me165-1_week-10.2 energy storage tech
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ME165-1
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES
Engr. E
Week-10.2 Energy Storage Technologies2015-2016 / 3T
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Energy Storage Technologies
Overview of Energy Storage Energy storage will play a critical role in an efficient an
renewable energy future; much more so than it does in
fossil-based energy economy. There are two principal r
that energy storage will grow in importance with incre
development of renewable energy: Many important renewable energy sources are intermitt
generate when weather dictates, rather than when energ
dictates.
Many transportation systems require energy to be carrie
vehicle.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Energy storage is accomplished by devices or physica
that store energy to perform useful operation at a laA device that stores energy is sometimes called an
accumulator.
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Energy Storage Technologies
All forms of energy are either potential energy (e.g. Chemical,
gravitational, electrical energy, etc.) or kinetic energy (e.g. theenergy).
A wind-up clock stores potential energy (in this case mechanical, in t
tension), a battery stores readily convertible chemical energy, and a
dam stores energy in a reservoir as gravitational potential energy.
Ice storage tanks store ice (thermal energy) at night to meet peak d
cooling.
Fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline store ancient energy derived fr
by organisms that later died, became buried and over time were the
into these fuels.
Even food (which is made by the same process as fossil fuels) is a for
stored in chemical form.
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Energy Storage Technologies
History
Energy storage as a natural process is as old as the universthe energy present at the initial formation of the universe
stored in stars such as the Sun, and is now being used by h
directly (e.g. through solar heating), or indirectly (e.g. by gr
crops or conversion into electricity in solar cells).
As a purposeful activity, energy storage has existed since pthough it was often not explicitly recognized as such. An e
deliberate mechanical energy storage is the use of logs or
defensive measures in ancient forts — the logs or boulders
collected at the top of a hill or wall, and the energy thus st
to attack invaders who came within range.
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Energy Storage Technologies
History (cont’d.)
A more recent application is the control of waterwdrive water mills for processing grain or powering
machinery. Complex systems of reservoirs and da
constructed to store and release water (and the po
energy it contained) when required.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Storage Methods
Mechanical Pumped-storage
Compressed-air storage
Flywheel storage
Electro chemical
Electrical battery storage
Electrical Superconducting magnetic energy storage
Thermal
Thermal sensible energy storage
Latent heat energy storage
Chemical
Chemical-reaction storage
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Energy Storage Technologies
Pumped-Storage
The method stores energy in the form of potentia
water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to
elevation. Low-cost off-peak electric power is used
the pumps. During periods of high electrical deman
stored water is released through turbines to produelectric power.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Pumped Storage (cont’d.)
The method stores energy in the form of potential energpumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher ele
Low-cost off-peak electric power is used to run the pum
periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is re
through turbines to produce electric power.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Pumped Storage (cont’d.)
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Energy Storage Technologies
Compressed-Air Energy Storage
Compressed-air energy storage (CAES) uses off pe
electricity to compress air into either an undergro
structure (e.g., a cavern, aquifer, or abandoned mine
above ground system of tanks or pipes.
The compressed air is then mixed with natural gas,
and expanded in a modified gas turbine. In a conve
turbine, roughly two thirds of the power produced
consumed in pressurizing the air before combustio
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Energy Storage Technologies
Compressed-Air Energy Storage (cont’d.)
A compressed air locomotive
Porter, Inc., in use at the H
Mine between 1928 and 1961
A pressurized air tank used to start a
diesel generator set in Paris Metro
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Energy Storage Technologies
Compressed-Air Energy Storage (cont’d.)
Compressors use off-peak electricity to fill the cavern with compressed air. For peak demand, t
is withdrawn from the cavern and used to power a wind turbine. Credit: Ridge Energy Storage &
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Energy Storage Technologies
Compressed-Air Energy Storage (cont’d.)
CAES systems produce the same amount of electri
as a conventional gas turbine power plant using less
of the fuel.
Recent advancements in the technology include abo
ground storage in empty natural gas tanks and ‘mintransportable technology that can be installed at or
individual loads (e.g., on urban rooftops).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGd7PIC09AM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGd7PIC09AMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGd7PIC09AM
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Energy Storage Technologies
Flywheel Energy Storage
Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor
to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system
rotational energy.
When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel's ro
speed is reduced as a consequence of the principle of conser
energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly results increase in the speed of the flywheel.
Most FES systems use electricity to accelerate and decelerat
flywheel, but devices that directly use mechanical energy are
developed.
http://www.mashpedia.com/videoplayer.php?q=u6I2
http://www.mashpedia.com/videoplayer.php?q=u6I2lKtfpLQhttp://www.mashpedia.com/videoplayer.php?q=u6I2lKtfpLQ
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Energy Storage Technologies
Flywheel Energy Storage (cont’d.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACmXhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay_
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACmXLLqTnSshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay_NiGu7mishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay_NiGu7mishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACmXLLqTnSs
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Energy Storage Technologies
Flywheel energy storage (cont’d.)
Advanced FES systems have rotors made ofhigh strength carbon filaments, suspended
by magnetic bearings, and spinning at
speeds from 20,000 to over 50,000 rpm in
a vacuum enclosure. Such flywheels can
come up to speed in a matter of minutes — much quicker than some other forms of
energy storage.NASA G
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mV_b5oMqc2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mV_b5oMqc2Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mV_b5oMqc2M
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Energy Storage Technologies
Electrical battery storage
An electrical storage battery allowselectrical energy to be converted
into chemical energy, stored, and
converted back to electrical energy.
Batteries are made up of three basic
parts: a negative electrode, positiveelectrode, and an electrolyte (see
schematic below).
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Energy Storage Technologies
Electrical battery storage (cont’d.)
The negative electrode gives up electrons to an ex
load,and the positive electrode accepts electrons f
load.
The electrolyte provides the pathway for charge to
between the two electrodes. Chemical reactions between each electrode and th
electrolyte remove electrons from the positive ele
and deposit them on the negative electrode.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Electrical battery storage (cont’d.)
This can be written as an overall chemical reaction
represents the states of charging and discharging o
battery.
The speed at which this chemical reaction takes pl
related to the internal resistance that dictates the power at which the batteries can be charged and d
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Energy Storage Technologies
Electrical battery storage (cont’d.)
Lead-Acid
It is one of the oldest and most mature battery
technologies. In its basic form, the lead – acid batte
consists of a lead (Pb) negative electrode, a lead d
(PbO2) positive electrode and a separator to elecisolate them. The electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid
which provides the sulfate ions for the discharge
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Energy Storage Technologies
Electrical battery storage (cont’d.)
Lithium-Ion
Lithium-ion and lithium polymer batteries, althoug
primarily used in the portable electronics market,
to have future use in many other applications. The
in these batteries is a lithiated metal oxide (LiCoOLiMO2, etc.) and the anode is made of graphitic c
with a layer structure. The electrolyte consists of
salts (such as LiPF6) dissolved in organic carbonat
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Energy Storage Technologies
Electrical battery storage (cont’d.)
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)
Sodium Sulfur (NaS)
Zebra or Sodium-Nickel-Chloride (NaNiCl)
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Energy Storage Technologies
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
A superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMEis well suited to storing and discharging energy at h
(high power.)
It stores energy in the magnetic field created by di
current in a coil of cryogenically cooled, supercondmaterial. If the coil were wound using a convention
such as copper, the magnetic energy would be diss
heat due to the wire’s resistance to the flow of cur
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU05d43dw6ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU05d43dw6g
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Energy Storage Technologies
SMES (cont’d.)
The advantage of a cryogenically cooled, supercondmaterial is that it reduces electrical resistance to a
zero.
The SMES recharges quickly and can repeat the
charge/discharge sequence thousands of times withdegradation of the magnet. A SMES system can ach
power within 100 ms.
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Energy Storage Technologies
SMES (cont’d.)
Theoretically, a coil of around 150 – 500 m radius w
able to support a load of 18,000 GJ at 1000 MW, d
on the peak field and ratio of the coil’s height and
diameter.Recharge time can be accelerated to mee
requirements, depending on system capacity.
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Energy Storage Technologies
SMES (cont’d.)
SMES systems have the following parts - superconducting coilconditioning system, cryogenically cooled refrigerator, cryosta
vessel.
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Energy Storage Technologies
SMES (cont’d.)
In an SMES system, because the electrical current has zerothe magnetic field once created will almost never be weak
the system breaks itself. So, compared to other systems, it
least amount of energy during storage making them very e
They are also highly reliable because major components in
motionless. The most important feature of SMES is that the time it tak
charge and discharge is very short. Right now, SMES system
mainly used to improve power quality.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Direct Thermal Storage
Direct thermal technologies, although they are storlower grade of energy (heat, rather than electrical
mechanical energy) can be useful for storing energ
systems that provide heat as a native output (e.g., s
thermal, geothermal), or for applications where thecommodity value is heat (e.g., space heating, drying
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Energy Storage Technologies
Direct Thermal Storage (cont’d.)
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Energy Storage Technologies
Direct Thermal Storage (cont’d,)
Although thermal storage technologies can be charby specific energy and energy density like any other
technology, they can also be characterized by an im
additional parameter: the delivery temperature rang
Different end uses have more or less allowance forswings of the delivery temperature. Also, some app
require a high operating temperature that only som
storage media are capable of storing.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Direct Thermal Storage (cont’d,)
Thermal storage can be classified into two fundamecategories: sensible heat storage and latent heat sto
Applications that have less tolerance for temperatur
should utilize a latent heat technology.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Direct Thermal Storage (cont’d.)
Sensible heat is the heat that is customarily and associated with a change in temperature of a mass
substance.
Substances with the ability to absorb heat energy w
relatively small increase in temperature (e.g., waterhigh specific heat, whereas those that get hot with
little heat input (e.g., lead) have a low specific heat.
Sensible heat storage is best accomplished with ma
having a high specific heat.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Direct Thermal Storage (cont’d.)
Latent heat is absorbed or liberated by a phase cchemical reaction and occurs at a constant tempera
A phase change means the conversion of a homoge
substance among its various solid, liquid, or gaseous
One very common example is boiling water on thethough a substantial amount of heat is absorbed by
in the pot, the boiling water maintains a constant
temperature of 100oC.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Chemical Reaction Change
A wide variety of reversible chemical reactions are available tand absorb heat.
The principal feature of this category of latent heat storage
technologies is the ability to operate at extremely high tempe
some cases over 900oC.
Extremely high temperature applications have focused primarfossil and advanced nuclear applications; to date, none of thes
methods of heat storage have been deployed in commercial r
energy applications.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is also being developed as an electrical pstorage medium.
Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, but a po
energy storage method, because it must first be
manufactured by other energy sources in order to However, as a storage medium, it may be a significa
in using renewable energies.
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Energy Storage Technologies
Hydrogen (cont’d.)
Utility scale underground liquid hydrogen storage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2yraQkMsJ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2yraQkMsJshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2yraQkMsJs
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Energy Storage Technologies
Hydrogen (cont’d.)
Underground hydrogen storage is the practice of hydrogeunderground caverns, salt domes and depleted oil and gas
quantities of gaseous hydrogen are stored in underground
many years without any difficulties.
The storage of large quantities of hydrogen underground
as grid energy storage which is essential for the hydrogen By using a turboexpander, the electricity needs for compr
storage at 200 bars amounts to 2.1% of the energy conten
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Textbooks Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, 2009
Energy Conversion, D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, 2008
Power Plant Engineering, 3rd Edition, PK Nag, 2008, Tata McGraw
Web
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed-air_energy_storage
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed-air_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed-air_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed-air_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed-air_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell