me2105 introduction to material science --ch1

8/7/2019 Me2105 Introduction to Material Science --Ch1

1/38

ME 2105 Introduction toMaterial Science (for Engineers)

Dr. Richard R. Lindeke, Ph.D. B Met. Eng. University of Minnesota,1970 Masters Studies, Met Eng. ColoradoSchool of Mines, 1978-79 (Electro-SlagWelding of Heavy Section 2 Cr 1 MoSteels) Ph.D., Ind. Eng. Penn State University,

1987 (Foundry Engineering CG AlloyDevelo ment)


2/38

Syllabus and Website: Review the Syllabus

Attendance is yourjob come to class! Final is Common Time Thursday, Friday or Sat (Dec 17,

18 or 19) Semi-Pop Quizzes and homework/Chapter Reviews (Ch

14) (20% of your grade!) note, homework issuggested to prepare for quizzes and exams!

Dont copy from others; dont plagiarize its just the

right thing to do!! Course Website:

http://www.d.umn.edu/~rlindek1/ME2105/Cover_Page.htm


3/38

Materials Science and Engineering It all about the raw materials and

how they are processed

That is why we call it materialsENGINEERING

Minor differencesin Raw materialsor processing parameters can meanmajor changes in theperformanceof the final materialor product


4/38

Materials Science and

Engineering Materials Science

The discipline of investigating the relationships that existbetween the structures and properties of materials.

Materials Engineering The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of

a material to produce a predetermined set of propertiesbased on established structure-property correlation.

Four Major Components of Material Scienceand Engineering: Structure of Materials Properties of Materials Processing of Materials Performance of Materials


5/38

And Remember: Materials Drive

our Society! Ages of Man we survive based on the materials we control

Stone Age naturally occurring materials Special rocks, skins, wood

Bronze Age Casting and forging

Iron Age High Temperature furnaces

Steel Age High Strength Alloys

Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (superalloys) aerospace Silicon Information Plastics and Composites food preservation, housing, aerospace and

higher speeds Exotic Materials Age?

Nano-Material and bio-Materials they are coming and then


6/38

A Timeline of Human Materials

Control


7/38

And Formula One the

future of automotive is http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/050701.html
http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/050701.htmlhttp://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/050701.html


8/38

Looking At CG Iron Alloy

Development (Processing):


9/38


Development (Processing):


10/38

CG Structure but with

great care!Good Structure45KSI YS; 55KSIUTS

Poor TooLittle

Poor TooMuch


11/38


Development (Structures)


12/38


Development (Results)


13/38

Our Text:

Introduction to Materials Science forEngineers

By James F. Shackelford

Seventh Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.


14/38

Doing Materials! Engineered Materials are a function of:

Raw Materials Elemental Control Processing History

Our Role in Engineering Materials then is tounderstand the application and specify theappropriate material to do the job as a functionof: Strength: yield and ultimate Ductility, flexibility Weight/density Working Environment Cost: Lifecycle expenses, Environmental impact** Economic and Environmental Factors often are

the most important when making the finaldecision!


15/38

Introduction List the Major Types of

MATERIALS That You Know: METALS CERAMICS/Glasses POLYMERS

COMPOSITES ADVANCED MATERIALS( Nano-

materials, electronic materials)


16/38

Introduction, cont. Metals

Steel, Cast Iron,Aluminum,Copper, Titanium,many others

Ceramics Glass, Concrete,

Brick, Alumina,Zirconia, SiN, SiC

Polymers Plastics, Wood,

Cotton (rayon,

nylon), glue Composites

Glass Fiber-reinforcedpolymers, CarbonFiber-reinforcedpolymers, MetalMatrix Composites,etc.


17/38


18/38

Periodic Table of Elements: The

Metals


19/38

Structural Ceramics


20/38

Periodic table ceramic compounds are acombination of one or more metallic elements (inlight color) with one or more nonmetallicelements (in dark color).


21/38

Glasses: atomic-scale structure of (a) aceramic (crystalline) and (b) a glass(noncrystalline)


22/38

Optical Properties of Ceramic arecontrolled by Grain Structure

Grain Structure is a function

of Solidificationprocessing!


23/38

Polymers are typically inexpensive and arecharacterized by ease of formation and adequatestructural properties


24/38

Periodic table with the elementsassociated with commercial polymers incolor


25/38

Composite Materials oh so manycombinations

Fiber Glass

Composite:


26/38

Thoughts about these fundamental

Materials Metals:

Strong, ductile high thermal & electrical conductivity opaque, reflective.

Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) compounds ofmetallic & non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides,nitrides, sulfides) Brittle, glassy, elastic non-conducting (insulators)

Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding sharing of es Soft, ductile, low strength, low density thermal & electrical insulators Optically translucent or transparent.

The Materials Selection


27/38

The Materials SelectionProcess

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

3. Material Identify required ProcessingProcessing: changes structure and overall shape

ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping

forming, joining, annealing.

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

Material: structure, composition.


28/38

But: Properties depend on Structure (strength or hardness)

H

ardn

ess(BHN)

Cooling Rate (C/s)

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

(d)

30 m(c)

4 m

(b)

30 m

(a)

30 m

And Processing can change structure!(see above structure vs CoolingRate)


29/38

Another Example: Rolling ofSteel

At h1, L1 low UTS low YS high ductility round grains

At h2, L2 high UTS high YS low ductility elongated grains

Structure determines Properties but Processingdetermines Structure!


30/38

Electrical Properties (of

Copper):

Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.

(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,

Ann Physik5, 219 (1932); and

C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,

Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,

McGraw-Hill Company, New York,1970.)

T

(C)

-200 -100 0

Cu+3

.32at%

Ni

Cu+2.16a

t%Ni

deform

edCu

+1.12at%N

i

1

2

34

5

6

Resisti

vity,

(10

-8

Ohm-m

)

0

Cu+1

.12at%

Ni

Pure

Cu

Electrical Resistivity of

Copper is affected by: Contaminate level

Degree of deformation

Operating temperature

THERMAL P ti


31/38

THERMAL Properties Space Shuttle Tiles:

--Silica fiber insulation

offers low heat conduction.

Thermal Conductivity

of Copper: --It decreases when

you add zinc!

Adapted from

Fig. 19.4W, Callister

6e. (Courtesy of

Lockheed Aerospace

Ceramics Systems,

Sunnyvale, CA)

(Note: "W" denotes fig.

is on CD-ROM.)

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.

(Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:

Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and

Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,

(Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,

1979, p. 315.)

Composition (wt% Zinc)

ThermalCond

uctivity

(W/m-K

)

400

300

200

100

00 10 20 30 40

100 m


32/38


33/38

DETERIORATIVE Properties

Stress & Saltwater...--causes cracks!

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph,

Chapter 17, Callister 7e.

(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and

Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)

4 m--material: 7150-T651 Al"alloy"

(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.

Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing CommercialAirplane Company.)

Heat treatment: slowscrack speed in salt water!

Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of

Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source:

Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)

held at

160C for 1 hrbefore testing

increasing loadcrackspee d

(m/s)

as-is

10-10

10-8

Alloy 7178 tested insaturated aqueous NaClsolution at 23C


34/38


35/38

Example Hip Implant

Requirements mechanical

strength (manycycles) good lubricity biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister7e.


36/38

Example Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister7e.


37/38

Solution Hip Implant

Key Problems toovercome: fixation agent to hold

acetabular cup cup lubrication material femoral stem fixing

agent (glue) must avoid any debris in

cup Must hold up in body

chemistry Must be strong yet

flexible

Acetabular

Cup and

Liner

Ball

FemoralStem

C G l i t k f


38/38

Using the right material for the job.one that is most economical and

Greenest when life cycle usage isconsidered

Understanding the relation betweenproperties, structure, and processing.

Recognizing new design opportunities offerby materials selection.

Course Goal is to make you aware ofthe importance of Material Selectionby:

me2105 introduction to material science --ch1

Documents