.
China shows a strong competitive advantage in natural
sciences.
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III. Conclusions
Emerging small fields with growth over 20%:
Immunology and Microbiology, Environmental
Science, Energy (societal challenges).
Strong fields with growth over 20%: Computer
Science, Engineering, Medicine, Biochemistry
(economic motors).
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III. Conclusions
The share of the China-EU collaborations that
are published in high impact journals is lower
than that of the China - U.S. ones;
China´s collaborations in high impact journals
with the EU are increasing at a faster rate than
those with the U.S.
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Measuring China’s STI Development PART II
Beijing, 14th October 2014
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Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
Beijing, 14th October 2014
I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
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Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
Beijing, 14th October 2014
I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
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Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
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I. Introduction
WP2: Mapping of China’s Research and Innovation Capabilities
in Selected Technologies
Provide a comprehensive overview of China’s research and innovation
capabilities across industrial sectors and in selected cross-cutting
technologies;
Provide novel insights into the development of China’s research and
innovation capabilities, concerning both general development as well as
specific strengths and weaknesses across selected economic sectors and
technologies.
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Indicators
The empirical analysis focuses on two main indicators:
The development of R&D expenditures
Patent applications
I. Introduction
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Sectoral approach (I)
Eight industrial sectors have been selected:
Chemical Products
Pharmaceuticals
Fabricated Metal Products
Computers, Electronic, Optical Products
Electrical Equipment
Machinery and Equipment
Motor Vehicles
Other Transport Equipment
I. Introduction
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Sectoral approach (II)
Further three major cross-cutting technologies are analysed. These
technologies do not follow the traditional industry classification but are
of special importance, also in light of the EU grand challenges policy:
Biotechnology
Environmental Technologies
Nanotechnology
I. Introduction
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I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
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II. Results
China’s Industrial Structure
Difference in sector shares on total production between CN and the EU, 2009
Source: WIOD, own calculations
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
Ele
ctr
ical a
nd o
ptical
eq
uip
ment
Agri
culture
, m
inin
g
Meta
ls a
nd
meta
l pro
ducts
Texile
s, ap
pare
l, le
ath
er
Che
mic
al p
rodu
cts
Mach
inery
Non
-meta
llic m
inera
lpro
du
cts
Con
str
uctio
n
Foo
d a
nd t
obacco
Rub
ber
pro
ducts
Wood
an
d w
ood p
rodu
cts
Tra
nsport
equ
ipm
ent
Coke, oil
Ele
ctr
icity
, gas a
nd w
ate
rsu
pply
Pap
er,
prin
ting
Oth
er
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g
Post an
d tele
com
Hote
ls a
nd
resta
ura
nts
Tra
nsport
Fin
an
cia
l in
term
edia
tio
n
Rea
l esta
te
Tra
de
Ren
ting,
busin
ess s
erv
ices
Oth
er
serv
ices
Diffe
ren
ce i
n s
ha
re o
n t
ota
l b
etw
een
CN
an
d
the E
U
Manufacturing Sectors: China > EU
Services Sectors: China < EU
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II. Results
Source: UNESCO, own calculations
Global Share in Total R&D Expenditures
26,1% 23,5% 23,5%
37,7%
34,5% 32,7%
13,7%
12,8% 10,7%
5,0%
8,9%
12,1%
5,0%
6,2%
6,2%
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
2002 2007 2009
GE
RD
(b
n P
PP
$)
Oceania
Other in Asia (excl. Japan,China, India, Israel)Newly IndustrialisedEconomies in AsiaIndia
China
Japan
Africa
Latin America and theCaribbeanNorth America
Other in Europe
European Union
China has
increased its total
R&D
expenditures
significantly
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Private R&D expenditures in China relative to the EU (2010)
II. Results
Development of Industrial R&D Expenditure in Selected Economic Sectors
Source: China Statistical Yearbook, Eurostat, own calculations
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Oth
er t
ran
spo
rteq
uip
me
nt
Elec
tric
al a
nd o
ptic
aleq
uip
men
t
Mac
hin
ery
and
equ
ipm
ent
Che
mic
al P
rodu
cts
Mo
tor
veh
icle
s
Fabr
icat
ed m
etal
pro
duc
ts
Phar
ma
ceu
tica
ls
tota
l
Rat
io C
N/E
U
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PCT Patent Applications II. Results
Number of total PCT patent applications (1990-2011)
Source: OECD, REGPAT database, January 2014, own calculations
The increasing
importance of
China and Rest
of World (RoW)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Num
ber o
f PCT
pat
ent a
pplic
atio
ns
China
ROW
Japan
US
EU-27
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Share in global PCT patenting
II. Results
Source: OECD, REGPAT database, January 2014, own calculations
The shift in
global patenting
becomes even
more evident
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Shar
e in
glo
bal p
aten
ting
(PCT
)
EU-27
US
Japan
ROW
China
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Share in Global PCT Patenting by Selected Sectors (2011)
II. Results
• Highest shares
in Computers,
Electronics,
Optical Products
and Electrical
Equipment
• A lower global
share for the
three cross-
cutting
technologies
Source: OECD, REGPAT database, January 2014, own calculations
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Chemical Products
Pharmaceuticals
Fabricated Metal Products
Computers, Electronic, O
pticalProducts
Electrical Equipment
Machinery and Equipm
ent
Motor Vehicles
Other Transport
Biotechnology
Nanotechnology
Environmental Technologies
Shar
e in
glo
bal P
CT p
aten
ting
(201
1)
China
ROW
Japan
US
EU
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I. Introduction
II. Results
III. Conclusions
Contents
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Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
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III. Conclusions
Increasing performance of research and innovation in China over the past 20
years, indicated by the overall growth of patent applications and private R&D
investments, both in terms of absolute numbers as well as global shares.
Growth performance was not hampered by the global economic crisis from
2007-2009.
There is growing importance of R&D for generating innovation in China, and the
transformation of the economy to a more productivity-driven, knowledge based
economy.
Structural shift of the Chinese economy, with a growing share of knowledge
intensive industries, in particular telecommunication and electronics.
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Final Presentation and Discussion Workshop
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III. Conclusions
Growth of R&D investments was mainly driven by the Electrical
Equipment and Other Transport sectors, especially in ships and
boats; the gap between China and the EU in R&D expenditures
is the largest in Pharmaceuticals, followed by Motor Vehicles
and Fabricated Metal Products.
China´s patent growth seems to be driven mainly by increased
patenting in the field of Computers, Electronics and Optical
Products as well as Electrical Equipment.
A lower global share is identified for the three cross-cutting
technologies, with Nanotechnology being the lowest.
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SPI – Sociedade Portuguesa de Inovação (Coordinator)
www.spieurope.eu
Sara Medina - [email protected]
Richard Deng - [email protected]
UNU – MERIT
The United Nations University - Maastricht Economic
Research Institute on Innovation and Technology
www.merit.unu.edu
Rene Wintjes - [email protected]
AIT – Austrian Institute of Technology
www.ait.ac.at
Bernhard Dachs - [email protected]
Zahradnik Georg - [email protected]
Tsinghua University
www.innovation.tsinghua.edu.cn
Jizhen Li - [email protected]
Renmin University
http://stat.ruc.edu.cn
Yanyun Zhao - [email protected]