measurements of saxs signal during tatb detonation using synchrotron radiation k.a. ten 1, v.m....
TRANSCRIPT
Measurements of SAXS signal during TATB
detonation using Synchrotron radiation
K.A. Ten1, V.M. Titov1, E.R. Pruuel1, I.L. Zhogin2, L.A. Luk’yanchikov1, B.P. Tolochko2 , Yu.A. Aminov3,
V.P. Filin3 , B.G. Loboyko3, A.K. Muzyrya3, E.B. Smirnov3
1Lavrentiev Institute of Hydrodynamics, Novosibirsk, Russia2Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
3RF-NC VNIITF, Snezhinsk, Russia
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
The problem of carbon condensation at detonation of oxygen-deficient high explosives is still open to question. It is important both for understanding the
physics aspect of the phenomenon and for evaluation of the amount of energy released at exothermic coagulation of carbon clusters.
According to literature data on comparison of computational and experimental data on acceleration of very thin metal plates by products of detonation of oxygen-deficient
high explosives, such process is described with a better accuracy under an assumption of carbon condensation behind the chemical reaction zone, or as is
the convention in the detonation theory, behind the Chapman-Jouget plane, which separates the reaction zone from the gas-dynamic flow of the explosion products
[1,2].For the time being, sizes of condensed carbon nano-particles at explosion of high
explosives can be experimentally registered only through diffraction methods using synchrotron radiation (SR) [3].
1. J. A. Viecelli, F. H. Ree. Carbon particle phase transformation kinetics in detonation waves.//Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 88, Num 2, 2000, p 683—690.
2. K.F.Grebenkin, M.V.Taranik, A.L.Zherebtsov. Slow energy release in detonation products of HMX-based explosives: computer modeling and experimental effects.// Zababakhin scientific talks, International Conference, Snezhinsk, Russia, 10-14 September, 2007, p. 76
3. V.M.Titov, B.P.Tolochko, K.A.Ten, L.A.Lukyanchikov, E.R.Pruuel. Where and when are nanodiamonds formed under
explosion ? //Diamond & Related Materials. V.16, Issue 12, 2007. P. 2009-2013.
Introduction.
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Acquisition of experimental information on the time history of condensed carbon nano-particles at detonation of oxygen-deficient high explosives.
Problem
Methods
Dynamical recording of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of synchrotron radiation from the VEPP-3 accelerator. Application of highly-periodic synchrotron radiation (SR) from the accelerator complex VEPP-3 to measuring SAXS with exhibition for 1 ns allows tracing development of the signal in the course of detonation of high explosives.
Cylindrical samples of 15 mm (TNT and TNT/RDX) and 20 mm (TABT (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzol, standard 11903-538-90) and PCT (TABT-based plasticized compound, standard 75 11903-539-90)) in diameter were under study.
Samples
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
wigglerSR
VEPP-3
Explosionchamber
Transmitted beamdetector
detonationfront
Electron bunches
detonation products
SAXS detector
explosive
beryllium windows
Pulse period – 250 ns, frame time - 1 ns
4Setup of explosion experiment at VEPP-3
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Acceleration complex Acceleration complex VEPPVEPP-3 - -3 - VEPPVEPP-4 -4 is the is the basis of the detonation experimentsbasis of the detonation experiments
4.
Detector KEDR
ROKK-1M
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
View of an explosion lens with a primary charge near it.
Experimental assemblies
General view of an experimental assembly.
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at detonation of HE
2 2
0 2
[(sin ) (cos ) cos(2 )]i T
R
rdriqrnqE
)exp()(4
1)(
0kkq4
2Sin
kSin
)()()(1
),(3
qRCosqRqRSinq
nRqE
2 is the scattering angle,
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
SAXS signal versus the scattering particle diameter in TNT. The calculations were performed subject to the VEPP-3 spectrum and spectral sensitivity of the DIMEX
detector. The angle is given in the numbers of the detector channels.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at detonation of HE
0 10 20 30 40 50
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Channels
SA
XS
C d = 2 nm D d = 4 nm E d = 10 nm F d = 20 nm G d = 200 nm
VEPP-3, TNT, d=20 mm
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Dependence of the form-factor on the size of the scattering spheres.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at detonation of HE
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Computed angular dependence of SAXS on the TNT charge thickness. The calculations were performed subject to the VEPP-3 spectrum and spectral sensitivity of
the DIMEX detector. The angle is given in the numbers of the detector channels.
.
0 10 20 30 40 50
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0S
AX
S
Channels
L=1cm B C 1.5 cm D E 2.0 cm F G
D=5 nm
Contrast influence
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
The yellow arrow denotes the incident SR beam; the violet cone designates the
X-ray scattering on carbon nano-particles.
Detonation products
Sample of HE
SR
detector DIMEX
SAXS
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at detonation of HE
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
014,02 max
0006,02 min
rad
Rad,
Dmax = π/qmin = λ/(4θmin) = ~ 75 nm.
Dmin = π /q max = λ/(4θmax) ≈ 2,0 nm,
SAXS distributions at detector tuning. D is for SR beam closure by blade K3, B is for SAXS from the sham, C is for position of the borderline of the SR beam (passed radiation). The angle is given in the numbers of the detector channels.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at detonation of HE
180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
SA
XS
Channels
B C D
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
The angular dependencies of SAXS signal at detonation of a ТATB sample. Different colors show frames recorded with an interval of 0.5 μsec. Frame Q
corresponds to the detonation front. The angle is given in the numbers of the detector channels.
.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at detonation of HE.
150160170180190200210220
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
SA
XS
ChannelsFrames
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
The angular dependencies of SAXS signal at detonation of ТNT.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements at detonation of HE
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Determination of nano-particle sizes by the Guinier formula
).3/exp()0()( 22gRqIqI
3/))(ln( 220 gRqLnIqI
Sinq
4
θ = h 10-4 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
ln(I
q)
q2 ,(1/nm)2
Type_538 t = 0,5 mkS
C Linear Fit of Data12_C
SAXS distribution behind the detonation front in TATB with an interval of 0.5 μsec. The red line (by the Guinier
formula) corresponds to the particle size D - 2.5 nm.
Determination of nano-particle sizes by the Guinier formula
Nano-particle size versus time at trotyl/hexogen (50/50)
detonation.
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Determination of nano-particle sizes by the Guinier formula
Nano-particle size versus time at TABT detonation.
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
Siz
e,
nm
Time, mkS
Type_538 C 802 D 798 E 799 F Average
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Measurement of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on nano-particles
Dependence of integral SAXS signal on time at detonation of trotyl/hexogen (50/50), TNT, and TABT
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
The measured SAXS distributions show that nano-particles of d~2.5 nm are registered immediately after the detonation front. Then the particle size is increasing weakly and reaches d 4-5 nm by the moment t=3 μs, in TNT/RDX. In TNT and TATB charges, the growth of particles is slower: by the same time, their size is d2.5 nm for TATB and d4 nm for TNT. Thus no traces of nano-diamonds were registered at detonation of TABT samples of 20 mm in diameter. Even if there are such nano-diamonds, their size does not exceed 1 nm. The arising graphite-like particles are of d 2.6 nm .
Conclusions
Measurement of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on nano-particles
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Thank you for your attention!
Благодарю за внимание!
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Measurement of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on nano-particles
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho
Determination of nano-particle sizes from the Guinier formula
Nano-particle size versus time at PCT detonation.
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,51,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
Time, mkS
Siz
e,
nm
Type_539 C 807 D 809 E 805 F Average
XIV International Detonation Symposium, April 11-16, 2010, Coeur d`Alene, Idaho