Draft Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue June 9, 2020

Meadow Garden - full sun, moist to average soil If your garden is full sun with moist to average, fairly nutrient-rich soil, then this is your section. This is the middle-of-the-road garden type, your average frontyard.

If your garden is full sun, dry, nutrient-poor, sandy/gravelly/rocky, and has exceptional drainage then look in the Prairie Garden section. If it is very clayey with very poor drainage and you see water pooling after a rain, then look under Lowland Garden.

Many meadow plants will prosper in a prairie if the soil conditions aren’t extreme and if you’re willing to provide supplemental water.

In nature, meadows consist mostly of grasses and sedges interspersed with flowers and infrequent shade-casting shrubs and/or trees. If permitted, these woodies would prosper and prosper and the yard would eventually restore itself back into the forest that originally reigned supreme in most of Ontario. This is referred to as “succession” and is almost never allowed to happen in residential neighbourhoods.

If you want to create a “thicket” as an accent garden, then look under the Open Woods section.

The second line of each Entry specifies by numbers the regions in which the plant is native: 1 - southwest Ontario from Windsor to Toronto and from Goderich to Niagara-on-the-Lake; includes London, Hamilton, Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga, Toronto. 2 - north of region 1 to region 3; includes Kitchener-Waterloo, Cambridge, Guelph, Barrie 3 - the Bruce Peninsula and around the south shore of Georgian Bay to/including Collingwood. 4 - regions York, Durham, and Northumberland. 5 - Prince Edward County and along the St. Lawrence River to the Québec border. 6 - from Lake Simcoe across to the Ottawa River; Kawartha Lakes, Peterborough, Ottawa. 7 - from Georgian Bay across to the Ottawa River, plus Manitoulin Island and up the coast of Georgian Bay to just past Sault Ste. Marie; Parry Sound,North Bay, Sudbury, Temagami. 8 - the far northeast; includes Cobalt, Timmins; Kapuskasing is on the western border. 9 - the far north central (north of Sault Ste. Marie); Hearst; Kapuskasing is on the east border. 10 - the far northwest; Rainy River, Lake of the Woods, Kenora, Thunder Bay, Lake Nipigon, Terrace Bay, Wawa.

For the photos on website www.minnesotawildflowers, click on any one to see all of them enlarged. For www.michiganflora.net, click on “All Images”.

The complete catalogue with all Internet Links active (pointing to beautiful photographs) is available for free at www.frontyardrestoration.com. Permission is not required to quote from, print, or distribute free of charge (except to recover expenses) any part of this work, so long as the source is acknowledged: Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue, © John Boydell; June 9, 2020.

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Flowers Swamp Agrimony Small-flowered Agrimony, Many-flowered Groovebur, Harvest-Lice 1; Rare aigremoine parviflore, aigremoine à petites fleurs Agrimonia parviflora -meadows, swales, thickets, open woods (deciduous to mixed), forest edges; bottomlands, floodplains, edges of wetlands/marshes/swamps/streams/lakes, seeps, wet thickets; disturbed habitats, roadside ditches, fields. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Wet to soggy to average soil. Accepts gravelly to loamy to silty and calcareous. Deer resistant. >2.5-5’ A tall, sturdy, sticky spike that can make it up to 2.5’ is tall decorated with yellow, lovely blooms (mid- to late summer) that run up along it to the top. In the centre of each blossom is a nice crown of yellow stamens presented to the world by five widely splayed petals. The toothed edged, compound leaves are long and delicate enough to resemble the fronds of a fern, finely-fashioned and lush. Attracts small bees and other insects. Colony forming from fibrous roots with rhizomes. Rose family. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/sw_agrimony.htm https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2417 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=217 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/agrimonia/parviflora/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/15

Golden Alexanders Golden Meadowparsnip, zizia doré Zizia aurea 1 2 3 4 5; south 10 -stream/lake shores, floodplains, swampy edges/forests/glades, fens, sedge meadows, often with Tamarack & Poison Sumac; meadows, thickets, limestone glades, forest edges, forest glades, alvars, thinly wooded bluffs; disturbed habitats, fields, fencerows, roadsides, woodland trailsides, power-line clearings. >Part to Full Sun; tolerates to Light Shade. Wet to moist to average, acidic to neutral, sandy soil. The more sun the more moisture it prefers. Accepts rocky to sandy clay and juglone. Deer resistant. >2-3' Flat-topped clusters of lemon-yellow blooms (late spring) resembling those of Queen Anne’s Lace, but prettier, form halos above the plant. Long blooming. The resulting seed heads are eye-catching constellations of little dots floating in the air. Tooth-edged leaves are divided into three and then three again. The plant stalk is shiny and light green and has several flowering branches. A pollinator magnet. Feeds the larvae of the Black Swallowtail Butterfly. Will form colonies in wet meadows and open woods making it good for Restoration and Naturalizing. A short-lived perennial, but self-sows freely. The root system is described as either a taproot or a dense cluster of coarse, fibrous roots; it’s probably both. Carrot family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=151 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/zizia.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=218 http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/zizia_dore-golden_alexander/ http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Zizia_aurea.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/zizia/aurea/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/709 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/golden-alexanders http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/gld_alexanderx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/goldenalexander.html

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http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g710 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_ziau.pdf

Tall Anemone Tall Thimbleweed, Virginia Anemone, anémone de Virginie Anemone virginiana all -open woods, thickets, forest edges, glades, limestone glades, meadows, prairies; alvars, cliffs, balds, ridges, ledges; stream banks, lake shores, floodplains; fields; occasionally deciduous to conifer swamps, shrub swamps. >Light Shade to Full Sun. Rich, dry to average, acidic, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to sandy to clayey, calcareous, drought, and juglone. Deer resistant. >2-3’ Very similar to Anemone cylindrica (Long-headed Anemone), above, but more shade tolerant. Out of a basal nest of lush leaves rise one or more tall stems with a smaller nest of 3-5 leaves near the top. Above this point the stem branches into a small number of shorter stems with a single, long, greenish-white bloom head (early to mid-summer) at each pinnacle. The blossoms eventually turn into fluffy, cottony seed heads that slowly disintegrate throughout the fall; however they resemble thimbles first. The leaves are very deeply cut, forming multiple, narrow, jagged lobes with finely toothed (serrate) edges. Those of Anemone cylindrica have intact edges; also the top nest is often composed of more leaves, as many as 9. Enjoyed by small bees and flies. Not overly aggressive. A caudex often with rhizomes. Buttercup family. Varieties alba (Riverbank Anemone, anémone blanche), cylindroidea (Cylindrical Anemone, anémone cylindroïde), and virginiana, are all native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=692 http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Anemone-virginiana.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/033_Renonculacees/08_Anemone/virginiana.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/anemone/virginiana/?pile=non-alternate-remaining-non-monocots http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/32 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/tall-thimbleweed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2361 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/tl_anemone.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j340

Asters http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/aster.htm https://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/sports/outdoors/farewell-flower-asters-announce-summer-s-passing/article_bd75135c-0977-500a-b252-76c09f711a6a.html

Arrow-leaved Aster White Arrow-leaved Aster, aster urophylle Symphyotrichum urophyllum 1 2 3 4 5 6; southwest 7; not Bruce Peninsula Aster sagittifolius -open woods (often Oak, Sassafras, Aspen, Pines, Jack Pine), thickets, forest edges, meadows, limestone pavements, bluffs, wooded banks, ravines, stabilized dunes; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, grassy road/railroad sides, fencerows, hedges. >Full to Part Sun. Dry to average, sandy/rocky, calcareous soil. Accepts light clayey and juglone. Benefits from wildfires to reduce competition and shade. >24-42” One or more erect stems remain undivided until branching several times to shape the top of the plant into a tall, flame-like flowerhead. This flowerhead is composed of dense branching clusters of many, short-stalked, daisy-petalled, white, occasionally pale blue blooms (late summer into mid-fall). Like most

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Asters the colour of the petals seem to shine at dusk. The leaves vary in shape as they ascend their stem with the lowest leaves being narrowly heart-shaped, on long stalks, and with shallow notches at their bases. They become more egg-shaped to elongated (lance-linear) farther up and the uppermost leaves are often stalkless. The lowest most are usually withered by flowering time. Several other Asters have heart-shaped leaves but they have blue to violet blossoms. A smorgasbord for wildlife. The roots on a young plant are fibrous with short, stout rhizomes, but small caudices often develop with age. Freely self-sows. Aster family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=3 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/urophyllum/?pile=composites https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/arrowleaf-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=497 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wh_arrowleaf.html http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/arrowleavedaster.html

Calico Aster One-sided Aster, Farewell Summer, aster latériflore Symphyotrichum lateriflorum all; most of the population is south from Sault Ste. Marie -thickets, open woods (often Beech-Maple, Oak-Hickory; mixed woods; occasionally conifer), forest edges, glades, meadows, sloughs, ravines, alvars; floodplains, seeps, rocky/sandy stream/pond shores/banks, swampy forests, fens; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, fencerows, waste ground, road/railroad sides, clearings. >Light Shade to Full Sun. Rich, moist to dry, acidic to alkaline soil. The more sun the more consistent moisture it needs. Accepts sandy/rocky to clayey and juglone. Deer resistant. >2-3’ It’s like a low, airy shrub with its multiple, spreading branches. Copious dainty, blue to pink to white blooms (late summer well into fall) are scattered along just one side of each branch (lateriflorum). The blossom has a yellow centre disk that changes to a purplish-bronze colour as summer progresses. One plant, sometimes even a solitary disk, will change colour to produce a calico effect. Its tiny seeds have little fluffs of hairs attached allowing them to float in the breeze for a bit. The leaves are long, fairly narrow (lance-shaped), and sometimes with finely toothed edges. I don’t know who named it Farewell Summer (actually it was the proudly gay New Brunswicker, Harold [Hal] Royall Hinds, 1939-2001), but what an emotionally laden name for a flower in Canada. A bee, butterfly, larvae, and bug magnet. One of the least aggressive of the Asters; clump to colony forming from small caudices with short rhizomes. Aster family. Three varieties are native to Ontario: angustifolium Narrow-leaved Calico Aster, aster à feuilles étroites; hirsuticaule Rough-stemmed Calico Aster, aster latériflore à tiges hirsutes; lateriflorum Calico Aster, aster latériflore. tenuipes is not native (Slender-stalked Calico Aster, aster à pédoncule mince). http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=6 http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Symphyotrichum/Lateriflorum/lateriflorum.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/lateriflorum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/607 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/calico-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=486 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/calico_aster.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/calicoaster.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277245&isprofile=0&cv=4

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New England Aster aster de Nouvelle-Angleterre Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; found in, but not native to the Manitoulin District. Aster novae-angliae -prairie swales, wet meadows, deciduous open woods, thickets, forest edges, thin woods, glades; floodplains, bottomlands, marshy ground, shrubby swamps, fens, shores, stream edges; disturbed habitats, fields, road/railroad sides, ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Rich, wettish to average soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, nutritionally-poor, and juglone. Deer resistant. It will look ragged by the end of summer, but survive, if it’s too dry. This is a Lowland plant that will tolerate a moist, loamy to clayey meadow especially if it’s a bit shady. >2-5' Very showy with tall stems crowned with long lasting, rounded heads of violet to purple blooms (late summer well into fall). Their dark blue contrasts beautifully with the yellow of Goldenrods which will be flowering at the same time. May flop over if not supported by neighbouring plants. An important pollinator magnet due to its copious blossoms lasting very late into autumn. Freely self-sows. Forms a thick clump from caudices with short, thick, woody rhizomes. Aster family. https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-novae-angliae http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/aster.htm http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=25 http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Symphyotrichum/Novae_Angliae/novae_angliae.e.shtml http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1777-aster-de-nouvelle-angleterre.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/novae-angliae/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/609 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/new-england-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=487 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ne_asterx.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/new-england-aster https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/NewEnglandAster.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b540 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_syno2.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_syno2.pdf

Smooth Aster Smooth Blue Aster, Glaucous Aster, aster lisse Symphyotrichum laeve 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Aster laevis -open habitats, prairies, sandy plains, hill prairies, coulees, stabilized dunes, shores, calcareous shores, meadows, shrublands, open woods (often Oak, Aspen, Jack Pine), thickets, forest edges, limestone glades, other bedrocks, bluffs; disturbed habitats, fields, road/railroad embankments; occasionally the drier areas of fens/marshes. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Dry to average, sandy/gravelly/rocky to loamy to light clayey, well-drained soil. Accepts nutrient-poor, calcareous, and juglone. Intolerant of taller, more aggressive competition. Deer resistant. >2-4' One of the most beautiful of the Asters and it’s adaptable to most sunny gardens - bonae!. A tall, multi-stemmed plant with very attractive blue or violet blooms (late summer into fall) that in its togetherness forms a gorgeous bouquet. Lovely blossoms each with approximately a dozen, long, thin petals that radiate out individually from a bright yellow disk. The leaves are long and fairly narrow and upright. A wildlife magnet. Good for Restoration. Colony forming via short rhizomes; may have a caudex. Aster family. One subspecies, laeve, and two varieties, geyeri (Geyer’s Aster, aster de Geyer) and laeve, are all native. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Symphyotrichum-laeve.html

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http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/aster_lisse-smooth_aster/ https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-heterophylli/symphyotrichum-laeve/var-laeve - variety leave http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/aster.htm http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=16 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/laeve/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/605 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/smooth-blue-aster https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=484 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/sm_asterx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/smoothaaster.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g420

Scarlet Beebalm Oswego Tea, Bergamot, monarde écarlate, monarde pourpre 1 Monarda didyma -meadows, open woods, thickets, forest edges; floodplains, valley bottoms, stream banks; disturbed habitats, clearings, roadsides. >Part to Full Sun. Rich, moist, well-drained soil. Accepts juglone. Its leaves tend to be discarded in times of drought. Deer resistant. >2-3’ A dense, rounded cluster of pointed, bright red, tubular blooms (late spring into mid-fall) forms a flowerhead that looks like a frilly “court jester’s hat”; similar to Bergamot (below), but is scarlet, while Bergamot is more a light purple. As a member of the Mint family it has opposite leaves around a 4-sided stem. Tends to look a bit shabby as the season progresses, but makes up for it with beautiful blossoms and a long flowering period. Prone to mildew if crowded. An important nectar source for hummingbirds, butterflies, moths, bees and other insects. Aggressive. Rhizomes. Mint family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=583 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/beebalm.html http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/beebalm.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/monarda/didyma/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/393 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1573 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/bee_balm.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=q250 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_modi.pdf

Wild Bergamot Oswego-tea, Purple Beebalm, monarde fistuleuse Monarda fistulosa all -prairies, hill prairies, slopes, meadows, open woods (often Oak, Jack Pine), thickets, forest edges, stabilized dunes, stream/lake banks, alvars; disturbed habitats, pastures, landfills, roadsides; occasionally sedge meadows, ditches, moist places. >Full to Part Sun. Dry to moist, sandy/gravelly/rocky, well-drained soil. Accepts to clayey, acidic to calcareous, rich to nutrient-poor, and juglone. Will become very lush in rich, loamy soil, but will tend to flop over. Prone to mildew if crowded. Deer resistant. >2-4' Similar to Scarlet Beebalm, above. Unique, long-lasting, lavender-purple, frilly ‘jester’s-hat’ blooms (peak summer) each at the top of tall, erect, single, reddish-brown, square stem. The leaves have the very noticeable, pleasant fragrance of Earl Grey tea, i.e. bergamot. As the season progresses the plant will begin to look a little ragged (the price of life). A pollinator magnet, including our Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Good for Restoration. Can be aggressive via shallow rhizomes. Can be considered a

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sub-shrub. Mint family. Varieties fistulosa, menthifolia, and mollis are all native. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Monarda-fistulosa.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/beebalm.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=245 http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/2037-monarde-fistuleuse.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/monarda/fistulosa/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/394 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-bergamot https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1574 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wld_bergamotx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/Pages/FYGJul2010.aspx http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g560 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_mofi.pdf

Black-eyed Susan Hairy Coneflower, rudbeckie hérissée, marguerite jaune Rudbeckia hirta all -prairies, hill prairies, meadows, open woods (often Jack Pine, Aspen, Oak, mixed-woods), thin woods, limestone glades, eroded clay slopes; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, clearings, open right-of-ways, fencerows, road/railroad sides, gravel/borrow pits, waste places; occasionally fens, lowland prairies, sedge meadows, shores. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Dry to moist, sandy, nutrient-poor to average, well-drained soil. Tolerates moderately poorly-drained, gravelly to clayey, and juglone. Intolerant of overly aggressive competition. Requires disturbed, bare soil to re-sow. Deer resistant. >2-3' Prolific, long-lasting, bright yellow, long-petalled blooms (peak summer) with deep brown, cone-shaped centres. The stems grow in clumps of 1-4, are stout, purplish, usually unbranched, and each is topped with a blossom. The leaves are sparse, alternate, erect, narrow, and become smaller and fewer the higher up the stem; prone to mildew if the soil is too moist. Hirta derives from the Latin "hirtus" meaning "shaggy, rough, hairy” (there are hairs on most parts of the plant). Good for Restoration, Stabilization, and bees and butterflies. Can be aggressive via self-sowing depending on the amount of competition. A Pioneer species. Fibrous roots often form a thick taproot. Annual to biennial to a short-lived perennial. Aster family. Variety pulcherrima (rudbeckie tardive) is also native. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Rudbeckia-hirta.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/rudbeckie_tardive-black_eyed_susan/ http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/rudbeckia.htm http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=248 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004598 http://floreduquebec.ca/english/rudbeckia-hirta http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Rudbeckia/Hirta/hirta.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/rudbeckia/hirta/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/528 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/black-eyed-susan https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=436 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/be_susanx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/BlackEyedSusan.pdf

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http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277225 https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_ruhi2.pdf

Dense Blazing-star Marsh Blazing-star, Spiked Blazing-star, liatris à épi Liatris spicata 1; Threatened -grasslands, low prairies, sand prairies, meadows, swales, alkaline sand flats, open woods, slopes; limestone/granite outcrops, calcareous seeps; marshy meadows, shores/edges of bogs, grassy fens, swamps, Tamarack swamps, marshes, lakes; calcareous shores, dunes, interdunal swales; disturbed habitats, roadsides, fields, fencerows. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Rich, marshy to mucky to moist to average, acidic, well-drained, sandy loam. Intolerant of winter standing water. Accepts gravelly to sandy-clay and alkaline. Benefits from wildfires to control woody competition. >2-5' Thick, showy spikes of fuzzy, purple blooms (peak summer) are at the tops of multiple, tall, slender stems. Its purple contrasts nicely with the many yellow flowers found in summer prairies and meadows, and due to its height it makes sure everyone notices. Interestingly, the blossoms open progressively from the top down (not from the bottom up, the usual). The thin, somewhat grass-like leaves are arranged around each stem in a spiral. The taller plants may flop over if not supported by neighbours (so plant neighbours). A butterfly, bee, and wildlife magnet in flower and seed. Colony/clump forming via rhizomes growing from corms. Aster family. Variety spicata is also native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=252 https://www.ontario.ca/page/dense-blazing-star http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/liatris.html http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/liatris.html https://caroliniancanada.ca/sites/default/files/File%20Depository/bmp_pdfs/BMP%20Dense%20Blazing%20Star.pdf https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/liatris/spicata/ https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=401 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/msh_blazingstar.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/denseblazingstar.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=d780

Mucronate Blue-eyed-grass Eastern Blue-eyed-grass, Slender Blue-eyed-grass bermudienne mucronée, bermudienne grêle Sisyrinchium mucronatum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 mostly along the Great Lake shorelines -low prairies, meadows, open woods, forest edges; alvars, over other bedrocks; stream/lake shores, bogs; disturbed habitats, ditches, roadsides, fields. >Full Sun; tolerates Light Shade. Wet to moist to average, sandy to loamy, calcareous soil. Accepts rocky. >to 12'' Similar to Strict Blue-eyed-grass, below. The small but stand-out blooms (late spring to mid-summer) have rich blue/purple petals with distinctive needle-like, pointed tips that radiate from yellow centres. Forms small clumps with many blossoms on grass-like stalks. Slender roots and rhizomes. Not a grass. Iris family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=33 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/sisyrinchium/mucronatum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/needle-pointed-blue-eyed-grass https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1486

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Strict Blue-eyed-grass Common Blue-eyed-grass, Mountain Blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium montanum all bermudienne montagnarde, bermudienne -meadows, hill sides, open woods, forest edges, mixed forests, glades; rock crevices, alvars, open bedrock; open fens, wet shrubby areas, stream/lake sandy/gravelly shores/banks; disturbed habitats, clearings, fields, old railroad beds, roadsides, sides of ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average, sandy to average, calcareous to average, well-drained soil. Accepts gravelly. Moderately accepting of dry, but intolerant of drought. Reportedly adapts to northern dry, hot, sunny locations. Not particularly tolerant of competition. >6-12'' A dainty plant that looks like a small tuft of thin-bladed grass but with the bonus of several bright blue blooms (late spring) with gold in their centres - impressive for its small size. Each petal (3) and sepal (3) has rays of darker blue and ends in a soft point. With maturity a small, green globular fruit forms at the base of the old flower. Very short and compact over all. Forms small clumps and self-sows. Because it is such a beauty it has been exported around the world. Slender roots and rhizomes. Not a grass. A tiny Iris. Varieties crebrum (Brownish Strict Blue-eyed Grass, bermudienne brunissante) and montanum are also native. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Sisyrinchium-montanum.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/herbe_aux_yeux_bleus-blue_eyed_grass/ http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=32 http://www.ontariowildflower.com/wildflower_waste2.htm#blueeyegrass http://floreduquebec.ca/english/sisyrinchium-montanum https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/sisyrinchium/montanum/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/563 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/mountain-blue-eyed-grass https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1485

Eastern Burnweed Pilewort, Fireweed, érechtite à feuilles d’épervière, crève-z-yeux 1 2 3 4 6; 7 not Manitoulin Island; 10 Lake Superior north coast Erechtites hieraciifolius -sunny moist disturbed soils, meadows, open woods, thickets, gravelly seeps; disturbed habitats, logged/burnt-out forests, power-line clearings, fields, road/railroad sides, urban waste areas; occasionally floodplains, shores, marsh edges, remnant bogs. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Rich, moist to dry soil. Being an annual it requires periodically disturbed soil in which to self-sow or it will die-out from your garden. Deer resistant. >2-8’ A large, airy flowerhead with bunches of small, green, cannoli-shaped blooms (mid-summer into early fall) with a cluster of white fibres sticking out from one end like a creamy ricotta cheese filling. In maturity, fluffy white seeds are dispersed into the wind. When the plant is young, it has a single, large main stalk, but then forms many flowering upper branches in summer. Its leaves are crispy and up to 3 x 8”. Lower down on the stalk they are broadly dagger-shaped with shallow to deeply lobed edges and jagged teeth around the edges; kind of scary looking. Higher up they become smaller, less toothed, and have shorter to non-existent stems (petioles). The plant’s size varies by the richness and moistness of the soil but it’s guaranteed to look lush. Often found in burnt-out areas, giving the plant its name. If you choose this highly desirable and beneficial species it is important not to mistake it for a weed because it may look like one to you, like it’s going to turn into a nasty, painful thistle. Be patient and wait until the masses of cannoli arrive. A native that has become naturalized in Europe. Self-sows. A Pioneer species. Annual. Aster family. Variety hieraciifolius is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=313 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-dense-population-of-Erechtites-hieraciifolius-in-New-Jersey-21-August-2008-Mr-

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Meadow Flowers

Peter_fig5_274411407 -click on the arrow to see more detailed photos https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/erechtites/hieraciifolius/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/191 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/pilewort http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/pilewort.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/burnweed.html

Compass Plant silphe lacinié, plante boussole Silphium laciniatum 1; Extremely Rare -prairies, sand prairies, meadows, open woods; open disturbed habitats, road/railroad sides, prairie remnants. >Full Sun. Average to dry, well-drained, deep (to allow for the long taproot) loamy soil. Accepts sandy to clayey and acidic to alkaline. >6-12' Many, long-lasting, yellow blooms (late summer into fall) on flower-branches atop strong stems. A very eye-catching plant in any garden. Tends to flower earlier than either Prairie Rosinweed or Cup Plant (other Silphiums). The large, deeply indented leaves tend to orient themselves in a north-south direction by the mid-afternoon sun. Feeds birds and butterflies. It may be necessary to give a single Compass Plant physical support or the support of others to not be blown over. May flop over on a slope. Will not survive transplanting. Self-sows. A large, woody, extremely deep-reaching taproot, to 15’. Aster family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=388 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/silphium.html http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/cupplant.html https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=446 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/compass-plant https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/compassx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/CompassPlant.pdf http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/compassplant.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f580 https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sila3.pdf https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_sila3.pdf

Grey-headed Prairie Coneflower Pinnate Prairie Coneflower, Yellow Coneflower. Ratibida pinnata 1; Rare ratibida à feuilles pennées -dry open ground, prairies, clay prairies, meadows, limestone outcrops, open woods, thickets, borders of woods; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, fencerows, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun; tolerates to Part Sun. Moist to dry, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, acidic, and nutrient-poor. Deer resistant once the plant has matured. >3-4’ A stiffly erect to a rounded silhouette with many blooms (peak summer) of light yellow, drooping petals encircling protruding, rounded, green cones (that eventually change to brown/grey). Very long lasting blossoms. Its lower leaves have long petioles (leaf stems), are irregularly shaped, divided into 3-7 lobes, sometimes further divided into 1-2 secondary lobes, and are up to 5x8” in size. Higher up the plant they become smaller, less divided, fewer in number, and lacking stems. Rough to touch as a result of tiny stiff hairs and bumps. A care free, endurable, long-lived, clumping species with handsome leaves. Looks its best when grown among other tall plants to support its somewhat flimsy stems. A wildlife magnet. Finches love the seeds. Colonizes disturbed areas with reduced competition that allow for self-sowing. A tall caudex with fibrous roots. Aster family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=434

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Meadow Flowers

http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/ratibida.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=390 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/ratibida/pinnata/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/gray-headed-coneflower http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/yl_coneflowerx.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/grayheadedconeflower.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/DroopingConeflower.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=l940 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_rapi.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_rapi.pdf

Culver’s Root Bowman's Root, véronique de Virgine Veronicastrum virginicum 1 -prairies, sand prairies, meadows, deciduous open woods (often Oak), thickets, edges of woods; lowlands, floodplains, swampy meadows, stream banks; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, roadsides, ditches. >Full to Filtered Sun. Rich, moist to wet, loamy soil. Accepts sandy to light clayey. Deer resistant. Intolerant of much drought. >3-5’ Pointy-tipped, long (up to 10”), tapering spikes of many white (occasionally pink) blooms (peak summer) top a tall, strong stalk whorled with leaves. The blossoms are tubular and have stamens and a style protruding way beyond the tube’s end. They ripen into seeds that are so small they can be blown several feet by the wind. The top of the stalk usually branches several times with a flower spike at each end to produce a showy candelabra effect that waves in the breeze. The leaves are pointed, narrowly spear-head shaped, heavily veined (quilting the leaf), and the edges are softly saw-toothed. The stalk may become floppy so it isn’t a plant for slopes. A magnet for many varieties of bees. Clump forming from a central taproot and rhizomes. Plantain family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1987 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/veronicastrum.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=411 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/veronicastrum/virginicum/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/677 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/culvers-root http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/culverx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/CulversRoot.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g180 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vevi4.pdf

Prairie Rosinweed Prairie Dock, silphe térébenthine Silphium terebinthinaceum 1 2 3; not Bruce Peninsula; Extremely Rare -prairies, hill prairies, shrub prairies, meadows, limestone glades, open woods; fens, seeps; open disturbed habitats, fields, roadsides, railroad embankments. >Full Sun. Wettish to average, calcareous to average, deep loamy, well-drained soil. Accepts gravelly to clayey and drought. >5-8’ Tall stalks hold up a galaxy of bright yellow blooms (late summer into early fall) that look like small sunflowers, but there are many more blossoms per plant with amazingly long petals. A stunner. Tends to flower later in the season than either Cup Plant or Compass Plant (other Silphiums). At its base are large, rough, oval to heart-shaped leaves that resemble elephant’s ears. There are only scant leaves in

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Meadow Flowers

the upper part of the plant and the branching stems are fairly slender so that the flowers seem suspended in mid-air. A pollinator heaven (our Hummingbird likes it too) and though its seeds are much smaller than those of cultivated sunflower’s they are still loved by Finches. A large, woody taproot that can reach down to 12’. Aster family. Variety terebinthinaceum is also native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=330 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/silphium.html -genus Silphium https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/prairie-dock https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=448 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_dockx.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/prairiedock.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/PrairieDock.pdf

Perennial Evening Primrose Little Evening Primrose, Small Sundrops Oenothera perennis all onagre vivace, onagre pérennante -sand/gravel prairies, meadows, swales, open woods, low ground in Jack Pine plains; shores, boggy soil; disturbed habitats, fields, ditches, roadsides, borrow/gravel pits. >Full to Part Sun. Boggy to average, sandy/rocky to average soil. Benefits from wildfires, etc to reduce shade. >6-24’’ Many, lovely, simple yellow blooms (mid-summer) that blossoms only a few at a time in progression up to the top of their flower stems; they open during the night and close during the day. Long, skinny leaves on skinny stems that give up the limelight to the blossoms. The basal leaves form nice bushy little bunches . Even this little plant is a wildlife magnet using its nectar, pollen, and leaves to feed the needy. A very manageable, compact species. Gotta love it. Fibrous roots. Evening-primrose family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1769 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/small-sundrops https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/oenothera/perennis/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/412 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/small-sundrops http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/sm_sundrops.htm https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/055_Onagracees/04_Oenothera/perennis.htm http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/oenothera.html -genus Oenothera

Canada Garlic Canada Wild Onion, Wild Garlic, ail du Canada Allium canadense 1 2 4 5 -wet meadows, open woods, prairies, thickets, rocky outcrops, thinly wooded bluffs; stream banks/floodplains; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, road/railroad sides, waste areas. >Full Sun to Part Shade; tolerates Full Shade with sub-optimal growth. Rich, moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy and juglone. Intolerant of much taller competition. Deer resistant once early spring is over. >12-16’' Star-burst arrangements of dainty, white, starry blooms (early summer). They mature into clusters of small bulblets which will eventually drop to the ground and hopefully take root. Will not flower if in too much shade. Shockingly, the plant looks pretty much like a garlic or onion plant. Allium is the Onion genus. A bee, fly, insect, and larvae magnet. Can be aggressive in a modest way. The root is a small garlic with fibrous roots coming from out the bottom. Amaryllis family; Lily superorder.

M-12

Meadow Flowers

Variety canadense is also native. https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/wildgarlic.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/allium/canadense/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/21 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-garlic https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=37 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wild_garlicx.htm

Star-flowered False Solomon’s Seal smilacine étoilée, maïanthème étoilé Maianthemum stellatum all -moist sandy woods, glades, open woods (often Oak), thickets, sandy prairies, meadows; floodplains, shores of swamps/fens/streams/lakes, deciduous to coniferous swamps; calcareous seeps; sand ridges/dunes and shrubby shores of the Great Lakes; roadsides. >Part to Dappled Shade; tolerates to Full Sun. Rich, moist to average, sandy soil. Accepts gravelly to clayey, acidic, and juglone. >1-2’ Similar to False Solomon’s Seal (a Forest Floor plant) but smaller with daintier blooms (late spring). Small pretty clusters of white, star-shaped blossoms decorate the end of the single, unbranched, arching and slightly off-kilter stem. They mature into showy berries marked with a distinct, dark cross before they turn a bright red. The stem is lined with alternating elliptical leaves up to 6” long, 2” wide that turn bright yellow in the fall. A songbird feeder. Colony forming via rhizomes. A good Ground Cover. A cutie all season. Asparagus family, Lily superorder. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Maianthemum-stellatum.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/Maianthemum%20stellatum http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=641 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Smilacina_stellata.html -uses a scientific synonym http://floreduquebec.ca/english/maianthemum-stellatum http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Liliaceae/Maianthemum/Stellatum/stellatum.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/maianthemum/stellatum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/370 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/starry-false-solomons-seal https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=831 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/starry_solomon.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291771

Fireweed épilobe à feuilles étroites Chamaenerion angustifolium all -meadows, alpine meadows, rocky ground, forest edges, forests (often Aspen, Jack Pine, Spruce, Oak); damp ravines, moist sedge meadows, upper shores, dunes; often in wettish areas, sandy marshes, remnant bogs; disturbed habitats, burned/logged out forests, recent clearings, fields, roadsides, gravel pits. Often found growing with Anaphalis margaritacea (Pearly Everlasting). >Full to Part Sun. Rich, wet to average, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy and rocky. Intolerant of competition and drought. Thrives in cleared sites, especially where a wildfire has occurred. A fire not only clears out the competition and the shade, but also increases the fertility of the soil. Susceptible to the Japanese Beetle. >3-6’ Large, showy, butterfly-shaped, pink blooms (through summer) open in an ascending progression along the upper part of an erect, woody stem. The fruit is an interesting, slender, upright pod that turns purplish-red as the seeds ripen. They split open at the tip, peeling back like a banana peel, dispersing the tufted seeds into the wind. May go dormant in the full sun of a hot summer without adequate moisture.

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Meadow Flowers

The leaves are long and narrow, up to 2 x 8”. They have an interesting characteristic in that in the spring they have horizontal grooves or creases that eventually are smoothed out by summer. A pollinator and insect magnet. Used for honey production. Aggressive via rhizomes and abundant seed production, but is quite stunning through summer in mass plantings. As a result, they don’t just often grow in burnt over areas, but when all blooming together they themselves can look like a fire, albeit a deep pink fire. Given consistent moisture it can be invasive. A Pioneer species. Evening-primrose family. Subspecies angustifolium and circumvagum (Wandering Fireweed, épilobe vagabond) are also native. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004902 https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/NorthernGMI_2014_FINAL.compressed.pdf -search for angustifolium http://floreduquebec.ca/english/chamaenerion-angustifolium http://www.borealforest.org/herbs/herb13.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/chamerion/angustifolium/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/110 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/fireweed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1744 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fireweedx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/fireweed.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=297622&isprofile=0&

Goldenrods http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/goldenrod.html http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Solidago/Identification/identification.e.shtml When looking at Goldenrods you might want to take a magnifying glass to the individual flowers of each species. You might think they’re all the same, but they’re not.

Grass-leaved Goldenrod Flat-top Goldenrod, verge d'or à feuilles de graminée Euthamia graminifolia all -moist open ground, prairies, meadows, open woods, forest edges; open bedrock, rock crevices, alvars, limestone pavement, calcareous seeps; wetland margins, low prairies/meadows/woods, fens, peatlands, marshes, conifer swamps, moist sandy shorelines, Great Lake shores/rocks, beach pools, interdunal flats; disturbed habitats, fields, hayfields, clearings, vacant lots, ditches; road/railroad side ditches, excavations near the water table. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Rich, damp to average, peat to sandy to gravelly to loamy soil. Accepts nutrient-poor, acidic to mildly alkaline, droughts, and juglone. Intolerant of aggressive prairie species in dry habitats. >2-4’ Tight clusters of hundreds of tiny, bright yellow blooms (late summer into mid-fall) at the tops of a few stems that splinter off from the upper part of a single, thin, stiff stalk. Its thin leaves are stemless and are erect to horizontal, not floppy. Sometimes a leaf will obtain a black, fungoid-looking spot not found on any other goldenrod. Tends to have a fairly slim profile. An important food source for pollinators and a myriad of insects, larvae, and birds. Can be aggressive given moist, sunny conditions. Good for Restoration. Fibrous roots with slender, spreading rhizomes. Aster family. Has an abundance of scientific and common name synonyms. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Euthamia-graminifolia.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/verge_dor_a_feuilles_de_graminee-flat_top_goldenrod/ http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=53

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Meadow Flowers

http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1004569 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/goldenrod.html -Goldenrods https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/103Composees/40_Solidago/graminifolia.htm http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Euthamia/graminifolia.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/euthamia/graminifolia/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/211 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=328 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/gr_goldenrodx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/GrassLeavedGRod.pdf http://www.missouriplants.com/Euthamia_graminifolia_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_eugr5.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_eugr5.pdf

Rough-stemmed Goldenrod Wrinkle-leaved Goldenrod, verge d'or rugueuse Solidago rugosa not 9; not 10 -low prairies, meadows, swales, shrubby areas, Pine barrens, open woods, thickets, thin woods, moist forests/edges; wetland margins, along water courses, deciduous to coniferous swamps, bogs, peatlands, gravelly seeps; disturbed habitats, in swamps, forest clearings, trails, ditches, pastures, fields, fencerows, roadsides. >Full Sun to Light Shade; tolerates to Part Shade. Moist to wet, sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts peaty, gravelly to clayey, slightly acidic to calcareous, and juglone. Deer resistant. >3-6’ Distinctive, long, showy sprays of arching yellow flower stems (late summer well into fall) top the upper portion of a single, strong stalk. The stalk is rough to touch and the leaves are coarsely toothed and a bit wrinkly. Attracts bees, wasps, flies, small butterflies, moths’ eggs, beetles, many types of bugs, and birds (including the Indigo Bunting). One of the most common eastern prairie and meadow species making it obligatory for a Restoration project. Can be aggressive via creeping rhizomes. Aster family. Reportedly, nursery cultivars of this species often bear little resemblance to the original. There are several native subspecies and varieties; all are native but one: The none-native isSolidago ssp. rugosa var. sphagnophila (Cedar-swamp Goldenrod, verge d'or des sphaignes). http://www.ontariowildflower.com/goldenrods.htm#roughleaved https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/goldenrods/classification-and-illustrations/solidago-rugosa http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=61 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/goldenrod.html -genus Solidago https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/103Composees/40_Solidago/rugosa.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/solidago/rugosa/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/578 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=467 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wl_goldenrod.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f196 http://www.thismia.com/S/Solidago_rugosa.html

Squarrose Goldenrod Stout Goldenrod, verge d'or squarreuse Solidago squarrosa 1 but not too far west of Long Point; 4 5 6 7; not Manitoulin Island -meadows, rocky/talus slopes/areas, shale slopes, thickets, open woods, forest edges, thin forests,

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Meadow Flowers

glades, open banks; disturbed habitats, fields, roadsides, clearings. >Part to Full Sun. Prefers Part Shade in the full heat of southern climes. Average to dry, rocky to clayey soil. Accepts juglone. Deer resistant. >3-5’ Tall, erect, yellow bloom heads (late summer, early fall) form impressive, long clusters at the tops of several tall stalks. In seed, these flower-heads become all greyish-white fluffiness. The leaves are spear-blade shaped but become much narrower towards the top of its stalk; edges sharply toothed. Loved by Honeybees. Caudices with long, spreading rhizomes. Aster family. https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/goldenrods/classification-and-illustrations/solidago-squarrosa http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=67 http://www.ontariowildflower.com/goldenrods.htm#stout https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/103Composees/40_Solidago/squarrosa.htm http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Solidago/Squarrosa/squarrosa.e.shtml http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/169129-Solidago-squarrosa/browse_photos https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/solidago/squarrosa/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidago_squarrosa

Stiff Goldenrod Rigid Goldenrod, Stiff-leaved Goldenrod, verge d'or rigide Solidago rigida 1; Rare Oligoneuron rigidum var. rigidum -open areas (often calcareous), prairies, clay prairies, meadows, rocky ground, limestone glades, open woods (often Oak, Aspen), thickets, thin woods, woodland borders, forest glades, slopes, rocky bluffs/cliffs/ledges; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, fields, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun; tolerates to Part Sun. Dry to moist, sandy, nutrient-poor, well-drained soil. May flop over if the soil is overly rich or moist. Accepts gravelly to clayey and acidic to calcareous. >3-5’ The dark yellow blooms (late summer into late fall) form a dense, flat-topped cluster. Leaves clasp tightly to the stem. A wildlife magnet. Excellent for Restoration. Each plant forms a large clump sending up many stems from its caudex but can also spread aggressively by rhizomes and self-sowing. Either let it spread, give it aggressive competition, or dead-head it when you have enough. Probably best for wild, extensive gardens. Aster family. Subspecies rigida is also native; humilis is not. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Solidago-rigida.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/verge_dor_rigide-rigid_goldenrod/ https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/goldenrods/classification-and-illustrations/solidago-rigida http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=66 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/oligoneuron/rigidum/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/414 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/stiff-goldenrod https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=466 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/stf_goldenrodx.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f610 http://www.missouriplants.com/Solidago_rigida_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_olrir.pdf

White Goldenrod Silverrod, verge d'or bicolore, solidage bicolore Solidago bicolor 1 5; Uncommon -meadows; dry sandy, open woods, thin woods, open forests; banks, rocky slopes, bluffs; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, roadsides. >Full Sun to Light Shade; tolerates to Part Shade. Dry to average, sandy/rocky soil. Accepts to clayey,

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nutrient-poor, and juglone. Deer resistant. >12-30’' One of our only 2 white-flowered Goldenrods (also Upland White Goldenrod). Out of a bushy patch of large basal leaves rises a main, fuzzy stalk that eventually divides into several, erect stems coated with small bunches of small but copious white blooms (late summer into fall); sometimes yellowish but never bright yellowish. A low growing species suitable for genteel frontyard gardens. Attracts some of the less famous, under appreciated bees. Abundant seed production keeps the birds supplied in winter. Self-sows. Rhizomes from caudices. Aster family. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=65 https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/goldenrods/classification-and-illustrations/solidago-bicolor https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/146717-Solidago-bicolor/browse_photos http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Solidago/Bicolor/bicolor.e.shtml http://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=283 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/solidago/bicolor/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/569 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=452 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidago_bicolor

Balsam Groundsel Northern Ragwort, séneçon appauvri Packera paupercula all Senecio pauperculus -moist prairies, meadows, open woods (often Jack Pine, Aspen, Oak), thickets, forests; marshy ground, sedge meadows, dry to wet/marshy stream/lake shores/banks, sand dunes, fens, bogs, Cedar swamps, calcareous marshes; rocky outcrops, open bedrock, ridges, ledges, alvars, crevices; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, fields, ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Wet to average dry, sandy/gravelly, neutral to calcareous, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts rocky to loamy. >6-14’' From the top of a long, slender, almost leafless stalk branch out a dainty cluster of short stems, each bearing a small, yellow daisy-like bloom (late spring through summer) with sparse but long petals. The nakedness of the stalk accentuates the brightness of the blossoms. Even at its base there is just a fairly small rosette of long stemmed, tooth-edged leaves. Clump and occasionally colony forming. A caudex, occasionally with weak rhizomes or stolons. Aster family. Three varieties are native: pseudotomentosa (False Tomentose Balsam Groundsel), savannarum (Savanna Balsam Groundsel), paupercula (Balsam Ragwort). http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Packera-paupercula.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/packera/paupercula/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/426 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/balsam-ragwort https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=417 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/bal_ragwort.html

Eastern Camas Wild Hyacinth, Atlantic Camas, camassie faux-scille Camassia scilloides 1, deep southwest islands in Lake Erie and the St. Clair River; Species at Risk -“moderate shade of low moist woods on clay soil as well as drier scrubbier woodland on shallow, rocky soil over limestone bedrock (Michael Oldham, 1990).” Wild Hyacinth in Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Recovery Strategy Series, 2007. https://www.ontario.ca/page/wild-hyacinth https://www.ontario.ca/page/wild-hyacinth-recovery-strategy

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-open woods, thickets, forest edges, thin woods, rocky wooded slopes; prairies, meadows; floodplains, valley bottoms, stream banks; alvars, limestone glades; pastures. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Rich, moist to average, calcareous, rocky to loamy to clayey, soil. Susceptible to dry springs. Deer resistant. >1-2' Pale blue blooms (late spring) grouped into large clusters at the top of erect stems. From the middle of each blossom protrude long stamens with bold, golden tips. The leaves are basal, long, slender and upright to floppy with a prominent rib along their centre. Like most bulb plants, it’s ephemeral and disappears in mid-summer. Mostly a bee and fly magnet but butterflies also like to visit. Clump forming by self-sowing and from bulbs in clusters with attached fibrous roots. Asparagus family; Lily superorder. Has a multitude of scientific synonyms. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1437 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wild_hyacinth.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/wildhyacinth.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282045&isprofile=0&letter=c https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=casc5 http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/67793-Camassia-scilloides/browse_photos

Robin’s-plantain Fleabane Robin's Plantain, vergerette délicate Erigeron pulchellus 1 -meadows, thickets, open woods (often Oak, Jack Pine), deciduous glades; moist areas of fens, streams, lakes, lowlands; wooded sand dunes; slopes of wooded bluffs, stream banks; disturbed habitats, deciduous forest clearings, burnt-out woods, roadsides. >Dappled to Full Sun. Moist to dry, sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts rocky to light clayey and drought. >6-12'' A tight cluster of 1-6 pale purple to pale pink to white, dainty, daisy-like, many-petalled blooms (mid-spring to mid-summer) borne on a tall, stiff stalk from a clump of shiny, widish basal leaves. There’s a golden disc in the centre of the petals looking like the sun with a feathery halo. The stems arch over a bit near the top turning the blossom outwards. Everything quite showy. The basal leaves are very innocent looking when the plant isn’t in flower, so don’t pull them out. A favourite among small Carpenter bees and Sweat Bees, but also appreciated by butterflies, moth larvae, and friendly flies. Often forms colonies from stolons or rhizomes to make a pretty Ground Cover. Aster family. Variety pulchellus is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=319 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/Erigeron.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=614 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/erigeron/pulchellus/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/194 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/robins-plantain http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/robin_plantain.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277317&isprofile=0&

Yellow Giant Hyssop Catnip Giant Hyssop, agastache faux-népéta Agastache nepetoides 1 5; Rare -meadows, thickets, deciduous open woods (often Oak, Beech-Maple), forest edges, glades; talus/rocky slopes; alvars; disturbed habitats of reduced shade, power-line clearances, fencerows; occasionally lowland forests especially along streams. >Part to Full Sun. Moist to average, well-drained soil. Accepts to calcareous and juglone. Not tolerant of harsh winters at all. Deer resistant. >2-5' Can spread up to 3’ across. Small, greenish-yellow blooms (peak summer) in dense, spikes at the

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top of candelabra-like branches from a sturdy, 4-sided stalk. The individual blossoms look like gaping dragon’s mouths with 4 long, protruding stamens and a forked style. Each bloom opens independently of the others and matures into four nutlets. The leaves are opposite with saw-toothed edges. The lower ones are large, up to 6” long but they become smaller as they progress up the stalk. If the site is too dry and sunny, they may wilt. An excellent nectar source. A fibrous caudex often with rhizomes. Can be considered a sub-shrub. Mint family. The late, great Walter Muma states “Not prized for its beauty, it is a plant for naturalized gardens and pollinators. Research has shown this to be one of Ontario's top 20 plants for feeding pollinating insects. Because it is rare in southern Ontario, except west of London, it should not be planted in the wild.” Missouri Plants states “It is quite striking …”. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=504 -Walter Muma’s page http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/agastache.htm -genus Agastache https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/agastache/nepetoides/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/12 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/yellow-giant-hyssop https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1533 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/yg_hyssop.htm http://www.missouriplants.com/Agastache_nepetoides_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281383&isprofile=0&

Giant Ironweed Tall Ironweed, vernonie géante Vernonia gigantea 1; Extremely Rare Vernonia altissima -meadows, open woods, thickets; floodplains, floodplain forests, marshy thickets, marshes, swamps, seeps, springs; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, roadsides. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Rich, moist soil. The more sun the more moisture it requires. Of our two native Ironweeds (see below), this is the more shade tolerant. Accepts wet to average, acidic, sandy to clayey, periodic flooding, and juglone. Deer resistant. >5-8' A wide panicle of woolly flower-heads with each head having 13-30 tiny purple blooms (late summer into early fall). The flowers are at the ends of branches at the top of a single stalk. There is a long blooming period stretching from 1-1.5 months. Its leaves, distributed along the stalk, are alternate, point outwards in every direction, and are up to 2.5 x 9” in size. A stunning stand-out in your garden. A pollinator and butterfly magnet. Clump forming via thick, short rhizomes. Aster family. https://www.wildflower.org/gallery/species.php?id_plant=VEGI http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/vernonia.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=773 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=515 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/tl_ironweed.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277606&isprofile=0& https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/57426/#b https://laidbackgardener.blog/tag/vernonia-gigantea/

Missouri Ironweed Vernonia missurica 1; Rare -moist open sites, meadows, sloughs, swales, open woods, thickets, forest edges, limestone glades; bottomlands, edges of fens, swamps, wooded swamps, lakes, streams; sedge meadows, seeps; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, fencerows, road/railroad sides, vacant lots, waste places. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average soil. Accepts wet, lightly gravelly to clayey, moderately acidic to calcareous, and juglone. Deer resistant.

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>3-5' An eye-catching cluster of brilliant magenta blooms (mid-summer to mid-fall) top a tall, leafy stalk, unbranched except until the large, wide panicle of flowers at the top. The blossom-head may remind you of a frilly thistle flower, but its on a much friendlier plant. The leaves are up to 7” long, erect, and lance-shaped. An end-of-season pollinator magnet. Colony forming from rhizomes and a dense cluster of fibrous roots. Aster family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=516 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/vernonia.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/vernonia/missurica/ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ms_ironweedx.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b795

Northern Yellow Lady’s-slipper Greater Yellow Lady’s-slipper, Small Yellow Lady's Slipper all cypripède mocassin Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin -low prairies, meadows, swales, sheltered hollows; coniferous to deciduous open woods (often Aspen), thickets, shrublands, forest edges, forests, coniferous woods over bedrock, boreal forests, glades; open bedrock, alvars; open sand, low sand dunes; edges/shores of fens, swamps, coniferous bogs, streams/lakes; disturbed habitats, old clearings, flourishes in shady roadside ditches. >Part Shade to Sun. Wet to average soil. Accepts, if not prefers, acidic. Accepts nutrient-poor and sand. This is a relatively easy orchid to grow, but unlikely to survive transplanting and just results in death. >6-17'' The bold, slightly fragrant bloom (late spring) has the appearance of a large, glossy yellow bulbous pouch, usually with brown spots or stripes within. Most often there is only a single blossom, rarely two, looking very elegant and proud held high atop a leafless stalk arising from a leafy stem. It matures into a large, rounded-oblong, 3-ribbed, pointy seed pod that will survive the winter if not eaten by deer. The blossom is backed by 1-2 erect, tall, green bracts (like leaves) and framed by four dark maroon petals: the largest of which is mostly erect and stands over the top while two long, narrow and spiralled ones stick out from the sides. Behind and beneath are two shorter petals fused into one wide petal. Along the stem there are 2-5 lush, elliptically-shaped, dark green, heavily veined leaves arranged alternately. Ten or more stems may emerge from a single root forming a gorgeous clump. The spicy fragrance is most noticeable when the flower is young and warmed by the sun and helps to distinguish this variety from var. pubescens which is scentless. The other noticeable differences are that this variety is shorter, has a smaller pouch, its petals are darker and shorter, is more likely to be found in acidic soil, and tolerates drier sites. May take several years to flower. When not in flower it can resemble the Solomon’s Seals. A stout rhizome with fibrous roots. Orchid family. Note: the species Cypripedium parviflorum is commonly called Yellow Lady’s-slipper. From the human’s point of view, there is little difference between its 2 varieties, makasin and pubescens. Unfortunately some of their common names are also very similar and therefore confusing: Greater, Small, and Large, especially when the “Greater” has the smaller blossom. Not only that, but some sources still refer to the old species name, Cypripedium calceolus. Then to top it off, a synonym for var. makasin is C. pubescens var. makasin. But blessed be, in most moist gardens it makes no appreciable difference which one you purchase. Just buy the one(s) your supplier sells and plant it where I tell you to. Just for interest’s sake, Cypripedium refers to “Aphrodite’s sandal”, parviflorum means “small flowers”, and makasin is from the Algonquin language meaning moccasin or slipper. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Cypripedium-parviflorum-var-makasin.html https://goorchids.northamericanorchidcenter.org/species/cypripedium/parviflorum/ https://www.osrbg.ca/files/cyp_mak.htm http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=161 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cypripedium/parviflorum/

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http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/156 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/small-yellow-ladys-slipper https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1806 -a mix of varieties is shown https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/EndangeredResources/Plants.asp?mode=detail&SpecCode=PMORC0Q093 https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/yellowladysmakasin.html https://plants.usda.gov/java/largeImage?imageID=cypam3_001_ahp.tif

Tall Blue Lettuce Blue Wood Lettuce, Biennial Lettuce, laitue bisannuelle Lactuca biennis all -shady meadows, thickets, open woods, forest edges, forests, glades; floodplains, swamp edges, stream banks; disturbed habitats, fields, trailsides, roadsides, clearings, logged forests. >Light Shade to Part Shade; tolerates to Full Shade. Moist to wet soil - the sources are mixed. Most give the habitat as a type of forest clearing (more sun than shade). A few include fields and meadows (full sun). Yet not one source actually states that it grows in Full Sun contrary to photographs of specimens in New England growing under a solid blue sky. I am concluding that it tolerates Full Sun at the edge of woods with consistent and adequate moisture. >3-7’; reportedly as tall as 12’ or more. Small, pale blue to whitish blooms (peak-summer and well into fall) in branching, roughly cylindrical clusters at the top of the plant and from upper leaf axils. Clusters are tightly packed at first, but expand as the plant matures and may end up to be massive. When the blossoms have gone to seed they turn into fluffy, dandelion-like heads. The foliage is very lush with large (to 6x16”), deeply and pointedly lobed leaves (again, something like a dandelion leaf gone wild). There is a single, stout, hollow stalk. The plant contains a milky sap (Lactuca). Excellent for increasing the biodiversity of your garden. Biennial to a short lived annual. In its first year, it is a basal cluster of, yes, dandelion-like leaves so don’t pull it out. A thickened, stout taproot. Aster family. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Lactuca-biennis.html http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Lactuca_biennis.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/103Composees/07_Lactuca/biennis.htm http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/lactuca-biennis/r-lactuca-biennis.php https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lactuca/biennis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/tall-blue-lettuce https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=384 http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/tallbluelettuce.html https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LABI

Wood Lily Prairie Lily, Red Lily, lis de Philadelphie Lilium philadelphicum all -open sandy/rocky areas, prairies, sand plains, sand hills, meadows, heathlands, valley sides, barrens, thickets, open woods (often Jack Pine, Aspen), forest edges; shores, dunes; alvars, bedrock, crevices, balds, bluffs; fens, bogs, mixed to conifer swamps on hummocks; disturbed habitats, roadsides, ditches, clearings, power-line clearings. >Full Sun to Part Shade; tolerates to Full Shade but will not flower. Dry to moist, sandy/rocky, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts gravel to loamy, nutrient-poor and acidic. Benefits from removal of shade-causing woody competition. Reportedly difficult to cultivate in gardens. Speak to your supplier. >1-3' Looks exactly like a large, red-orange lily - beautiful. One to four, eye-catching, sky-facing, cup-shaped, purplish-spotted, large, reddish orange (rarely yellow) blooms (first half of summer), each at the top a tall stem with leaves whorled along its height. A magnet for bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, hummingbird moths, larvae, bugs, and deer. Becoming less common because of poaching, the over-

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population of deer, and loss of habitat. Grows in clumps from segmented bulbs composed of rice-shaped scales. The provincial emblem of Saskatchewan where it is called Prairie Lily and is pictured on the flag. It is native to every province except in the Maritimes. Slow growing. Lily family. Was once divided into 3 separate varieties: philadelphicum, andinum, montanum, but not now. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Lilium-philadelphicum.html http://www.prairiepollination.ca/plante-plant/lis_rouge_orange-western_red_lily/ http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1002088 http://www.ontariowildflower.com/manitoulin_alvar_woodland.htm#wood_lily https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lilium/philadelphicum/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/323 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wood-lily https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1629 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_lily.html https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/woodlily.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/WoodLily.pdf

Skunk Meadow-rue Waxy Meadow-rue, pigamon à feuilles révolutées Thalictrum amphibolum 1; Very Rare Thalictrum revolutum -thickets, open woods, barrens, forest edges, prairies, meadows; rocky wooded slopes, ridges, ledges; brushy banks along streams, wet meadows; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, fields, road/railroad sides. >Light Shade to Full Sun. Rich, moist to dryish soil. Accepts sandy to clayey and drought. Does well in average garden soil. Deer resistant. >2-6’ x 1-4’ Pale green-yellow to white blooms (late spring to early summer) in clusters. While the blossoms aren’t colourful they have a unique airy appearance and due to the plant’s size and its rather large, twice compounded leaves that flutter in the breeze, a summer lushness is the result. Crushing its leaves will give you the delicate fragrance of Eau de Skunk, but their undersides do glisten prettily in the sun. Wind pollinated, so not visited by bees and such. Good for diversifying the species of your garden. Usually occurs in male and female versions, so it’s a good idea to purchase a few if you want seed production. This is one of the plants where the male flower is more attractive to us than the female. Colony forming via rhizomes. Buttercup family. http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/143040-Thalictrum-revolutum/browse_photos https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/thalictrum/revolutum/ http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/waxy_ruex.htm https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2404

Canada Milk-vetch astragale du Canada Astragalus canadensis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10; extremely rare on Bruce Peninsula -prairies (often sandy), open woods (often sandy), thickets, forest edges; cliffs, balds, ledges, alvar prairies; fields; moist floodplains, marshy ground, shorelines, rocky banks. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average to dryish soil. Accepts alkaline and sandy to clayey. >2-4' Yellowish, creamy-white funnel-shaped blooms (peak summer) in long, dense flower-heads at the tops of multiple stems. Produces hard seedpods. Foliage very lacy with each leaf having many small leaflets. A large, robust species, yet it may lay about somewhat when in shade. Adds a good chunk of airy, bushiness to your garden. A wildlife magnet, including our Hummingbird. This is almost a pan-Canadian plant, including the Northwest Territories, but it hasn’t made it to the Maritimes yet or to the other 2 territories. Colony forming from a caudex with creeping rhizomes. Legume family. There are 3 varieties but only canadensis is native.

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http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Astragalus-canadensis.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/astragalus.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=845 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/astragalus/canadensis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/canada-milkvetch https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1272 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/can_milkvetchx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/canadamilkvetch.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Astragalus_canadensis_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_asca11.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_asca11.pdf

Milkweeds http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/milkweed.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=83 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/asclepias.html http://www.prairieoriginals.com/MILKWEEDS.pdf

Common Milkweed asclépiade commune, asclépiade de Cornut Asclepias syriaca 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8, north to Timmins; south 9 10 -disturbed open ground, prairies, meadows, deciduous to coniferous open woods (often Aspen, Pine), sandy conifer plantations, thickets, forest edges; alvars, rocky flat areas, talus; floodplains, shores, banks, stabilized dunes; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, fencerows, road/railroad sides, right-of-ways, vacant lots, waste places. >Full Sun. Average to dry, sandy/rocky, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts to clayey and average soil. Does well in rich, loamy. Dry soil and cutting off the seedpods will reduce its aggressiveness for home gardens. Deer resistant. >2-4' Pink balls of many, very fragrant blooms (peak summer). Has a bold, chunky appearance with stout, hairy stems. In the fall, large, warty seedpods disperse into the wind large numbers of seeds with attached fluffy hairs; loved by children. Like all Milkweeds, a bee, butterfly, larvae, and bug magnet. Reportedly the best plant to sustain the Monarch butterfly. Aggressive over large areas by wind-blown seeds to the point of invasiveness. Your neighbours will love you. It’s also able to colonize disturbed habitats via white rhizomes that grow from a caudex with a long taproot. A species best for large areas if you intend to let the seeds be dispersed. Dogbane family. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1002701 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=84 http://floreduquebec.ca/english/asclepias-syriaca http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1776-asclepiade-commune.html http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Apocynaceae/Asclepias/Syriaca/syriaca.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/asclepias/syriaca/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/62 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/common-milkweed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=162 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/cm_milkweed.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/common-milkweed https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/CommonMilkweed.pdf

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Meadow Flowers

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b480 https://monarchbutterflygarden.net/milkweed-plant-seed-resources/asclepias-syriaca/ https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_assy.pdf

Prairie Milkweed Sullivant’s Milkweed, asclépiade de Sullivant Asclepias sullivantii 1; Very Rare -moist meadows, sandy prairies, swales, thickets; floodplains, bottomlands; disturbed habitats, remnant prairies/meadows, fencerows, fields, road/railroad sides, ditches. >Full Sun. Rich, moist soil. Accepts wet to average and sandy to clayey. Deer resistant. >2-3’ Large clusters of very fragrant, greenish-purple blooms (through summer) at the top of a tall, sturdy, unbranched stalk. The blossoms mature into seed pods that ripen to split open along one side and then slowly release its many seeds, each bearing a tuft of long, silky hairs for wind and child dispersal. A real pollinator and insect magnet, including our Hummingbird and, of course, the Monarch Butterfly and its larvae. Less aggressive than the Common Milkweed. Its seeds require sunlight to germinate. Native only to Ontario and the central U.S. states. A deep taproot with rhizomes. Dogbane family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=161 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/asclepias.html https://monarchbutterflygarden.net/milkweed-plant-seed-resources/asclepias-sullivantii-prairie-milkweed/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/sullivants-milkweed http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/pr_milkweedx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/PrairieMilkweed.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j450

Whorled Milkweed asclépiade verticillée Asclepias verticillata 1 2 3; Very Rare; Species at Risk -prairies, sand hills, meadows, grassy slopes, open woods (often Oak), limestone glades; bluffs, cliffs, balds, ledges, ridges, open rocky areas; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, roadsides. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, sandy/gravelly/rocky, well-drained soil. Accepts to moist, to clayey, and calcareous. Prefers reduced competition from taller plants. Deer resistant. >2-3' Clusters of greenish-white blooms (late spring into fall). Very narrow, long, erect and copious leaves in whorls (verticillata) spaced along the stem. Because this plant flowers later in the season than most Milkweeds it is a good addition into the mix to prolong the flowering season and to maximize the benefit to wildlife. A wildlife magnet, including the Monarch, but not mammals. Can be aggressive in optimum conditions. Colony forming via long rhizomes growing from a taproot. A Pioneer species. Dogbane family. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Asclepias-verticillata.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=87 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/asclepias/verticillata/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/64 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/whorled-milkweed https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=164 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wh_milkweedx.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/HorsetailMilkweed.pdf https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/whorledmilkweed.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Asclepias_verticillata_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=276793&isprofile=0& https://monarchbutterflygarden.net/milkweed-plant-seed-resources/

M-24

Meadow Flowers

Hoary Mountain-mint pycnanthème gris Pycnanthemum incanum 1 circum-Aldershot of Burlington; Endangered -meadows, open woods (often Oak), thickets, forest edges; hillsides, cliffs, balds, ledges; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, clearings. In Ontario it is found in open Oak woods and grasslands and on warm, sun-exposed slopes. >Full to Part Sun. Rich, dry to moist, well-drained soil. Accepts juglone. >to 3' White (sometimes lavender-tinged), purple-spotted blooms (summer) are gathered into balls at the ends of stems and in the leaf axils. An erect, many-branched plant with 4-sided stems. The stems and surfaces of the upper leaves have many fine, white hairs which account for this species’ name. The leaves have a strong, minty fragrance. Attracts butterflies and bees; actually, bees are big on it. Contrary to the name, mountains are not its most common habitat. Clump forming. Aggressive to invasive via rhizomes. Mint family. Variety incanum is also native. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/pycnanthemum/incanum/ https://www.ontario.ca/page/hoary-mountain-mint http://www.rbg.ca/archive/cbcn/en/projects/bap/bap_cases_rbg07.htm http://www.ontla.on.ca/library/repository/mon/27001/320428.pdf http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/species-at-risk/stdprod_075579.pdf https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1581 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=y340

Slender Mountain-mint Narrowleaf Mountain-mint, pycnanthème à feuilles étroites 1 4 5; Rare/Uncommon Pycnanthemum tenuifolium -prairies; meadows, grassy areas, open woods, thickets, forest edges, Pine barrens, Oak woods, limestone glades; low wet areas, prairies, meadows, bogs, thickets, gravelly areas along streams, gravel seeps; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields. >Full to Part Sun. Wet to average, rocky/sandy/gravely to rich loamy, well-drained soil. Accepts acidic and to clayey. Accepts drought, but the leaves may yellow. Deer resistant. >2-3’ tall and equally as wide. The abundant blooms (peak summer into early fall) are very pale purple to white with purple spots. They are gathered into flower-heads that are in clusters at the ends of the upper stems. Slender is the word for both the leaves and the stems. The 4-sided stems branch so frequently that the plant can look bushy. Its many leaves are opposite, up to 3" long and ¼” across, and are stemless (sessile). Not the blossoms so much, but the rest of the plant gives off a mild, minty fragrance. One of the most powerful of the bee, butterfly, and insect magnets. Bunch forming, then colony forming, and can be aggressive to invasive via a taproot with rhizomes. Mint family. http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/126891-Pycnanthemum-tenuifolium/browse_photos https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1584 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/Pycnanthemum.html https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/94040/#b https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/pycnanthemum/tenuifolium/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/497 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/slm_mintx.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=r690 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pyte.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_pyte.pdf

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Meadow Flowers

Whorled Mountain-mint pycnanthème verticillé Pycnanthemum verticillatum 1 5; Extremely Rare -prairies, meadows, limestone glades, thickets, open woods, rocky forest edges/openings; moist sandy shores; disturbed habitats, fields, roadsides, borrow pits. >Part to Full Sun. Average to dry, nutrient-poor, well-drained soil. Suffers during hot droughts but survives. Accepts rocky to clayey and julgone. Benefits from afternoon shade and wildfires or occasional mowing to reduce woody competition. Deer resistant. >2-3’ Quite similar in appearance and behaviour to the other Mountain-mints described above. Leaves a little wider than Slender Mountain-mint. Variety Hairy Mountain-mint has fuzzy leaves and stems, the upper surface of the leaves are greyish-green, and the plant is a little more clay tolerant than the others. The fuzz can give the leaves a silvery appearance. Mint family. Varieties verticillatum (Whorled Mountain-mint) and pilosum (Hairy Mountain-mint, pycnanthème poilu) are both native, but pilosum is the more common. http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/153908-Pycnanthemum-verticillatum/browse_photos https://guides.nynhp.org/whorled-mountain-mint/ -var. verticillatum http://www.southeasternflora.com/view_flora.php?plantid=2509 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1585 https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/species/description/14348/Pycnanthemum-verticillatum https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/pycnanthemum/verticillatum/ http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/Pycnanthemum.html -genus Pycnanthemum http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=848 —var. pilosum https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1583 —var. pilosum http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/hm_mintx.htm -var. pilosum https://www.inhs.illinois.edu/collections/plants/data/il-gallery/species/pycnanthemum-pilosum/-var. pilosum http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281501&isprofile=0& -vr. pilosum

Downy Wood Mint Ohio Horsemint, Downy Pagoda Plant, bléphilie ciliée Blephilia ciliata 1; Extremely Rare -dolomite prairies, hill prairies, limestone glades, meadows, open woods (often Oak), thickets, barrens, thin woods, forest edges; limestone bluffs, thin soil over limestone/granite; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, power-line clearances; rarely edges of fens. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, calcareous, well-drained soil. Accepts mildly acidic and gravelly to clayey. >1-3' Large clusters of small, fragrant, blue-purple blooms (summer) in a series of rings that encircle the top of the sturdy, unbranched stalk. A young cluster may remind you of the old-fashioned image of a beehive or a very extravagant, but pretty, woman’s hat; however as the stem grows it gets longer and the rings move apart turning the flower stem into a tall, colourful pagoda. Being a member of the Mint family it has many of the classic hallmarks: a 4-sided stem with fuzzy (ciliata) opposite leaves, a minty fragrance, and is a favourite especially of bees, but butterflies like it too. The leaves may look a little worse for wear by the middle of summer, but remember the bees. Clump forming via short rhizomes so is not nearly as aggressive as many of the others. Mint family. Don't confuse this with Blephilia hirsuta (Hairy Wood Mint, bléphilie hirsute) which is hairier but still native and desirable. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1537 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/blephilia.html -genus Blephilia http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=819 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/blephilia/ciliata/

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Meadow Flowers

http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/dwn_mintx.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/downywoodmint.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j530 http://www.missouriplants.com/Blephilia_ciliata_page.html

Nodding Onion Nodding Wild Onion, ail penché Allium cernuum 1; Manitoulin Island; Very Rare -prairies, dolomite prairies, sand prairies, gravel prairies, hill prairies, shrub prairies, meadows, swales, deciduous to coniferous open woods, grassy shady stream banks, rocky stream banks, lake shores, rocky outcrops, thinly wooded bluffs, cliffs; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, road/railroad embankments, ditches; occasionally marshy ground. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Moist to average to dry, well-drained, neutral to alkaline soil. In full sun sites it grows best with moisture. Accepts sandy, rocky, and average garden soil. One source reports that it accepts juglone. Deer resistant. Does best with more sun than a glade, but mine have been flowering and producing seed just fine in its frontyard glade. >12-16'' White to rose blooms (peak summer). The flower stalks, most often just one, bends over and down just behind the cluster of blossoms giving the plant its name. The flowers are not hidden at all by foliage and look like a loose cluster of many, little dangling bells. They mature into little black seeds held conspicuously at the end of tiny stems. Generally speaking, the plant itself looks like a delicate common onion, with long, graceful, ribbon-like leaves. Enjoyed by a variety bees, especially Bumbles. Already rare and becoming even rarer due to habitat destruction and poaching. Remember that the wild doesn’t belong to you. Clump forming from bulbs and short rhizomes. Aamaryllis family, superorder Lily. http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Allium-cernuum.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=754 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/allium.html -see the last paragraph https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/nodding-wild-onion https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=39 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/nod_onionx.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/nodding-wild-onion https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/NoddingOnion.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=z580

Pearly Everlasting Western Pearly Everlasting, immortelle blanche Anaphalis margaritacea all anaphale marguerite -dry meadows, open woods, thickets, forest glades; disturbed habitats, wastelands, roadsides. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Moist to dry, sandy soil. Accepts loamy. Does well in disturbed habitats. >1-3' Gathered into a flat cluster at the top of a white, wooly stem are pearly white, dense flower heads (mid-summer into fall) with yellow at the centre of each blossom. Alternating, long willow-like, silvery-green leaves that smell like lemon-lime when crushed line the stem. Male and female flowers are on separate plants. A skinny, upright plant. It fully deserves its name because the flowers look pearly and they last right into your vase and onward. Aster family. https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Anaphalis-margaritacea.html http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001439 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/pearly-everlasting.html http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Anaphalis_margaritacea.html http://floreduquebec.ca/english/anaphalis-margaritacea http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Anaphalis/anaphalis.e.shtml

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Meadow Flowers

https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/anaphalis/margaritacea/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/28 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/pearly-everlasting https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=216 https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/pearlyeverlasting.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/pearly-everlasting http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277132&isprofile=0&

American False Pennyroyal American Pennyroyal, Pudding-grass, hédéoma faux-pouliot 1 5 Hedeoma pulegioides -open woods (often Oak or Beech-Maple), barrens, slopes, meadows; cliffs, balds, ridges, ledges, rocky glades; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, forest clearings, burnt/logged clearings, woodland trails, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Full Sun habitats require more moisture. Average to dry, rocky to loamy soil. Accepts nutritionally-poor and acidic. Intolerant of taller competition. Prefers barren sites and disturbed habitats to reduce competition and to allow for self-sowing. Deer resistant. >6-12'' A little darling. Pinkish-blue, tubular blooms (peak summer into early fall). Though the blossoms are small, about 1/4” across, they are backed by bright green leaves that makes them really stand out. A short plant, but a long flowering period, up to 3 months. Except for the petals, every part of the plant is a light, bright green. The leaves are about 1” long, opposite, sparsely distributed up the stem, and are quite aromatic (mint). A very simple, delicate looking plant that may require a cultured eye to appreciate and a well practiced eye not to pull it out for a weed. Appreciated by small (maybe really small) bees. Love that name Pudding-grass. Self-sows or dies out, hence, a copious seed producer. May form colonies if things are just right. A thick taproot. Annual. Mint family. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/am_pennyroyal.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/hedeoma/pulegioides/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/244 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1549 https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/163545-Hedeoma-pulegioides/browse_photos

Common Pokeweed Inkberry, Pigeonberry, phytolaque d’Amérique Phytolacca americana 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -thickets, open woods, forest edges, moist meadows; gravelly seeps, marsh edges; disturbed habitats, pastures, fields, road/railroad sides, drainage ditches, barnyards, fencerows, vacant lots, neglected gardens, disturbed forests. >Part to Full Sun. Rich, moist to average soil. Accepts gravelly to clayey, acidic to calcareous, and juglone. Deer resistant. Has a fondness for disturbed sites. >4-9’ A large, bushy plant of many, multi-branching, green to red-purplish stems. Under its preferred conditions it becomes almost a shrub. Abundant dangling, long spikes of small white or pinkish blooms (early summer into mid-fall). In bud, the blossoms look like tiny, green pumpkins. When in flower, 5 petals open to present a tiny, green, acorn squash inside - like a magic trick. The buds on the spike (raceme) flower from the bottom to the top over enough period of time to sometimes allow for fruit at the base and blossoms at the tip. The leaves are alternate and so deeply veined that the leaf looks quilted; they can be up to 4 x 10” in size. The tons of shiny, dark purple, grape-like berries produced are made for songbirds, but Grey Fox, Raccoon, and Opossum like them too. A thick, deep taproot. Pokeweed family. Variety americana is also native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=137 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/phytolacca/americana/

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Meadow Flowers

https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/443 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1915 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/pokeweed.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/Pokeweed.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=284958&isprofile=0&n=1

Common Evening-primrose onagre bisannuelle, herbe aux ânes Oenothera biennis all -prairies, sand prairies, meadows, open woods, thickets, stream floodplains; occasionally stream/lake shores/dunes; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, waste places, road/railroad sides, slopes of drainage ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Dry to average, rocky/sandy to average, well-drained soil. Accepts nutrient-poor and juglone. Requires regularly disturbed soil to self-sow or, being a biennial, it will die out. However the seeds will remain viable waiting for a disturbance to come, such as a digging squirrel or weeding. >2-4' Yellow blooms (peak summer) run up a sturdy, single, red-tinged, densely leafed stalk. They open and “glow” at dusk attracting night moths for pollination, particularly the Sphinx moth, and then closing again at dawn. A long flowering period. A good plant for difficult soil. If your specimens become anything like mine, by peak summer the leaves will have fed one heck of a lot of bugs. Aggressive self-sowing. In a small garden, you may want to consider deadheading to rein them in. A taproot. A biennial to a short-lived perennial. Evening-primrose family. Has a zillion scientific synonyms. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1758 https://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Oenothera-biennis.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/oenothera.html http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/common_evening_primrose.htm http://www.wildflowersofontario.ca/primrose.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/oenothera/biennis/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/409 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/common-evening-primrose http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/cm_primrosex.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/eveningprimrose.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/EveningPrimrose.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=283027 http://www.missouriplants.com/Oenothera_biennis_page.html https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_oebi.pdf

Great St. John’s-wort millepertuis à grandes fleurs, millepertuis ascyron Hypericum ascyron 1 2 4 5; Manitoulin Island -moist sunny sites: meadows, open woods, thickets, wooded slopes, bottomlands, stream/marsh/swamp/fen borders; ditches. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Damp to moist to average soil. Accepts rocky to light clayey and juglone. >2-5' A lovely wildflower well with worth having. The prominent blooms (through summer), to 2” or a little more across, that shine from the top of the plant, are soft yellow, with 5 petals that fold back to expose a substantial cluster of fuzzy, yellow stamens. Reportedly this species has the largest blossoms of our Hypericums. They mature into green, pyramid shaped seed capsules that narrow to a long piece with a little fringe at the end. They eventually dry up to brownish black to open at the top when the seed is ripe; they persist through winter. The central light green stalk is unbranched until the upper 1/3rd and it is at the

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Meadow Flowers

end of these branches where the flowers occur. The many nice green leaves are opposite, attached directly to the stem, and are spade shaped. Bumblebees have a soft spot for the flowers but they are just one of its many visitors. Clump forming from rhizomes. St. John’s-wort family. Subspecies pyramidatum (American Great St. John’s-wort, millepertuis pyramidalis) is also native. There is also Hypericum kalmianum (Kalm's St. John’s-wort, millepertuis de Kalm) and Hypericum prolificum (Shrubby St. John's-wort, millepertuis prolifère), both native. Speak to the supplier. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1457 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/hypericum/ascyron/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/280 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/great-st.-johnswort -subspecies. pyramidatum http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/giant_stjohn.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/greatstjohnswort.html -subspecies. pyramidatum http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279210&isprofile=0& -ssp. pyramidatum

Ohio Spiderwort Bluejacket, tradescantie d’Ohio, éphémère d'Ohio Tradescantia ohiensis 1; Very Rare -meadows, open woods (often Oak), thickets, forest edges, prairies, sandy ridges, limestone glades; disturbed habitats, road/railroad sides, ditches. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average moisture. Accepts wet. Accepts shallow rocky to gravel to sandy to clayey, drought, and juglone. >18-24'' Simple, 3-petalled, brilliant blue/violet blooms (early to mid-summer) with gold tipped stamens. The gold together with the rich blue are especially beautiful. The buds are in clusters but they open only one or a few at a time; each blossom lasts for only a short while but will be replaced by another. Usually, there is only one stalk that branches only near its very top. The leaves are similar to long blades of grass, less than an inch across and up to 15” long. Each has a groove down the centre created by a deep mid-vein. They are stemless with their bases wrapped around the plant’s stalk. Beneficial for butterflies and hummingbirds. Its foliage feeds many, but the species continues. Fleshy rhizomes that may form colonies where the competition is minimal. Spiderwort family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=825 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/ohio-spiderwort https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/oh_spiderwortx.htm http://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/spiderwort_ohioensis.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/OhioSpiderwort.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=r820 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/tradescantia/ohiensis/

Wild Strawberry Virginia Strawberry, fraisier des champs Fragaria virginiana all fraisier de Virginie -prairies, hill prairies, meadows, grassy places, limestone glades, open woods, forest edges, deciduous to coniferous forests, dry sandy wooded areas (often Jack Pine, Oak, and other similar-habitat trees), rocky areas, dry rocky summits/bluffs; shores, the drier parts of swamps; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Average to dry, rocky to clayey, nutrient-poor soil. Accepts acidic, drought, and juglone. >3-6'' Very similar to Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), in the Open Woods and Forest Glade/Floor sections. While short, it’s quite perky. Pretty, little white blooms (early spring) in groups of 2-6 are accompanied by spring fresh green foliage. By late spring or very early summer, you’ll have clusters of

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small, but bright red, juicy strawberries. The leaves are at the ends of long petioles (stems) and have 3 almost equally sized leaflets with pointy-toothed edges and prominent veins. Usually the blossoms are held beneath the level of the leaves, yet they are still plain to see. They make a most pleasant sight in spring. Of great benefit to our flying, crawling, and 4-footed world. It may go dormant in the heat of summer to return in the fall. Can spread aggressively by stolons (runners) to make a loose Ground Cover even on poor soil. With time this short plant will cover your garden floor and mingle in and around your other, taller plants. A truly pan-Canadian plant. It’s your patriotic duty to choose this species. A very small, potato-like corm and a thick rhizome with fibrous roots lurk beneath the runner of the plant. Rose family. For you keeners out there, the actual fruit is not precisely the strawberry, but are the seeds (achenes) that are embedded in little indentation on the surface of the fleshy ‘pseudocarp’, which is considered an ‘accessory fruit’. Subspecies virginiana and glauca (Smooth Wild Strawberry, fraisier glauque) are also native; subspecies platypetala is not. Read the labels carefully, especially when shopping for strawberries, relying on the scientific name. Their common names are often misleading. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2483 http://www.saskwildflower.ca/nat_Fragaria-virginiana.html http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/fragaria.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=679 http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1002875 http://www.borealforest.org/herbs/herb15.htm http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Fragaria_virginiana.html -subspecies virginiana https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/050_Rosacees/15_Fragaria/02_virginiana.htm http://floreduquebec.ca/english/fragaria-virginiana http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1798-fraisier-des-champs.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/fragaria/virginiana/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/216 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/wild-strawberry https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wld_strawberryx.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/virginaistrawberry.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/wild-strawberry https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/WildStrawberry.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291715&isprofile=0&= https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_frvi.pdf

False Sunflower Smooth Oxeye, Sweet Oxeye, héliopsis faux-hélianthe Heliopsis helianthoides 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; south 8 9 10; not Bruce Peninsula -prairies, meadows, thickets, open woods (often Oak, Aspen, Birch, others), limestone glades, bordering woods; floodplains, valley bottoms; disturbed habitats, clearings, road/railroad sides, road banks, prairie remnants, fields; occasionally fens, stream banks, marshes. >Part to Full Sun. Moist to average soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, nutrient-poor, and juglone. Deer resistant. >3-5' Many large (up to 3.5” across), rich yellow, long lasting blooms (peak summer) with golden centres, glow from the ends of long stems at the top of a tall, sturdy, coarse stalk. A patch of False Sunflower in flower in the sun is hard to beat. The leaves are scattered along the stalk, are opposite, vary from spear-head to narrowly ovate shaped, and have sharply coarse toothed edges. The plant becomes bushier in

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Meadow Flowers

full sun. Attracts big red aphids which don’t seem to do much harm, but feel free to squish them. Sometimes aggressive through self-sowing and creeping rhizomes with fibrous roots. As it is loved by pollinators, moths, butterflies, and other insects and excels in difficult habitats, its occasional aggressiveness is a plus. Neither a sunflower nor a daisy. Aster family. Varieties helianthoides and scabra (héliopsis scabre) are also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=360 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/heliopsis.html http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=584 http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/native-sunflowers.html -go to the very bottom of the page http://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Asteraceae/Heliopsis/heliopsis.e.shtml https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/heliopsis/helianthoides/ http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/253 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/smooth-oxeye http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/fs_sunflowerx.htm https://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/smoothoxeye.html https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/OxEyeSunflower.pdf http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g520 http://www.missouriplants.com/Heliopsis_helianthoides_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_hehe5.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_hehe5.pdf

Woodland Sunflower Rough Sunflower, hélianthe à feuilles étalées Helianthus divaricatus 1 2 3 4 5 6 hélianthe divariqué -open woods (often Oak, Pine, Aspen), thickets, edges of woods, thin woods, thinly wooded bluffs, limestone glades, hill prairies, sand prairies; disturbed habitats, clearings, fields, fencerows, road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Average to moderately dry soil. Accepts rocky to clayey and juglone. >2.5-5’ A sturdy plant with large (up to 3” across), bright yellow blooms (late summer into fall). A gorgeous Sunflower that can tolerate from full to part sun and rocky to clayey. What’s not to love? A wildlife feeder and shelterer for bees, butterflies, moths, a bunch of bugs, birds including game birds, plus 4-footed animals. Excellent for Naturalizing. It’s often aggressive forming dense colonies from long rhizomes. Aster family. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/helianthus/divaricatus/ http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=685 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/helianthus.html -genus Helianthus; don’t be mislead by Helianthus strumosus http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/flora/native-sunflowers.html —see near the bottom of the page https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/250 https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=348 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/wd_sunflower.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=k390

Field Thistle Pasture Thistle, chardon discolore, circe disco-lore Cirsium discolor 1 2 3 4 5 6 10; south 7 -prairies, meadows, limestone glades; hillsides; deciduous open woods, thickets, forest openings, thin forests, Pine plantations; floodplain meadows, stream banks; disturbed habitats, fields, pastures, waste areas, vacant lots, fencerows, open road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry to damp soil. Accepts nutrient-poor, sandy to clayey, and calcareous.

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Deer resistant. >3-8' Large, classic pink-to-purple (occasionally white) thistle blooms (peak summer) top the branches of a rather imposing and mean looking plant that is a complete smorgasbord for wildlife. The blossoms attract hummingbirds, many species of butterflies, bees (esp. bumbles), and moths. American Goldfinches love the seeds; it’s reported that they may line their nests with the seed tufts, but by the time the plant is in seed I would think that the nesting season would be well over. The foliage is food for butterfly and moth larvae. All this largesse doesn’t come without a cost. This big plant begins to die shortly after setting seed and then, in the form of a pinkish brown carcass, will act as the living dead to distribute its seeds into the wind. Its leaves can be up to 3x9”, are divided into several narrow lobes, some divided further, with small spines all along the edges and longer spines at the lobe tips; in sum, looking like a vicious medieval weapon though rather droopy. A deep taproot often with a cluster of coarse fibrous roots. A biennial to a short-lived perennial. In its first year it forms a low rosette of spiny basal leaves up to 1' across before bolting upwards in its second year. Spreads very aggressively and widely through self-sowing Aster family. There are several alien thistles in Ontario, including Canada Thistle, but only two common natives: this species, Field Thistle, of prairies and meadows and Swamp Thistle, Cirsium muticum, of lowlands. The Field Thistle can be distinguished from any of the aliens by the fine hairs that coat the undersides of the leaves turning them white. The non-natives are distinguished by their sharp spines especially along the stems. If you see a thistle in a field, look for these marks so you don't pull out our own beloved. There are also two rare natives: Cirsium drummondii (Drummond’s Thistle, chardon de Drummond) and Cirsium flodmanii (Flodman’s Thistle, Prairie Thistle, chardon de Flodman); both found north of the Lake Superior coast. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=695 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/plantpages/cirsium%20for%20wildlife.html http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/field_thistle.htm http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-10-1974-eng.pdf -search for C. discolor https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cirsium/discolor/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/123 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/field-thistle https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=285 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/ps_thistlex.htm https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/fieldthistle.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_cidi.pdf

Tall Tickseed Tall Coreopsis, Giant Coreopsis, coréopsis trifoliolé Coreopsis tripteris 1; Very Rare -dry to wet prairies, sand prairies, meadows, limestone glades, open woods, thickets, thinly wooded bluffs, forest edges (often Oak); marshes, boggy meadows, moist sands, edges of seeps; disturbed habitats, fields, clearings, road/railroad sides. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to average, rocky/gravelly to sandy to clayey. Accepts moderate drought and juglone. Benefits from shade-reducing wildfires. >5-7' Tickseed is an unfortunate name for such a beautiful plant. Its height, abundance of large (up to 2” across) yellow blooms (late summer), and crimson leaves in the fall all make it the potential highpoint in your garden. The blossom may remind you of a sunflower or coneflower but the centre is not yellow; instead it’s a dark purple to maroon and not coned-shaped but flat and curly-fuzzy. This is a bit of a skinny-winnie because its stalk, stems, and leaves are all long, thin and green, so that it becomes almost invisible except for the lovely flowers waving high in the breeze. A wildlife magnet. Colony forming from rhizomes and self-sowing. Can be aggressive if given consistent moisture. Aster family.

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Meadow Flowers

https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=299 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=394 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/tl_coreopsisx.htm http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g470 https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/coreopsis/tripteris/

Canada Tick-trefoil Showy Tick-trefoil, desmodie du Canada Desmodium canadense 1 2 3 4 5 6 7; southwest 10; not Bruce Peninsula -moist/wet prairies/meadows, rocky/sandy prairies, sandy open ground, limestone glades, open woods, open thickets, forest edges; floodplains, stream/lake edges/shores, fens; disturbed habitats, prairie remnants, clearings, waste places, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun to Part Shade. Moist to dry, well-drained soil. Accepts sandy to clayey and mildly acidic to mildly alkaline. Benefits from a grassfire. >2-4' Many large, showy rose-purple, pea-like blooms (peak summer) coat the lengths of the tops of branching stems. To me, each blossom looks like an old-fashioned lady’s bonnet (see the photos). They mature into jointed pods that break into one-seeded segments that stick, stick, stick to fur for dispersal. A robust, erect plant that may decide to sprawl. The stems are hairy giving a white, velvety appearance. The leaves are alternate and compound with 3, narrowly oblong leaflets (trefoil). They may be either sparsely or densely spaced. Prone to mildew. Highly valued by wildlife: shelters/feeds song/game birds, field-type mice, deer, rabbits, groundhogs, a variety of bees, insects, butterflies, and our hummingbird. May be aggressive through copious seed production and distribution. Good as a fast growing Ground Cover for difficult sites. Often clump forming. A long, slender taproot. Legume family. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1287 http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=708 http://www.repertoirequebecnature.com/vasculaires/Desmodium_canadense.html http://www.fleursduquebec.com/encyclopedie/1905-desmodie-du-canada.html https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/051Legumineuses/07_Desmodium/canadense.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/desmodium/canadense/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/163 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/showy-tick-trefoil http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/shw_trefoilx.htm http://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/canadaticktrefoil.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Desmodium_canadense_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_deca7.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_deca7.pdf

Arrow-leaved Violet Arrowhead Violet, violette sagittée Viola sagittata 1 2 3 4 5 6; not Bruce Peninsula; Rare -open woods, glades, limestone/sandstone glades, prairies; sand, clay, and shrub prairies; meadows, barrens; wetland edges, stream/lake shores, swamps; disturbed habitats, fields, power-line clearings, roadsides. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry, well-drained, sandy soil. Accepts rocky to heavy clay. Benefits from wildfires. >4-6'' What does it look like? A bushy violet with arrow-head shaped leaves. Light to dark blooms (through spring). Arrow-head shaped leaves (not heart or oval shaped) are its most distinguishing feature. Even in the Ovate-leaved variety where the leaves are more oval, the arrow-head shape is retained. While you may consider violets an amazingly unobtrusive plant (wrongly), it can boast of being

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a wildlife magnet, even of the Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpta). Self-sows. Fibrous roots often with fleshy rhizomes. Violet family. Varieties ovata (Ovate-leaved Violet, Northern Downy Violet, violette à feuilles frangées) and sagittata are also native. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=732 https://ofnc.ca/programs/fletcher-wildlife-garden/flora-and-fauna-at-the-fwg/violets-of-the-ottawa-district http://floreduquebec.ca/english/viola-sororia https://www.florelaurentienne.com/flore/Groupes/Spermatophytes/Angiospermes/Dicotyles/045_Violacees/01_Viola/sororia.htm https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viola/sagittata/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/700 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/arrow-leaved-violet https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2796 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/arrow_violet.html

Labrador Violet Alpine Violet, American Dog Violet, violette du Labrador Viola labradorica all violette bleu-pâle Viola conspersa -deciduous to coniferous open woods, thickets, forest edges, forests, glades; cliffs, balds, ledges, summits, plateaus; swampy woodlands, edges of swamps/bogs/streams; occasionally disturbed habitats near woods, trailsides, clearings; low, shaded ground in meadows, fields, pastures. >Deciduous Shade. Rich, moist to wet to average soil. Accepts rocky/sandy to loamy and acidic. >4-8'' Dainty, pale blue-violet blooms (later spring) at the ends of 2-4 leafy-stems. A 5-petalled blossom with the lower petal having dark purple lines radiating from its base and a rather long, nectar spur extending from its posterior that curves up behind the flower (like a happy dog’s tail). The side petals (2) each have a tuft of white hairs (beards) at their inside base. Has a long flowering season, about 1 month. Its leaves are light-green to yellowish, heart or kidney shaped, and with small, rounded teeth on their edges. Reportedly one of the cutest of the violets. Spreads modestly from slender rhizomes. A feeder of much wildlife. Violet family. Purchase only from a reputable native plant nursery because many nurseries sell a non-native look-a-like, Viola riviniana. Be sure to read labels carefully and use the scientific name. http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=188 https://ofnc.ca/programs/fletcher-wildlife-garden/flora-and-fauna-at-the-fwg/violets-of-the-ottawa-district http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/viola-labradorica/e-viola-labradorica.php https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/viola/labradorica/ https://www.ct-botanical-society.org/Plants/view/691 https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/dog-violet https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2781 https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/dog_violet.htm https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/labrador-violet http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287520&isprofile=0&

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Meadow Grasses

Grasses Big Bluestem Turkeyfoot, barbon de Gérard, barbon à épis digités Andropogon gerardi 1 2 3 4 5 6 Andropogon gerardii -prairies, meadows, open woods, sandy shorelines. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Moist to dry soil. Accepts sandy to clayey, from mildly acidic to calcareous, juglone, temporary flooding, and drought. >3-7’; known to reach 12’. A warm-season, bunch grass. Its bluish hue turns bronze to burgundy to look majestic in the fall. Its bloom head is very distinctive and reminds people of turkey feet. Big Bluestem plays a critical role in grassland Restoration projects as it was once the dominant species of our tallgrass prairies before they were ploughed under. In a suburban yard it’s best used as an accent plant because over the long term it can be quite aggressive, spreading by self-sowing, but it is still well worth having. The provincial grass of Manitoba. Short rhizomes with extremely deep fibrous roots making it amazingly drought tolerant. http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3004 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/native%20grasses%20in%20gardens.html#Bouteloua https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/PrairiesSavannahsofNWOntario.pdf -Big Bluestem https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/LandownersGuide2005.pdf -Andropogon gerardi https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/andropogon/gerardii/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/big-bluestem https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2006 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/bigblue.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/BigBluestem.pdf http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/big-bluestem https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/bigbluestem2.html http://www.missouriplants.com/Andropogon_gerardi_page.html http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g720 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_ange.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_ange.pdf http://www.naturesask.ca/rsu_docs/common-range-plants-southern-sask---sask-forage-council.pdf http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf -search for Andropogon gerardi

Kalm’s Brome Prairie Brome, brome de Kalm Bromus kalmii 1 2 3 4 5 6; 9 far north; 10 northwest coast of Lake Superior; Rare -prairies, meadows, dry open woods (often Jack Pine, Oak), forests; rocky/sandy stream/lake banks/shores, alvars, rocky outcrops, ridges/ledges; floodplains, fens, wet meadows, wet depressions. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Moist to dryish, calcareous soil. Accepts rocky/sandy to loamy-clay and juglone. Accepts acidic and average garden soil. May go dormant in dry hot summers in full sun. >1-3' A cool-season, bunch grass that blooms during peak summer. Graceful with slender, grey-green leaves in tufts and large, drooping, silky seed spikelets. Spikelets turn an attractive light brown. Very photogenic. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/kalms-brome https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/bromus/kalmii/ http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/native%20grasses%20in%20gardens.html#Bouteloua http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3016 https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/LandownersGuide2005.pdf -Bromus kalmii http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf -pages 37, 38; Bromus kalmii

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Meadow Grasses

https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2035 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/pr_brome.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromus_kalmii

Yellow Indiangrass Indian Grass, faux-sorgho penché, sorgho changeant Sorghastrum nutans 1 2; 3 not Bruce Peninsula; 4 5 6 7 -prairies, meadows, open woods, fields. >Full Sun. Average to dry, sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts to clayey, acidic to alkaline, and juglone. >3-6' A warm season, bunch grass. A large, stunningly picturesque plant: blue-hued stems and dramatic looking, large, silky, golden brown, shiny bloom heads. The whole plant turns a spectacular bronze in fall. A critical species along with Big Bluestem and Little Bluestem for grassland Restoration. Colony forming. Fibrous roots with short rhizomes. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2222 http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3009 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/native%20grasses%20in%20gardens.html#Bouteloua http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/indian_grass.htm http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/sorghastrum-nutans/e-sorghastrum-nutans.php -pages 510, 511, 516, 386, 540; search for Sorghastrum nutans http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf -search for Indian grass https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/LandownersGuide2005.pdf -Sorghastrum nutans https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/sorghastrum/nutans/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/indian-grass https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/ind_grass.htm https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/IndianGrass.pdf http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/indian-grass http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=285219 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sonu2.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_sonu2.pdf

Side-oats Grama grand boutelou Bouteloua curtipendula 1 4 5 6; Very Rare -prairies, sandy hills, open woods, fields. >Full Sun. Dry to average, sandy soil. Accepts rocky to clayey. Deer resistant. >18-30'' A warm-season, colony-forming grass. The blooms are purplish, with a red-tinge that colours the landscape. Attractive with long, arching stems that produce oat-like seeds that dangle all in a line (curtipendula). They turn golden in the fall. A nice, short plant for tidy, frontyard prairie and meadow gardens. Has short rhizomes but under optimum conditions it can become aggressive. Variety curtipendula is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2022 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/native%20grasses%20in%20gardens.html#Bouteloua http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3019 http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/bouteloua-curtipendula/e-bouteloua-curtipendula.php http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf -Bouteloua curtipendula https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/LandownersGuide2005.pdf -Bouteloua curtipendula https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/bouteloua/curtipendula/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/side-oats-grama

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Meadow Grasses

http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/so_grama.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/side-oats-grama https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/CDIndex/SideoatsGrama.pdf https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/education/pages/fygoct2009.aspx http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g730 http://www.missouriplants.com/Bouteloua_curtipendula_page.html https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_bocu.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_bocu.pdf

Old Switch Panicgrass Switchgrass, panic raide, panic dressé Panicum virgatum 1 2 3 4 5 6 -prairies, meadows, open woods (often Oak), dunes, open ground; open marshy ground, stream/pond shores; disturbed habitats, fields, road/railroad sides. >Full Sun to Light Shade. Deep, rich, wet to dry soil. Accepts drought, sandy to clayey, acidic to alkaline, and juglone. Tolerates salt. >4-6' A warm-season, bunch grass that grows in big, leafy clumps. Aggressive enough to produce loose sod if given enough time. An outstanding, hardy, tall grass with long arching leaves and many open and airy, erect bloom and seed heads that can be up to 20” long. Turns an orangey-yellow in the fall remaining eye-catching while standing erect above winter snow. Beautiful with the sun shinning through its flower and seed heads waving in the breeze. Feeds and shelters pheasants, quail, turkeys, doves, songbirds, grazing animals, and of course, a goodly variety of bugs. Excellent for Restoration and Stabilization. Deep, fibrous and rhizomatous roots. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2176 http://www.scorpionfly.ca/plants/wildlifegarden/native%20grasses%20in%20gardens.html#Bouteloua http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3080 https://tallgrassontario.org/wp-site/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/LandownersGuide2005.pdf -Panicum virgatum http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/plants-description/panicum-virgatum/r-panicum-virgatum.php http://cwf-fcf.org/en/news-features/articles/native-grasses-for-the-modern_resource.html http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf -search for Panicum virgatum https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/panicum/virgatum/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/switchgrass http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/switchgrass.htm http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/switch-grass http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=l460 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PAVI2

Vanilla Sweetgrass Common Sweetgrass, hiérochloé odorante Anthoxanthum nitens all Indian Sweet Grass Anthoxanthum nitens ssp. nitens, Hierochloe odorata -open grassy places, stream banks, shores, moist meadows/prairies, sloughs, swales, ditches, sedge meadows, forest edges; edges of bogs, fens, brackish marshes. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to wet to average, acidic to alkaline, sandy to loamy soil. Accepts saline marshes/shores. >1-2’ A cool-season, sod grass. Given enough moisture it can be very aggressive via deep rhizomes. Often the first grass to bloom in spring. An airy, open, pyramidal, golden-brown flower cluster tops a stem which has a single, stiff, short leaf in the middle looking like a pennant. Several basal leaves. Attractive, tan coloured, open seed heads. The entire plant is fragrant of “vanilla” (actually, coumarin) especially on hot, sunny days. By late summer the plant has turned completely golden. This is the grass that is

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Meadow Grasses

commonly dried, braided, burnt and used as an incense (very powerful). Fibrous roots with creeping rhizomes. Anthoxanthum hirtum (Hairy Sweetgrass, hiérochloé hérissée) is also native. https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2134 -Hairy Sweetgrass http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/description.cfm?speciesid=1001964 http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/sweet_grass.htm http://www.saskforage.ca/images/pdfs/Publications/Northern.pdf -see page 22 http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf -search for Hierochloe odorata http://cwf-fcf.org/en/news-features/articles/native-grasses-for-the-modern_resource.html https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/anthoxanthum/nitens/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/sweetgrass https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_hiod.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_hiod.pdf

Canada Wildrye Nodding Wildrye, Great Plains Wildrye, élyme du Canada Elymus canadensis 1 2 3 4 5 6 -dunes, sandy shores, prairies, meadows, depressions, open woods, forest edges, ravines, stream banks; disturbed soil, roadsides, ditches, fencerows; occasionally forest glades, marshy sand. >Full to Part Sun. Moist to dry, gravelly/sandy, well-drained soil. Accepts to clayey, acidic to calcareous, drought, and juglone. Tolerates salt. >2-4’ A cool-season, bunch grass that puts on its display from peak summer onwards. Can be aggressive. Showy and graceful with long, arching, bushy, wheat-like bloom heads that turn from silvery green to golden as they mature. Attractive, silvery leaves are up to 13” long. Excellent as a Ground Cover to fill in bare areas quickly, and also for Restoration and Stabilization. This is a Pioneer species that given enough time is usually replaced by neighbouring more Conservative plants. Useful to protect your exposed, newly seeded soil from weeds. Self-sows. Fibrous roots with short rhizomes. Variety canadensis is also native; brachystachys is not. http://ontariograsses.com/main/species.php?id=3007 http://www.naturesask.ca/rsu_docs/common-range-plants-southern-sask---sask-forage-council.pdf http://cwf-fcf.org/en/news-features/articles/native-grasses-for-the-modern_resource.html http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2015/aac-aafc/A54-3-26-1980-eng.pdf - search for Elymus canadensis https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/elymus/canadensis/ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/canada-wild-rye https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2096 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/canada_rye.htm -the blue form https://www.friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/wildrye.html http://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/canada-wild-rye http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=k200 https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_elca4.pdf https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_elca4.pdf

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Meadow Garden Shrubs, Short Trees, Vines

Vines, Shrubs, Short Trees

If you want to create a thicket to accent your meadow garden, look for shrubs and short trees in the Open Woods section that can tolerate full sun, or choose a Tall Tree and grow your sun/shade plants beneath its canopy.

A Hawthorn bearing haws. A Pioneer species that can often be found creating a thicket in a Meadow.

Ontario’s Native Plant Catalogue www.frontyardrestoration.com