measurement methods
DESCRIPTION
Measurement methods. Introduction. The Slides in this Presentation are representation of the Measurement Theories rather than the actual model and instruments behavior in the SPEA Systems. For further detailed information on the models and the instruments setup for each measurement - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Atos 2 - Measurement methods 1Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01
Measurement methods
Introduction
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 2
The Slides in this Presentationare representation of the Measurement Theoriesrather than the actual model and instruments behavior in the SPEA Systems.For further detailed information on the modelsand the instruments setup for each measurementtype please refer to the document titled “Leonardo YA: Passive devices test methods “
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 3
Resistor - Voltage measurement method
1
G M
I0
VRxRx
Tp
Tp
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Rx.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on Rx (VRx).
• Applying the Ohm law the expected voltage will be:
VRx = Io • Rx
(V = 0.25V when I = 0.25ma and R = 1K ohm)
Two wires measurement
Typical application range: 100 ÷ 100K
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 4
Resistor - Voltage measurement method
1 • The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Rx
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on Rx (VM)
• If the forced current is relatively “high” (> 2.5mA) the wiring and the contact resistance (Rh and Rc) will influence the measure
Two wires measurement: wiring and contact resistance effect
G M
I0
VRxRx
Tp
Tp
VM
Rh
Rc
VRh
VRc
• The measured value (VM) will be influenced by the voltage drop on these resistances: VM = VRh + VRx + VRc
• The smaller the resistance value of Rx the bigger the wiring and the contact resistance influence
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 5
Resistor - Voltage measurement method
1 • The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Rx.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on Rx (VRx).
• If the forced current is relatively “high”(> 2.5mA) the wiring and the contact resistance (Rh and Rc) will influence the measure.
• Two additional test points are used to connect the voltage meter “M” to the circuit. Due to its high impedance the measured voltage drop (VRx) will be equal to the voltage drop on the tested resistor.
Four wires measurement (Kelvin measure)
Typical application range: 100
G
I 0
VRxRx M
Tp
Tp
VM
Rh
Rc
VRh
VRc
Tp
Tp
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 6
Resistor - Voltage measurement method
1 • The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Rx.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on Rx (VRx).
• Due to the circuit configuration the measured voltage drop will be equal to: VRx = Io • (Rx // Rs + Rp)
Guard measurement
G
I0
RpRx
Rs
M
Is
Ix
VM
A
• To measure Rx without the influence of Rs and Rp it is necessary to have a Is current equal to 0; this is possible if the point “B” is at the same voltage of point “A”
• The Guard is a “voltage follower” and is used to isolate the tested component from the rest of the circuit.
G
B
Code: R1.6 Measurement methods 7
Resistor - Voltage measurement method
1
Parallel capacitance effect
• The resistor measurement forces a current pulse, the measured value will be a voltage pulse.
• The parallel capacitor present in the circuit will absorb the current pulse until the Ton is long enough to charge the
capacitor.
t
I
V
t
t
I
V
t
G
I0
Rx VRxM Cp
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 8
Resistor – Current measurement method
1 • The generator “G” generates a programmed voltage (Vo) on Rx.
• The voltage meter “A” measures the current flow through Rx
(IRx).
• Applying the Ohm law the expected current will be: Vo
IRx = -------- Rx
Typical application range: 50K
G
IRx
Rx
A
V0
Two wires measurement
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 9
Resistor - Current measurement method
1• The generator “G” generates a programmed voltage (Vo) on Rx.
• The voltage meter “A” measures the current flow through Rx
(IRx).
• Applying Ohm’s law the expected current will be: Vo
IRx = -------- Rx
• If the resistor value is relatively “high” (> 100K) the measuredcurrent could be near the generator leakage current
• To avoid this leakage current influence the leakage current is measured in a HLD (hold) test
• The actual device under test current is measured next and the leakage current value is subtracted from the actual value.
Typical application range: 100K
G
IRx
Rx
A
V0
Current compensated measurement
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 10
Capacitor - Voltage measurement method
1
Two wires measurement
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Cx.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage Cx (VCx).
• The measured value is related to the capacitor charge by the following formula: Io • T VCx = --------- Cx
G
I0
VCx
M CX
Typical application range: 100nF ÷1µF
t
I
V
t
I0
T
VCx
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 11
Capacitor - Voltage measurement method
1
Two wires measurement: wiring and contact resistance effect
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Cx
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on Cx (VCx)
• If the forced current is relatively “high”, the wiring and the contact resistance (Rh and Rc) will influence the measure
G
I0
M CX VCxVM
t
I
V
t
I0
VCx
VM
V
Rh
Rc
VRh
VRc
• The measured value (VM) will be influenced by the voltage drop on these resistances, adding an “offset” calculated as follow: VM = VCx + VRh + VRc
VRh = Io • Rh
VRc= Io • Rc
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 12
Capacitor - Voltage measurement method
1
Typical application range: 10µF
Four wires measurement (Kelvin measure)
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Cx.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on Cx (VCx).
• If the forced current is relatively “high”, the wiring and the contact resistance will influence the measurement.
• Two additional test points are used to connect the voltage meter “M” at the circuit. Due to its high impedance the measured voltage drop (VCx) will be equal to the voltage drop on the tested resistor.
G
I0
MCX
Rh
Rc
VRh
VRc
VCx
Tp Tp
Tp Tp
Code: R1.6 Measurement methods 13
Capacitor - Time measurement method
1
Two wires measurement
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through Cx.
• The timer “C” measures the time elapsed between the programmed thresholds (V1 and V2).
• The measured value is related to the capacitor charge by the following formula:
Cx • (V2 – V1)
T = -------------------- Io
Typical application range: 1nF ÷ 100nF
G
I0
VCxC CX
t
I
t
I0
T
V2
V1
VCx
Code: R1.6 Measurement methods 14
Capacitor – AC Current measurement method
1
Two wires measurement
• The generator “G” generates a sinus waveform on the Cx
capacitor pins.
• The current meter “A” measures the current flow in the capacitor at the zero crossing of the Voltage.
• The measured current value is directly converted to the relative capacitive current value, by the system CPU.
Typical application range: 5pF ÷ 100nF
G
A
CX
I0
VM
V
I
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 15
Inductor - Current measurement method
Typical application range: 10mH
• The generator “G1” generates a continuous voltage (V1)
• The generator “G2” generates a negative pulse voltage (V2)
• The inductor reaction to the negative pulse is a reverse current flow measured by “G2”
• The reverse current can be used to calculate the inductance by the following formula:
T • (V1)
I = -------------------- Lx
1
G G
A
1 2V1 V2
I0
LX
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 16
Inductor - Time measurement method
• The test generator “G” charges the internal 10µF capacitor
• During the test execution the capacitor is discharged by the inductor
• This generates an oscillation (ring) of a frequency value related to the inductor value.
• The counter “C” measures the time interval (TM) elapsed between two defined thresholds, it can be measured applying the following formula:
TM = · LC
Typical application range: 1mH ÷ 10mH
1
Two wires measurement
G CVRx
G
Internal Circuitery
t
V
TM
VTH
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 17
Diode & LED – Vf measurement method
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (I f) through the junction.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (V f) on the junction
VfG M
If
1
Two wires measurement
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 18
Diode & LED – Vf measurement method
1 • The generator “G” forces a programmed current (I f) through the junction.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (V f) on the junction
• If the forced current is relatively “high” the wiring and the contact resistance will influence the measurement.
• Two additional test points are used to connect the voltage meter “M” to the circuit. Due to its high impedance the measured voltage drop (Vf) will be equal to the voltage drop on the junction
Four wires measurement (Kelvin measure)
VfG M
Rh
Rc
If
VRh
VRc
Tp
Tp
Tp
Tp
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 19
Zener Diode – Vf measurement method
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (I f) through the junction.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (V f) on the junction
1
Two wires measurement
VfG M
If
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 20
Zener Diode – Vz measurement method
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (I f) through the junction.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (Vz) on the junction
1
Two wires measurement
VzG M
If
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 21
Bipolar Transistor
B
E
C
• All the typical bipolar transistor parameters can be tested.
• Orientation tests can be performed (VBE and VBC)
• Working tests can be performed (VCE0 and VCE sat)
• Parametric tests are possible (ß gain, …)
1
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 22
Bipolar Transistor – VBE measurement method
• The generator “G” forces a current between Base and Emitter
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop between the junction Base and Collector (VBE).
• VBE junction measurement should be near 0.7V
1
G
If
M
B
E
VBE
Two wires measurement
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 23
Bipolar Transistor – VBC measurement method
• The generator “G” forces a current between Base and Collector
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop between the junction Base and Collector (VBC).
• VBC junction measurement should be near 0.7V
1
G
If
M
B
E
VBCC
Two wires measurement
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 24
Bipolar Transistor – VCE0 measurement method
• The generator “G” generates a voltage drop between transistor Collector and Emitter (VCE0)
• The transistor Base is shorted to Emitter (for NPN transistor)
• The transistor Base is shorted to Collector (for PNP transistor)
• With this test configuration the transistor is in “interdiction” mode (off = zero current)
• The current meter “A” measures the current flow between transistor pins Collector and Emitter (ICE0).
• ICE0 = 0mA
1
G
ICE0
B
E
C
A
VCE0
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 25
Bipolar Transistor – VCEsat measurement method
• The generator “G1” forces a current between the Base-Emitter junction in order to bias the transistor “ON” 1
• The generator “G2” forces a current between the transistor pins Collector and Emitter 1
• With this test configuration the transistor is in saturation mode
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop between transistor pins Collector and Emitter (VCEsat).
• VCEsat = 0V
1
GB
E
C
VCEM
G1
2
VBE
Two wires measurement
Typical application range: signal transistor1 = The current is forced in accord to the transistor technology (NPN or PNP)
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 26
Bipolar Transistor – VCEsat measurement method
• If the forced current is relatively “high” (>10mA) the wiring and the contact resistance (Rh and Rc) will influence the measured voltage drop between the Collector-Emitter junction
• The generator “G1” generates a voltage to bias the Base-Emitter junction “ON”.
• The generator “G2” provides a voltage bias between the Collector and Emitter
• With this test configuration the transistor is in saturation mode
• Due to this the wiring and the contact resistances (Rh and Rc) the transistor test is performed in two steps
• During the first test the voltage drop caused by the wiring and the contact resistance is measured by the voltage meter “M” and stored in a register. This stored value will modify the CE voltage measurement.
• During the second test the voltage drop between the Collector-Emitter junction is measured by the voltage meter “M”
1
Four wires measurement (Kelvin measure)
Typical application range: medium/power transistor
GB
E
C
VCE
M
G1
2
VBE
Rh
Rh
2
GB
E
C
VCE
G1
2
VBE
Rh
Rh
M
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 27
Mos-Fet Transistor
• All the typical Mos-Fet transistor parameters can be tested.
• Orientation test can be performed (Vf of the protection diode)
• Operating tests can be performed (VDS off and VDS on)
• Parametric tests are possible (RDS on, …)
1
D
S
G
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 28
Mos-Fet Transistor – Orientation test method
• A diode test can be used to measure the protection diode present between pins Drain and Source
• The generator “G” forces a current (If) between the Drain and Source
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop between the Drain and Source
• If the protection diode is present and the part mounted correctly the voltage meter should measure a forward biased diode voltage near 0.7V
1
Two wires measurement
D
S
G GMVf
If
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 29
Mos-Fet Transistor – Vds off measurement method
• The generator “G1” generates a voltage equal to 0 between transistor pins Gate and Source (for N-channel)
• The generator “G2” tries to force a current between transistor pins Drain and Source
• In these conditions the Mos-Fet transistor is “OFF”
• The current meter “A” measures the current flow between transistor pins Drain and Source.
• Measured Current should be near “0mA”.
1
Two wires measurement
D
S
G
G1
G2
AIm
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 30
Mos-Fet Transistor – Vds on measurement method
• The generator “G1” generates a voltage drop between transistor Gate and Source (for N-channel)
• The generator “G2” forces a current between transistor Drain and Source
• In these conditions the Mos-Fet transistor works in “ON” condition
• The current meter “A” measures the current flow between transistor pins Drain and Source.
• Measured current should be about 10ma (normal test).
1
Two wires measurement
D
S
G
G1
G2
AIm
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 31
Transformer
1 • Typical transistor parameters can be tested.
• The transformer phase can be verified
• The transformer ratio can be measured
• The impedance values of the transformer coils can be measured
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 32
Transformer – Impedance measurement method (Resistance)
1 • Resistance value for a transformer winding can be measured. Low Ohm values may require a Kelvin measurement
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through transformer winding.
• The voltage meter “M” measure the voltage drop on the winding
• Because the coil resistance value is usually small the wiring and the contact resistance will influence the measure
• Two additional test points are used to connect the voltage meter “M” across the coil. Due to DVM high impedance the measured voltage drop (VRx) will be equal to the voltage drop on the tested resistor/coil.
G MVRx
Four wires measurement (Kelvin measure)
Resistor measurement
Tp
Tp
Tp
Tp
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 33
Transformer – Phase measurement method
• The generator “G” forces a pulse on the transformer primary coil
• The voltage meter “M” measures a voltage value and phase as as produced by the transformer secondary coil.
1
Two wires measurement
G M
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 34
Transformer – Ratio measurement method
• The generator “G” forces a pulse on the transformer primary coil
• The voltage meter “M” measures and stores the voltage drop across the transformer primary winding
• The generator “G” forces a pulse on the transformer primary coil
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on the transformer secondary winding
• The voltage meter “M” performs a percent ratio calculation between the measured secondary voltage value and the previously stored primary voltage value
Two wires measurement
1
2
G M
G M
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 35
Optocoupler
1 • Typical opto-coupler parameters can be tested.
• The led orientation is usually the first measurement
• The voltage drop on the output during both the operating modes (“On” and “Off”) can be measured.
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 36
Optocoupler – LED Vf measurement method
1
G M Vf
If
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (I f) through the LED
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (V f) on the LED
• This verifies that the LED is present, working and correctly oriented
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 37
Optocoupler – Vce sat measurement method
1• The generator “G1” forces a programmed current (If) through the
LED.
• The output transistor is biased into “saturation” mode
• The generator “G2” forces a current between the Collector-Emitter junction
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on the Collector
Emitter junction (VCE sat) (near zero volts)
MVM
If
G1 G2
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 38
Optocoupler – Vce 0 measurement method
1 • The generator “G1” generates a voltage equal to 0V through the LED.
• The output transistor is in “interdiction” “OFF” mode
• The generator “G2” tries to force a current between the Collector-Emitter junction on the output transistor.
• The voltage meter “M” will measure the voltage limit of “G2” (VCE0) because the transistor is “OFF” and no Emitter-Collector current flows.
MVM
If
G1 G2
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 39
Relay
1 • All the typical relay parameters can be tested.
• Coil resistance value can be tested
• Contact verification (open and close) can be done
• Coil minimum operating voltage can be done
• Release voltage can be done
• Attraction time can be done
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 40
Relay – Coil resistance measurement method
1 • The generator “G” forces a programmed current (Io) through the relay coil
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop across the coil
• If the forced current is relatively “high” the wiring and the contact resistance (RC and RH) will influence the measure
• Two additional test points are used to connect the voltage meter “M” at the circuit. Due to its high impedance the measured voltage drop (VM) will be equal to the voltage drop on the coil.
I0
G M VM
Rh
Rc
VRh
VRc
Four wires measurement (Kelvin measure)
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 41
Relay – Contact verification method
1 • The generator “G” tries to force a programmed current (Io) through the normally open contact (or normally closed)
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop on it
I0
GM VM
Two wires measurement – Cold method
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 42
Relay – Contact verification method
1 • The generator “G1” generates the required voltage on the relay coil to energize the contact.
• The generator “G2” tries to force a current (I0) between the contact pins
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (VM) on the contact pins.
• Measured voltage will be near be 0 across closed contacts and near the programmed voltage of “G2” across open contacts
Two wires measurement – Hot method
I0
GM VMG1 2
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 43
Relay – Working verification method
1• The generator “G1” generates the minimum operating voltage
(generally equal to 2/3 of nominal voltage) on the relay coil.
• The generator “G2” forces a current (I0) between the contact pins
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (VM) on the contact pin, it must be near be 0 with normally open contact and near to the programmed voltage of “G2” with normally closed contact
Coil minimum operating voltage
I0
GM VMG1 2
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 44
Relay – Working verification method
1
• The generator “G1” generates the release voltage (generally equal to 1/10 of nominal voltage) on the relay coil.
• The generator “G2” forces a current (I0) between the contact pins
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage limit of “G2” with normally open contact
Coil Release voltage
I0
GM VMG1 2
Rel. 1.20 - 01.03.01 Atos 2 - Measurement methods 45
Relay – Working verification method
1 • The generator “G1” generates the required voltage on the relay coil to cause the contacts to close
• The generator “G2” forces a current (I0) between the contact pins
• The counter “C” measures the time (TM) elapsed between the two programmed thresholds on the contact pin voltage (VM)
Attraction time
V1
V2
t
tVM
VC
TM
I0
GC VMG1 2 VC
46 ATOS 2 Programming Training Course
Special Test; Analog Functional IC test
1
Driver2 supplies VCC to the board
Driver1 supplies logic high voltage to input of IC
Measurement Unit measures logic low voltage on IC output
Duplicate test and invert voltage settings for opposite logic level test
Use same setup to power up and measure regulator output voltage
Code: R1.6 Measurement methods 47
Open pin – Electroscan
• The generator “G1” generates a sinus waveform that is injected through the pin of the IC.
• The sensor plate picks-up the electromagnetic field and the active probe amplifies the signal. The Electroscan Box selects, by using the Multiplexer Stage, the relevant input and
converts the alternating signal to a continuous one.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the Electroscan Box continuous signal output.
• If the pin is soldered, the current pass through the IC and generates a changing electromagnetic field. So we can appreciate an output of the Electroscan Box of 2-10V. If the pin is not soldered, the Electroscan Box output signal would normally be significantly
lower than 2 V.
• In the 3030 system, “ Electroscan Box ” and “G1” are integrated within a internal system board named “YA32ESCAN”.
Mux
Active Probe
Integrated circuitSensor plate
Nail
G1
Nail
GND
A
M
~A
Printed circuit
Conditioning circuit
~
+
-
FUNCTIONAL SCHEME
Electroscan Box
Code: R1.6 Measurement methods 48
Open pin – Clamp diodes
• Each pin of an integrated circuit is usually connected to two diodes how it is shown in the schematics. Such diodes are normally within
the IC.
• Measuring one of the internal diodes, it is possible to assure that the pin is soldered.
• If the pin is not soldered, you will measure an open circuit, otherwise you will measure a diode junction. In order to detect if the pin is soldered, it is enough to measure one of the two internal diodes.
• If a similar pin (or a diode or something electrically similar) is connected in parallel to the pin under test, a problem rises: it’s not possible to discriminate if the pin under test is soldered. In such configuration you can’t use the “Clamp diode” measure method.
Pin
Integrated circuit
GND
Vcc
Internal diode A
Internal diode B
Code: R1.6 Measurement methods 49
Open pin – Clamp diodes
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (If) through the junction.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (Vf) on the junctionVf
G M
If
VfG M
If
Internal diode A
Internal diode B
Vcc Device
Pin device
GND device
• The generator “G” forces a programmed current (If) through the junction.
• The voltage meter “M” measures the voltage drop (Vf) on the junction
Test Pin-Vcc diode
Test Gnd-Pin diodePin device