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ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

KARAIKUDI - 630 003. (An Government Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University)

M.E - OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

REGULATIONS - 2015

(Revised in BOS meeting held on 20-04-2017)

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

Applicable to the students admitted from the

academic year 2015 - 2016 onwards

0

ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

KARAIKUDI - 630 003.

(AN AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION)

REGULATIONS - 2015

(For students admitted from 2015 onwards)

CURRICULUM I TO IV SEMESTERS (FULL TIME)

M.E. OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SUBJECTS - CORE

SL.

NO

COURSE

CODE COURSE TITLE L T P C P/s

THEORY

1 15OC001 Applied Mathematics for Communication Engineers

3 2 0 4 1

2 15OC002 Optical Waveguide Theory 3 0 0 3 1

3 15OC003 Advanced Optical Communication 3 0 0 3 1

4 15OC004 Laser and its Applications 3 0 0 3 1

5 15OC005 Non-linear Fiber optics 3 0 0 3 2

6 15OC006 Fiber Optic Sensors 3 0 0 3 2

7 15OC007 Optical Wireless Communication Systems 3 0 0 3 2

8 15OC008 Photonic Crystals 3 0 0 3 3

9 15OC009 Optical Fiber Technology and Applications 3 0 0 3 1/2

10 15OC010 Optical Signal Processing 3 0 0 3 1/2

11 15OC011 Fiber Optic Networking 3 0 0 3 1/2

12 15OC012 Optical Imaging Techniques 3 0 0 3 1/2

13 15OC071 Fiber Optics Laboratory 0 0 2 1 1

14 15OC072 Optical Networking Laboratory 0 0 2 1 2

15 15OC073 Project Work - Phase I 0 0 16 6 3

16 15OC074 Project Work - Phase II 0 0 32 14 4

TOTAL 45 1 52 68 Note: Project works in Phase-I and II must be related works and 2 credits in Phase-I will be awarded foranyNational/International conference presentation and 4 credits in Phase-II will be awarded for publication of paper in anyone of refereed Journal.

1

LIST OF ELECTIVES - GROUP 1

SL.

NO

COURSE


17 15OC117 Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health

Monitoring 3 0 0 3 2/3

18 15OC118 Radio Over Fiber Systems 3 0 0 3 2/3

19 15OC119 Computational Techniques For Optical

Waveguide 3 0 0 3 2/3

20 15OC120 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 3 0 0 3 2/3

21 15OC141 Photonic MEMS Devices 3 0 0 3 3

22 15OC142 Microwave Photonics 3 0 0 3 3

23 15OC143 Nano Photonics 3 0 0 3 3

24 15OC144 Visible Light Communication 3 0 0 3 3

25 15OC145 Free Space Optical Communication 3 0 0 3 3

2

1 15OC101 High Speed Photonics and Optoelectronics 3 0 0 3 2/3

2 15OC102 Quantum Electronics 3 0 0 3 2/3

3 15OC103 Laser Satellite Communication 3 0 0 3 2/3

4 15OC104 Solitons in Optical Communication 3 0 0 3 2/3

5 15OC105 Optical CDMA Systems 3 0 0 3 2/3

6 15OC106 Advances in Optical Amplifiers 3 0 0 3 2/3

7 15OC107 Remote Sensing by Lasers 3 0 0 3 2/3

8 15OC108 Photonic Switching 3 0 0 3 2/3

9 15OC109 Optical Computing 3 0 0 3 2/3

10 15OC110 Advances in Photodiodes 3 0 0 3 2/3

11 15OC111 Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research 3 0 0 3 2/3

12 15OC112 Polymer Thin Films 3 0 0 3 2/3

13 15OC113 Optoelectronic Devices 3 0 0 3 2/3

14 15OC114 Ultrafast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices 3 0 0 3 2/3

15 15OC115 Integrated Optics 3 0 0 3 2/3

16 15OC116 Optical Switches 3 0 0 3 2/3

LIST OF ELECTIVES - GROUP 2

SL.

NO

COURSE


1 15OC201 Advanced Radiation Systems 3 0 0 3 3

2 15OC202 Real Time Embedded Systems 3 0 0 3 3

3 15OC203 ASIC and FPGA Design 3 0 0 3 3

4 15OC204 Wireless Transceiver Design 3 0 0 3 3

5 15OC205 Cognitive Radio 3 0 0 3 3

6 15OC206 Telecommunication System Modeling and

Simulation 3 0 0 3 3

7 15OC207 Signal Integrity for High Speed Design 3 0 0 3 3

8 15OC208 Advanced Microwave Communication 3 0 0 3 3

9 15OC209 Radar and Navigational Aids 3 0 0 3 3

10 15OC210 Network Routing Algorithms 3 0 0 3 3

11 15OC211 Wireless Sensor Networks 3 0 0 3 3

12 15OC212 MEMS Based Devices for Communication 3 0 0 3 3

13 15OC213 High Speed Switching Architectures 3 0 0 3 3

14 15OC214 RF Circuit Design 3 0 0 3 3

15 15OC215 Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility 3 0 0 3 3

16 15OC216 Digital Communication Receivers 3 0 0 3 3

17 15OC217 Communication Network Security 3 0 0 3 3

18 15OC218 Mobile Adhoc Networks 3 0 0 3 3

19 15OC219 Advanced Digital Communication Techniques 3 0 0 3 3

20 15OC220 Semiconductor Devices Fabrication 3 0 0 3 3

21 15OC221 Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures

3 0 0 3 3

22 15OC222 RF MEMS 3 0 0 3 3

3

LIST OF OPEN ELECTIVES

SL.

NO

COURSE

CODE COURSE TITLE L T P C

1 15OC301 Multimedia Communication 3 0 0 3

2 15OC302 Reconfigurable Computing 3 0 0 3

3 15OC303 Computer Vision 3 0 0 3

4 15OC304 Soft Computing 3 0 0 3

5 15OC305 Multimedia Compression Techniques 3 0 0 3

6 15OC306 Pattern Recognition 3 0 0 3

7 15OC307 Advanced Digital Image Processing 3 0 0 3

8 15OC308 High Performance Computer Networks 3 0 0 3

9 15OC309 Research Methodology 3 0 0 3

10 15OC310 Applied Electronics 3 0 0 3

11 15OC311 Fundamentals of Communication System 3 0 0 3

12 15OC312 Fiber Optic Methods for Structural Health

Monitoring 3 0 0 3

13 15OC313 Automobile Electronic system 3 0 0 3

14 15OC314 Mobile computing 3 0 0 3

15 15OC315 Optical Communication and Networks 3 0 0 3

4

15OC001 - APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS

L T P C

3 2 0 4

OBJECTIVES

To understand the concept of linear algebra and its applications

To make aware of the students about Bessel’s function and its orthogonal property

To gain information about the tensor fields

To expose the students about the linear programming and its graphical solution

To illustrate the basics of the transportation and assignment problems

UNIT I LINEAR ALGEBRA 9

Vector spaces – norms – Inner Products – QR factorization - generalized eigenvectors – Canonical

basis – singular value decomposition and applications - pseudo inverse – least square approximations --

Toeplitz matrices and some applications.

UNIT II SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 9

Bessel’s equation – Bessel function – Recurrence relations – Generating function and orthogonal

property for Bessel functions of first kind – Fourier-Bessel expansion- Legendre equation- Legendre

polynomials-Recurrence relations-Rodrigue’s formula- orthogonal property of Legendre polynomials.

UNIT III TENSOR ANALYSIS 9

Summation convention- Transformation of coordinates- Scalars or invariants- Kronecker delta-

Contravariant and Covariant vectors- Tensors of higher order- Symmetric and skew-symmetric tensors-

Addition - Outer and Inner product of two tensors- Contraction of a tensor- Quotient law- Riemannian

space- Conjugate tensor- Christoffel symbols- Transformation of Christoffel symbols- Covariant

Differentiation of a covariant vector- Gradient, divergence and curl

UNIT IV LINEAR PROGRAMMING 9

Model Formulation – Graphical Solution of linear programming models – Simplex method - Artificial

Variable Technique – Big-M method, Two phase method– Degeneracy in linear programming

UNIT V TRANSPORTATION AND ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 9

Model formulation of transportation problems – Solution Methodologies - North-West corner method,

Least-cost method, Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) – Test for optimality –Model formulation

of assignment problems – Solution Methodologies - Hungarian algorithm –Travelling salesman

problem.

5

L : 45 T: 15 Total: 60

OUTCOMES

After successful completion of this course, all students will be able to

Factorize the matrices by QR decomposition and singular value decomposition as per the

requirements in their field.

Apply Bessel’s functions and Legendre polynomials wherever necessary in their engineering

subjects.

Analyze tensor fields and apply them in engineering problems.

Analyze and formulate a linear programming problem and then solve it by graphical method if

the L.P.P. involves two decision variables and by simplex method if three or more decision

variables are involved.

Solve the transportation problems that aim at minimizing the transportation cost and to solve

assignment problems in which the objective is to assign a number of resources to the equal

number of activities at a minimum cost or maximum profit.

REFERENCES

1. Gupta, Malik, “Mathematical Methods”, Third Edition 1999-2000, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut

2. Moon, T.K., Sterling, W.C., “Mathematical methods and algorithms for signal processing”,

Pearson Education, 2000.

3. Grewal.B.S. “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, thirty nineth Edition, Khanna Publishers,

Delhi, 2005.

4. Kanti Swarup, P.K. Gupta, Man Mohan, “An Introduction to Management Science: Operations

Research”, Sixteenth Edition, 2012, Sultan Chand & sons

5. Prem Kumar Gupta, D.S.Hira, “Operations Research”, 1st edition 1979, S.Chand & Company

Ltd. New Delhi, Reprint 2002.

6

15OC002 - OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE THEORY

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To learn about the basic wave theory and the concepts of optical waveguide

To study about the basics of modes of optical fiber

To make the students to understand the field of coupled mode theory

To understand the concept of finite element method

To gain the information on beam propagation method

UNIT I WAVE THEORY OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES 9

Waveguide Structure, Formation of Guided Mode, Maxwell's Equations, Propagating Power.

Slab Waveguides- Derivation of Basic Equations, Dispersion Equations For TE and TM Modes,

Computation of Propagation Constant, Electric Field Distribution , Dispersion Equation For TM

Mode. Rectangular Waveguides - Basic Equations, Dispersion Equations for Expq and Eypq

Modes, Kumar's Method, Effective Index Method. Radiation Field from Waveguide - Fresnel

and Fraunhofer Regions, Radiation Pattern of Gaussian Beam. Multimode Interference Device.

UNIT II OPTICAL FIBER MODES 9

Basic Equations, Wave Theory of Step-Index Fibers- TE, TM and Hybrid Mode. Optical Power

Carried by Each Mode- TE, TM & Hybrid Modes. Linearly Polarized (LP) Modes - Unified

Dispersion Equation for LP Modes, Dispersion Characteristics of LP Modes, Propagating Power

of LP Modes. Fundamental HE11 Mode. Photonic Crystal Fibers.

UNIT III COUPLED MODE THEORY 9

Derivation of Coupled Mode Equations Based on Perturbation Theory. Co Directional Couplers.

Contra Directional Coupling in Corrugated Waveguides- Transmission and Reflection

Characteristics in Uniform Gratings, Phase-Shift Grating. Derivation of Coupling Coefficients -

Coupling Coefficients for Slab Waveguides and Optical Fibers, Optical Waveguide Devices

using Directional Couplers, Fiber Bragg Gratings.

UNIT IV FINITE ELEMENT METHOD 9

Finite Element Method Analysis of Slab Waveguides, Finite Element Method Analysis of

Optical Fibers, Finite Element Method Analysis of Rectangular Waveguides, Stress Analysis of

7

Optical Waveguides, Semi-Vector FEM Analysis of High-Index Contrast Waveguides

UNIT V BEAM PROPAGATION METHOD 9

Basic Equations for Beam Propagation Method Based on the FFT, FFTBPM Analysis of Optical

Wave Propagation, FFTBPM Analysis of Optical Pulse Propagation, Discrete Fourier

Transform, Fast Fourier Transform, Formulation of Numerical Procedures Using Discrete

Fourier Transform, Applications of FFTBPM, Finite Difference Method Analysis of Planar

Optical Waveguides, FDMBPM Analysis of Rectangular Waveguides, FDMBPM Analysis of

Optical Pulse Propagation, Semi-Vector FDMBPM Analysis of High-Index, Finite Difference

Time Domain (FDTD)Method.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Analyze the dispersion and electric field distribution dispersion equations for TE and TM

Modes in all Waveguide Structure.

Demonstrate the TE, TM and Hybrid Mode, Linearly Polarized (LP) Modes, Fundamental

HE11Mode and Photonic Crystal Fibers.

Estimate the concept in the field of transmission and reflection characteristics in uniform

gratings, phase-shift grating, coupling coefficients for slab waveguides and optical fibers.

Apply the Finite Element Method analysis in all waveguide structure.

Compute the light propagation of FFTBPM Analysis and FDMBPM Analysis in all optical

waveguide.

TEXT BOOK

1. Katsunari Okamoto-Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, 2ed /-Elsevier Publications

(Academic Press), 2006.

REFERENCES

1. H.G. Unger- Planar Optical Waveguides and Fibers, Oxford University Press.

2. Synder& Love- Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall, New York.

8

15OC003 - ADVANCED OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To expose the students about the fundamental of optical communication

To introduce the advanced features of transmitters, receivers and amplifiers

To illustrate the basics of light wave system and multichannel system

To make the students to understand the various dispersion compensation techniques

To gain the information on advanced light wave system.

UNIT I OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Geometrical-Optics Description - Wave Propagation - Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers -

Dispersion-Induced Limitations - Fiber Losses - Nonlinear Optical Effects - Fiber Design and

Fabrication.

UNIT II OPTICAL TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 9

Semiconductor Laser Physics - Single-Mode Semiconductor Lasers - Laser Characteristics,

Optical Signal Generation - Light-Emitting Diodes - Transmitter Design - Optical receiver basic

concept - Common Photo detectors - Receiver Design - Receiver Noise - Coherent Detection -

Receiver Sensitivity - Sensitivity Degradation - Receiver Performance.

UNIT III LIGHTWAVE SYSTEMS AND MULTICHANNEL SYSTEMS 9

System Architectures - Design Guidelines - Long-Haul Systems - Sources of Power Penalty -

Forward Error Correction - Computer-Aided Design - WDM Light wave Systems – WDM

Components - System Performance Issues - Time-Division Multiplexing – Subcarrier

Multiplexing - Code-Division Multiplexing.

UNIT IV LOSS MANAGEMENT AND DISPERSION MANAGEMENT 9

Compensation of Fiber Losses - Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers - Raman Amplifiers – Optical

Signal-To-Noise Ratio - Electrical Signal-To-Noise Ratio - Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor -role

of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects - Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems -Dispersion

Problem and Its Solution - Dispersion-Compensating Fibers - Fiber Bragg Gratings -Dispersion-

Equalizing Filters - Optical Phase Conjugation - Channels at High Bit Rates -Electronic

Dispersion Compensation.

9

UNIT V ADVANCED LIGHTWAVE SYSTEMS 9

Advanced Modulation Formats - Demodulation Schemes - Shot Noise & Bit-Error Rate -

Sensitivity Degradation Mechanisms - Impact of Nonlinear Effects - Recent Progress – Ultimate

Channel Capacity.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the concept of wave propagation and dispersion in single-mode fibers, loss and

nonlinear of fiber and fiber design and fabrication.

Apply the concept of optical transmitter and receiver in single-mode semiconductor lasers,

light-emitting diodes, transmitter design and receiver design.

Demonstrate the concept of long-haul systems, computer-aided design, WDM light wave

systems, WDM Components, time-division, subcarrier and code division multiplexing.

Explain the loss and dispersion managements in EDFA - raman amplifiers, dispersion-

compensating fibers fiber bragg gratings, dispersion-equalizing filters and optical phase

conjugation.

Apply the concept of advanced light wave system in demodulation schemes sensitivity

degradation mechanisms and impact of nonlinear effects

TEXT BOOK

1. G.P. Agarwal, Fiber optic communication systems, 4nd Ed, John Wiley & Sons, New

York, 2010.

REFERENCES

1. Franz & Jain, Optical Communication Systems, Narosa Publications, New Delhi, 1995.

2. G. Keiser, Optical fiber communication systems, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.

3. Franz & Jain, Optical communication, Systems and components, Narosa Publications,

New Delhi, 2000.

10

15OC004 - LASER AND ITS APPLICATIONS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To introduce the operation of lasers

To make the student to gain knowledge on conventional and advanced laser diodes

To understand the advanced features of laser amplifiers

To illustrate the basics theory of industrial laser and its types in detail

To develop an applications of lasers in real time.

UNIT I BASICS OF LASERS 9

Diode lasers: Energy Bands in Bulk and Quantum Structures- Optical Transitions -

OpticalWaveguides - Optical Resonator- pn- and pnpn-Junctions, Introduction to the Laser,

Principles ofOptics -Laser Theory- Laser Optics.

UNIT II CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED LASER DIODES 9

Fabry-Perot Laser Diodes - Quantum Well Laser Diodes - Single-Mode Laser Diodes-

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers - Phase-Controlled DFB Laser - Phase-Shift-Controlled

DFBLaser Diodes.

UNIT III LASER AMPLIFIERS 9

Absorption and Gain - Laser Oscillation above Threshold - Amplification of Short and Long

Duration Pulses - Pumping Requirements and Techniques - Fiber Non - Linearity – Optical

Amplifiers - Rare Earth Doped Fiber Amplifiers - Fiber Lasers - Soliton Lasers - Raman Fiber

Laser.

UNIT IV INDUSTRIAL LASERS 9

He - Ne Lasers - Co2 Laser - He - Cd Laser - Ruby Laser - Pulsed Laser - Nd - Yag Laser -

Chemical and Dye Laser - Excimer Laser - Nitrogen - Lasers - Xenon - Helium Laser.

UNIT V APPLICATION OF ADVANCED LASER DIODES AND

INDUSTRIALLASERS 9

Photonic Switching Systems- Optical Information Processing- Holography – Optical

Communication - LIDAR - Remote Sensing - Bio Medical Applications- Industrial Applications -

11

LOW-POWER LASER APPLICATIONS: Alignment, Gauging, and Inspection, Interferometry

And Holography. HIGHER-POWER LASER APPLICATIONS: Surface Hardening, Welding,

Cutting, Laser Marking, Hole Piercing, Alloying and Cladding, Miscellaneous Applications.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the concept of energy bands in bulk and quantum structures, optical transitions-

optical waveguides, optical resonator- pn- and pnpn-Junctions

Describe the fabry-perot and quantum well laser diodes, semiconductor optical amplifiers,

phase-controlled and phase-shift-controlled DFB laser

Demonstrate the absorption and gain amplification of short and long duration pulses,

pumping requirements and techniques rare earth doped fiber amplifiers, soliton lasers

Recognize the types of laser

Develop a laser application.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Takahiro Numai, "Laser Diodes and their Applications to Communications and

Information Processing" Editor: kai chang, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication,2010.

2. William T.Silfvast, "Laser fundamentals", Cambridge University Press, 2nd

Edition,2004.

3. J.T.Verdeyan, "Laser Electronics", Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 1995.

4. Jeff Hecht, "The Laser Guide Book" McGraw Hill Professional, 2nd Edition, 1999.

REFERENCES

1. H.Koebner, "Industrial Applications of Lasers", John Wiley, New York, 1984.

2. Anthony E.Siegman, "Lasers", University Science Books, 1986.

3. James T.Luxon/ David E.Parker, "industrial lasers and their application" Prentice-Hall,

Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,1985.

12

15OC005 - NON LINEAR FIBER OPTICS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To gain knowledge in fiber characteristics and its propagation equation

To demonstrate the non-linear refraction in self-phase modulation and cross phase

modulation

To learn the concept of stimulated raman scattering, stimulated brillouin scattering and

their applications.

To illustrate the basic concept of the solitons and its types and also to predict the

polarization effects.

To describe about the parametric amplification, four wave mixing and their applications.

UNIT I GROUP VELOCITY DISPERSION 9

Fiber characteristics - Fiber nonlinearities - Basic propagation equation - Group velocity

dispersion - Different propagation regimes - Dispersion induced pulse broadening - Higher -

order dispersion.

UNIT II NONLINEAR REFRACTION 9

SPM induced spectral broadening - Effect of group velocity dispersion - Higher order nonlinear

effects - XPM induced non - linear coupling and modulation instability - spectral and temporal

effects.

UNIT III STIMULATED INELASTIC SCATTERING 9

Stimulated Raman Scattering - Raman gain and threshold - Quasi - CW SRS - Ultra short SRS

- Stimulated Brillouin Scattering: Brillouin gain and threshold - Quasi - CW SBS - Dynamic

aspects - Brillouin fiber lasers - SBS applications.

UNIT IV OPTICAL SOLITONS AND POLARIZATION EFFECTS 9

Solitons - Modulation instability - Fiber solitons - other types of solitons - Perturbation of

solitons - Nonlinear birefringence and phase shift - Evolution of polarization state - vector

modulation instability - Birefringence and solitons.

13

UNIT V PARAMETRIC PROCESSES AND HIGHLY NONLINEAR FIBER 9

Origin and theory of Four - Wave Mixing - Phase - matching techniques - Parametric

amplification - FWM applications- Nonlinear parameter - Fibers with silica cladding -Tapered

fibers with air cladding - Micro structured fibers - Non-silica fibers - Pulse in arrow-core fibers.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe about how the light propagate and non-linearity properties of the fiber

Evaluate the non-linear refraction in the self-phase modulation and cross phase

modulation

Explain more information about inelastic scattering such as SRS and SBS

Analyze the effects of Soliton

Summarize about the parametric amplification and the nonlinear parameter in optical

communication system.

TEXT BOOKS

1. G.P.Agrawal, "Nonlinear fiber optics", 5th Edition, Academic press, 2013.

2. D.L.Mills, "Nonlinear Optics Basic Concepts", Narosa publishing House, 1991.

REFERENCES

1. G.P.Agrawal, "Applications of nonlinear fiber optics", Academic press, 2001.

2. E.G.Sauter, "Nonlinear Optics", Wiley Interscience, 1996.

14

15OC006 - FIBER OPTIC SENSORS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To describe the students about the basic concept and the process of the optical modulator,

interferometer and the magnetic sensors

To enhance the student’s knowledge in the working principle and the fabrication process

of the grating sensor and also define the single, multi parameter of the Bragg grating

To introduce the theory of the polarization sensors in detail. And also to learn the

principle operation of the Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometer sensor

To learn about the basic principle of operation for the distributed fiber optic sensor and to

describe the applications of the fiber optic smart structure

To expose the students about some measurements of the sensors and their applications

UNIT I OPTICAL MODULATORS, FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER AND

MAGNETIC SENSORS 9

Introduction - Electro optic effect - Bulk modulators - Integrated optical modulators - All-fiber

optical modulators - Intensity based and Fabry perot interferometer sensors: Intensity sensors -

Band edge temperature sensors - Encoder-based position sensors - Multimode fabry-perot

sensors - Single-mode fabry-perot sensors - Magnetic Sensors : Faraday effect sensors -

Magnetostrictive sensors - Lorentz force sensors.

UNIT II GRATING SENSORS 9

Introduction - Theoretical background - Sensors based on relative movement of opposed gratings

-Sensors based on grating period modulation - Development status of sensors - Fiber optic

grating- Introduction - Fabrication of fiber grating sensors - Single-parameter fiber bragg

gratings - Multiparameter fiber grating strain sensors - Applications of multiparameter fiber

bragg gratings - Multiparameter pressure and Temperature sensing - Very high speed position

and velocity sensing

UNIT III POLARIZATION, MACH-ZEHNDER AND MICHELSON

INTERFEROMETER SENSORS 9

Introduction - Theoretical background of polarization sensors - Sensors based on the photoelastic

effect - Sensors based on retardation plates - principle of operation of Mach-Zehnder

interferometer - Fiber interferometer configurations - Applications of interferometer sensors.

15

UNIT IV DISTRIBUTED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS AND FIBER OPTIC SMART

STRUCTURES 9

Introduction - Distributed sensing - Basic principles of sensor multiplexing – Interferometric

sensor multiplexing - Fiber Optic Sensors Based on the Sagnac Interferometer and Passive Ring

Resonator - Fiber optic sensor systems - Applications of fiber optic smart structures and skins -

Example of the application of a fiber optic sensor to smart structures.

UNIT V INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND FIBER OPTIC BIOSENSORS 9

Introduction - Background - Temperature measurement - Pressure measurement - Fluid-level

measurement - Flow measurement - Position measurement - Vibration measurement - Chemical

analysis - Current-voltage measurement - Important issues for industrial application - Bio

sensors: Sensor classes and transducer mechanisms - Biomedical needs for fiber optic biosensors

- Historically demonstrated applications - New sensor concepts

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the concept of optical modulator and magnetic sensors.

Demonstrate the concept of grating sensors and their applications.

Illustrate the theory of the polarization sensors and interferometer process.

Explain the principle, operations and applications of the distributed fiber optic sensors.

Analyze all the measurement parameters of the sensors.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Eric Udd, William B. Spillman, JR. (edited) "Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for

Engineers and Scientists", 2ndEds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2011.

2. B.Chulshaw and J.Daykin, "Optic fiber sensors Systems and Application", Vol. l &ll,

Artech House, Norwood, 1989.

REFERENCES

1. Eric Udd, "Fiber Optic Smart structures", John Wiley, 1995.

2. B.P.Pal, "Fiber Optics in Telecommunication and sensor", Wiley Eastern, 1995.

3. F.Allard, "Fiber Optics Hand Book", McGraw Hill, Newyork, 1990.

4. J.Wilson and J.Haukes, "Opto Electronics - An Introduction", Prentice Hall of India,

1995.

5. Bhattacharya, "Semiconductor Opto Electronics devices", Printice Hall of India., 1995.

16

15OC007 - OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To encourage the students to develop their knowledge on the wireless communication

theory.

To learn about the MIMO techniques for the wireless communication system and their

applications.

To expose the students in the basic concept of characterization of UV scattering

communication channels. And also learn about the free space optical communication.

To describe the applications of the wireless sensor networks and free space optical

networks.

To improve the knowledge about the characterization of the Visible Light

Communication.

UNIT I OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION THEORY 9

Coded modulation techniques for optical wireless channels - Atmospheric turbulence channel

modelling-Codes on graphs- Coded-MIMO free-space optical communication – Raptorcodes for

temporally correlated FSO channels - Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) for FSO

communications- Multidimensional coded modulation for FSO communications- Free-space

optical OFDM communication -Heterogeneous optical networks (HONs). Wireless optical

CDMA communication systems - OCDMA system description-Indoor wireless optical CDMA

LAN- Free-space optical CDMA systems - Modulation- Experimental prototypes.

UNIT II MIMO TECHNIQUES FOR INDOOR OPTICAL WIRELESS

COMMUNICATIONS 9

Indoor OW MIMO channel characteristics-MIMO for diffuse OW channels- Spot-diffusing

OWMIMO systems -Point-to-Point OW MIMO communications-Future directions-Channel

capacity: Introduction and channel models -Capacity results-Proof techniques.

UNIT III UNIQUE CHANNELS 9

Modeling and characterization of ultraviolet scattering communication channels:

Introduction -Single scattering models -Multiple scattering models -NLOS UV channel

measurement systems-Numerical and experimental results- Free-space optical communications

underwater: Introduction: towards a link equation- Introduction to ocean optics-Channel

characterization: theory-Experimental research in wireless optical communications underwater-

17

System design for uFSO links. The optical wireless channel -Introduction- System

configurations - Optical sources- Optical detectors- Optical filters-Nature of the optical

wirelesschannel - Interference sources-Impact of interference on BER- Channel impulse

response-Hardware aspects of the receiver-amplifier in the indoor channel environment –

Modulation schemes for optical wireless-Optics for optical wireless- Concluding remarks.

Hybrid RF/FSO communications-Channel model -Information-theoretic preliminaries-

Uniform power allocation-Power allocation.

UNIT IV APPLICATIONS 9

Quantum key distribution -Security considerations of QKD-QKD protocols-Technical

implementation of a free-space setup-QKD networks-Optical modulating retro-reflectors-

Modulating retro-reflector link budgets- The optical retro-reflector-The optical modulator-

Modulating retro-reflector applications and field demonstrations-Optical wireless in sensor

networks-Free-space optical (FSO) sensor network- Radio frequency/Free-space optical

(RF/FSO) sensor network system

UNIT V VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATIONS 9

Introduction-System Description -VLC System Model- SNR Analysis- Channel Delay Spread-

System Implementations-Bit Angle Modulation-Pulse Modulation Schemes-PWM with Discrete

Multitone Modulation-Multilevel PWM-PPM-PWM with NRZ-OOK-Multiple-Input-Multiple-

Output VLC-Home Access Network.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the basic concept of wireless communication system.

Recognize the principle and process of the MIMO techniques for wireless communication

systems.

Explain the concept of free space optical communication system.

Demonstrate the concept in the field of visible light communication and to implement

them in the real life applications.

Apply their idea in visible light communication module.

TEXT BOOK

1. ShlomiArnon, John R. Barry, George K. Karagiannidis, Robert Schober, Murat Uysal

18

"Advanced Optical Wireless Communication Systems" Cambridge University Press

2012.

2. Z. Ghassemlooy W. Popoola , S. Rajbhandari "Optical Wireless Communications" CRC

Press 2013.

19

15OC008 - PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To improve the knowledge of the students about the working principle and properties of

the photonic crystals and to learn the electromagnetism in mixed dielectric media.

To enable the student to understand the concept of 1D, 2D and 3D photonic crystals.

To encourage the students to know about 3-D photonic crystals and periodic waveguide

To analyze the performance of photonic crystal slabs and fibers.

To design the various types of photonic crystals based on their applications.

UNIT I ELECTROMAGNETISM IN MIXED DIELECTRIC MEDIA 9

Controlling the properties of Materials- Photonic crystals-The Macroscopic Maxwell Equations -

Electromagnetism as an Eigenvalue Problem- General Properties of the Harmonic Modes-

Electromagnetic Energy and the variational Principle-Magnetic vs. Electric Fields -The Effect of

Small Perturbations- Scaling Properties of the Maxwell Equations-Discrete vs. Continuous

Frequency Ranges-Electrodynamics and Quantum Mechanics Compared-Further Reading-

Symmetries to Classify Electromagnetic Modes-Continuous Translational Symmetry -Index

guiding-Discrete Translational Symmetry-Photonic Band Structures-Rotational Symmetry and

the Irreducible Brillouin Zone-Mirror Symmetry and the Separation of Modes-Time-Reversal

Invariance-Bloch-Wave Propagation Velocity-Electrodynamics vs. Quantum Mechanics Again

UNIT II 1-D AND 2-D PHOTONIC CRYSTALS 9

The Multilayer Film: A One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal-The Multilayer Film The Physical

Origin of Photonic Band Gaps-The Size of the Band Gap- Evanescent Modes in Photonic Band

Gaps- Off-Axis Propagation-Localized Modes at Defects-Surface States-Omnidirectional

Multilayer Mirrors. Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals-Two-Dimensional Bloch States-A

Square Lattice of Dielectric Columns-A Square Lattice of Dielectric Veins-A Complete Band

Gap for All Polarizations-Out-of-Plane Propagation-Localization of Light by Point Defects-

Point defects in a larger gap-Linear Defects and Waveguides-Surface States.

UNIT III 3-D PHOTONIC CRYSTALS AND PERIODIC WAVEGUIDES 9

Three-Dimensional Lattices-Crystals with Complete Band Gaps-Spheres in a diamond lattice-

Yablonovite-The woodpile crystal-Inverse opals-A stack of two-dimensional crystals-

Localization at a Point Defect-Experimental defect modes in Yablonovite-Localization at a

20

Linear Defect-Localization at the Surface-Dimensional Model-Periodic Dielectric Waveguides

in Three Dimensions-Symmetry and Polarization- Point Defects in Periodic Dielectric

Waveguides-Quality Factors of Lossy Cavities.

UNIT IV PHOTONIC-CRYSTAL SLABS AND FIBERS 9

Rod and Hole Slabs-Polarization and Slab Thickness-Linear Defects in Slabs – Reduced–radius

rods-Removed holes-Substrates, dispersion, and loss -Point Defects in Slabs-Mechanisms for

High Q with Incomplete Gaps – Delocalization-Cancellation -Mechanisms of Confinement-

Index-Guiding Photonic-Crystal Fibers -Endlessly single-mode fibers. The scalar limit and LP

modes-Enhancement of nonlinear effects-Band-Gap Guidance in Holey Fibers-Origin of the

band gap in holey fibres-Guided modes in a hollow core-Bragg Fibers-Analysis of cylindrical

fibers-Bandgaps of Bragg fibers-Guided modes of Bragg fibers-Losses in Hollow-Core Fibers-

Cladding losses-Inter-modal coupling.

UNIT V DESIGNING PHOTONIC CRYSTALS FOR APPLICATIONS 9

A Mirror, a Waveguide, and a Cavity-Designing a mirror-Designing a waveguide-Designing a

cavity- A Narrow-Band Filter-Temporal Coupled-Mode Theory- The temporal coupled-mode

equations-The filter transmission-A Waveguide Bend-A Waveguide Splitter-A Three-

Dimensional Filter with Losses-Resonant Absorption and Radiation-Nonlinear Filters and

Bistability-Some Other Possibilities-Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction-Reflection-

Refraction and ISO frequency diagrams-Unusual refraction and diffraction effects.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the concept of photonic crystals

Analyze the design methodology of the 1D, 2D and 3D photonic crystal

Demonstrate the concept of 3D photonic crystals and periodic waveguide

Illustrate the performance of the photonic crystal slabs and fibers

Design various photonic crystals based on the applications

TEXT BOOK

1. John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, Joshua N. Winn & Robert D. Meade

"Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light" PRINCETON

UNIVERSITYPRESS, 2008.

21

REFERENCE

1. Jean-Michel Lourtioz • Henri Benisty, Vincent Berger • Jean-Michel Gerard,

DanieMaystre • Alexei Tchelnokov, "Photonic Crystals" Publication: Springer-Verlag

BerlinHeidelberg 2008.

22

15OC009 - OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic concepts and properties of fiber material.

To enable the students to know about fiber manufacturing process.

To improve their knowledge in understanding the fiber parameters measurement

which will help them to design fibers with better properties and fiber based

couplers

To illustrate the various types of fiber cable design by changing their parameters

such as core and cladding structures.

To study the concept of optical couplers, switches, modulators and their

application.

UNIT I PROPERTIES OF FIBER 9

Physical - Mechanical and Optical properties of fiber - Material selection - properties

ofmaterials.

UNIT II MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 9

Fiber drawing - Mutli component technology - Vapour deposition techniques: IVD - OVD and

CVD - VAD - MOCVD processes - Performance comparison.

UNIT III FIBER PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS 9

Measurement of fiber parameters: NA - Mode field diameter - profile - attenuation -

bandwidth, signal degradations in fiber - Dispersion - Birefringence and propagation constant of

fiber modes - OTDR and OFDR.

UNIT IV FIBER CABLES DESIGN 9

Design conditions: Loss mechanism, mechanical design - standard fibers - design of strength

member - sheaths - Fiber core construction - Ribbon cable - stranding cable - loose tube cable

- V-groove cables - Submarine cables - armoured and unarmoured cables.

UNIT V FIBER OPTIC COUPLERS 9

Single mode and multimode couplers - Transmission and reflection type couplers - Active

couplers- couplers - switches - modulators.

23

Total: 45 Period

OUTCOMES


Describe the basic concept and properties of fiber material such as physical, mechanical,

optical properties.

Describe the various types of fiber manufacturing technologies.

Analyze the fiber parameter measurement techniques for the parameters such as

numerical aperture, attenuation, bandwidth, dispersion.

Describe in detailed knowledge about fiber cable design.

Understand the various types of couplers, switches, modulators in fiber optic

technology.

REFERENCES

1. K.C.Kao, "Optical Fiber Technology and Applications", McGraw-Hill, 1989.

2. Hiroshi Murata, "Handbook of Optical Fibers and Cables",Marcel Dekker Inc., 1998.

3. Tamir.T, "Guided wave Optoelectronics", Springer Varlag, Berlin, 1992.

4. Gred Keiser, "Optical Communication", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.

5. John Gowar, "Optical Communication System", Prentice Hall, 1995.

6. Mahlke Gunther, and Goessing Peter, "Fiber optic cables: Fundamentals, Cable

Engineering, System planning", 3rd edition, John Wiley, 1997.

24

15OC010 - OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic laws, various transforms and spectral analysis of optical

signal processing.

To introduce the spatial light modulation and spectral analysis.

To understand the spatial filtering systems and their applications.

To improve their knowledge in designing and analyzing of acousto optic devices.

To enhance the knowledge about homodyne and heterodyne spectrum analyzers.

UNIT I BASIC SIGNAL PARAMETERS 9

Characterisation - Sample function - geometrical optics - basic laws - refraction by prisms -

lens formula - imaging condition - optical invariants - physical optics - Transforms: Fresnel -

Fourier - Inverse Fourier and Extended Fourier.

UNIT II SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 9

Spatial light modulation - spatial light modulators - detection process - system performance

process - dynamic range - raster format - spectral analysis.

UNIT III SPATIAL FILTERING AND FILTERING SYSTEM 9

Types of spatial filters - optical signal processing and filter generation - read out module -

orientation and sequential search - applications of optical spatial filter.

UNIT IV ACOUSTO OPTIC DEVICES AND POWER SPECTRUM ANALYSIS 9

Acousto - optic cells - spatial light modulators - Raman Nath and Bragg mode - basic spectrum

analyzer - aperture weighting - dynamic range and SNR - photo detector - geometric

considerations - radiometer.

UNIT V HOMODYNE AND HETERODYNE SPECTRUM ANALYSERS 9

Overlapping of waves - photo detector size - optimum photo detector size for 1D and 2D

structure - Optical radio - spatial and temporal frequencies. Distributed and local oscillator.

Dynamic range comparison of heterodyne and power spectrum analyzers.

25

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe basic concept of optical signal processing and various transforms.

Demonstrate the understanding of spatial light modulation and their application.

Analyze the spatial filtering systems.

Design acousto optic devices by using basic laws, transforms and their response.

Design a system for their real time applications.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Anthony VanderLugt, "Optical Signal Processing", John Wiley & Sons, June 2005.

2. P.K. Das, "Optical Signal Processing Fundamentals", Narosa Publishing,

1991.PRESS,2008.

REFERENCE

1. Bradley G. Boone, "Signal Processing using optics", Oxford University Press, 1998.

26

15OC011 - FIBER OPTIC NETWORKING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic protocols and techniques of SONET/SDH and to implement their

applications in fiber optic networks

To improve the knowledge about the WDM components and DWDM networks.

To learn about the optical transport network layer and their basic functions.

To analyze the performance of networks and their protection, fault management.

To learn the various types of network protection and fault management and security

system in fiber optic network.

UNIT I DIGITAL NETWORKS 9

Synchronous Optical Networks: SONET/SDH-Introduction-SONET Frames-Virtual Tributaries

and Tributary Units-STS-N Frames -Maintenance -Asynchronous Data/Packet Networks-

Review of Data Networks. Next Generation SONET/SDH - Next Generation Protocols, LCAS,

LAPS, Concatenation Efficiency

UNIT II WDM TECHNOLOGY AND NETWORKS 9

Introduction- The Optical Fiber in Communications- The Optical Communications Spectrum-

Types of Fiber.- Optical Amplifiers- Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers- DWDM Networks- Access

WDM Systems.

UNIT III OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK AND NETWORK

SYNCHRONIZATION 9

Introduction- OTN Network Layers - FEC in OTN- OTN Frame Structure- OTN and DWDM-

OTN Management- Synchronization - The Timing Signal- Signal Quality- Transmission Factor-

Jitter and Wander- Photodetector Responsivity and Noise Contributors

UNIT IV NETWORK PERFORMANCE 9

Introduction-Channel Performance-Carrier to Noise Ratio and Power-Bandwidth Ratio-

Shannon's Limit -Optical Signal to Noise Ratio - Factors That Affect Channel Performance -

Analysis of BER and SNR Related to Channel Performance - BER and SNR Statistical

Estimation Method - Circuit for In-Service and Real-Time Performance Estimation. Traffic

Management and Control-Client Bandwidth Management -Wavelength Management - Paths

27

with --Congestion Management - Routing Discovery of Optical Network -Node and Network -

Wavelength Management Strategies.

UNIT V NETWORK PROTECTION, FAULT MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY 9

Introduction- Fault Detection and Isolation - Fault and Service Protection - Point-to-Point

Networks- Mesh Network Protection -Ring-Network - Ring-to-Ring Protection - Multi-ring

Shared Protection - Network Security Issues - Definitions -Security -Security Layers in

Communication Networks.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the SONET/SDH techniques and their applications in fiber optic network.

Demonstrate the understanding of WDM components and DWDM networks.

Describe the detailed knowledge about optical transport network and their basic

functions.

Design the new fiber optic networking module by applying the learned protocols and

techniques.

Analyze the designed or existing system by incorporating the understood analyzing

techniques.

TEXT BOOK

1. Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos "Next Generation Intelligent Optical Networks"

SpringerScience+Business Media, LLC, 2008

REFERENCES

1. Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan, "Optical Networks : A Practical

Perspective", Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd., Second Edition 2006.

2. C. Siva Ram Moorthy and Mohan Gurusamy, "WDM Optical Networks : Concept,

Design and Algorithms", Prentice Hall of India, Ist Edition, 2002.

3. P.E. Green, Jr., "Fiber Optic Networks", Prentice Hall, NJ, 1993.

4. Biswanath Mukherjee, "Optical WDM Networks", Springer, 2006.

28

15OC012 - OPTICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To study and understand the concepts of optical imaging and processing.

To encourage students to develop a working knowledge about the Fourier series and

Transform.

To improve their knowledge in image construction techniques and their applications in

day to day life.

To enhance the knowledge of optical image construction techniques and their

applications.

To recognize the various application of optical image processing such as interferometry

method, Fourier transform spectroscopy and imaging by holographic techniques

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS 9

Coherance and light source - optical image formation - Franhoufer diffraction - Single slit -

double slit circular aperture - double aperture gratings - 1D and 2D lens aperture - Interference.

UNIT II FOURIER SERIES AND TRANSFORM 9

Fourier series - Fourier coefficients - optical and crystal diffraction gratings - Fourier series

formulation - Fourier transform and single slit diffraction - grating pattern - Fourier transform

of light waves - correlation.

UNIT III OPTICAL IMAGING AND PROCESSING 9

Incoherent optical imaging - transfer function - coherent optical imaging - periodic and non-

periodic objects - optical transform - Holography - coherent and incoherent optical processing.

UNIT IV IMAGE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES 9

X - ray computed tomography - reconstruction by simple back projection - iterative

reconstruction- analysis methods - magnetic resonance imaging - Ultrasonic computed

tomography.

UNIT V APPLICATIONS 9

Michelsons stellar interferometry - spectral interferometer - fringe visibility and

spectral distribution - partial coherence and correlation - Fourier transform spectroscopy -

29

Synthetic aperture radar - Intensity interferometer - Imaging by holographic techniques

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the fundamentals of optical image processing and image formation.

Explain the Fourier series and Fourier transforms of optical light waves.

Demonstrate the understanding of coherent and incoherent optical image processing.

Analyze the optical image construction and their applications.

Describe the optical imaging techniques and their applications

TEXT BOOK

1. E.G. Stewart, "Fourier Optics an Introduction", 2nd Edition, Dover Publications, Inc.

Mineola, New York. 2004

2. Dror.G. Feitelson, "Optical Computing", MIT press, Cambridge, 1988.

30

15OC071 - FIBER OPTICS LABORATORY

L T P C

0 0 2 1

OBJECTIVES

To study the characteristics of optical transmitters and receivers

To understand the characteristics of optical fiber and system measurements

To gain the information on characterization of FBG, circulator and EDFA

To enhance knowledge on characteristics of MUX and DEMUX

To have complete study of He-Ne LASER

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

OUTCOMES

After the successful completing this course, students will able to:

Explain the characteristics optical transmitters and receivers

1. Characteristics of LED and PIN Photo diode

2. Characteristics of Laser diode

3. Characteristics of avalanche Photo diode

4. Measurements of Fiber parameters: Numerical aperture, Attenuation.

5. Dispersion in Optical fiber

6. System bandwidth determination by analog modulation

7. BER measurements in fiber optic digital link

8. Time division multiplexing

9. Characteristics of WDM MUX and DE-MUX

10. Characterization of FBG and Circulator

11. Characterization of EDFA

12. Determination of Refractive Index of Air Using Interferometer

13. Measurement Of Brewster's Angle and Verification of Malu's Law

14. Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction

15. Determination of Film Thickness using Ellipsometer

16. Analysis of Modes in Fibers and Measure the Mode Field Diameter of Single

Mode Fiber

17. Study of He-Ne Laser

31

Elaborate optical fiber and system measurements

Analyze the Characterization of FBG, circulator and EDFA

Explain Characteristics of MUX and DEMUX

Elaborate the He-Ne laser.

32

15OC072 - OPTICAL NETWORKING LABORATORY

L T P C

0 0 2 1

OBJECTIVES

To impart the knowledge on WDM systems.

To gain information on OTDR and Budgeting.

To enhance knowledge on various amplifiers characteristics.

To understand the impact of Non-linear effects on signal propagations.

To design system through power penalty method.

SIMULATION PACKAGES REQUIRED

OPTIWAVE, OPTISIM, MATLAB SIMULINK

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. WDM Fiber Optic link.

2. Optical amplification in a WDM link.

3. Adding and Dropping of optical Channels in a WDM Link.

4. Optical time domain reflectometer.

5. Power and Rise Time Budgeting

6. Experiments with optical simulation tool.

a) Optical Amplifiers Characterisation (SBS, SRS, Rare Earth doped Fibers)

b) Characterisation of Star Coupler and interferometer.

c) Fibre Non-Linearity Characterisation ( SPM, XPM , FWM)

d) Characterisation Of Optical Cross connects

e) Fiber Dispersion Compensation (DCF,FBG)

f) Wavelength Conversion

g) Solitons and Birefringence.

h) Power Penalty

OUTCOMES

After completion of the course, all the students will be able to:

Analyse completely about WDM system

Describe in detail about OTDR and budgeting.

33

Explain the various amplifier characteristics.

Analyze the how non-linear effects impact the wave propagation

Explain about power penalty.

34

15OC101 - HIGH SPEED PHOTONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To provide the detailed knowledge in the field of electronic properties of semiconductor

materials

To improve the skills on high speed photonics.

To study and understand the concept of high speed optoelectronic devices

To develop the generation of short pulse

To provide the students with the necessary knowledge and skills on the high speed optical

signal processing

UNIT I ELECTRONICS PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR 9

Semiconductor materials, Band structure, Band structure modification by alloying,

Heterostructure, Intrinsic carrier concentration, Defect levels, excess carriers, recombination

process, charge injection and non radiative effects.

UNIT II HIGH SPEED PHENOMENA 9

Picosecond process in carrier transport theory, carrier-carrier interaction, exciton-excition

interaction in super lattices, exciton lifetime reduction, reduction of electrons - photonscattering

rates, hot electron diffusion.

UNIT III HIGH SPEED OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES 9

Mode locked lasers, Fast multiple quantum well absorbers, suppressing of timing and energy

fluctuation in lasers, Parametric oscillation in lasers, Ultra-fast detectors - metal semiconductor

photo diodes, Photo conductors, Switches.

UNIT IV SHORT PULSE GENERATION 9

Gain switching in semiconductor lasers, Self-pulsation in semiconductor laser, bistable laser,

Short pulse generation using fiber non-linearity.


Application to long distance and high speed communication, High speed optical signal

processing, Picosecond electro optic sampling, logic gates, parallel processing and inter

connectors.

35

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Develop the knowledge about fields of basic properties of semiconductors and demonstrate

high speed communication in optoelectronic devices.

Employ Picosecond process in carrier transport

Enhance the knowledge of high speed photonics.

Understand the important concept of high speed optoelectronic devices and generation of

short pulse

Compute their applications in real life.

REFERENCES

1. M.L.Riaziat, "Introduction to high speed electronics and Opto electronics", JohnWiley,

New York, 1995.

2. Sueta. T, Okoshi. T, "Fundamental of Ultra fast and Ultra parallel optoelectronics",John

Wiley, New York, 1996.

3. Mourou.G.A., Bloom O.M and Lee.C.H., "Principle electronics and Opto Electronics",

Springer Vering, Berlin, 1995

36

15OC102 - QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To study and understand the basic theorems and postulates of quantum mechanics.

To improve their knowledge in laser and communication.

To enhance the knowledge about nonlinear optics.

To illustrate the basics of stimulated scattering.

To learn the basic impact of noise in laser amplifier and oscillator.

UNIT I BASIC THEOREMS AND POSTULATES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 10

The Schrodinger wave equation, some solutions of time independent Schrodinger equation,

Matrix formulation of quantum mechanics, Lattice vibration and their quantization,

Electromagnetic fields and their quantization.

UNIT II LASER 10

Gaussian beam in a homogenous medium, Gaussian beam in a lens waveguide, Elliptic Gaussian

beams, Optical resonators, Spontaneous and induced transitions, gain coefficient, homogenous

and inhomogeneous broadening, Laser oscillations, Semiconductor laser, quantum well laser,

modulation of optical radiation, Q switching and Mole locking of laser, Quantum wires and dots,

Laser arrays, Concept of super modes, Phase amplitude in laser, Free electron lasers.

UNIT III NONLINEAR OPTICS 10

The nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor, Second harmonic generation, parametric oscillations,

parametric amplifiers, Applications.

UNIT IV STIMULATED RAMAN AND BRILLOUIN SCATTERING 10

Stimulated Raman scattering, Antisokes scattering, stimulated Brillouin scattering, self-focusing

of optical beams.

37

UNIT V NOISE 5

Noise in laser amplifier and oscillator, Laser spectra, Measurements.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the basic theorems and postulates of quantum mechanics.

Demonstrate the operation of laser.

Understand the nonlinear optics and problems of nonlinearity.

Describe the concept of stimulated scattering.

Compute a problem of noise in laser amplifier and oscillator.

REFERENCES

1. Schubert Max, Wilhelmi Bernd, Non liner Optics and Quantum Electronics, John

Wiley,New York, 1998.

2. D.Marcuse, Principle of Quantum Electronics, Academic Press, New York, 1980.

3. J.T. Verdeyen, Laser Electronics, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1981.

4. A.Yariv, Optical Electronics, Holt Reinhart and Winston, Cambridge, 1983.

5. G.P.Agarwal and N.K.Dutta, Long Wavelength Semiconductor lasers, Von

NostrandReinholt, New York, 1985.

6. Harisson Paul, Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots, John Wiley, New York, 2000.

7. A.Yariv, Quantum Electronics, 3rd ed, John Wiley, New York, 1989.

38

15OC103 - LASER SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To expose the students about the basic and concepts of laser communication.

To provide a deeper understanding of the latest developments in the system design and

their applications in real time.

To learn the basic forms of semiconductor and metal laser sources for satellite

communications.

To understand the concept of system design and optical receivers.

To enhance the knowledge laser beam pointing control.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO LASER COMMUNICATIONS 9

Atmospheric low loss windows, optical sources and detectors for these windows, Characteristics

of source and detectors. Optical transmitting and receiving antennas.

UNIT II SYSTEM DESIGN 9

Link equation, Transmitter terminal, Antenna design, Antenna gain, Beam width, C/N, Optical

detectors, Optical modulation formats, Deriving error statistics, Signal requirements for

acquisition and tracking, Fundamentals of system design.

UNIT III SEMICONDUCTOR AND METAL LASER SOURCES FOR SATELLITE

COMMUNICATIONS 9

Performance and Geometries, output wavelength control, Semiconductor laser lifetime, Direct

and indirect modulation techniques and radiation effects.

UNIT IV OPTICAL RECEIVERS AND SYSTEM DESIGN 9

Direct detection, coherent detection and demodulation. Gimbals in transceiver design, Receiver

options and optics; Lasers; antennas / Telescope, Internal optical systems, Transmitter analysis.

39

UNIT V LASER BEAM POINTING CONTROL 9

Acquisition and Tracking systems, System description, Acquisition methodology, racking and

pointing control system, RF cross link system design, link equation.

Total: 45 Period

OUTCOMES


Apply their acquired knowledge about introduction of laser communication.

Design an optical system design under the acquisition and tracking,

Demonstrate knowledge of semiconductor and metal laser sources for satellite

communications.

Describe and analyze the optical receivers and system design.

Construct systems with backgrounds of laser beam pointing control under the Acquisition

and Tracking systems based on link equation.

REFERENCES

1. Morris Katzman, "Laser Satellite Communications", Prentice Hall Inc, New York, 1991.

2. J. Franz and V.K.Jain, "Optical Communication Systems", Narosa Publication, New

Delhi, 1994.

40

15OC104 - SOLITONS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic Nonlinear Schrödinger equation and dispersion managed solitons,

To improve the knowledge about the solitons and their interactions,

To learn the basic effects in WDM systems.

To expose the students to understand the various WDM system with dispersion managed

soliton polarization and its effects

To learn about the hardware and measurement techniques.

UNIT I THE NONLINEAR SCHRODINGER EQUATION AND HISTORY OF

SOLITON 9

Introduction-Fiber Dispersion and Nonlinearity-The NLS Equation: Derivation and Fundamental

Consequences-Soliton-The Beginning: John Scott Russell and His Discovery-Solitons in Optical

Fibers-The Soliton Legacy

UNIT II DISPERSION-MANAGED SOLITONS AND EFFECTS OF

SPONTANEOUS EMISSION 9

Introduction-Pulse Behaviour in Maps Having Gain and Loss-Map Scaling to Higher Bit Rates-

Basic Concepts -Optical Amplifiers-ASE Growth in a Chain of Amplifiers and Fiber Spans-

ASE-induced Errors-Frequency-guiding Filters.

41

UNIT III WDM WITH SOLITONS AND ITS INTERACTIONS 9

Introduction-Effects of Periodic Loss and Variable Dispersion -Analytical Theory of Collisions

in Perturbed Spans -Dispersion-tapered Fiber Spans -Pseudo Phase Matching of Four-wave

Mixing in WDM- Control of Collision-induced Timing Displacements- Effects of Polarization -

Gain Equalization with Guiding Filters -Experimental Confirmation-Soliton-soliton Collisions in

WDM-Applications of the Inverse Scattering Transform.

UNIT IV WDM WITH DISPERSION MANAGED SOLITONS, POLARIZATION

AND ITS EFFECTS 9

Soliton-soliton Collisions- Experimental Tests-Polarization States and the Stokes-Poincare

Picture-Linear Birefringence of Transmission Fibers- Soliton Propagation-Polarization. Scattering

by Soliton-soliton Collisions

UNIT V HARDWARE AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 9

Soliton Sources-The Temporal Lens-Clock Recovery- Dispersion Measurement-Accurate

Measurement of Pulse Widths Using a Detector with Finite Response Time-Flat Raman Gain

for Dense WDM.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe basic concepts of nonlinear schrödinger equation and history of Soliton

Design the dispersion-managed solitons and effects of spontaneous emission based fiber

optic system.

Design and implementation of WDM with solitons and its interactions

Describe and detailed knowledge of WDM with dispersion managed solitons, polarization

and its effects

Analysethe designed or existing system

REFERENCES

1. Akira Hazegawa and Yuji Kodama, Solitons in Optical Communication,

Oxford

University Press Inc, Oxford, 1995.

2. IannoneEngenio, Matera Francesco, Mecozzi Antonio &Settembre Marina, Non Linear

Optical Communication Networks, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998.

3. GovindP.Agarwal, Non Linear fiber Optics, Academic Press, New York, 1995.

4. Linn F. Mollenauer and James P. Gordon "Solitons in Optical Fibers Fundamentals and

Applications" Elsevier Academic Press 2006.

42

15OC105 - OPTICAL CDMA SYSTEMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the background of optical CDMA and its streams such as coherent and

incoherent optical CDMA systems.

To improve their knowledge in designing and analysing of optical CDMA systems and

their enabling technologies.

To design optical CDMA systems and analyse their response.

To design systems for their real time applications.

To gain knowledge on the architectures of optical CDMA.

UNIT I OPTICAL CDMA 9

Introduction; Optical CDMA codes - Construction of Coherent and Incoherent Codes ,

Performance Analysis and Comparison of Coherent and Incoherent Codes, Advanced Incoherent

Codes, Information Capacity of Fiber-Optical CDMA Systems, Advanced Coding Techniques

for Performance Improvement.

UNIT II COHERENT OPTICAL CDMA SYSTEMS 9

Introduction, Coherent OCDMA Approaches, Subsystem Technologies, Code Selection for SPC-

OCDMA, OCDMA Network Architectures for SPC-OCDMA.

UNIT III INCOHERENT OPTICAL CDMA SYSTEMS 9

Introduction, WHTS System Architecture, Technologies for WHTS OCDMA, Experimental

Demonstration of WHTS OCDMA.

UNIT IV ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 9

Introduction, Fiber Bragg Grating Technology, FBGs for FOCDMA, Encoding/Decoding for

OCDMA Systems.

UNIT V OPTICAL CDMA ARCHITECTURES 9

Hybrid Multiplexing Transmission System, Photonic Gateway: Multiplexing Format

43

Conversion, OCDMA/WDM Virtual Optical Path Cross Connect, Optical CDMA network

architectures and applications-Local Area Networks, Applications Demonstrations.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Understand the Optical CDMA codes and Advanced Coding Techniques for

Performance Improvement.

Gain information about Coherent OCDMA Approaches, Subsystem Technologies.

Apply the concept of WHTS System Architecture, Technologies for WHTS OCDMA.

Analyses the characteristics of fiber bragg grating technology.

Overview of optical CDMA architectures

REFERENCES

1. Paul R. Prucnal, "Optical Code Division Multiple Access- Fundamentals and

Applications", Taylor & Francis Ltd; Har/Cdr edition, 2005.

2. Guu-Chang Yang & Wing C. Kwong, "Prime Codes with Applications to CDMA

Optical and Wireless Networks", Artech House, 2002.

44

15OC106 - ADVANCES IN OPTICAL AMPLIFIER

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To improve the knowledge of the students in the field of semiconductor optical

amplifier

To develop their skills in developing real time optical communication systems

To increase the capability of students in developing the optical amplifier designs

To have an overview of FBG and its characteristics

To design an application using semiconductor optical amplifier.

UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 9

Introduction - Theory of bulk SOA - Advanced structures - Recent advances in SOA applications

SOAs Nonlinearities Introduction - Semiconductor optical amplifier: Concept and state of the

art - SOA nonlinearities - Modelling of polarization rotation in SOAs using the Coupled Mode

Theory - Application of SOA nonlinearities to achieve wavelength conversion - Frequency

Domain Systems SOA - Mach Zehnder Interferometer Circuitry in Routing and Signal

Processing Applications: Introduction - Theory development - SOA-MZI AOWC frequency

domain transfer function analysis.

UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 9

Introduction - Cross gain and cross phase modulation based convertors - Four Wave Mixing

based wavelength converters - Quantum Dot SOAs. ROF System- The application of SOA in

ROF system -Impact of Pump-Probe Time Delay on the Four Wave Mixing Conversion

Efficiency in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers -Pattern Effect Mitigation Technique using

Optical Filters for Semiconductor-Optical-Amplifier based Wavelength Conversion-Chromatic

Dispersion Monitoring Method Based on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Spectral Shift Effect

in 40 Gb/s Optical Communication Systems- Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers for Microwave

Photonics Applications

UNIT III PHOTONIC INTEGRATED SOA SWITCH CIRCUITS 9

Introduction - SOA gates - Networks - Multi-port switches - Multi-stage interconnection

networks Negative Feedback Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers and All-Optical Triode -

Coherent Radiation Generation and Amplification in Erbium Doped Systems.

45

UNIT IV OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS FROM RARE-EARTH CO-DOPED GLASS

WAVEGUIDES 9

Introduction-Spectral properties of rare earths ions-Glasses for rare earth based amplifiers-

Erbium doped waveguide fabrication-Spectroscopic and waveguide characterization -Tunable

Fiber Lasers Based on Optical Amplifiers and an Opto-VLSI Processor Tuning mechanism-Gain

medium-Opto-VLSI processor-Single and Multiple wavelength tunable fiber lasers-Multi-port

tunable fiber lasers- Equivalent Circuit Models for Optical Amplifiers - Dual Wavelength

Pumped Dispersion-Compensating Fiber Raman Amplifiers.

UNIT V FIBER-BRAGG-GRATING BASED AND BUST MODE OPTICAL

AMPLIFIERS 9

Introduction-Overview of FBGs characteristics-FBGs play as solo-function role in a fiber

amplifier-FBGs play multiple-function roles in hybrid fiber amplifiers-FBG-based optical

networks devices with built-in fiber amplifier- Burst-mode Optical Amplifiers for Passive

Optical Networks - Cascaded Nonlinear Optical Mixing in a Non collinear Optical Parametric

Amplifier.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Understand the characteristics of semiconductor optical amplifier and Mach Zehnder

interferometer

Design an applications using semiconductor optical amplifier

Describe the networks and switches of SOA and amplification of EDF systems

Analyses the characteristics of rare earth co-doped glass waveguides

Overview of FBG and bust mode optical amplifiers for networks

TEXT BOOK

1. Paul Urquhart (Edited), "Advances in Optical Amplifiers" ISBN 978-953-307-186-2, 452

pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published February 14, 2011

REFERENCES

1. Michael J. Connelly "Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers" Kluwer Academic Publishers,

2004

2. H Ghafouri-Shiraz "The Principles of Semiconductor Laser Diodes and Amplifiers"

Imperial College Press, 2004

46

3. Emmanuel Desurvire, "Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Principles and Applications"

WILEY Publications, March 1994

4. P.C. Becker, N.A. Olsson and J.R. Simpson "Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers" Acadamic

Press 1999

47

15OC107 - REMOTE SENSING BY LASERS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic concepts of ecosystems

To analyse their available sources and detectors for remote sensing

To improve their knowledge in understanding the parameters involved

To design the system considering the scattering effects.

To gain knowledge on atmospheric pollution and surveillance

UNIT I ECOSYSTEM 8

Atmosphere - Hydrosphere - Biosphere Main feature contents - Dynamical Variation -their

influence on human life - Changes in ecosystem by natural and anthropogenic causes.

UNIT II SOURCES AND DETECTORS FOR REMOTE SENSING 6

CO2 , N2 , Dye, Ar-ion, Excimer Lasers - Optical Telescopes - Light collection filtering

receivers - diodes and PMT - Sensitivity Limit.

UNIT III PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN OF SYSTEMS 6

Scattering form LIDAR Equations - DIAL equations - Fluorescent form - analysis and

interpretation of LIDAR signals - spectral rejection of laser backscattered radiation -Differential

absorption detection limiter - Raman scattering.

UNIT IV ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND SURVEILLANCE 15

Pollution Source Monitoring - Detection limit - Source Detector Characteristics -Detection of

OH ion SO2, CO2, CO, NO, N2O, methane, ethylene in industrial environment, green House

gases detection - Ozone Depletion Study.

UNIT V HYDROSPHERIC LIDAR APPLICATION 10

LIF by UV Laser - Laser Fluor sensor - Oil Slick, Chlorophyll - Laser Phytoplankton mapping -

48

Study on Shoals - Coral reefs.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Analyses the study of biosphere feature contents and changes in ecosystems

Describe the sources and detector for remote sensing

Design the systems of LIDAR and DIAL equation and scattering performance

Analyses the greenhouse gases detection and atmospheric pollution

Design an applications of LIDAR

REFERENCES

1. Piemental, 'Analytical Applications of Lasers', Wiley Interscience, 1986.

2. Hinckley E.D., 'Laser Monitoring of Atmospheric', Springer, verlag, New York, 1976.

3. Measures R.M., 'Laser Remote Sensing', Wiley Interscience, New York, 1984.

49

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To improve the knowledge of students in the field of semiconductor laser types and their

applications in bistability

To understand the concepts of bistable laser diodes

To improve their skill in understanding the techniques of self pulsation

To develop their skills in designing wavelength selection and wavelength selective photo

detection for real time optical communication systems

To design an photonic switching application

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9

Function semiconductor laser, Basic concepts of semiconductor laser, Semiconductor quantum

wells, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Nonlinear effects in semiconductor lasers.

UNIT II BISTABLE LASER DIODES 9

Optical Bistability, bistable switches, Inhomogeneous current injections - absorptive scheme.

Dispersive bistable laser diodes. Injection locking. Bistability in laser diode amplifiers,

wavelength, power and polarization bistability.

UNIT III SELF PULSATION & ULTRA SHORT PULSE GENERATORS 9

Self-pulsation-theory of self-pulsation in laser diodes, Period doubling in modulated laser diodes.

Optical chaos, Mode locking in laser diodes, Monolithic mode locked laser diodes.

UNIT IV WAVELENGTH SELECTION AND WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE

PHOTODETECTION 9

Wavelength selection-Laser diode amplifier filters - DFB laser diode amplifier. Signal selection,

Noise properties, Wavelength selection photo detectors.

UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF PHOTONIC SWITCHING 9

High speed data transmission systems, Clock distribution, All optical fibre communication

50

15OC108 - PHOTONIC SWITCHING

systems: Clock extraction & dispersion compensation, WDM systems, optical exchange systems:

Time division & wavelength division switching, Power mixing & FD switching, Space switches.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the concepts of semiconductor lasers and VCSEL

Analyze bistable switches ,laser diode and also its characteristics

Discuss about self pulsation and mode locking in laser diodes

Understand Wavelength selection of DFB and wavelength selective photodetection

Design an applications of photonic switching

REFERENCES

1. H. Kawaguchi, Bistabilities and Non-linearities in Laser Diodes, Artech house

Inc,Norwood, 1994.

2. Sueta and Okoshi, Fundamental of Ultra fast& Ultra Parallel Opto Electronics,

JohnWiley & Sons, New York, 1996.

3. K. Tada and Hinton. H.S, Photonic Switching II, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990.

51

15OC109 - OPTICAL COMPUTING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic optical computing principles, logic and the optical computing

elements.

To improve their knowledge in designing analog and digital optical computing

techniques

To understand the optical multipliers, nonlinear components.

To demonstrate analog optical computing and digital computing.

To study about the nonlinear networks.

UNIT I OPTICAL COMPUTING PRINCIPLES 9

Non Von-Neuman architecture, various forms of parallel processing, SLM, LEDs, Lasers and

Photo detectors arrays, Holographic techniques, Optical storage devices.

UNIT II DIGITAL LOGIC 9

Symbolic substitution, Image computing, Cellular logic, Boolean logic, Cellular arrays, Cellular

hyper cubes, conventional hyper cube, Binary stack coded arithmetic, Binary Row coded, Binary

symbol, Coded arithmetic multilevel logic processing.

UNIT III OPTICAL COMPUTING ELEMENTS 9

B switches, Machzender interferometeric logic elements for Boolean functions, Acousto optic;

optical matrix multipliers, Nonlinear optical switches as memories.

UNIT IV ANALOG OPTICAL COMPUTING 9

Linear optic processing, Analog optical arithmetic's. Recognition by analog optical system.

UNIT V DIGITAL OPTICAL COMPUTING 9

Devices, Shadow casting, Symbolic substitution, Optical matrix processing, Optical linear neural

network. Nonlinear network.

52

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the various forms of parallel processing, ,basics of laser and optical storage

devices

Understand the Boolean logic and cellular hyper cubes and coded multilevel logic

processing

Analyse the optical matrix multipliers and nonlinear optical switches

Demonstrate analog optical computing in various forms

Analyse the digital optical computing and about to study the nonlinear networks

REFERENCES

1. A.Karim Mohammed and A.S.AbdulAwwall, Optical computing-An introduction, John

Wiley, New York, 1992.

2. Mc. AulayAlastair.D, Optical Computer Architecture: The Application of optical

concepts to next generation computers, John Wiley, New York, 1991.

3. DrorFeitelsen, Optical Computing, MIT press, Cambridge, 1988.

53

15OC110 - ADVANCES IN PHOTODIODES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the essential functionalities and requirements and

designing a photodiode and their types.

To improve the knowledge of students in design, measurement and

characterization of optical devices on integrated circuits.

To expose the students about the emerging photodiodes and the applications of them in

various industrial applications.

To understand the application of photodiodes

To analyze the emerging photodiodes and their structure & characters.

UNIT I SPECTRAL PROPERTIES AND NOISE OF PHOTODIODES 9

Introduction, Optical structure and model- Intrinsic quantum efficiency- Optical losses - External

quantum efficiency, Spectral properties of photodiodes- Spectral responsivity - Angular and

polarization dependence- Spectral dependence of polarization property- Divergence dependence-

Linearity-Spatial uniformity- Photoemission contribution-Mathematical formalities of noise

calculation-Thermal noise-Shot noise-Burst noise-Low frequency noise-Generation

recombination noise-Noise in photonic devices-Avalanche noise

UNIT II DESIGN OF SOI PIN AND 3D INTERDIGITATED LATERAL P-I-N

PHOTODIODES 9

Introduction, Transit time limitation of thin-film SOI PIN diodes-General equations-

Perturbationmodel-Calculation of the free carriers concentrations-Current-Transition frequency-

Carrierdiffusion-Influence of the substrate, RC frequency-The ideal diode impedance-Modeling

of theanode or cathode to substrate impedance-Coupling effect-2"^order effects-Application,

fabrication and simulation of lateral P-I-N photodiodes-Theoretical modeling-Numerical

modeling-Statistical modeling

UNIT III DESIGN, MEASUREMENTS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF

OPTICAL DEVICES ON IC'S 9

Introduction, Devices Involved, type of structures, Circuital architecture of pixel for

characterization-Components of architecture-Signals of control, Circuit analysis-Simulation-

Layout- Results, Discussion-Crosstalk mechanisms- Lateral crosstalk mechanisms-Vertical

crosstalk mechanisms-Performance Improvement of CMOS APS Pixels using Photodiode

Peripheral Utilization Method-Color-Selective CMOS Photodiodes Based on Junction Structures

and Process Recipes

54

UNIT IV EMERGING PHOTODIODES 9

High-Power RF Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiodes (UTC-PDs) - n-Type P-FeSi2/p-type Si

Near-infrared Photodiodes-GaN-based Photodiodes on Silicon Substrates-Gas Source MBE

Grown Wavelength Extending InGaAs Photodetectors

UNIT V PHOTODIODES APPLICATIONS 9

Use of a-SiC:H Photodiodes in Optical Communications Applications-SiC Photodetector: LSP

Direct Image Sensor, Optical Amplifier and Demux Device-Avalanche Photodiodes in

Submicron CMOS Technologies for High-Sensitivity Imaging

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the basics of optical structure and spectral properties of photodiodes and their

response and noise of photodiodes

Design SOI pindiodes and interdigitated lateral P-I-N photodiodes

Measure and characterize optical devices on IC’s and to study the performance

improvement of CMOS APS pixels using photodiodes

Analyse the emerging photodiodes such as UTC-PD’s,near infrared photodiodes and

GAN photodiodes

Understand various applications of photodiodes such as optical communication and image

sensing

TEXT BOOK

1. Gian-Franco Dalla Betta (Edited) "Advances in Photodiodes" Published by InTech 2011

55

15OC111 - RECENT PROGRESS IN OPTICAL FIBER RESEARCH

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic concepts of nonlinear effects and impairments in optical fiber.

To improve the knowledge in photonic crystal based fibers and their applications.

To gain knowledge in photonic crystal fibers.

To demonstrate the radiation effects and to design the measurement systems.

To analyse the mode division multiplexing and limitation of types of fibres.

UNIT I NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Multimode Nonlinear Fibre Optics-Spontaneous Nonlinear Scattering Processes in Silica

Optical Fibers - Optical Solitons in a Nonlinear Fiber Medium with Higher-Order Effects -

Progress in Continuous-Wave Super continuum Generation -Slow Light in Optical Fibers.

UNIT II OTHER IMPAIRMENTS IN OPTICAL FIBERS 9

Polarization Losses in Optical Fibers-Optical Fiber Birefringence Effects -Sources, Utilization

and Methods of Suppression-Spun Fibres for Compensation of PMD.

UNIT III PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS 9

Optic Fiber on the Basis of Photonic Crystal-PCF Dispersion optimization for

Telecommunication Systems-PCF Loop Mirrors and Their Applications-MicrostructuredFibre

Taper with Constant Outer Diameter-Photonic Crystal Fiber for Medical Applications.

UNIT IV EFFECTS OF RADIATION AND OPTICAL FIBERS IN PHASE SPACE 9

Introduction-Effects of y-ray radiation on optical fibers-Design of experimental measurement

system -Development of laser transmitter and receiver-analysis-Phase space representation-Light

propagation on a fiber-Gaussian beam propagation in optical fibers.


Long Period Gratings in New Generation Optical Fibers-Optical Vortices in a Fiber: Mode

Division Multiplexing and Multimode Self-Imaging-Use and Limitations of Single and Multi-

Mode Optical Fibers for Exoplanet Detection-Time and Frequency Transfer in Optical Fibers-

Applications of the Planar Fiber Optic Chip

Total: 45 Periods

56

OUTCOMES


Explain the nonlinear effects in optical fibres, scattering, progress in continuous wave

supercontinum generation

Describe the losses of fibres and their impairments ,methods of suppression of fibres

Enumerate the basics of photonic crystals and their various applications

Demonstrate the effects of radiation and optical fibres in phase space and to design

measurement systems

Analyze the mode division multiplexing and limitation of single mode and multimode

fibres and application of planar fibre optic chip

TEXT BOOK

1. Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun "Recent progress in optical fiber research" Published

by InTech 2011.

57

15OC112- POLYMER THIN FILMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To develop the knowledge in the field of polymer thin films and preparation techniques.

To strengthen the knowledge of students about the High Performance Organic Thin-Film

and High performance colour conversion polymer films.

To impart knowledge in supramolecular polymers, neural interfaces and Nonlinearities.

To synthesise and characterize organo-siloxane polymers and to study about polymer

sensing properties.

To design organic films and colour conversion polymer films.

UNIT I ADVANCED PFA THIN POROUS MEMBRANES AND NON-

EQUILIBRIUM CHARGE TRANSPORT IN DISORDERED ORGANIC

FILMS 9

Advances in porous membranes-Ion beam processing of PFA-Probing pore formation-PFA thin

porous membranes-Ion Transfer in Layer-by-Layer Films- Effective transport energy - Analytic

theory of non-equilibrium transport - Transient current in time- of- flight experiment - Transient

electroluminescence from light- emitting diodes

UNIT II PREPARATION OF POLYIMIDE THIN FILMS AND AROMATIC

POLYAZOMETHINES 9

Application of polyimides in nanotechnology as thin layer matrix for nanocomposites-Vapour

deposition of thin polymer films-Solid state reactions in polyimide films formation-

Polycondensation based thin film preparation - Kinetics of polyazomethines thin film growth -

Structure and morphology of polyazomethines thin films - Influence of technological conditions

on optical spectra of polyazomethines thin films - Doping PPI with iodine and FeCl3 - Variation

of electronic structure with polyazomethines structure.

UNIT III TRIDIMENSIONAL SURFACE RELIEF MODULATION AND

UNCONVENTIONAL LAYER-BY-LAYER ASSEMBLY 9

Introduction- Polymeric materials used for surface relief modulation -Irradiation conditions for

sub micrometric single step surface relief Modulation -Surface relief modulation of polymeric

58

films-Electrostatic complex formation-Hydrogen bonding complex-Block copolymer micelles-

Polymer-assisted complex-Surface imprinting LbL film

UNIT IV HIGH PERFORMANCE ORGANIC THIN-FILM AND HIGH

PERFORMANCE COLOR CONVERSION POLYMER FILMS 9

Introduction-High-k Dielectric OTFT-Organic Non-volatile Memory Devices Using High-k

Dielectric-CCM systems- Experiments-Materials-CCM-OLED displays-flexible beam shaping:

Formation of surface relief grating (SRG) on Azo polymer thin layer-Measurements

UNIT V SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS, NEURAL INTERFACES AND

NONLINEARITIES 9

Introduction -Synthesis and characterization of organo-siloxane supramolecular polymers -Gas

sensing mechanism of organo-siloxane supramolecular polymers -CO2 sensing properties of

polymers- Theoretical aspects of equivalent scheme. Introduction: Thin polymeric film in

nanomedicine-Neural interfaces and drug delivery system- Nonlinearities in thin flims-Theory-

Determinations of optical nonlinearity by holographic gratings and photoinduced anisotropy.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Demonstrate the advanced PFA thin porous membranes and non-equilibrium transport

charges in disordered organic films

Analyse the preparation of polyimide thin films and aromatic polyazomethines and to

know about their dopping methods and structure

Explain the surface relief modulation and their irradiation conditions and surface

imprinting

Design high performance of organic films and high performance of color conversion

polymer films

Synthesise and characterize of organo-siloxane polymer and polymer sensing properties

TEXT BOOK

1. Abbass A. Hashim (edited) "Polymer Thin Films" Published by InTech 2010.

59

15OC113-OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To improve the knowledge on their own optoelectronic semiconductor devices

To gain knowledge in the field of PN junction diode

To develop their skills in understanding the emission

To train the students to approach ethically to design solar cells and organic LEDs

To understand and to design OPVs for our day to day life applications

UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS 9

Introduction - The Band Theory of Solids - The Kronig-Penney Model - The Bragg Model -

Effective Mass - Number of States in a Band - Band Filling - Fermi Energy and Holes - Carrier

Concentration -Semiconductor Materials - Semiconductor Band Diagrams - Direct Gap and

Indirect Gap Semiconductors - Extrinsic Semiconductors - Carrier Transport in Semiconductors

-Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Dynamics - Carrier Diffusion and the Einstein Relation -

Quasi-Fermi Energies - The Diffusion Equation - Traps and Carrier Lifetimes - Alloy

Semiconductors.

UNIT II THE PN JUNCTION DIODE 9

Introduction - Diode Current - Contact Potential - The Depletion Approximation - The Diode

Equation -Reverse Breakdown and the Zener Diode - Tunnel Diodes -Generation/Recombination

Currents - Ohmic Contacts, Schottky Barriers and Schottky Diodes -Heterojunctions -

Alternating Current (AC) and Transient Behavior.

UNIT III PHOTON EMISSION AND ABSORPTION 9

Introduction to Luminescence and Absorption - Physics of Light Emission - Simple Harmonic

Radiator - Quantum Description - The Exciton - Two-Electron Atoms -Molecular Excitons -

Band-to-Band Transitions - Photometric Units.LED- LED Operation and Device Structures -

Emission Spectrum Non-Radiative Recombination - Optical Outcoupling - GaAs LEDs -

GaAs1-xPx LEDs - Double Heterojunction AlxGa1-xAs LEDs - AlGaInP LEDs - Ga1-xInxN

LEDs - LED Structures for Enhanced Outcoupling and Power Output.

UNIT IV THE SOLAR CELL 9

Introduction - Light Absorption - Solar Radiation - Solar Cell Design and Analysis - Thin Solar

Cells - Solar Cell Generation as a Function of Depth - Solar Cell Efficiency -Silicon Solar Cell

Technology: Wafer Preparation - Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Solar Cell Finishing - Silicon

60

Solar Cell Technology: Advanced Production Methods - Thin Film Solar Cells: Amorphous

Silicon - Telluride/Selenide/Sulphide Thin-Film Solar Cells -High-Efficiency Multijunction

Solar Cells - Concentrating Solar Systems.

UNIT V ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS, OLEDS AND SOLAR CELLS 9

Introduction to Organic Electronics- Conjugated Systems -Polymer OLEDs -Small-Molecule

OLEDs- Anode Materials- Cathode Materials - Hole Injection Layer- Electron Injection Layer-

Hole Transport Layer- Electron Transport Layer-Light Emitting Material Processes-Host

Materials-Fluorescent Dopants-Phosphorescent Dopants- Organic Solar Cells -Organic Solar

Cell Materials.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the impact of the band theory of solids and The Kronig-Penney Model

semiconductor.

Demonstrate about diode current and contact potential.

Describe the physics of light emission and molecular excitons.

Formulate light absorption, solar radiation and solar cell generation

Apply the relevant knowledge in layer electron

TEXT BOOK

1. Adrian Kitai , "Principles of Solar Cells, Leds And Diodes" 2011 John Wiley &

Sons,Ltd.

61

15OC114 - ULTRAFAST ALL-OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING DEVICES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To improve the knowledge of students in optical signal processing

To self-learn the new tools in light sources

To learn on SOA based ultrafast signal processing techniques and their applications.

To enable the students to designing of wavelength conversion devices

To train the students to approach ethically to analyse of wavelength techniques.

UNIT- I OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND LIGHT SOURCES 9

Evolution of Optical Communication Systems and Device Technologies- Increasing

Communication Traffic and Power Consumption - Future Networks and Technologies - Ultrafast

All-Optical Signal Processing Devices -Overview of the Devices and Their Concepts-

Requirement for Light Sources -Mode-locked Laser Diodes - Electro-absorption Modulator

Based Signal Source.

UNIT II SOA BASED ULTRAFAST SIGNAL PROCESSING DEVICES 9

Introduction - Fundamentals of SOA - SOA as an Ultrafast Nonlinear Medium - Use of Ultrafast

Response Component by Filtering- Symmetric Mach-Zehnder (SMZ) All-Optical Gate

UNIT III UTC-PD, PD-EAM OPTICAL GATE INTEGRATING A UTC-PD AND TE

EAM 9

Introduction - Uni-traveling-carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD) - Concept of a New Opto-electronic

Integrated Device -PD-EAM Optical Gate Integrating UTC-PD and TW-EAM

UNIT IV INTERSUB-BAND TRANSITION ALL-OPTICAL GATE SWITCHES 9

Operation Principle- GaN/AlN ISBT Gate - (CdS/ZnSe)/BeTe ISBT Gate -

InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb ISBT Gate - Cross-phase Modulation in an InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb-based

ISBT Gate

UNIT V WAVELENGTH CONVERSION DEVICES 9

Introduction - Wavelength Conversion Schemes - Physics of Four-wave Mixing in LDs or SOAs

- Wavelength Conversion of Short Pulses Using FWM in Semiconductor Devices- Experimental

Results of Wavelength Conversion Using FWM in SOAs or LDs- The Future View of

62

Wavelength Conversion Using FWM.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Analyse and discuss to Increasing Communication Traffic and Power Consumption

Evaluate and validate the Fundamentals of SOA as Ultrafast Nonlinear Medium

Describe basic concepts & techniques of Uni-traveling carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD)

Analyse the usability Wavelength Conversion Schemes and Physics of Four-wave Mixing

Demonstrate the Operation Principle, GaN/AlN ISBT

TEXT BOOK

1. Hiroshi Ishikawa "Ultrafast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices" 2008 JohnWiley&

Sons Ltd .

63

15OC115 - INTEGRATED OPTICS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To improve the students to know about the optical modes

To enable about optical waveguide fabrication techniques.

To design the optical integrated circuits.

To self-learn the new tools the knowledge of students in light sources

To expose the students about the semiconductor based integrated optical devices

applications in real time.

UNIT I OPTICAL MODES 9

Advantages of Integrated Optics - Substrate Materials for Optical Integrated Circuits - Optical

Waveguide modes - Modes in a Planar Waveguide structure - Ray Optic approach to Optical

Mode theory - theory of Optical Waveguides.

UNIT II OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES 9

Waveguide fabrication techniques - Polymer and Fiber Integrated Optics - Losses in

Waveguides - Waveguide Input and Output Couplers - Coupling between waveguides.

UNIT III OPTICAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 9

Micro fabrication techniques in optical integrated circuits - Pattern fabrication - passive

waveguide devices - Functional devices.

UNIT IV SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED OPTIC DEVICES 9

Basic principles of Light Emission in Semiconductors - Semiconductor Lasers Hetero structure -

Confined Lasers - DFB Lasers - Direct modulation of Semiconductor lasers - Quantum well

Devices - Micro optic Electromechanical Devices.

UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 9

Application of OI circuits - Optoelectronic IC - Optical switches - convolvers and correlators -

Devices & systems for Telecommunications - Photonic and Microwave Wireless Systems-

Nanophotonics

64

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the importance, challenges and role Substrate Materials for Optical Integrated

Circuits,

Demonstrate and understand techniques of Losses in Waveguides

Analyse the usability of Micro fabrication techniques in optical integrated circuits Pattern

fabrication

Design about the Semiconductor Lasers Hetero structure, Direct modulation of

Semiconductor lasers

Construct systems with Application of OI circuits, Optoelectronic IC & Optical switches

TEXT BOOK

1. Robert .G. Hunsperger, "Integrated Optics - Springer", 6th Edition, Verlag New York,

2009.

2. Hiroshi Nishihara, MasamitsuHaruna, Toshiaki Suhara, "Optical Integrated Circuits -

McGraw - Hill, New York, 1992.

65

15OC116 - OPTICAL SWITCHES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To expose the students about fundamental of optical switches and their types.

To introduce the advanced features of MEMS.

To develop their advanced features of SOA based optical switches.

To understand the working concept of switches using nonlinear effects.

To enable the various types of switches design techniques and their applications.

UNIT I OPTICAL SWITCHES WITH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES 9

Introduction to optical switches - Electro-optical switches- Thermo-optical switches- Magneto-

optical switches.

UNIT II MEMS-BASED AND SOA BASED OPTICAL SWITCHES 9

Introduction-Optical systems-Optical switch architectures-Actuating principles of MEMS-based

optical switches-Materials and fabrication of MEMS-based optical Switches-Challenges

surrounding MEMS-based optical switches-SOA-based switching strategy-SOA structure-SOA

design criteria.

UNIT III SWITCHING BASED ON OPTICAL NONLINEAR EFFECTS 9

Introduction-Nonlinear effects for optical switches-Nonlinear devices for optical Switches-

Structure of nonlinear-effect-based optical switches-The ideal nonlinear-effect-based optical

switch.

UNIT IV LIQUID CRYSTAL AND PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SWITCHES 9

Introduction-Liquid crystal theory and principles-Liquid crystal switches and applications-

Theory and principles of photonic crystal all-optical switches-Design and fabrication of

advanced 2DPCwaveguide for PC-SMZ-Growth and characterization of optical QDs for PC-FF-

Device structures and performances of photonic crystal all-optical switches

UNIT V OTHER TYPE OF OPTICAL SWITCHES 9

Fiber switches-Holographic switches-Quantum optical switches- Other switches

Total: 45 Periods

66

OUTCOMES


Describe the importance, challenges and role switches, Electro-optical switches and

Thermo-optical

Demonstrate the Optical systems and Optical switch architectures

Design about the Nonlinear effects for optical switches and devices for optical Switches

Construct systems for Fiber switches and Holographic switches

Evaluate and to develop the Liquid crystal switches and applications crystal all-optical

switches

TEXT BOOKS

1. Baojun Li and Soo Jin Chua, "Optical switches Materials and design" Woodhead

Publishing Limited, 2010.

2. Tarek S. El-Bawab, "Optical Switching" Springer 2006.

67

15OC117 - FIBRE OPTIC METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL

HEALTH MONITORING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To introduce the fundamentals of fiber optic sensors and their applications in health

monitoring.

To enhance the student‘s knowledge in the fiber optic deformation sensors and their

topologies.

To understand the applications of sensors in Finite Element Structural Health Monitoring

Strategies.

To enable the students to study the topology of sensors.

To enable the students to get the knowledge about Finite element analysis.

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND

FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS 9

Basic Notions, Needs and Benefits, Structural Health Monitoring Process, Introduction to Fibre-

Optic Technology, Fibre-Optic Sensing Technologies, Distributed Sensing Cables.

UNIT II FIBRE-OPTIC DEFORMATION SENSORS 9

Strain Components and Strain Time Evolution, Sensor Gauge Length and Measurement,

Interpretation of strain measurement.

UNIT III SENSOR TOPOLOGIES 9

Finite Element Structural Health Monitoring Concept: Introduction, Simple Topology and

Applications, Parallel Topology, Crossed Topology, Triangular Topology.

UNIT IV FINITE ELEMENT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

STRATEGIES-I 9

Introduction, Monitoring of Pile Foundations, Monitoring of Buildings, Monitoring of

Tunnels, Monitoring of Heritage Structures.

68

UNIT V FINITE ELEMENT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

STRATEGIES-II 9

Monitoring of Bridges, Monitoring of Dams, Monitoring of Pipelines.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the fiber optic technology and cables

Apply the technique of Sensor Gauge Length and Measurement and Interpretation of

strain measurement.

Discuss the element structural health monitoring concept.

Analyse monitoring of pile foundation structures.

Illustrate the technique of monitoring of bridges , monitoring of dams ,monitoring of

pipelines

TEXT BOOK

1. BrankoGlisic, Daniele Inaudi "Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring"

John Wiley, 2007

69

15OC118 - RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To expose the students about the basic and concepts of Radio over Fiber systems and

their applications in real time.

To improve the capability of RoF link design and to trade-off the system.

To understand the techniques of mm-wave signal generation in RoF links and their

application in cellular networks.

To expose the students about modulation formats for Radio over fiber system.

To enable the students to implement RoF concepts in cellular application

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO RADIO OVER FIBER 9

Trends in Wireless Communications: Basic Transmission problems and solutions, Regulation

and Standardization- System concepts for the central processing of signals: Wireless Trends,

Architecture options, the global centralized Architecture, FUTON scenarios, Optical

Infrastructure- Introduction to Radio over Fiber: Concepts of Radio over Fiber systems,

Categories, Performances RoF systems, Applications of RoF Technology.

UNIT II NOISE & DISTORTIONS 9

Introduction- Noise models and measures- Noise model with noise sources- scaling of noise

figure- limits on noise figure- Distortions in links - distortion models and measures- distortion of

common electro optic devices- methods for reducing distortions.

UNIT III RADIO OVER FIBER LINK DESIGN & TRADEOFFS 9

Introduction - Radio over Fiber link design issues- Link design Examples - Link design

tradeoffs: introduction - tradeoffs among intrinsic link parameters- Tradeoffs between intrinsic

link and link with amplifiers.

UNIT IV MILLIMETER WAVE RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEMS 9

Introduction - Techniques for mm-wave signal generation in RoF links- Bidirectional mm-wave

RoF systems based on OFM, with QPSK modulation - Multiplexing of RoF systems - Analysis

of chromatic dispersion in intensity modulated RoF- Fast hand over in mm-wave RoF system.

UNIT V ROF TECHNOLOGY FOR THE CELLULAR APPLICATIONS 9

3G cellular systems, cellular architecture, UMTS architecture, WCDMA ROF systems, Micro

70

diversity, Macro diversity, Traffic estimation, Spectral efficiency, power level, multiple user

interference, ROF for Hyper LAN2, Micro cellular communication networks.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the concept of wireless communication and basic transmission problems and

solutions.

Identify the noise model measures and distortions model measures.

Discuss radio over fiber link design and tradeoffs link parameter and amplifier.

Describe the techniques for millimeter wave signal generation in RoF links and chromatic

dispersion in intensity modulated RoF links.

Identify the cellular and UMTS architecture,Micro and Macro diversity.

REFERENCES

1. Nathan J. Gomes, Paulo P. Monteiro and Atilio Gameiro "Next Generation wireless

communications using Radio over Fiber" John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012.

2. CHARLES H. COX, III, "Analog optical Links,Theory and Practice" Cambridge

University Press, 2004.

3. Igor Minin, "Microwave and millimeter wave technologies modern UWB antennas and

equipment" In-Tech publication, 2010.

4. Hameed Al-Raweshidy, Shozo Komaki, "Radio Over fiber technologies for mobile

communication networks" Artech House publications, London. 2002.

71

15OC119 - COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR OPTICAL

WAVEGUIDE

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To encourage students to develop a working knowledge of the central ideas of analytical

and finite element methods.

To study and understand the concepts of finite difference and beam propagation methods.

To formulate and construct a mathematical model using finite difference time domain

methods.

To enable the students to understand the FDM methods.

To enable the students to understand the FDTDM methods & Beam propagation methods.

UNIT I ANALYTICAL METHODS 9

Method for a three layer slab optical waveguide, Effective index method, Marcatili's method,

Methods for an optical fiber.

UNIT II FINITE ELEMENT METHODS 9

Variation method, Galerkin method, Area co-ordinates and triangular elements, Derivation of

eigen value matrix equation, Matrix elements, Programming, Boundary equations.

UNIT III FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS 9

Finite-difference approxiamations, Wave equations, Finite-difference approxiamation of wave

equation, Programming, Boundary conditions.

UNIT IV BEAM PROPAGATION METHODS 9

Fast fourier transform beam propagation methods, Finite-difference beam propagation methods,

Wide-angle analysis using pade angle approxiamation, Three-dimensional semivectorial

analysis, Three-dimensional fully vectorial analysis.

UNIT V FINITE DIFFERENCE TIME DOMAIN METHODS 9

Discretization of electromagnetic fields, Stability conditions, Absorbing boundary conditions,

Schrodinger Equation: Finite-difference analysis of Time-Independent state.

72

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the design of method for a three layer slab optical waveguide, Effective index

method, Marcatili‘s method & Methods for an optical fiber.

Analysis the variation method, Galerkin method, Area co-ordinates and triangular

elements, Derivation of eigen value matrix equation, Matrix elements, Programming,

Boundary equations.

Illustrate the Finite-difference approximations, Wave equations, Finite-difference

approximation of wave equation, Programming, Boundary conditions.

Describe the Fast fourier transform beam propagation methods, Finite-difference beam

propagation methods, three-dimensional fully vectorial analysis.

Illustrate the Discretization of electromagnetic fields, Stability conditions, Absorbing

boundary conditions, Schrodinger Equation: Finite-difference analysis of Time-

Independent state

TEXT BOOK

1. Kenji Kawano and Tsutomu kitoh, Introduction to Optical waveguide Analysis – Solving

Maxwell's Equations and the Schrodinger Equations, John Wiley & Sons, 2001

REFERENCES

1. Pei-bai Zhou, Numerical Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields, Springer, 1993

2. William.H.Press, Saul A.Teukolsky, William T.Vetterling, Brian P.Flannery, Numerical

Recipes - The Art of Scientific Computing, 3ed/-, Cambridge University Press, 2007

73

15OC120 - DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To learn about the basic concept of DWDM systems and the available demultiplexers.

To understand the sources, wavelength converters, routers, cross-connects, and add/drop

multiplexers of DWDM.

To improve the knowledge of students in WDM optical amplification and the applications.

To enable the students to understand the concepts of routers, cross connect & add/drop.

To enable the students to understand the concepts of DWDM.

UNIT I DENSE WDM AND DEMULTIPLEXERS 9

Wavelength Division Multiplexing: Basic Principles - History of WDM - WDM and Time

Division Multiplexing-Wavelength Domain and Separation between Channels- Wavelength

Allocation-Optical Wavelength/Optical Frequency Conversion -Losses -Crosstalk-Solitons-

Passive Components: The Current Available Choice-AWG-FBG-Optical Multi dielectric Filters-

Diffraction Gratings-Cascaded Mach-Zehnder Interferometers-Other Devices: FBG/MZ

Interferometer Devices -Methods for Broadening and Flattening the Spectral Shape of the

Transmission Channels of Grating WDM-Comparison of the Different Solutions.

UNIT II SOURCES AND WAVELENGTH CONVERTERS FOR DWDM 9

Semiconductor Lasers-Glass-Doped-Based Lasers with Narrow Line-Widths-Spectral Slicing of

Sources-Wavelength Converters

UNIT III WDM AND OPTICAL AMPLIFICATION 9

Introduction-SOAs-Brillouin Scattering Amplifiers-Raman Scattering Amplifiers-Rare Earth-

Doped Fiber Optic Amplifiers-Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Erbium-Doped Fiber and Hybrid

Raman/Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Transmissions-Erbium-Doped Planar Waveguides-

Distributed Optical Amplification - Comparison of Some Typical Characteristics of the Main

Optical Amplifiers.

UNIT IV ROUTERS, CROSS-CONNECTS, AND ADD/DROPS 9

Introduction-Wavelength Conversion-Network Architecture Classification-Definitions Used for

Interconnection Performance Characterization-Interoperability in Optical Routed DWDM

Networks-Space Switches-Passive Wavelength Router-Optical Cross-Connector-OADMs.

74

UNIT V WDM LIMITS BY NONLINEARITY AND APPLICATION OF DWDM 9

Introduction-SPM-XPM-FWM-SRS- Some of the Earlier Applications-Today's DWDM

Networks-Long-Distance Transmission-Other DWDM Applications.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Analysis the Wavelength Division Multiplexing, OpticalWavelength, Optical Frequency

Conversion -Losses –Crosstalk Solitons, Mach-ZehnderInterferometers, Transmission

Channels of Grating WDM.

Explain the Semiconductor Lasers-Glass-Doped-Based Lasers with Narrow Line-Widths-

Spectral Slicing of Sources-Wavelength Converters.

Illustrate the concept of SOAs, Brillion and Raman scattering amplifier, Distributed

Optical Amplification.

Identify the Wavelength Conversion and Network Architecture, Optical Routed DWDM

Networks.

Describe the SPM-XPM-FWM-SRS- Some of the Earlier Applications-Today‘s DWDM

Networks-Long-Distance Transmission-Other DWDM Applications

TEXT BOOKS

1. Jean-Pierre Laude, "DWDM Fundamentals, Components, and Applications" 2002

ARTECH HOUSE,

2. Klaus Grobe, Michael Eiselt, "Wavelength Division Multiplexing" 2014 By John Wiley

& Sons,

75

15OC141 - PHOTONIC MEMS DEVICES L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE

To learn about the basic concept of MEMS based switches and implementation of them.

To understand the photonic crystal based micro resonators and attenuators.

To gain knowledge on various lasers and its application.

To improve the knowledge of students in fabrication process.

To learn about the control strategies involved to attain stability.

UNIT I SWITCHES 10

MEMS Optical Switches and Systems - Introduction to MEMS Optical Switch - Optical Switch

Matrix - Optical Switching Systems- Design of MEMS Optical Switches – Introduction - Optical

Design - Electromechanical Design - Fabrication Tolerance Effect- Large-Displacement Actuator

– MEMS Thermo-Optic Switches-Introduction - Physics of Thermo-Optic Effect - Triangular

Thermo-Optic Switch - Double Cylindrical Prism Thermo-Optic Switch -Implementation of

MEMS Thermo-Optic Switches.

UNIT II MICRO RESONATORS AND ATTENUATORS 10

PhC Micro resonators Dynamic Modulation Devices- Introduction - Single-Line Defect

Waveguides with Embedded Micro resonators - Photonic Crystal Line Intersections Optical

Resonators - Design of PhC Modulation Device - Optical Measurements of Photonic Crystal

Devices – MEMS Variable Optical Attenuators – Introduction - Configurations of MEMS VOAs

- Specifications of Different MEMS VOA Configurations - Optical Attenuation Model of Single-

Shutter VOA - Optical Model and Tuning Schemes of Dual-Shutter VOA - Analyses of

Temperature, Wavelength, and Polarization Dependencies - Experimental Studies of MEMS

VOAs.

UNIT III LASERS 10

MEMS Discretely Tunable Lasers-Introduction - Design of Micro-Optical-Coupling Systems of

External Cavity - Theory of Continuous Wavelength Tuning - Theory of Discrete Wavelength

Tuning -Characterization of MEMS Discretely Tunable Lasers - Discussions on the Various

Cavity and Integration Scheme Configurations - MEMS Continuously Tunable Lasers -

Introduction - Design of Laser Configurations - Design of Virtual and Real Pivots Using MEMS

Mechanisms - Analysis and Comparison of Real and Virtual Pivots - Theory of Continuous

Wavelength Tuning - Experimental Studies and Discussions - MEMS Injection-Locked Lasers -

Introduction - Design of Laser Configurations - Theoretical Study of Injection Locking -

Experimental Studies and Discussions.

76

UNIT IV DEEP ETCHING FABRICATION PROCESS 9

Crystal Structure of Silicon - Silicon Wet Etching - Introduction to Dry Silicon Etch - Chemistry

and Physics of DRIE - Loading Effect - Notching Effect - Process of DRIE Fabrication on SOI –

Deep Submicron Photonic Bandgap Crystal - Fabrication Processes- Introduction - Design of

Fabrication Process Flow – Sub wavelength Lithography – Lithography Setup and Methods - Post

Lithographic Processing

UNIT V CONTROL STRATEGIES 6

Control Strategies for Electrostatic MEMS Devices - Introduction - MEMS Optical Switch -

Mathematical Modeling of Electrostatic Actuators - Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control -

Control of Optical Devices - Introduction - MEMS VOA-Based Optical Waveform Generator -

Electrostatic Comb-Drive Actuator—Lateral Instability.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES

After the completion of the course, students will be able to

Explain about the basic concept of MEMS based switches and implementation of them.

Illustrate the photonic crystal based micro resonators and attenuators.

Describe about the various types of lasers and its application.

Discuss about the fabrication process involved in MEMS.

Explain about various control strategies involved in MEMS to attain stability.

TEXT BOOK

1. Ai-Qun Liu ―Photonic MEMS Devices:Design, Fabrication and Control‖ CRC press

(2009).

REFERENCE

1. Stephen Senturia., Roger T. Howe ., Antonio J. Ricco ―Photonic Microsystems Micro and

Nanotechnology Applied to Optical Devices and Systems‖ Springer Science+Business

Media, 2009.

77

15OC142 - MICROWAVE PHOTONICS L T P C 3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE

To learn about the basic concept of Microwave photonic systems and their

applications.

To understand the concepts of photonic wireless links and FBGs for microwave

filtering applications.

To improve the knowledge of students in hybrid fiber radio concepts.

To gain the information about terahertz photonics devices.

To learn about the photonics synthesis and applications.

UNIT I CONCEPTS 9

Introduction - Concepts of Microwave Photonic Devices - Microwave Photonic Components -

Photonic Integration and Circuits - Photonic Microwave Signal Generation and Processing -

Broadband Fiber Optical Links - Microwave Photonic Systems - Femtosecond All-Optical

Devices for Ultrafast Communication and Signal Processing - Introduction - Advantages and

Requirements of Femtosecond Devices - Recent Progress in Femtosecond Light Sources -

Femtosecond All-Optical Switches.

UNIT II PHOTONIC WIRELESS LINKS AND FBGS 9

Introduction - Approaches for Photonic Millimeter and Sub-Millimeter Wave Sources -

Millimeter-Wave and Sub-Millimeter Wave Photonic Transmitters - Photonic MMW Wireless

Links - Fiber Bragg Gratings for Microwave Photonics Applications - Introduction - Fiber Bragg

Grating - FBGs for True-Time Delay Beam forming - FBGs for Photonic Microwave Filtering -

FBGs for the Generation of Microwave Signals - FBGs for the Generation of Microwave

Arbitrary Waveforms.

UNIT III HYBRID FIBER RADIO CONCEPTS 9

Introduction -Evolution of Wireless Communication Networks - Integration of Wireless and

Optical Networks - Technologies for Radio Signal Transport over Fiber - Prospects for HFR -

High Dynamic Range,100 km Digital Radio-over-Fiber Links - Introduction and Overview -

Long-Haul Link Design - Link Demonstrations - Future Capabilities.

78

UNIT IV THZ PHOTONICS 9

Overview - Time-Wavelength Mapping - Discrete Time-Wavelength Processing - Impact of

Time-Stretch on Signal-to-Noise Ratio - Effect of Optical Dispersion on Fidelity of the Time-

Stretched Electrical Signal - Time-Bandwidth Product - Doubling Time-Bandwidth Product via

Polarization Multiplexing Scheme - Techniques to Overcome Dispersion-Induced Bandwidth

Limitation - Effect of Optical Nonlinearity on Fidelity of the Time-Stretched Electrical Signal -

Distortion Correction Techniques for High-Resolution and High Dynamic Range - Pulsed

Systems - Continuous-Wave Systems - Sensing Techniques and Applications - Imaging

Techniques and Applications- Prospective.

UNIT V PHOTONIC SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION 9

Introduction - Arbitrary Millimeter Waveform Synthesis – Ultra broadband Microwave

Waveform Synthesis - Application of Ultrafast Optoelectronics and Monolithic Distributed

Microwave Photonic Devices -Introduction - Lightwave Switching in Semiconductor Micro ring

Devices by Free-Carrier Injection -Polarization Switching Dynamics of Thin-Film Ferroelectric

Capacitors - Balanced Coherent Detection Using Polymer Optical Waveguide Integrated

Distributed Traveling-Wave Photodetector.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES

On successful completion of this course, students will be able to

Explain the basic concepts of Microwave photonic systems and their applications.

Describe the concepts of photonic wireless links and FBGs for microwave filtering

applications.

Show the knowledge in hybrid fiber radio concepts

Explain the concepts about terahertz photonics devices in detail.

Discuss about photonics synthesis and applications.

TEXT BOOK

1. Chi H. Lee., “Microwave Photonics”, 2nd Edition, CRC press (2013).

REFERENCE

1. Vincent J. Urick Jr., Jason D. Mckinney, Keith J. Williams., Fundamentals of Microwave

Photonics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015.

2. Stavros Iezekiel ., “ Microwave Photonics Devices And Applications” John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., 2009

79

15OC143 - NANO PHOTONICS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE

To learn about the basic concept of Nanophotonics and the interaction of EM waves in

nanostructures.

To understand the basics of electrons in quantum structure and quantum dots.

To gain information about plasmonics in details.

To Study the characteristics of light in periodic and non-periodic structure.

To impart knowledge about light-matter interaction in nanostructure.

UNIT I ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN NANOSTRUCTURES 9

Introduction - Light and matter on a nanometer scale - Basic properties of electromagnetic

waves and quantum particles - Wavelengths and dispersion laws - Density of states - Maxwell

and Helmholtz equations - Phase space, density of states and uncertainty relation - Wave

function and the Schrodinger equation -Quantum particle in complex potentials- Wave optics

versus wave mechanics- Isomorphism of the Schrodinger and Helmholtz equations -

Propagation over wells and barriers - Dielectric function of free electron gas and optical

properties of metals - Propagation through a potential barrier: evanescent waves and tunnelling

- Resonant tunnelling in quantum mechanics and in optics - Multiple wells and barriers:

spectral splitting

UNIT II ELECTRONS IN PERIODIC STRUCTURES AND QUANTUM DOTS 9

Bloch waves -Reciprocal space and Brillouin zones - Electron band structure in solids -

Quasiparticles: holes, excitons, polaritons - Defect states and Anderson localization - Quantum

confinement effects in solids - Density of states for different dimensionalities - Quantum

wells, quantum wires and quantum dots - Semiconductor nanocrystals -From atom to crystal -

Particle-in-a-box theory of electron–hole states - Quantum chemical theory - Synthesis of

nanocrystals - Absorption spectra, electron–hole pair states and many-body effects -

Luminescence - Probing the zero-dimensional density of states - Quantum dot matter -

Applications: nonlinear optics - Applications: quantum dot lasers - Applications: novel

luminophores and fluorescent labels - Applications: electro-optical properties

UNIT III PLASMONICS 9

Nanoplasmonics -metal nanoparticles - Optical response of metals - Plasmons - Optical

80

properties of metal nanoparticles - Size-dependent absorption and scattering - Coupled

nanoparticles - Metal–dielectric core–shell nanoparticles – metal–dielectric nanostructures

:Local electromagnetic fields near metal nanoparticles - Optical response of a metal–dielectric

composite beyond Maxwell-Garnett theory - Extraordinary transparency of perforated metal

films - Metal–dielectric photonic crystals - Nonlinear optics with surface plasmons - Metal

nanoparticles in a medium with optical gain - Metamaterials with negative refractive index -

Plasmonic sensors - Transfer of concepts and ideas from quantum theory of solids to

nanophotonics - Optical lessons of quantum intuition

UNIT IV LIGHT IN PERIODIC AND NON PERODIC STRUCTURES 9

The photonic crystal concept - Bloch waves and band structure in one-dimensionally periodic

structures - Multilayer slabs in three dimensions: band structure and omnidirectional reflection

- Band gaps and band structures in two-dimensional lattices - Band gaps and band structure in

three-dimensional lattices - Multiple scattering theory of periodic structures - Translation to

other electromagnetic waves - Periodic structures in - Experimental methods of fabrication -

Properties of photonic crystal slabs - The speed of light in photonic crystals - Nonlinear optics

of photonic crystals - The 1/L transmission law: an optical analog to Ohm’s law -Coherent

backscattering -Towards the Anderson localization of light - Light in fractal structures - Light

in quasiperiodic structures: Fibonacci and Penrose structures - Surface states in optics: analog

to quantum Tamm states - General constraints on wave propagation in multilayer

structures:transmission bands, phase time, density of modes and energy localization -

Applications of turbid structures: Christiansen’s filters and Letokhov’s lasers- Microcavities

and microlasers -Guiding light through photonic crystals - Holey fibers - Whispering gallery

modes: photonic dots, photonic molecules and chains - Propagation of waves and number

coding/recognition - Outlook: current and future trends -Tunneling of light - Tunneling of

light: getting through the looking glass - Light at the end of a tunnel: problem of superluminal

propagation - Scanning near-field optical microscopy

UNIT V LIGHT–MATTER INTERACTION IN NANOSTRUCTURES 9

introductory quantum electrodynamics - Photons - Wave–particle duality in optics -

Electromagnetic vacuum - The Casimir effect - Probability of emission of photons by a

quantum system - Fermi’s golden rule- spontaneous emission- Spontaneous scattering of

photons- Density of states effects on optical processes in mesoscopic structures - The Purcell

effect - An emitter near a planar mirror - Spontaneous emission in a photonic crystal - Thin

layers, interfaces and stratified dielectrics - Possible subnatural atomic linewidths in plasma -

Barnett–Loudon sum rule - Local density of states: operational definition and conservation law

- A few hints towards understanding local density of states - Thermal radiation in mesoscopic

structures - Density of states effects on the Raman scattering of light - Directional emission

and scattering of light defined by partial density of states - Light–matter states beyond

81

perturbational approach - Cavity quantum electrodynamics in the strong coupling regime -

Single-atom maser and laser - Light–matter states in a photonic band gap medium - Single

photon sources - Plasmonic enhancement of secondary radiation -Classification of secondary

radiation - Enhancement of emission and scattering light - Local density of states in plasmonic

nanostructures - “Hot spots” in plasmonic nanostructures - Raman scattering enhancement in

metal–dielectric nanostructures - Luminescence enhancement in metal–dielectric

nanostructures

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES

After the completion of the course, students will be able to

Explain the basic concept of Nanophotonics and the interaction of EM waves in

nanostructures.

Discuss the basics of electrons in quantum structure and quantum dots.

Illustrate about plasmonics and how plasmonic sensors work in detail.

Descrive about characteristics of light in periodic and non-periodic structure.

Explain about light-matter interaction in nanostructure.

REFERENCE

1. Motoichi Ohtsu “Handbook of Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics” Springer-Verlag

Berlin Heidelberg 2013.

2. Hervé Rigneault, Jean-Michel Lourtioz, Claude Delalande, Ariel Levenson,

“Nanophotonics” ISTE Ltd, 2006.

3. Motoichi Ohtsu, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Tadashi Kawazoe,Takashi Yatsui, Makoto

Naruse “Principles of Nanophotonics” CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

82

15OC144 - VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To make the students to understand the importance of the different modulation technique

for communication.

To introduce the students to the concepts of performance improvement technique and

light positioning.

To highlight the synchronization issues in VLC and to discuss about the positioning

system.

To introduce the concept of image sensor based VLC.

To provide the students with the necessary knowledge and skills to develop an application

in VLC.

UNIT I MODULATION TECHNIQUES 9

Introduction – Inverse source coding in dimmable VLC – ISC for NRK-OOK – ISC for M-ary

PAM – Comparison with respect to dimming capacity – Multi-level transmission scheme –

Asymptotic performance – Colour intensity modulation for muli-coloured VLC – colour space and

signal space.

UNIT II PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES AND LIGHT

POSITIOING 9

Introduction - Performance improvement of VLC systems by tilting the receiver plane –

performance improvement of VLC systems by arranging LED lamps – Dimming technique and its

performance in VLC systems. Indoor positioning and merits of using light – Positioning

algorithms – challenges and solutions.

UNIT III VISIBLE LIGHT POSITIONG AND COMMUNICATION AND

SYNCHRONIZATION ISSUES IN VLC 9

Introduction – Indoor light positioning systems based on visible light communication and imaging

sensors. Outdoor light positioning systems based on LED traffic lights and photodiodes. VLC

modulation methods in the time domain – Bit error rate calculation – Effects of synchronization

time offset on IPPM BER.

83

UNIT IV IMAGE SENSORS BASED VLC AND STANDARD FOR VLC 9

Overview – Image sensors – Image sensor as a VLC receiver – Design of an image sensor based

VLC system – Massively parallel visible light transmission – Accurate sensor pose estimation –

Application of Image sensor based communication. Scope of VLC standard – VLC modulation

standard – VLC data transmission standard – VLC illumination standard.


Visible light communication for vehicular networking – Smart phone camera based visible light

communication – Li-Fi – High-speed visible light communication - Visible light communication:

Opportunities, challenges and path to market.

Total Periods: 45

OUTCOMES

After completion of the course, the students will be able to:

Describethe importance of the different modulation technique for communication.

Demonstrate the concepts of performance improvement technique and light positioning.

Analyse the synchronization issues in VLC and the positioning system.

Employ an application on image sensor based VLC.

Design and develop an application in VLC.

TEXT BOOK

1. Shlomi Arnon, “Visible light Communication”, Cambridge University Press, 2015.

REFERENCES

1. Zabih Ghassemlooy, Luis Nero Alves, Stanislav Zvanovec, Mohammad-Ali

Khalighi,”Visible Light Communication: Theory and Applications”, CRC press, 2017.

2. Murat Uysal, Zabih Ghassemlooy, Abdelmoula Bekkali, Abdullah Kadri, Hamid Menouar,

“ Visible Light Communication for Vehicular Networking”, IEEE Vehicular Technology

Magazine, Volume 10, Issue 4, pages 45-53, 2015.

3. Rayana Boubezari, Hoa Le Minh; Zabih Ghassemlooy, Ahmed Bouridane, “Smartphone

Camera Based Visible Light Communication”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Volume

34, issur 17, pages 4121-4127, 2016.

4. Harald Haas, Liang Yin, Yunlu Wang, Cheng Chen, “What is Li-Fi?”, Journal of

Lightwave Technology, Volume: 34, Issue: 6, pages 1533-1544, 2016.

84

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.Murat%20Uysal.QT.&newsearch=true

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.Zabih%20Ghassemlooy.QT.&newsearch=true

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.Abdelmoula%20Bekkali.QT.&newsearch=true

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.Abdullah%20Kadri.QT.&newsearch=true

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.Hamid%20Menouar.QT.&newsearch=true

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7317859/

5. Aleksandar Jovicic, Junyi Li, and Tom Richardson, Qualcomm Research, “Visible Light

Communication: Opportunities, Challenges and the Path to Market”, IEEE

Communications Magazine, Volume: 51, Issue: 12, pages 26-32, 2013.

6. Liane Grobe, “High-Speed Visible Light Communication Systems”, IEEE

Communications Magazine, Volume: 51, Issue 12, Pages 60-66, 2013.

85

15OC145 – FREE SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:

To introduce the principle and operation of optical sources and detectors.

To impart knowledge on various communication channel modelling.

To enable the students to gain knowledge on the analog and digital modulation technique.

To understand the importance of various effects on calculating the system performance.

To develop an efficient system by considering the effects of atmospheric turbulence.

UNIT I OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS 9

Light sources – Light Emitting Diode – LED structure – Planar and Dome LED – Edge-Emitting

LED - LED efficiencies – Laser – Stimulated emission – Optical feedback and Laser oscillation –

Laser structure - Photo detectors – Photo detection techniques – Photo detection Noise.

UNIT II CHANNEL MODELLING 9

Indoor optical wireless communication channel – LOS & NLOS propagation model – Ceiling

Bounce model – Hayasaka-Ito model spherical model – Artificial light interference –

Incandescent lamp - fluorescent driven by conventional ballast & Fluorescent Model - lamp

Outdoor Channel – Atmospheric channel loss – Fog and visibility – beam divergence – optical

and window loss – Pointing loss – Atmospheric turbulence models.

UNIT III MODULATION TECHNIQUES 9

Introduction – Analogue intensity modulation – Digital baseband modulation techniques – PPM –

PIM – Dual-Head PIM – Multilevel DPIM – Comparisons of baseband modulation schemes –

Subcarrier intensity modulations – Orthogonal frequency division Multiplexing.

UNIT IV SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 9

Effect of ambient light sources on indoor OWC link performance – Effect of FLI without electrical

High-Pass filtering – Effect of baseline wander without FLI - Effect of FLI with electrical High-

Pass filtering Wavelet analysis – Link performance for multipath propagation – Mitigation

techniques.

UNIT V PERFORMANCE UNDER ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE 9

On-Off Keying – Pulse position modulation – Subcarrier intensity modulation – Atmospheric

turbulence-induced penalty – Atmospheric turbulence mitigation techniques.

86

Total Periods: 45

OUTCOMES


Describe basic principles and operation of optical sources and detectors.

Discuss various communication channel modelling.

Generate an communication channel using analog and digital modulation technique as per

the design requirements

Employ an optimum system with a minimal loss.

Develop an efficient system with less atmospheric turbulence.

TEXT BOOK

1. Z. Ghassemlooy, W. Popoola, S. Rajbhandari, “Optical Wireless Communications: System

and Channel Modelling with MATLAB®”, CRC Press, 2013.

REFERENCES

1. Shlomi Arnon, John R. Barry, George K. Karagiannidis, Robert Schober, Murat Uysal,

“Advanced Optical Wireless Communication Systems”, Cambridge University Press, 2012.

2. Shlomi Arnon, “Visible light Communication”, Cambridge University Press, 2015.

3. Zabih Ghassemlooy, Luis Nero Alves, Stanislav Zvanovec, Mohammad-Ali

Khalighi,”Visible Light Communication: Theory and Applications”, CRC press, 2017.

87

15OC201 - ADVANCED RADIATION SYSTEMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To recognize the radiation mechanism of different types of antenna.

To describe array factors, theory of frequency independent antenna and antenna

design.

To designate the Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna and review the radiation

from aperture.

To predict characteristics, Field configurations of Micro strip antenna and summarize

the Frequency Selective Surfaces and Periodic Structures.

To absorb the smart antenna system & measurement techniques.

UNIT I ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS 9

Radiation mechanism - Single wire, Two wires, Dipole. Current distribution on a thin wire

antenna, Solution of Maxwell's equations for radiation problems (Scalar and Vector potential).

Radiation field (E & H) from ideal dipole at large distance. Procedure for obtaining radiation

fields. Half wave dipole, Monopoles. Image theory, Surface equivalence theorem, Reciprocity

theorem.

UNIT II ANTENNA ARRAYS 9

Array Factor for linear arrays. Two isotropic point sources. Uniformly excited, equally spaced

linear arrays - Array factor expression. Pattern multiplication. Phased arrays Beam scanning,

Grating lobe. Feed network. Theory of frequency independent antenna. Log-periodic dipole array

antenna design

UNIT III RADIATION FROM APERTURES 9

Huygen's principle, Babinet's Principle. Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory:

Fourier Transforms - Spectral domain, Radiated fields from rectangular aperture mounted on

infinite ground plane. Pyramidal Horn antenna. Front fed parabolic reflector, Gain calculation for

aperture antennas.

UNIT IV MICROSTRIP ANTENNA 9

Microstrip Antenna: Basic characteristics, Feeding methods, Analyses of Rectangular patch

antenna using Cavity model: Field configurations, equivalent current densities. Rectangular

88

Microstrip patch antenna design procedure.

Frequency Selective Surfaces and Periodic Structures: Basic Dipole and Slot FSS, Half wave

Dielectric Radome, Slotted Metal Radome, Simple Hybrid Radome, Ideal stealth Radome,

Transmission and Reflection Properties of Simple Periodic Surfaces of Wires, Oblique Angle of

Incidence, Shape and Development of Elements, Controlling Bandwidth with Angle of Incidence

and Polarization.

UNIT V MODERN ANTENNAS 9

Smart Antenna systems, Signal Propagation, Linear & Planar Array design, Beam forming:

Direction of Arrival Algorithms, Adaptive & optimal beam forming techniques, Mutual

coupling. Antenna Measurements: Gain, Impedance, Radiation Pattern, Polarization, Antenna

test range Design.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Attain knowledge on the different types of radiation and compute the induced E and H field

distribution from an isolated current element.

Compute the induced E and H field distribution from an array arrangement and grow the

knowledge about the antenna design.

Attain the familiarity about Fourier transform in antennas, radiation from aperture.

Gain awareness of characteristics, Field configurations of Micro strip antenna.

Acquire knowledge of smart antenna system and able to measure the antenna parameters.

TEXT BOOK

1. Antenna Theory and Design - Warren L.Stutzman and Gary A.Thiele, 3rded/-, John

Wiley & sons, USA.

2. Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design - Constantine A.Balanis, Wiley-India edition, 3rd

ed/- 2013 Reprint

3. Antennas and Wave Propagation - John D.Kraus, RonalatoryMarhefka& Ahmad S

Khan, McGraw Education Pvt. Ltd, 4th Ed/-, 2010 (Unit-4 FSS)

REFERENCES

1. Frank B. Gross, "Frontiers in Antennas", McGraw Hill, 2011.

89

2. R.E.Collin, "Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation", McGraw Hill Pub., 1985.

3. I.J. Bahl and P. Bhartia," Micro strip Antennas", Artech House,Inc.,1980.

15OC202 - REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To inspire to develop a working knowledge of the central ideas of Real Time Embedded

systems.

To learn the Operating Systems (OS) concepts in Real Time Embedded Systems.

To recognize concepts wireless connectivity and applications, various types of protocols.

To educate the concepts of real time UML.

To express and construct a mathematical model using software tools.


Real Time System - Embedded Systems - Architecture of Embedded System - Simple

Programming for Embedded System - Process of Embedded System Development - Pervasive

Computing - Information Access Devices - Smart Cards - PIC Microcontroller - ARM

Processor.

UNIT II EMBEDDED/REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM 9

Operating System Concepts: Processes, Threads, Interrupts, Events - Real Time Scheduling

Algorithms - Memory Management - Overview of Operating Systems for Embedded, Real

Time, Handheld Devices - Target Image Creation - Programming in Linux, RTLinux, VxWorks,

uC/Os overview.

UNIT III CONNECTIVITY 9

Wireless Connectivity - Bluetooth - Other short Range Protocols - Wireless Application

Environment - Service Discovery - Middleware

UNIT IV REAL TIME UML 6

Requirements Analysis - Object Identification Strategies - Object Behavior - Real Time Design

Patterns

UNIT V SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND CASE STUDY 9

90

Concurrency - Exceptions - Tools - Debugging Techniques - Optimization - Case Studies -

Interfacing Digital Camera with USB port and Data Compressor.

91

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Gain the knowledge about advanced concepts of Real-time embedded systems.

Improve the knowledge about the Operating Systems (OS) concepts in Real Time

Embedded Systems design and development

Attain the concepts wireless connectivity and applications, various types of protocols.

Get the information about concepts of real time UML and will be able to deploy these skills

effectively in the solution of problems in avionics engineering.

Design a mathematical model using software tools.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Tim Wilm shurst, “ Designing Embedded System with PIC Microcontrollers”, First edition

2007.

2. Rajkamal, “Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design”, TMH,

Firstreprint,2003.

3. Wayne Wolf, “Computersas Components-Principles of Embedded Computing.

SystemDesign”,MorganKaufmanPublishers,FirstIndianReprint,2001.

92

15OC203 - ASIC AND FPGA DESIGN

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To educate the design flow of different types of ASIC and to familiarize the different types

of programming technologies and logic devices.

To learn the architecture of different types of FPGA and to gain knowledge about

partitioning, floor planning, placement

To analyses the synthesis, Simulation and testing of systems.

To recognize the design issues of SOC and to know about different high performance

algorithms and its applications in ASICs

To learn the architecture of different types of FPGA and to gain knowledge about routing

including circuit extraction of ASIC

UNIT I OVERVIEW OF ASIC AND PLD 9

Types of ASICs - Design flow - CAD tools used in ASIC Design - Programming Technologies:

Antifuse - static RAM - EPROM and EEPROM technology, Programmable Logic Devices:

ROMs and EPROMs - PLA -PAL. Gate Arrays - CPLDs and FPGAs

UNIT II ASIC PHYSICAL DESIGN 9

System partition -partitioning - partitioning methods - interconnect delay models and

measurement of delay - floor planning - placement - Routing: global routing - detailed routing -

special routing - circuit extraction - DRC

UNIT III LOGIC SYNTHESIS, SIMULATION AND TESTING 9

Design systems - Logic Synthesis - Half gate ASIC -Schematic entry - Low level design

language - PLA tools -EDIF- CFI design representation. Verilog and logic synthesis -VHDL and

logic synthesis - types of simulation -boundary scan test - fault simulation - automatic test

pattern generation.

UNIT IV FPGA 9

Field Programmable gate arrays- Logic blocks, routing architecture, Design flow technology -

mapping for FPGAs, Xilinx XC4000 - ALTERA's FLEX 8000/10000, ACTEL's ACT-1,2,3 and

their speed Performance Case studies: Altera MAX 5000 and 7000 - Altera MAX 9000 - Spartan

II and Vertex II FPGAs - Apex and Cyclone FPGAs

93

UNIT V SOC DESIGN 9

Design Methodologies - Processes and Flows - Embedded software development for SOC -

Techniques for SOC Testing - Configurable SOC - Hardware / Software code sign Case

studies:Digital camera, Bluetooth radio / modem, SDRAM and USB

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Gain knowledge about EPROM and EEPROM technology, Programmable Logic Devices

Get awareness of interconnect delay models and measurement of delay ,floor planning ,

placement, Routing

Get information of CFI design representation. Verilog and logic synthesis.

Attain the knowledge about ALTERA‘s FLEX 8000/10000, ACTEL‘s ACT-1,2,3

Describe the Processes and Flows ,Embedded software development for SOC

REFERENCES

1. M.J.S .Smith, "Application Specific Integrated Circuits, Addison -Wesley Longman

Inc.,1997

2. S. Trimberger, Field Programmable Gate Array Technology, Edr, Kluwer

AcademicPublications, 1994.

3. John V.Oldfield, Richard C Dore, Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Wiley

Publications1995.

4. P.K.Chan& S. Mourad, Digital Design Using Field Programmable Gate Array,

PrenticeHall, 1994.

5. Parag.K.Lala, Digital System Design using Programmable Logic Devices , BSP, 2003.

6. S. Brown, R. Francis, J. Rose, Z. Vransic, Field Programmable Gate Array, Kluwer

Pubin, 1992.

7. J. Old Field, R.Dorf, Field Programmable Gate Arrays, John Wiley &

Sons,Newyork,1995.

8. FarzadNekoogar and FaranakNekoogar, From ASICs to SOCs: A

PracticalApproach,Prentice Hall PTR, 2003.

9. Wayne Wolf, FPGA-Based System Design, Prentice Hall PTR, 2004.

10. R. Rajsuman, System-on-a-Chip Design and Test. Santa Clara, CA: Artech

HousePublishers,2000.

11. F. Nekoogar. Timing Verification of Application-Specific Integrated

Circuits(ASICs).Prentice Hall PTR, 1999.

94

15OC204 - WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER DESIGN

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To realize the basics of wireless transceiver design.

To recognize the importance of different performance measures in RF design and the

pros and cons of the different RF transceiver architectures.

To comprehend the principles and trade-offs involved in the design of RF systems

involving amplifiers, oscillators, mixers and synthesizers.

To learn the impairment of OFDM transceiver.

To gain the knowledge of MIMO transceiver.

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER DESIGN 9

Linear Systems and Transformations, Nonlinear Systems, One-dB Compression Point, Third-

Order Intercept Point, Second-Order Intercept Point, Cross Modulation, AM/AM and AM/PM

Distortion, Spectral Regrowth, Noise, Noise Factor of Cascaded Networks, Capacity Reduction

due to Noise Factor of an RF Receiver, RF Systems Design Parameters, Modulation Accuracy.

UNIT II RF POWER AMPLIFIER AND LINEARIZATION TECHNIQUES 9

Transmitter Systems Parameters, Gain, Bandwidth, Noise Figure, Power Efficiency, P1dB, IP3,

PAPR, Power Back-Off, ACPR, EVM, Memory Effect, RF Power Amplifiers, Linear PAs

(Classes A, AB, B, C), Switching-Mode PAs (Classes D, E, F), Class F and Inverse Class F Pas,

Comparison of the Classes of Operation in RF Pas, Linearization of RF Power Amplifiers,

Transmitter Architectures.

UNIT III TRANSCEIVERS DESIGN 9

Complexity and Cost in MIMO Systems, Transmitters Architectures, Overview of MIMO

Transmission Schemes, MIMO Transceiver Architectures, Antenna Selection Architecture,

Distortion and Impairment Compensation in MIMO Transmitters, Receiver Architectures, Smart

Antenna Receiver Architectures, MIMO Receiver Architectures, Capacity Reduction of MIMO

System due to the Front-End, Radio Frequency Interference on MIMO Receivers, MIMO Test

bed Design, Commercial MIMO Transceivers.

UNIT IV IMPAIRMENTS IN OFDM TRANSCEIVERS 9

OFDM Transceivers, Noise in OFDM Transceivers, Phase and Amplitude Noise, Analysis of

Phase and Amplitude Noise Impacts in OFDM, Impacts of Phase and Amplitude Noise on

95

OFDM Systems, Nonlinearity in OFDM Transceivers, Analysis of Nonlinear Circuit Impact in

OFDM, Concurrent Analysis of Nonlinearity and Phase Noise in OFDM Transceivers, OFDM

Signal with Phase Noise Passing through Dynamic Nonlinear Circuits, Dynamic Nonlinear

Circuits, Modelling and Analysis.

UNIT V IMPAIRMENTS IN MIMO TRANSCEIVERS 9

Phase Noise in MIMO Transceivers, Phase Noise Model, Impact of Phase Noise on MIMO

Systems, Adaptive Modulation MIMO System, BER of Adaptive Modulation MIMO System

with Phase, Noise, DC Offset in MIMO Transceivers, DC Offset, BER OF MQAM Modulation

under Impact of DC Offset, MIMO System Model, BER of Adaptive Modulation MIMO under

the Impact of DC Offset, BER Upper Bound of Adaptive Modulation under the Impact of DC

Offset, Throughput Analysis, I/Q Imbalance in MIMO Transceivers, BER Analysis.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of RF system design.

Apply his knowledge to identify a suitable architecture. .

Explain the various function and design of RF transceivers.

Construct systems with OFDM transceivers.

Describe the detailed knowledge about the MIMO transceivers.

TEXT BOOK

1. Abbas Mohammadi and Fadhel M. Ghannouchi, "RF Transceiver Design for

MIMOWireless Communications", Springer, 2012.

REFERENCES

1. T.Lee, "Design of CMOS RF Integrated Circuits", Cambridge, 2004

2. B.Razavi, "RF Microelectronics", Pearson Education, 1997

3. Jan Crols, MichielSteyaert, "CMOS Wireless Transceiver Design", Kluwer Academic

Publishers,1997

4. B.Razavi, "Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits", McGraw Hill, 2001.

5. N. Weste, D. Harris, CMOS VLSI Design, Addison-Wesley, 3/e, 2004.

6. BehzadRazavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill

Science/Engineering/Math; 1 edition, 2000.

7. B.Razavi, "RF Microelectronics", Pearson Education, 1997

96

8. Jan Crols, MichielSteyaert, "CMOS Wireless Transceiver Design", Kluwer Academic

Publishers,1997.

97

15OC205 - COGNITIVE RADIO

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the evolving paradigm of cognitive radio

communication and the enabling technologies for its implementation.

To make the student to understand the essential functionalities and requirements in

designing software defined radios and their usage for cognitive communication.

To expose the student to the evolving next generation wireless networks and their

associated challenges.

To express the students to the evolving new techniques and demonstrate their feasibility

using mathematical validations and simulation tools.

To illustrate the students to appreciate the motivation and the necessity for cognitive radio

communication strategies and demonstrate the impact of the evolved solutions in future

wireless network design.

UNIT I SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO 9

Software Defined Radio Architecture, Digital Signal Processor and SDR Baseband Architecture,

Reconfigurable Wireless Communication Systems, Unified Communication Algorithm,

Reconfigurable OFDM Implementation, Reconfigurable OFDM and CDMA, Digital Radio

Processing, Wireless Networks - Multiple Access Communications and ALOHA, Splitting

Algorithms, Carrier Sensing, Routing, Flow Control.

UNITII COOPERATIVE COGNITIVE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS 9

Information Theory for Cooperative Communications, Cooperative Communications,

Cooperative Wireless Networks, Cognitive Radios and Dynamic Spectrum Access, Analytical

Approach and Algorithms for Dynamic Spectrum Access, Fundamental Limits of Cognitive

Radios, Mathematical Models Toward Networking Cognitive Radios.

UNIT III COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK 9

Network Coding for Cognitive Radio Relay Networks, System Model, Network Capacity

Analysis on Fundamental CRRN Topologies, Link Allocation, Numerical Results, Cognitive

Radio Networks Architecture, Network Architecture, Links in CRN, IP Mobility Management in

CRN, Terminal Architecture of CRN, Cognitive Radio Device Architecture, Re-configurable

MAC, Radio Access Network Selection, QoS Provisional Diversity Radio Access Networks,

98

Scaling Laws of Ad-hoc and Cognitive Radio Networks, Network and Channel Models, Ad-hoc

Networks, Cognitive Radio Networks.

UNIT IV MAC AND NETWORK LAYER DESIGN 9

Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive OFDMA Systems, Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Multi-

RadiNetworks, Medium Access Control: MAC for Cognitive Radios, Routing in Cognitive Radio

Networks, Control of CRN, Network Tomography, Self-organisation in Mobile Communication

Networks.

UNIT V TRUSTED COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS 9

Framework of Trust in CRN, Trusted association and routing, Trust with learning, Security in

CRN.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the basics of Software Defined Radio and its implementation in wireless

networks.

Recognize the concept of Cooperative Cognitive Radio and Cooperative wireless

networks.

Develop the code for CR Relay networks, network architecture, and various radio

networks.

Explain the design of Network and MAC layer.

Illustrate the security and framework of Trust in Cognitive Radio Networks

TEXT BOOKS

1. Kwang-Cheng Chen, Ramjee Prasad, "Cognitive Radio Networks", Wiley, 2009.

2. Bruce A. Fette, "Cognitive Radio Technology", Elsevier, 2009.

REFERENCES

1. Alexander M. Wyglinski, MaziarNekovee, And Y. Thomas Hou, " Cognitive Radio

Communications And Networks - Principles And Practice", Elsevier Inc. , 2010.

2. E. Biglieri, A.J. Goldsmith., L.J. Greenstein, N.B. Mandayam, H.V. Poor, Principles of

Cognitive Radio", Cambridge University Press, 2013.

3. Kwang-Cheng Chen and Ramjee Prasad, " Cognitive Radio Networks" , John Wiley &

99

Sons, Ltd, 2009.

4. Khattab, Ahmed, Perkins, Dmitri, Bayoumi, Magdy, "Cognitive Radio Networks - From

Theory to Practice", Springer Series: Analog Circuits and Signal Processing, 2009.

100

15OC206 - TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM MODELING AND

SIMULATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the various aspects of simulation methodology and

performance, appreciate the significance of selecting sampling frequency and modeling

different types of signals and processing them.

To express the students to mathematically model physical phenomena and simulate the

phenomena so as to depict the characteristics that may be observed in a real experiment.

To enable the students to apply his knowledge of the different simulation techniques for

designing a communication system or channel and show the performance so as to match a

realistic scenario.

To expose the students to understand the various modeling and simulation techniques.

To expose the student to the different simulation techniques, their pros and cons and enable

him to understand and interpret results using case studies.

UNIT I SIMULATION METHODOLOGY 8

Introduction, Aspects of methodology, Performance Estimation, Simulation sampling frequency,

Low pass equivalent simulation models for band pass signals, Multicarrier signals, Non-linear

and time varying systems, Post processing - Basic graphical techniques and estimations.

UNIT II RANDOM SIGNAL GENERATION & PROCESSING 8

Uniform random number generation, mapping uniform random variables to an arbitrary pdf,

Correlated and Uncorrelated Gaussian random number generation, PN sequence generation,

Random signal processing, testing of random number generators.

UNIT III MONTE CARLO SIMULATION 9

Fundamental concepts, Application to communication systems, Monte Carlo integration, Semi

analytic techniques, Case study: Performance estimation of a wireless system.

UNIT IV ADVANCED MODELS & SIMULATION TECHNIQUES 10

Modeling and simulation of non-linearities: Types, Memory less non-linearities, Non-linearities

with memory, Modeling and simulation of Time varying systems: Random process models,

Tapped delay line model, Modelling and simulation of waveform channels, discrete memory less

channel models, Markov model for discrete channels with memory.

101

UNIT V EFFICIENT SIMULATION TECHNIQUES 10

Tail extrapolation, pdf estimators, Importance Sampling methods, Case study: Simulation of a

Cellular Radio System.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Recognize basic graphical techniques and its estimation in Simulation methodology.

Describe various signal generation, processing and testing.

Use Monte Carlo simulation in communication system & to analytic techniques.

Apply his knowledge of the different simulation techniques for designing a communication

system or channel and show the performance to match a realistic scenario.

Develop various simulation techniques.

TEXT BOOK

1. William.H.Tranter, K. Sam Shanmugam, Theodore. S. Rappaport, Kurt L.

Kosbar,Principles of Communication Systems Simulation, Pearson Education

(Singapore) Pvt.Ltd, 2004.

REFERENCES

1. M.C. Jeruchim, P.Balaban and K. Sam Shanmugam, Simulation of Communication

Systems: Modeling, Methodology and Techniques, Plenum Press, New York,

2001.

2. Averill.M.Law and W. David Kelton, Simulation Modeling and Analysis, McGraw

Hill

Inc., 2000.

3. Geoffrey Gorden, System Simulation, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd Edition, 1992.

4. Jerry Banks and John S. Carson, Discrete Event System Simulation, Prentice Hall of

India, 1984.

102

15OC207- SIGNAL INTEGRITY FOR HIGH SPEED DESIGN

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To identify the sources affecting the speed of digital circuits.

To introduce the various methods to improve the signal transmission characteristics.

To gain knowledge about the various models used in transmission lines.

To gain knowledge in network analysis for various parameters.

To create a physical transmission line by understanding high speed channel modeling.

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF SIGNAL INTEGRITY 9

Maxwell's Equations, Common Vector Operators, Wave Propagation, Wave Equation, Relation

between E and H and the Transverse Electromagnetic Mode, Time-Harmonic Fields,

Propagation of Time-Harmonic Plane Waves, Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, Magnetic Vector

Potential, Inductance, Energy in a Magnetic Field, Power Flow and the Poynting Vector.

UNIT II FUNDAMENTALS OF IDEAL TRANSMISSION LINES 9

Transmission-Line Structures, Wave Propagation on Loss-Free Transmission Lines,

Transmission Line Properties, Transmission-Line Parameters for the Loss-Free case,

Transmission-Line Reflections, Time-Domain Reflectometry.

UNIT III NON-IDEAL CONDUCTOR MODELS 9

Signals Propagating in Unbounded Conductive Media, Propagation Constant for Conductive

Media, Skin Depth, Classic Conductor Model for Transmission Lines, Dc Losses in Conductors,

Frequency-Dependent Resistance in Conductors, Frequency-Dependent Inductance, Power Loss

in a Smooth Conductor, Surface Roughness, Hammerstad Model, Hemispherical Model, Huray

Model, Transmission-Line Parameters for Non ideal conductors.

UNIT IV NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DIGITAL ENGINEERS 9

High-Frequency Voltage and Current Waves, Input Reflection into a Terminated Network, Input

Impedance, Network Theory, Impedance Matrix, Scattering Matrix, ABCD Parameters,

Cascading S-Parameters, Calibration and De-embedding, Changing the Reference Impedance,

Multimode S-Parameters, Properties of Physical S-Parameters, Passivity, Reality, Causality,

Subjective Examination of S-Parameters.

103

UNIT V HIGH SPEED CHANNEL MODELLING 9

Creating a Physical Transmission-Line Model, Tabular Approach, Generating a Tabular

dielectric Model, Generating a Tabular Conductor Model, Non Ideal Return Paths, Path of Least

Impedance, Transmission Line Routed Over a Gap in the Reference Plane, Vias, Via

Resonance,Plane Radiation Losses, Parallel-Plate Waveguide.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Demonstrate the knowledge of electrostatics, magnetostatics& propagation of waves in

fundamentals of signal integrity.

Describe the transmission lines structures, properties, parameters, reflections & TDR.

Explain the characteristics of non-ideal conductor models.

Discuss the network analysis using various parameters.

Describe the high speed transmission line modeling & create physical transmission model.

TEXT BOOK

1. Stephen H. Hall, Howard L. Heck, "Advanced signal Integrity for high-speed

digitaldesigns", Wiley (2009).

REFERENCES

1. H. W. Johnson and M. Graham, High-Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of

BlackMagic, Prentice Hall, 1993.

2. Douglas Brooks, Signal Integrity Issues and Printed Circuit Board Design, Prentice

HallPTR, 2003.

3. S. Hall, G. Hall, and J. McCall, High-Speed Digital System Design: A Handbook of

Interconnect Theory and Design Practices, Wiley-Inter science, 2000.

4. Eric Bogatin, Signal Integrity - Simplified, Prentice Hall PTR, 2003.

104

15OC208 - ADVANCED MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the basic modulation formats and current trends.

To make the students to study the various Microwave system components used in

Microwave radio system.

To expose the students to understand the Microwave antenna theory by studying various

passive reflectors for various fields.

To enable the students to know about various types of antenna and antenna measurements.

To illustrate the students to get the knowledge about various diversity schemes for

Microwave Radio system

UNIT I OVERVIEW OF MICROWAVE RADIO 10

Introduction, Digital Signalling, Noise Figure, Noise Factor, Noise Temperature, and Front End

Noise, Digital Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Radio Transmitters and Receivers,

Modulation Format, QAM Digital Radios, Channel Equalization, Channel Coding, Trellis Coded

Modulation (TCM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Radio

Configurations, Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation (XPIC), Frequency Diversity and

Multiline Considerations, Transmission Latency, Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC),

Current Trends.

UNIT II MICROWAVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS 8

Microwave Signal Transmission Lines, Antenna Support Structures, Tower Rigidity and

Integrity, Transmission Line Management, Antennas, Near Field, Fundamental Antenna

Limitations, Propagation, radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Propagation,

Radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Terrain, Antenna Placement, Frequency

Band Characteristics, Path Distances.

UNIT III MICROWAVE ANTENNA THEORY 9

Common Parameters, Passive Reflectors, Passive Reflector Far Field Radiation Pattern, Passive

Reflector Near Field Power Density, Circular (Parabolic) Antennas, Square Flat Panel Antennas,

Regulatory Near Field Power Density Limits, Practical Near Field Power Calculations, Near

Field Antenna Coupling Loss.

105

UNIT IV MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 8

Characteristics of Microwave Antennas - Half Wave Dipole -Array - Horn - Paraboloidal

Reflector -feeds - Lens and slot Antennas - Leaky and surface wave Antennas - Broad band

Antennas - Micro strip Antennas - Antenna measurements.

UNIT V MICROWAVE RADIO SYSTEM 10

Types of propagation - Line of sight transmission - Radio horizon - Broadband Microwave

Surveillance Receivers—ELINT and Electronic support measures--Microwave links- Repeaters-

Diversity - frequency and space diversity systems - Fading - System gain and path losses -

Noise and Absorption in Microwave links.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Discuss the basic modulation formats and current trends in Microwave radio.

Describe the various Microwave system components used in Microwave radio system.

Describe the Microwave antenna theory by studying various passive reflectors for various

fields.

Explain the various types of antenna and antenna measurements.

Analyse various diversity schemes for Microwave Radio system.

TEXT BOOK

1. George Kizer, "Digital Microwave Communication", Wiley-IEEE Press, (2013).

REFERENCES

1. Roddy.D., "Microwave Technology" Reston Publications.1986.

2. Chatterjee R. "Microwave Engineering "East West Press. 1988.

3. Rizzi.P."Microwave Engineering Passive circuits". Prentice Hall.1987

4. Tomasi.W "Advanced Electronic communication systems "Prentice Hall.1987.

5. Clock.P.N. "Microwave Principles and Systems" Prentice Hall.1986.

6. Combes, Graffewil and Sauterean "Microwave Components, Devices and

ActiveCircuits"Johnwiley1987.

7. AnnapuranaDas.Sisir.K.Das,"Microwave Engineering" Tata McGraw Hill, 2000.

106

15OC209 - RADAR AND NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

L T P C

3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVES

To describe the basic principles of radar functions and the different basic and modern types

of radars.

To describe the antenna array theory in radar systems

To learn about different types of radar and its application

To explain the role of radar systems as navigational and landing aid.

To expose the satellite navigation and hybrid navigation system

UNIT I RANGE EQUATION AND BASIC TYPES OF RADAR 9

Radar equation, Types of Radar: CW, Pulse and Doppler Radar, Moving Target Indication (MTI) Radar - Delay line cancellers, Non-coherent MTI radar.

UNIT II ARRAY ANTENNAS IN RADAR 9

Electrically steered - phased Array antenna in Radar, N- element linear array , Array Factor, Beam

steering, Phase shifters - Digitally switched Phase shifters, Diode phase shifters, Ferrimagnetic

phase shifters. Frequency scan arrays-Feeds for arrays- simultaneous multiple feed from array

antennas - conformal array.

UNIT III RADAR TYPES AND ITS APPLICATIONS 9

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), HF Over The Horizon Radar (HFOTH), Steer wave Radar,

Ground wave OTH Radar, Air-surveillance Radar, Height-finder and 3D Radar, V-Beam Radar,

Bistatic Radar.

UNIT IV RADIO NAVIGATION AND LANDING AIDS 9

General principles, Radio compass (NDB), ADF, VOR, DME, Hyperbolic Navigation DECCA,

OMEGA, LORAN, Mechanics of Landing: Instrument Landing System, Microwave Landing

System.

UNIT V SATELLITE NAVIGATION AND HYBRID NAVIGATION SYSTEM 9

Basics of Satellite Navigation, Introduction to Global Positioning System, System Description,

Basic principles, position, velocity determination, Signal structure- DGPS, Integration of GPS &

INS.

107

Total: 45 Hours

TEXT BOOKS

1. Merrill I Skolnik 'Introduction to Radar Systems", 3rd ed/, McGraw Hill 2006.

2. Nagaraja "Elements of Electronic Navigation" Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd ed, 2000.

OUTCOMES

After successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

Describe the basic principles of radar systems and its basic types

Design the antenna array for the specific beam direction and gain

Explain the modern radar systems and its application

Discuss the role of radar systems as navigational and landing aids.

Describe Satellite navigation and hybrid navigation systems

108

15OC210 - NETWORK ROUTING ALGORITHMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To expose the students to the layered architecture for communication networks and the

specific functionality of the network layer.

To enable the student to understand the basic principles of routing and routing algorithms

based on Internetworking requirements, optical backbone and the wireless access part of

the network.

To express the student to understand the different routing algorithms existing and their

performance characteristics.

To gain knowledge on the router architecture and algorithms

To create the Traffic Engineering of IP/MPLS Networks

UNIT I NETWORK ROUTING: BASICS AND FOUNDATIONS 9

Network Routing: An Overview, IP Addressing, On Architectures, Service Architecture,

Protocol Stack Architecture, Router Architecture, Network Topology Architecture, Network

Management Architecture, Routing Algorithms: Shortest Path and Widest Path, Bellman-Ford

Algorithm and the Distance Vector Approach, Dijkstra's Algorithm, Comparison of the

Bellman-Ford Algorithm and Dijkstra's Algorithm, Widest Path Algorithm, k-Shortest Paths

Algorithm

UNIT II ROUTING PROTOCOLS 9

Routing Protocol, Routing Algorithm, and Routing Table, Routing Information Representation

and Protocol Messages, Distance Vector Routing Protocol, Link State Routing Protocol, Path

Vector Routing Protocol, Link Cost, Routing Information Protocol, Version 1 (RIPv1), Version 2

(RIPv2), Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing

Protocol (EIGRP), OSPF: Protocol Features.

UNIT III PSTN - ARCHITECTURE AND ROUTING 9

Hierarchical Routing, The Road to Dynamic Routing, Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing,

Dynamically Controlled Routing, Dynamic Alternate Routing, Real-Time Network Routing,

Classification of Dynamic Call Routing Schemes, Maximum Allowable Residual Capacity

Routing, Dynamic Routing and Its Relation to Other Routing, Global Telephone Addressing,

109

Digit Analysis versus Translation, Routing Decision for a Dialed Call, Call Routing: Single

National Provider Environment, Call Routing: Multiple Long-Distance Provider Case, Routing

Decision at an Intermediate TDM Switch.

UNIT IV ROUTER ARCHITECTUTE 9

Router Architectures, Types of Routers, Elements of a Router, Packet Flow, Packet Processing:

Fast Path versus Slow Path, Router Architectures, Impact of Addressing on Lookup, Longest

Prefix Matching, Naive Algorithms, Binary Tries, Multi bit Tries, Search by Length Algorithms,

Search by Value Approaches, Hardware Algorithms, Comparing Different Approaches.

UNIT V MPLS AND GPLS 9

Background, Traffic Engineering Extension to Routing Protocols, Multiprotocol Label

Switching, Generalized MPLS, MPLS Virtual Private Networks, Traffic Engineering of

IP/MPLS Networks, VPN Traffic Engineering, Routing/Traffic Engineering for Voice Over

MPLS.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the network routings and algorithms and foundations

Recognize the concept the routing protocol and algorithms and types

understand the PSTN and routing systems

Explain the routing architecture and routing scheme

understand the background of MPLS and GPLS

TEXT BOOK

1. DeepankarMedhi, KarthikeyanRamasamy, "Network Routing Algorithms, Protocols,

and Architectures", Elsevier (2012).

REFERENCES

1. William Stallings, ' High speed networks and Internets Performance and Quality of

Service', Ilnd Edition, Pearson Education Asia. Reprint India 2002

2. M. Steen Strub, ' Routing in Communication network, Prentice -Hall International,

Newyork,1995.

110

3. S. Keshav, 'An engineering approach to computer networking' Addison Wesley 1999.

4. William Stallings, 'High speed Networks TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles, Prentice-

Hall, New York, 1995

5. C.E Perkins, 'Ad Hoc Networking', Addison - Wesley, 2001

6. Ian F. Akyildiz, Jiang Xie and ShantidevMohanty, " A Survey of mobility Management

in Next generation All IP- Based Wireless Systems", IEEE Wireless Communications,

Aug.2004, pp 16-27.

111

15OC211 - WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the role of sensors and the networking of sensed

data for different applications.

To expose the students to the sensor node essentials and the architectural details, the

medium access and routing issues and the energy constrained operational scenario.

To express the student to understand the challenges in synchronization and localization

of sensor nodes, topology management for effective and sustained communication, data

management and security aspects.

To expose the student to understand the typical Existing Approaches

To enable the student to understand the role of TCP/IP Overlay Solution.

UNIT I OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 9

Wireless Sensor Networks, Application Areas of WSNs, Challenges in the Design and

Implementation of WSNs, Principle of Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE 802.15.4 Standard and

Wireless Sensor Network, Constructing WSNs with IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee and Wireless Sensor

Networks, WPAN and Wireless Sensor Network.

UNIT II WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS DESIGN 9

Hardware Design for WSNs: General Wireless Sensor Node Architecture, System-on-Chip and

Component-based Design, Design Guidelines, Design Case, Energy Scavenging, Embedded

Software Design for WSNs, Sensor Driver Development, Implementing a WSN with IEEE

802.15.4, Bridging WSNs with an External Public Network.

UNIT III ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 9

Classification of Routing Protocols in WSNs, Flat Routing Protocols, Hierarchical Routings

Protocols, AODV Routing Protocols, Cluster-Tree Routing Protocol, Energy-Aware Routing

Protocols, Interference of WSNs with IEEE 802.11b Systems, Wireless Coexistence and

Interference in WSNs, Performance Metrics, Coexistence Mechanism of IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE

802.15.4, Advanced Mitigation Strategies.

112

UNIT IV WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS SECURITY 9

Basic Concepts of OSI Security, Unique Challenges in WSN Security, Classifications ofAttacks

on WSNs, ZigBee Security Services, Existing Approaches for DoSDefences, Preventing Low-

Level Denial of Service Attacks on WSN Based Home Automation Systems, Implementation of

Virtual Home Based Approach for Defencing DoS Attacks on WSN Based HASs.

UNIT V WSN APPLICATIONS 9

Hybrid RFID/Sensor Network, Generic Hybrid RFID/Sensor Network Architecture, Connecting

WSNs with the Internet, Front-end Proxy Solution, Gateway Solution, TCP/IP Overlay Solution,

IoT Service-Oriented Architecture, Safety NET Wireless Sensor Networks, Research opportunity

for future development. .

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Understand the overview of wireless sensor and IEEE 802.15.4 standards and Wireless

Sensor Network, Constructing WSNs with IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee and Wireless Sensor

Networks, WPAN and Wireless Sensor Network.

Design the wireless sensor networks hardware and software

Estimate the classification of routing protocols

Illustrate the wireless sensor and network security

Explain the overview of wireless and network and applications

TEXT BOOK

1. Shuang-Hua Yang, "Wireless Sensor Networks, Principles, Design and Applications",

Springer (2014).

REFERENCES

1. Yingshu Li, My T. Thai,Weili Wu, " Wireless Sensor Networks and

Applications"Springer 2008

2. Holger Karl & Andreas Willig, " Protocols And Architectures for Wireless Sensor

Networks" , JohnWiley, 2005.

3. Feng Zhao & Leonidas J. Guibas, "Wireless Sensor Networks- An Information

Processing Approach", Elsevier, 2007.

113

4. KazemSohraby, Daniel Minoli, &TaiebZnati, "Wireless Sensor Networks-

Technology,Protocols, And Applications", John Wiley, 2007.

5. Anna Hac, "Wireless Sensor Network Designs", John Wiley, 2003.

6. BhaskarKrishnamachari, "Networking Wireless Sensors", Cambridge Press,2005.

7. Mohammad Ilyas And ImadMahgaob,"Handbook Of Sensor Networks:

Compact

Wireless AndWired Sensing Systems", CRC Press,2005.

8. Wayne Tomasi, "Introduction To Data Communication And Networking", Pearson

Education,2007.

114

15OC212 - MEMS BASED DEVICES FOR COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To familiarize the student with the functions and applications of MEMS.

To introduce the methods of Selection of packaging materials, Current and future trends

for NEMS

To design the antennas fabrication,

To express the students to the evolving new techniques Waveguide optical systems.

To familiarize the student circuit modeling of coupled resonators

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MEMS 9

Principles of Microsystems, Nano and Micro scale systems, devices, and structures,

Microstructures, Axial stress and strain, Shear stress and strain, Static bending of beams and thin

plates, Mechanical vibration, Stiction issue, Scaling laws in miniaturization & Materials ;

MEMS Materials: Substrates and Wafers, Active substrate materials, Silicon, Silicon

compounds, Silicon Piezoresistors, Gallium Arsenide, Quartz, Polymers, Packaging materials.

UNIT II ACTUATION MECHANISMS IN MEMS AND FABRICATION 9

Electrostatic Actuators : charge control, voltage control, spring suspended C, pull-in voltage,

linearization methods, comb drive actuators, levitation, equivalent circuits, Piezoelectric,

Thermal, Magnetic actuators, gap closers, rotary finger pull up, Electronics Interface, Feedback

systems, Noise, circuit and system issues.

MEMS Fabrication: Bulk micromachining, Surface micromachining, Thin-film depositions

(LPCVD, Sputtering, Evaporation), LIGA, Electroplating, Wet and dry etching,

Packaging: Microsystems packaging, Interfaces in microsystem packaging, Essential packaging

technologies, 3D packaging, Assembly of Microsystems, Selection of packaging materials,

Current and future trends for NEMS

UNIT III RF MEMS 9

Introduction to RF MEMS, general concepts in high frequency effects, RF MEMS Switches-

Intro, basic design guidelines, RF switch design case studies, RF filters with MEMS- Tunable

Capacitors and Inductors, RF MEMS resonators and their applications, Comparison of

electrostatic and piezoelectric resonators, Case Study: Micro machined Antennas, Micro strip

antenna, Micromachining for antennas fabrication, Reconfigurable antennas, Example of RF

MEMS switches and applications, design approaches.

115

UNIT IV MOEMS 9

Digital Micro mirror Device, Grating Light Valve, Optical switches, optical filters, arrayed

waveguide grating,, Electrostatic reflective light modulator, Torsion mirror (TI DMD) Micro

machined optical structures ,Fiber-optic couplers, Refractive lenses, Diffractive lenses,

Waveguide optical systems, MEMS deformable mirrors Case study: Grating Light ValveCircuit

UNIT V MODELLING OF MEMS SYSTEMS 9

Modeling of MEMS: resonator equivalent circuits, thermal circuits, fluidic circuits,

general filter topologies, insertion loss , shape factor, resonator and couplers, circuit modeling of

coupled resonators, systematic micromechanical filter design procedure, Electrostatically

actuated micro-mirror, design of optical filters, case studies.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Estimate the microsystems and MEMS materials

Describe the electrostatics actuators and MEMS fabrications technique

Design the RF MEMS and general concept and applications

Illustrate the MOEMS optical filters and fiber optic couplers

Explain the overview of Circuit Modeling of MEMS: resonator equivalent circuits,

thermal circuits, fluidic circuits general filter topologies, insertion loss , shape factor,

resonator and couplers

TEXT BOOK

1. A.R. Jha, "MEMS and Nanotechnology-Based Sensors and Devices for Communications,

Medical and Aerospace Applications", Taylor & Francis, (2008).

REFERENCES

1. Gregory T.A. Kovacs, Micromachined Transducers Sourecbook, The McGraw-

Hill,Inc.1998

2. Stephen D. Senturia, Microsystem Design, Kluar Publishers, 2001

3. NadimMaluf, An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering, Artech

House, 2000.

4. Vijay Varadan, K. J. Vinoy, K. A. Jose, RF MEMS and their applications,Wiley,2002.

116

5. N.P.Mahalik, MEMS,Tata McGraw hill,2007.

6. Tai Ran Hsu ,MEMS and Microsystems Design and Manufacture, TMH,2002

117

15OC213 - HIGH SPEED SWITCHING ARCHITECTURES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the basics of switching technologies and their

implementation LANs, ATM networks and IP networks.

To make the student to understand the different switching architectures and queuing

strategies and their impact on the blocking performances.

To expose the student to the advances in packet switching architectures and IP

addressing.

To enhance switching solutions and approaches to exploit and integrate the best features

of different architectures for high speed switching.

To gain information on switching protocol and hash tables.

UNIT I INTERNET SWITCHES AND ARCHITECTURES 9

Introduction, Buffer less Crossbar Switches, Buffered Crossbar Switches, Multi-stage Switching,

Optical Packet Switching, Multi-rack Hybrid Opto-electronic Switch Architecture, Optical

Fabrics, Reduced Rate Scheduling, Time Slot Assignment Approach, DOUBLE Algorithm,

ADJUST Algorithm, Lyapunov Methodology.

UNIT II ATM SWITCHING ARCHITECTURE 9

Blocking networks - basic - and- enhanced banyan networks, sorting networks - merge sorting,

rearrangable networks - full-and- partial connection networks, non blocking networks -

Recursive network construction, comparison of non-blocking network, Switching with deflection

routing - shuffle switch, tandem banyan switch.

UNIT III SWITCHES FOR NETWORKS 9

Introduction to Packet Switches, Crossbar-based Switches, Internally Buffered Crossbars,

Combined Input-Cross point Buffered (CICB) Crossbars, CICB Switches with Internal Variable-

length Packets, Output Emulation by CICB Switches, CICQ Switch, Performance of CICQ Cell

Switching, Performance of CICQ Packet Switching, Design of Fast Round-robin Arbiters,

FutureDirections - The CICQ with VCQ.

UNIT IV SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS 9

Switching Modes with Delays: A General Model, Batch Scheduling Algorithms, An Interesting

Application: Optical Networks, Throughput Maximization via Adaptive Batch Schedules,

118

SwitchThroughput and Rate Stability, Cone Algorithms for Packet Scheduling, Complexity in

ConeSchedules - Scalable PCS Algorithms, System Model, Dual Scheduling Algorithm,

Throughput-optimal Scheduling, A New Scheduling Architecture.

UNIT V SWITCHING PROTOCOL AND HASH TABLES 9

Introduction, Time Label, Space Label, Time-Space Label Switching Protocol (TSL-SP),

Conventional Hash Algorithms, Performance Degradation Problem, Hybrid Open Hash Tables,

Hybrid Open Hash Table Enhancement, Extended Discussions of Concurrency Issues.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Identify suitable switch architectures for a specified networking Scenario

Demonstrate and understand ATM switching architecture blocking and non-blocking

network

Design and analyze the various switching techniques

Use appropriate scheduling algorithms based on Switching Modes with Delays and its

Application

Describe in detail about switching protocol and design hash tables

TEXT BOOK

1. ItamarElhanany and MounirHamdi, "High-performance Packet SwitchingArchitectures",

Springer (2007).

REFERENCES

1. AchillePattavina, "Switching Theory: Architectures and performance in Broadband

ATM networks "John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York. 1998

2. Christopher Y Metz, "Switching protocols & Architectures", McGraw - Hill Professional

Publishing, NewYork.1998.

3. Rainer Handel, Manfred N Huber, Stefan Schroder, "ATM Networks - Concepts

Protocols, Applications", 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, New York. 1999.

119

15OC214 - RF CIRCUIT DESIGN

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To encourage students to develop a working knowledge of the central ideas of passive

components and details about the impedance matching.

To design the RF power amplifier and transceiver architectures

To formulate and construct a mathematical model for oscillators, Mixers.

To make the students to understand the importance of filter design and transmission line

transformers.

To introduce the design principles of phase lock loop

UNIT I PASSIVE COMPONENTS AND IMPEDANCE MATCHING 9

Passive Components: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors. Impedance Matching: Q Factor

Resonance, Bandwidth, Unloaded Q, L Circuit Impedance Matching, Π-Transformation Circuit,

T- Transformation Circuit, Tapped Capacitor Transformer.

UNIT II TRANSMISSION LINE TRANSFORMERS AND RF POWER

AMPLIFIERS 9

Transmission Line Transformers: Ideal Transmission Line Transformers, Transmission Line

Transformer Synthesis, Electrically Long Transmission Line Transformers, Baluns.

Power Amplifiers - Gain: Transducer Power Gain of a Two-Port, Power Gain Using S

Parameters, Simultaneous Match for Maximum Power Gain, Stability. Amplifiers: Class C, Class

D, Class F, Feed-Forward Power Amplifier.

UNIT III OSCILLATORS AND MIXERS 9

Oscillators: Feedback Theory, Minimum Requirements of the Reflection, Stability of an

Oscillator, Harmonic Generators. Mixers: Figures of Merit for Mixers, Single-Ended Mixers,

Double-Balanced Mixers, Spurious Response.

UNIT IV FILTER DESIGN 9

Filter Design by Insertion Loss method, Equal Ripple Low Pass Filter Prototype, Linear Phase

LPF. Filter Transformation: Impedance & Frequency scaling, Band Pass & Band Stop

transformation. Filter Implementation: Richard’s transformation, Kuroda’s identities, Impedance

120

& Admittance Inverters. Stepped Impedance LPF.

UNIT V PHASE LOCK LOOP 9

Loop Design Principles, PLL Components, Linear Analysis of the PLL, PLL Design Equations,

PLL Applications

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Recognize concepts of passive components and analyze the parameters of impedance matching

Design RF power amplifiers and transceiver architecture.

Construct mathematical model for oscillators and types of mixers.

Design the ideal and approximate filter type and transmission line transformer

Demonstrate and understanding of the phase lock loop.

TEXT BOOKS

1. W. Alan Davis -Radio Frequency Circuit Design, Wiley-Inter science

Publication, 2 ed/-, 2009

2. David M. Pozar - Microwave Engineering, 4th ed, Wiley India, Reprint 2015. (unit-4)

REFERENCES

1. Reinhold Ludwig, Pavel Bretchko - RF Circuit Design Theory and Application,

Pearson Publication

121

15OC215 - ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE AND

COMPATIBILITY

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the basic concepts of EMI/EMC, coupling issues and

control techniques.

To enhance the knowledge of shielding

To understand the processes of digital circuit grounding

To provide a deeper understanding of RF and transient immunity.

To make the student familiar with EMC design of PCBs and the measurements and

standardization effort.

UNIT I NOISE, CABLING& EMC REGULATIONS 9

Typical Noise Path, Methods of Noise Coupling: Conductively Coupled Noise-Common

Impedance Coupling-Electric and Magnetic Field Coupling, Use of Network Theory, Capacitive

Coupling, Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling, Inductive Coupling, Mutual Inductance

Calculations, and Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic Coupling Between Shield

and Inner Conductor, Magnetic Coupling-Open Wire to Shielded Conductor, Shielding to

Prevent Magnetic Radiation. EMC Regulations: FCC regulations, European Union's EMC

Requirements.

UNIT II SHIELDING 9

Shielding Effectiveness, Absorption Loss, Shielding with Magnetic Materials, Apertures:

Multiple Apertures, Seams, Transfer Impedance, Conductive Gaskets: Joints of Dissimilar

Metals, Mounting of Conductive Gaskets, Conductive Windows: Transparent Conductive

Coatings, Wire Mesh Screens, Mounting of Windows, Conductive Coatings: Conductive Paints,

Flame/Arc Spray, Vacuum Metalizing, Electro less Plating, Metal Foil Linings, Filled Plastic.

UNIT III DIGITAL CIRCUIT GROUNDING 9

Digital Logic Noise, Internal Noise Sources, Digital Circuit Ground Noise: Minimizing

Inductance, Mutual Inductance, Practical Digital Circuit Ground Systems, Loop Area, Ground

Plane Current Distribution and Impedance: Reference Plane Current Distribution, Ground Plane

122

Impedance, Ground Plane Voltage, End Effects.

UNIT IV RF AND TRANSIENT IMMUNITY 9

RF Immunity: The RF Environment, Audio Rectification, RFI Mitigation Techniques, Transient

Immunity: Electrostatic Discharge, Electrical Fast Transient, Lightning Surge, Transient

Suppression Networks, Signal Line Suppression, Protection of High-Speed Signal Lines, Power

Line Transient Suppression, Hybrid Protection Network, Power line disturbances.

UNIT V ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE & PCB LAYOUT 9

Static Generation: Inductive Charging, Energy Storage, ESD Protection in Equipment Design,

General PCB Layout Considerations: Partitioning, Keep Out Zones, Critical Signals, System

Clocks, PCB-to-Chassis Ground Connection, Return Path Discontinuities: Slots in

Ground/Power Planes, Split Ground/Power Planes, Changing Reference Planes, Referencing the

Top and Bottom of the Same Plane, Connectors, Ground Fill.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Analyze the Methods of Noise Coupling, Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling and

EMC regulations

Understand the basic concept of shielding

Discuss the basic knowledge of digital circuit grounding

Describe the importance, challenges and role of RF and transient immunity

Demonstrate the different aspects of EMI coupling and EMC in PCB design.

TEXT BOOK

1. Henry W. Ott, "Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering", John Wiley, (2009).

REFERENCES

1. Paul, C. R. - Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York

2006.

2. Archambeault, B. - PCB Design for Real-World EMI Control. Boston, MA: Kluwer

Academic Publishers, 2002.

123

15OC216 - DIGITAL COMMUNICATION RECEIVERS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To introduce the students about the digital communication techniques.

To design an Optimum multiuser detection for wireless environment.

To provide a deeper understanding of the receivers for fading channel.

To illustrate the basics of synchronization techniques.

To impart knowledge on adaptive equalization.

UNIT I REVIEW OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES 9

Base band and band pass communication, Signal space representation, linear and nonlinear

modulation techniques, and Spectral characteristics of digital modulation.

UNIT II OPTIMUM RECEIVERS FOR AWGN CHANNEL 9

Correlation demodulator, matched filter, maximum likelihood sequence detector, optimum

receiver for CPM signals, M-ary orthogonal signals, envelope detectors for M-ary and correlated

binary signals

UNIT III RECEIVERS FOR FADING CHANNELS 9

Characterization of fading multiple channels, statistical models, slow fading, frequency

selective fading, diversity technique, RAKE demodulator, coded waveform for fading channel.

UNIT IV SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNIQUES 9

Carrier and signal synchronization, carrier phase estimation-PLL, Decision directed loops,

symbol timing estimation, maximum likelihood and non-decision directed timing estimation,

joint estimation.

UNIT V ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION 9

Zero forcing algorithm, LMS algorithm, adaptive decision-feedback equalizer and Equalization

of Trellis-coded signals. Kalman algorithm, blind equalizers and stochastic gradient algorithm.

124

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Evaluate the performance of wireless signaling environment.

Apply mathematical formulation to find Optimum detection of wireless signal.

Describe basic concepts & techniques of receivers for fading channels.

Analyze the synchronization techniques.

Use appropriate algorithm to diminish the loss effects to find the optimum one for the

adaptive signal processing.

TEXT BOOK

1. Heinrich Meyr, Marc Moeneclaey, Stefan A. Fechtel, "Digital Communication

Receivers: Synchronization, Channel Estimation, and Signal Processing", John Wiley

&Sons, Inc, (1998).

REFERENCES

1. John.G.Proakis, "Digital communication "4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.

2. E.A.Lee and D.G. Messerschmitt, "Digital communication ", 2nd Edition, Allied

Publishers, New Delhi, 1994.

3. Simon Marvin, "Digital communication over fading channel; An unified approach to

performance Analysis ", John Wiley, New York, 2000.

125

15OC217 - COMMUNICATION NETWORK SECURITY

L T P C

3 0 0 3

Course Objectives:

To understand the various attacks on networks and its counter measures.

To illustrate the basics of encryption and decryption techniques..

To make the students understand importance of authentication and various key

management techniques.

To enhance the knowledge about network security, firewalls and web security.

To Gain information on the concept of wireless network security.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION ON SECURITY 9

Security Goals, Types of Attacks: Passive attack, active attack, attacks on confidentiality,

attacks on Integrity and availability. Security services and mechanisms, Techniques:

Cryptography, Steganography, Revision on Mathematics for Cryptography.

UNIT II SYMMETRIC & ASYMMETRIC KEY ALGORITHMS 9

Substitutional Ciphers, Transposition Ciphers, Stream and Block Ciphers, Data Encryption

Standards (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), RC4, principle of asymmetric key

algorithms, RSA Cryptosystem

UNIT III INTEGRITY, AUTHENTICATION AND KEY MANAGEMENT 9

Message Integrity, Hash functions: SHA, Digital signatures: Digital signature standards.

Authentication: Entity Authentication: Biometrics, Key management Techniques.

UNIT IV NETWORK SECURITY, FIREWALLS AND WEB SECURITY 9

Introduction on Firewalls, Types of Firewalls, Firewall Configuration and Limitation of Firewall.

IP Security Overview, IP security Architecture, authentication Header, Security payload, security

associations, Key Management. Web security requirement, secure sockets layer, transport layer

security, secure electronic transaction, dual signature.

UNIT V WIRELESS NETWORK SECURITY 9

Security Attack issues specific to Wireless systems: Worm hole, Tunneling, DoS. WEP for Wi-Fi

network, Security for 4G networks: Secure Ad hoc Network, Secure Sensor Network

126

Total: 45 Periods

TEXT BOOK

1. Behrouz A. Fourcuzan, "Cryptography and Network security" Tata McGraw- Hill, 2008.

REFERENCES

1. William Stallings,"Cryptography and Network security: principles and practice",2nd

Edition,Prentice Hall of India,New Delhi,2002

2. AtulKahate ," Cryptography and Network security", 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,

2008.

3. R.K.Nichols and P.C. Lekkas ," Wireless Security".

4. H. Yang et al., Security in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Challenges and Solution,

IEEEWireless Communications, Feb. 2004.

5. Securing Ad Hoc Networks," IEEE Network Magazine, vol. 13, no. 6, pp 24-

30,December 1999.

6. David Boel et.al, "Securing Wireless Sensor Networks - Security Architecture "Journal

of networks, (2008).

7. Perrig, A., Stankovic, J., Wagner, D. (2004), "Security in Wireless Sensor Networks",

Communications of the ACM, 47(6), 53-57.

127

L T P C

3 0 0 3

15OC218 - MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE

To introduce the characteristic features of adhoc wireless networks and their applications

tothe students.

To enable the student to understand the functioning of Media accress protocols.

To illustrate the student to understand various protocols and algorithms involed.

To enhance the knowledge of students on security protocols for end to end transport.

To gain information on cross layer design and integration of adhoc for 4G

.


Introduction to adhoc networks - definition, characteristics features, applications. Characteristics

of Wireless channel, Adhoc Mobility Models: - Indoor and outdoor models.

UNIT II MEDIUM ACCESS PROTOCOLS 9

MAC Protocols: design issues, goals and classification. Contention based protocols- with

reservation, scheduling algorithms, protocols using directional antennas. IEEE standards:

802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.15. HIPER LAN.

UNIT III NETWORK PROTOCOLS 9

Routing Protocols: Design issues, goals and classification. Proactive vs. reactive routing, Unicast

routing algorithms, Multicast routing algorithms, hybrid routing algorithm, Energy aware routing

algorithm, Hierarchical Routing, QoS aware routing.

UNIT IV END-END DELIVERY AND SECURITY 9

Transport layer: Issues in designing- Transport layer classification, adhoc transport protocols.

Security issues in adhoc networks: issues and challenges, network security attacks, secure

routing protocols.

UNIT V CROSS LAYER DESIGN AND INTEGRATION OF ADHOC FOR 4G 9

Cross layer Design: Need for cross layer design, cross layer optimization, parameter optimization

techniques, Cross layer cautionary perspective. Integration of adhoc with Mobile IP networks.

Total: 45 Periods

128

OUTCOMES


Explain the characteristic features of adhoc wireless networks and their applications

Describe the functioning of Media accress protocols.

Illustrate the various protocols and algorithms involed.

Analyze security protocols for end to end transport.

Elaborate cross layer design and integration of adhoc for 4G

TEXT BOOK

1. C.Siva Ram Murthy and B.S.Manoj, "Ad hoc Wireless Networks Architectures and

protocols", 2nd edition, Pearson Education. 2007

2. Charles E. Perkins, Ad hoc Networking, Addison - Wesley, 2000.

REFERENCES

1. Stefano Basagni, Marco Conti, Silvia Giordano and Ivan, Mobile adhoc

networking,Wiley-IEEE press, 2004.

2. Mohammad Ilyas, The handbook of adhoc wireless networks, CRC press, 2002.

3. T. Camp, J. Boleng, and V. Davies "A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network

Research," Wireless Communication and Mobile Comp., Special Issue on Mobile Ad

Hoc Networking Research, Trends and Applications, vol. 2, no. 5, 2002, pp. 483-502.

4. A survey of integrating IP mobility protocols and Mobile Ad hoc networks, Fekri

M.Abduljalil and Shrikant K. Bodhe, IEEE communication Survey and tutorials, v

9.no.12007

5. V.T.Raisinhani and S.Iyer "Cross layer design optimization in wireless protocol stacks"

Comp. communication, vol 27 no. 8, 2004.

6. V.T.Raisinhani and S.Iyer,"ECLAIR; An Efficient Cross-Layer Architecture for wireless

protocolstacks", World Wireless cong., San francisco,CA,May 2004.

7. V.Kawadia and P.P.Kumar,"A cautionary perspective on Cross-Layer

design,"IEEEWirelesscommn.,vol 12, no 1,2005.

129

15OC219- ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE

To understand the basics of various modulation schemes.

To illustrate about the concept of Windowing, OFDM and coding.

To gain information on Trellis coded modulation.

To enhance the knowledge on Turbo coding and its performance.

To understand space-time coding space, space time turbo coding, MIMO-OFDM.

UNIT I CONSTANT ENVELOPE MODULATION 9

Advantages of Constant Envelope Modulation; Binary Frequency Shift Keying-Coherent and

Non-coherent Detection of BFSK; Minimum Shift Keying-; Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying;

M-ary Phase Shift Keying; M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation; M-ary Frequency Shift

Keying.

UNIT II OFDM 9

Generation of sub-carriers using the IFFT; Guard Time and Cyclic Extension; Windowing;

OFDM signal processing; Peak Power Problem: PAP reduction schemes-Clipping, Filtering,

Coding and Scrambling.

UNIT III TRELLIS CODED MODULATION 9

Coded modulation for band width, constrained channels -Trellis coded modulation; Set

Partitioning, Four -state trellis-coded modulation with 8-PSK signal constellation, Eight-state

trellis code for coded 8-PSK modulation, Eight-state trellis for rectangular QAM signal

constellations.

UNIT IV TURBO CODING 9

Introduction-Turbo Encoder, Turbo Decoder, Iterative Turbo Decoding Principles; Modifications

of the MAP Algorithm-The Soft-Output Viterbi Algorithm(SOVA); Turbo Coded BPSK

Performance over Gaussian channels, Turbo Coding Performance over Rayleigh Channels.

UNIT V SPACE-TIME CODING 9

Maximum Ratio combining; Space-time Block codes; Space-time Trellis codes-The 4-state, 4-

PSK Space-time Trellis Encoder, The 4-state,4-PSK Space-time Trellis Decoder, MIMO-OFDM

130

Systems.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the basics of various modulation schemes.

Illustrate about Windowing, OFDM and coding.

Elaborate on Trellis coded modulation.

Describe in detail about Turbo coding and its performance.

Explain space-time coding space, space time turbo coding, MIMO-OFDM.

TEXT BOOK

1. Bernard Sklar., "Digital Communications", second edition, Pearson Education, 2001.

REFERENCES

1. John G. Proakis., 'Digital Communication', 4 th edition, McGraw Hill Publication,

2001

2. Theodore S.Rappaport., 'Wireless Communications', 2nd edition, Pearson Education,

2002.

3. Stephen G. Wilson., 'Digital Modulation and Coding', First Indian Reprint, Pearson

Education, 2003.

4. Richard Van Nee &Ramjee Prasad., 'OFDM for Multimedia Communications' Artech

House Publication, 2001.

131

15OC220 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE FABRICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE

To enable students to understand the preparation of semiconductor structures for

processing and Deposition of oxides

To make understand the optical lithography and electron lithography and etching process.

To expose the students to the process of ethcing

To gain information on applications and limitations of Metallization, lift off and

annealing and dicing.

To enhance the knowledge of bonding and packing of devices.

UNIT I WAFER PREPARATION 9

Bulk Crystal Growth - Cutting and Polishing - Surface Cleaning - Etching for oxide layer

removal - Controlled dissolution of surfaces - Identification for batch processing.

UNIT II DEPOSITION 10

Deposition processes - Silicon dioxide - Silicon nitride - Other materials - Plasma assisted

deposition - Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) - Oxidation: Growth

mechanism and kinetics - Oxidation techniques and systems - Oxide properties -

Redistribution at interface - Oxidation induced defects.

UNIT III ETCHING 10

Ion Implantation and Etching : Impurity diffusion - Ion implantor - Ion ranges - Disorder

production - Ion channelling - Annealing of implanted dopant impurities – Shallowjunctions -

Minority carrier effects.Etchants - Selective etchants - Dry etching -Advantages and disadvantages

of dry etching. Lithography: The lithographic process – Opticallithography - Electron beam

lithography - X-ray lithography - Pattern transfer – Otherlithographic techniques.

UNIT IV METALLIZATION 8

Metallization: Methods of physical vapour deposition - Selected metals for metal-

semiconductor contacts - Problems encountered in metallization - Metallization failure -

Silicides for gates and interconnections - Corrosion and bonding.

132

UNIT V ASSEMBLING AND PACKAGING 8

Assembly Techniques and packaging :Wafer separation and sorting – Dieinterconnections -

Package types and fabrication technology - Special package considerations.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Explain the about the wafer preparation process.

Describe the deposition process and growth mechanism.

Explain the Etching process and lithography process.

Elaborate the metallization process and problems in metallization

Explain the concept of assembling and packaging.

TEXT BOOK

1. Gary S.May, Simon M.Sze, "Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fabrication", Wiley

(2003).

REFERENCES

1. Hong H.Lee, Fundamentals of Microelectronics Processing, McGraw-Hill Book

Company, Singapore (1990)

2. D.W.Hees and K.F.Jensen, Microelectronics Processing, American Society,

Wasington,DC, 1989

3. Stephen L.Long and Steven E.Butner, Gallium Arsenide Digital Integrated Circuit

Design McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Singapore (1990)

4. S.M. Sze, VLSI Technology, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 2nd Ed.

Singapore(1988).

5. S.M.Sze, Physics of Semiconductor devices (2nd edition), Wiley Eastern Ltd.,New Delhi

(1991)

133

15OC221 - ELECTROMAGNETIC BAND GAP STRUCTURES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To make the students to gain knowledge about the EBG and meta materials

To impart the knowledge of FDTD method for periodic structure analysis

To permit the students to grasp the concept of plane wave scattering analysis

To understand the Basics of EBG characterization and classification

To make students to design an EBG structure based on the application

UNIT I EBG AND META MATERIALS 9

EBG definition - Metamaterials: Classification, Double Negative (DNG) Materials, Propagation

characteristics of DNG Materials, Refraction and Propagation through DNG interfaces and

materials, Negative refractive Index (NRI) Transmission lines.

UNIT II FDTD METHOD FOR PERIODIC STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 9

FDTD fundamentals: Yee's cell and updating scheme, Absorbing boundary conditions – PML,

FDTD excitation, Extraction of characteristic parameters - Periodic boundary conditions (PBC):

Fundamental challenges in PBC, Overview of various PBCs, Constant kx method for scattering

analysis - Guided wave analysis: Characterize the dispersion relation of structure, Brillouin zone

for periodic waveguides

UNIT III PLANE WAVE SCATTERING ANALYSIS 9

Problem statement - Plane wave excitation - Hybrid FDTD/ARMA method: A unified approach

for guided wave and scattering analysis, ARMA estimator

UNIT IV EBG CHARACTERIZATIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS 9

Resonant circuit models for EBG structures: Effective medium model with lumped LC elements,

Transmission line model for surface waves, Transmission line model for plane waves - Graphic

representation of frequency band gap: FDTD model, Near field distributions inside and outside the

frequency band Gap - Frequency band gap for surface wave propagation: Dispersion diagram,

Surface wave band gap - In-phase reflection for plane wave incidence - Reflection phase - EBG

reflection phase: normal incidence - EBG reflection phase: oblique incidence - Soft and hard

134

surfaces: Impedance and reflection coefficient of a periodic ground plane, Soft and hard operations

- Classifications of various EBG structures .

UNIT V EBG STRUCTURES DESIGN 9

Parametric study of a mushroom-like EBG structure: Patch width effect, Gap width effect,

Substrate thickness effect, Substrate permittivity effect - Comparison of mushroom and uni planar

EBG designs - Polarization dependent EBG surface designs: Rectangular patch EBG surface, Slot

loaded EBG surface, EBG surface with offset vias, PDEBG reflector - Compact spiral EBG

designs: - Single, Double and Four arm spiral design - Dual layer EBG designs

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the concept of EBG and meta materials

Apply the FDTD method for periodic structure analysis

Explain the plane wave scattering analysis

Characterize the EBG and classify them

Design an EBG structures

TEXT BOOKS

1. Fan Yang, Yahya Rahmat Samii – Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna

Engineering, Cambridge University Press, 2009

2. Constantine A.Balanis – Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, 2nd ed., John Wiley and

sons

135

15OC222 - RF MEMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:

To enable the student to describe the basic principles of sensors and actuators, materials and

fabrication aspects of MEMS and Microsystems.

To make the student familiar with the mechanical and the electrostatic design and the

associated system issues.

To introduce the student to the different MEMS applications, the design basics, the design

tools and the performance issues.

UNIT I MICROSENSING FOR MEMS AND FABRICATION TECHNIQUES 9

Microsensing for MEMS: Piezoresistive, Capacitive, Piezoelectric, Resonant sensing, Surface

acoustic wave sensors. Metals: Evaporation, Sputtering – Semiconductors: Electrical and chemical

properties, Growth and deposition – Thin films for MEMS and their deposition techniques: Oxide

film formation by thermal oxidation, Deposition of SiO2, Silicon nitride, Polysilicon film

deposition, Ferroelectric thin films.

UNIT II MEMS INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS 9

Inductors: Self-inductance and mutual inductance, Micromachined inductors, Effect of inductor

layout, Reduction of stray capacitance of planar inductors, Approaches for improving the

quality, Folded inductors, Modeling and design issues of planar, Variable inductors, Polymer

based inductors. Capacitors: gap-tuning, area-tuning, Dielectric tunable capacitors.

UNIT III SWITCHES A N D PH A S E SH I FT E R S 9

PIN diode RF switches, Cantilever switch in Transmission line, Shunt capacitive switch,

Mercury contact switches. Phase shifters: Switched delay line phase shifters, Distributed

MEMS phase shifters, Polymer-based phase shifters.

UNIT IV MICROMACHINED RF FILTERS 9

Micromechanical filters : Modeling of resonators, Electrostatic comb drive, Micromechanical

filters using comb drives, Micromechanical filters using electrostatic coupled beam structures

Surface acoustic wave filters: Basics of surface acoustic wave filter operation, Wave

propagation in piezoelectric substrates, Design of inter digital transducers, Single-phase

136

unidirectional transducers.

UNIT V MICROMACHINED TRANSMISSION LINES AND COMPONENTS 9

Losses in transmission lines, Co-planar transmission lines, Microshield and membrane-

supported transmission lines, Microshield circuit components, Micromachined waveguide

components, directional couplers, mixer, Passive components: resonators and filters,

Micromachining as a fabrication process for small antennae.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the Microsensing for MEMS and Fabrication Techniques

Apply MEMS Inductors and Capacitors for specific aplications

Apply MEMS Switches and Phase shifters

Explain Micromachined RF Filters

Describe the concept of Micromachined transmission lines and Components

TEXT BOOK

1. Vijay K.Varadan, K.J.Vinoy, K.A.Jose - RF MEMS and Their Applications, Wiley

India, 2011

REFERENCES

1. Gaberiel M.Rebeiz – RF MEMS Theory, Design and Technology,

John Wiley and sons, 2003

137

15OC301 - MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To make the students to gain knowledge about the basic features of multimedia

components and in compressing audio, video, text and images.

To impart the knowledge of tasks of IP transport and the elucidation attitudes with the aid

of VoIP technology.

To permit the students to grasp the different networking services, applications and the

mechanisms used for networking transport.

To understand the Basics of IP transport and VoIP challenges and Quality of Service-

CODEC Methods.

To make students to understand the Multimedia networking and Applications, multimedia

Mechanisms-integrated services and differentiated Services.

UNIT I MULTIMEDIA COMPONENTS 9

Introduction - Multimedia skills - Multimedia components and their characteristics - Text, sound,

images, graphics, animation, video, hardware.

UNIT II AUDIO AND VIDEO COMPRESSION 9

Audio compression-DPCM-Adaptive PCM -adaptive predictive coding-linear Predictive

coding-code excited LPC-perpetual coding Video compression -principles-H.261-H.263-MPEG

UNIT III TEXT AND IMAGE COMPRESSION 9

Compression principles-source encoders and destination encoders-lossless and lossy

compression entropy encoding -source encoding -text compression -static Huffman coding

dynamic coding -arithmetic coding -Lempel ziv-welsh Compression-image compression.

UNIT IV VoIP TECHNOLOGY 9

Basics of IP transport, VoIP challenges, H.323/ SIP -Network Architecture, Protocols, Call

establishment and release, VoIP and SS7, Quality of Service- CODEC Methods-VOIP

applicability.

138

UNIT V MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING 9

Multimedia networking -Applications-streamed stored and audio-making the best Effort service

protocols for real time interactive Applications-distributing multimedia-beyond best effort

service secluding and policing Mechanisms-integrated services-differentiated Services-RSVP.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe about the challenges in multimedia communication

Analyse the delinquent in the transmission of the signal.

Provide the remedy for the given obstacle.

Apply his knowledge in a particular approach.

Efforts for real time applications.

REFERENCES

1. Fred Halshall, "Multimedia communication - applications, networks, protocols and

standards", Pearson education, 2007.

2. Tay Vaughan, "Multideai: making it work", 7/e, TMH, 2007.

3. Kurose and W.Ross, "Computer Networking "a Top down approach, Pearson education,

3rd ed, 2005.

4. Marcus goncalves "Voice over IP Networks", McGraw Hill,

5. KR. Rao,Z S Bojkovic, D A Milovanovic, "Multimedia Communication

Systems:Techniques, Standards, and Networks", Pearson Education 2007

6. R. Steimnetz, K. Nahrstedt, "Multimedia Computing, Communications and

Applications", Pearson Education, First ed, 1995.

7. Ranjan Parekh, "Principles of Multimedia", TMH, 2006.

139

15OC302 -RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To illustrate the basics of the device architecture and to define about configurability.

To enhance the knowledge about the differences between the reconfigurable

computing and general purpose computing.

To increase the acquaintance about the reconfigurable processing fabric into traditional

computing systems.

To make the students to understand the mapping design concepts for the placement

and routing purpose.

To gain information on the applications using FPGA.

UNIT I DEVICE ARCHITECTURE 9

General Purpose Computing Vs Reconfigurable Computing - Simple Programmable Logic

Devices - Complex Programmable Logic Devices - FPGAs - Device Architecture - Case

Studies.

UNIT II RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING ARCHITECTURES AND SYSTEMS 9

Reconfigurable Processing Fabric Architectures - RPF Integration into Traditional Computing

Systems - Reconfigurable Computing Systems - Case Studies - Reconfiguration Management.

UNIT III PROGRAMMING RECONFIGURABLE SYSTEMS 9

Compute Models - Programming FPGA Applications in HDL - Compiling C for Spatial

Computing - Operating System Support for Reconfigurable Computing.

UNIT IV MAPPING DESIGNS TO RECONFIGURABLE PLATFORMS 9

The Design Flow - Technology Mapping - FPGA Placement and Routing - Configuration

Bitstream Generation - Case Studies with Appropriate Tools.

140

UNIT V APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITH FPGAS 9

Case Studies of FPGA Applications - System on a Programmable Chip (SoPC) Designs.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Capable of designing a reconfigurable architecture.

Construct a mapping design for the routing process.

Identify the flaws on the design and process.

Explain about the differences between the reconfigurable and general.

Apply the knowledge for the development of application using FPGA.

REFERENCES

1. Scott Hauck and Andre Dehon (Eds.), "Reconfigurable Computing - The Theory and

Practice of FPGA-Based Computation", Elsevier / Morgan Kaufmann, 2008.

2. Maya B. Gokhale and Paul S. Graham, "Reconfigurable Computing: Accelerating

Computation with Field-Programmable Gate Arrays", Springer, 2005.

3. Christophe Bobda, "Introduction to Reconfigurable Computing - Architectures,

Algorithms and Applications", Springer, 2010.

141

15OC303 - COMPUTER VISION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To review image processing techniques for computer vision

To understand shape and region analysis

To understand Hough Transform and its applications to detect lines, circles, ellipses

To understand three-dimensional image analysis techniques

To study some applications of computer vision algorithms.

UNIT I IMAGE PROCESSING FOUNDATIONS 9

Review of image processing techniques - classical filtering operations - thresholding techniques

-edge detection techniques - corner and interest point detection - mathematical morphology -

texture

UNIT II SHAPES AND REGIONS 9

Binary shape analysis - connectedness - object labeling and counting - size filtering - distance

functions - skeletons and thinning - deformable shape analysis - boundary tracking procedures -

active contours - shape models and shape recognition - centroidal profiles - handling occlusion

- boundary length measures - boundary descriptors - chain codes - Fourier descriptors - region

descriptors - moments

UNIT III HOUGH TRANSFORM 9

Line detection - Hough Transform (HT) for line detection - foot-of-normal method - line

localization - line fitting - RANSAC for straight line detection - HT based circular object

detection - accurate center location - speed problem - ellipse detection - Case study: Human Iris

location - hole detection - generalized Hough Transform - spatial matched filtering - GHT for

ellipse detection - object location - GHT for feature collation

UNIT IV 3D VISION AND MOTION 9

Methods for 3D vision - projection schemes - shape from shading - photometric stereo - shape

142

from texture - shape from focus - active range finding - surface representations - point-based

representation - volumetric representations - 3D object recognition - 3D reconstruction -

introduction to motion - triangulation - bundle adjustment - translational alignment - parametric

motion - spline based motion - optical flow - layered motion


Application: Photo album - Face detection - Face recognition - Eigen faces - Active appearance

and 3D shape models of faces Application: Surveillance - foreground-background separation -

particle filters - Chamfer matching, tracking, and occlusion - combining views from multiple

cameras - human gait analysis Application: In-vehicle vision system: locating roadway - road

markings - identifying road signs - locating pedestrians

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the fundamental image processing techniques required for computer vision

Understanding the boundary tracking techniques.

Describe the apply Hough Transform for line, circle, and ellipse detections

Understanding apply 3D vision techniques

Develop applications using computer vision techniques

REFERENCES

1. E. R. Davies, "Computer & Machine Vision", Fourth Edition, Academic Press, 2012.

2. R. Szeliski, "Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications", Springer 2011.

3. Simon J. D. Prince, "Computer Vision: Models, Learning, and Inference",

CambridgeUniversity Press, 2012.

4. Mark Nixon and Alberto S. Aquado, "Feature Extraction & Image Processing for

Computer Vision", Third Edition, Academic Press, 2012.

5. D. L. Baggio et al., "Mastering OpenCV with Practical Computer Vision Projects", Packt

Publishing, 2012.

6. Jan Erik Solem, "Programming Computer Vision with Python: Tools and algorithms for

analysing images", O'Reilly Media, 2012.

143

15OC304 - SOFT COMPUTING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To introduce the students about the concepts, terms and technologies used in soft

computing.

To facilitate them to know about fuzzy logic sets and control methods.

To impart knowledge to the students on Neuro Fuzzy modeling.

To gain understanding about Genetic Algorithm.

To illustrate the basics of soft computing and conventional AI.

UNIT I ARTIFICIAL NEURALS 9

Basic-concepts-single layer perception-Multi layer perception-Supervised and un supervised

learning back propagation networks, Application

UNIT II FUZZY LOGIC 9

Fuzzy sets and Fuzzy reasoning- Fuzzy matrices-Fuzzy functions-decomposition-Fuzzy

automata and languages- Fuzzy control methods-Fuzzy decision making, Applications

UNIT III NEURO-FUZZY MODELLING 9

Adaptive networks based Fuzzy interfaces-Classification and Representation trees-Data dustemp

algorithm -Rule base structure identification-Neuro-Fuzzy controls

UNIT IV GENETIC ALGORITHM 9

Survival of the fittest-pictures computations-cross over mutation-reproduction-rank method-rank

space method, Application

UNIT V SOFT COMPUTING AND CONVENTIONAL AI 9

AI Search algorithm-Predicate calculus rules of interface - Semantic networks-frames-objects-

Hybrid models applications

144

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Demonstrate the soft computational techniques.

Able to apply soft computational techniques to solve various problems.

Explain the functioning of various Neuro Fuzzy modeling used in soft Computing.

Describe in the detailed about the genetic algorithm.

Use AI search algorithm to diminish the loss effects to find the optimum for the soft

computing.

REFERENCES

1. Jang J.S.R.,Sun C.T and Mizutami E - Neuro Fuzzy and Soft computing

Prentice hall New Jersey,1998

2. Timothy J.Ross:Fuzzy Logic Engineering Applications. McGraw Hill,New York, 1997.

3. LaureneFauseett: Fundamentals of Neural Networks. Prentice Hall India, New

Delhi, 1994.

4. George J.Klir and Bo Yuan, Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic, Prentice Hall Inc., New

Jersey,1995

5. Nih.J. Ndssen Artificial Intelligence, Harcourt Asia Ltd.,Singapore,1998.

145

15OC305 - MULTIMEDIA COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the basic ideas of compression algorithms related to multimedia

components –Text, speech, audio, image and video.

To learn basic forms of text compression techniques in detail.

To make the students understand the image compression standard and implementations

using filters.

To enhance the knowledge of audio compression techniques.

To gain the knowledge about current trend in video compression standards.

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPRESSION 9

Introduction To multimedia - Graphics, Image and Video representations - Fundamental

concepts of video, digital audio - Storage requirements of multimedia applications - Need for

compression - Taxonomy of compression Algorithms - Elements of Information Theory - Error

Free Compression - Lossy Compression.

UNIT II TEXT COMPRESSION 9

Huffman coding - Adaptive Huffman coding - Arithmetic coding - Shannon Fano coding -

Dictionary techniques - LZW family algorithms.

UNIT III IMAGE COMPRESSION 9

Image Compression Fundamentals -- Compression Standards - JPEG Standard - Sub band

coding - Wavelet Based compression - Implementation using Filters - EZW, SPIHT coders -

JPEG 2000 standards - JBIG and JBIG2 standards.

UNIT IV AUDIO COMPRESSION 9

Audio compression Techniques - p law, A Law commanding - Frequency domain and filtering

- Basic sub band coding - Application to speech coding - G.722 - MPEG audio - Progressive

encoding - Silence compression, Speech compression - Formant and CELP vocoders.

UNIT V VIDEO COMPRESSION 9

Video compression techniques and Standards - MPEG video coding MPEG- 1 and MPEG - 2

video coding MPEG- 3 and MPEG- 4 - Motion estimation and compensation techniques -

146

H.261 Standard - DVI technology - DVI real time compression - Current Trends in

Compression standards.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Implement basic compression algorithms.

Design and implement some basic compression standards.

Analyze different approaches of compression algorithms in multimedia related mini

projects.

Analyze and formulate an audio compression standards.

Describe the importance, challenges and role of video compression standards.

REFERENCES

1. Khalid Sayood, "Introduction to Data Compression", Morgan Kauffman Harcourt, Fourth

Edition, 2012.

2. David Solomon, "Data Compression - The Complete REFERENCE:", Fourth Edition,

Springer Verlog, 2006.

3. Yun Q.Shi, Huifang Sun, "Image and Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering,

4. Algorithms and Fundamentals", CRC Press, 2003.

5. Mark S. Drew, Ze- Nian Li, "Fundamentals of Multimedia", PHI, 2009.

147

15OC306 - PATTERN RECOGNITION

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To know about supervised and unsupervised learning.

To understands the concept of clustering.

To study about feature extraction and structural pattern recognition.

To explore different classification models.

To understand fuzzy pattern classifiers and perception

UNIT I PATTERN CLASSIFIER 9

Overview of Pattern recognition - Discriminant functions - Supervised learning - Parametric

estimation - Maximum Likelihood Estimation - Bayesian parameter Estimation - Problems with

Bayes approach- Pattern classification by distance functions - Minimum distance pattern

classifier.

UNIT II CLUSTERING 9

Clustering for unsupervised learning and classification - Clustering concept - C Means

algorithm - Hierarchical clustering - Graph theoretic approach to pattern Clustering - Validity

of Clusters.

UINT III FEATURE EXTRACTION AND STRUCTURAL PATTERN

RECOGNITION 9

KL Transforms - Feature selection through functional approximation - Binary selection -

Elements of formal grammars - Syntactic description - Stochastic grammars - Structural

representation.

UNIT IV HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE 9

State Machines - Hidden Markov Models - Training - Classification - Support vector Machine

- Feature Selection.

UNIT V RECENT ADVANCES 9

Fuzzy logic - Fuzzy Pattern Classifiers - Pattern Classification using Genetic Algorithms - Case

Study Using Fuzzy Pattern Classifiers and Perception.

148

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Classify the data and identify the patterns.

Describe the detailed knowledge about the clustering and validity of clusters.

Analyze the feature set and select the features from given data set.

Explain the various hidden markov models and support vector machine.

Design and implementation of recent advances in fuzzy logic pattern.

REFERENCES

1. M. Narasimha Murthy and V. Susheela Devi, "Pattern Recognition", Springer 2011.

2. S.Theodoridis and K.Koutroumbas, "Pattern Recognition", 4th Ed., Academic Press,

2009.

3. Robert J.Schalkoff, "Pattern Recognition Statistical, Structural and Neural Approaches",

John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1992.

4. C.M.Bishop, "Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning", Springer, 2006.

5. R.O.Duda, P.E.Hart and D.G.Stork, "Pattern Classification", John Wiley, 2001

6. Andrew Webb, "Stastical Pattern Recognition", Arnold publishers, London, 1999.

149

15OC307 - ADVANCED DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the image fundamentals and mathematical transforms necessary image

processing.

To make the students to understand the importance of the segementation in digital image

processing.

To understand how image are analyzed to extract features of interest.

To introduce the concepts of image registration and image fusion.

To provide the students with the necessary knowledge about the 3D image visualization.

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 9

Elements of visual perception, brightness, contrast, hue, saturation, mach band effect, 2D image

transforms-DFT, DCT, KLT, and SVD. Image enhancement in spatial and frequency domain,

Review of morphological image processing.

UNIT II SEGMENTATION 9

Edge detection, Thresholding, Region growing, Fuzzy clustering, Watershed algorithm, Active

contour methods, Texture feature based segmentation, Model based segmentation, Atlas based

segmentation, Wavelet based Segmentation methods.

UNIT III FEATURE EXTRACTION 9

First and second order edge detection operators, Phase congruency, Localized feature Extraction

detecting image curvature, shape features Hough transform, shape skeletonization, Boundary

descriptors, Moments, Texture descriptors- Autocorrelation, Co-occurrence features, Runlength

features, Fractal model based features, Gabor filter, wavelet features.

UNIT IV REGISTRATION AND IMAGE FUSION 9

Registration- Preprocessing, Feature selection-points, lines, regions and templates feature

correspondence-Point pattern matching, Line matching, region matching template matching.

Transformation functions-Similarity transformationand Affine Transformation. Resampling-

Nearest Neighbour and Cubic Splines Image Fusion-Overview of image fusion, pixel fusion,

Multiresolution based fusiondiscrete wavelet transform, Curvelet transform. Region

150

based fusion.

UNIT V 3D IMAGE VISUALIZATION 9

Sources of 3D Data sets, Slicing the Data set, Arbitrary section planes, The use of color,

Volumetric display, Stereo Viewing, Ray tracing, Reflection, Surfaces, Multiply connected

surfaces, Image processing in 3D, Measurements on 3D images.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Apply image processing techniques in both the spatial and frequency (Fourier) domains.

Design image analysis techniques in the form of image segmentation and to evaluate the

methodologies for segmentation.

Conduct independent study and analysis of feature extraction techniques.

Apply knowledge of registration and image fusion.

Explain 3D image visualization and its applications of advanced digital signal processing.

TEXT BOOK

1. John C.Russ, "The Image Processing Handbook", CRC Press, 2007.

2. Mark Nixon, Alberto Aguado, "Feature Extraction and Image Processing", Academic

Press, 2008.

3. ArdeshirGoshtasby, "2D and 3D Image registration for Medical, Remote Sensing

andIndustrial Applications",John Wiley and Sons,2005.

REFERENCES

1. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing', Pearson,Education,

Inc., Second Edition, 2004.

2. Anil K. Jain, , Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing', Pearson Education,Inc., 2002.

3. Rick S.Blum, Zheng Liu," Multisensor image fusion and its

Applications",Taylor&Francis,2006.

151

15OC308 - HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTER NETWORKS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To provide knowledge to the students on the modes of communication and its basic

networks.

To enable the students to understand the protocols used for the multimedia networking

applications.

To make the students to gain knowledge about the advanced networks and its features.

To illustrate the students about the concepts of traffic models in communication path and

its network performance.

To introduce the students about the cryptography and its features.


Review of OSI, TCP/IP; Multiplexing, Modes of Communication, Switching, Routing, SONET -

DWDM - DSL - ISDN - BISDN, ATM.

UNIT II MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING APPLICATIONS 9

Streaming stored Audio and Video - Best effort service - protocols for real time interactive

applications - Beyond best effort - scheduling and policing mechanism - integrated services -

RSVP- differentiated services.

UNIT III ADVANCED NETWORKS CONCEPTS 10

VPN-Remote-Access VPN, site-to-site VPN, Tunneling to PPP, Security in VPN.MPLS-

operation, Routing, Tunneling and use of FEC, Traffic Engineering, MPLS based VPN, overlay

networks-P2P connections.

UNIT IV TRAFFIC MODELLING 7

Little's theorem, Need for modeling, Poisson modeling and its failure, Non- poisson models,

Network performance evaluation.

UNIT V NETWORK SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 10

Principles of cryptography - Authentication - integrity - key distribution and certification -

152

Access control and: fire walls - attacks and counter measures - security in many layers.

Infrastructure for network management - The internet standard management framework - SMI,

MIB, SNMP, Security and administration - ASN.1

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Gain an intuitive understanding of the modes of communication and its basic networks

Design and implement the multimedia network based on the applications.

Understand the advanced network concepts.

Apply the knowledge of traffic modeling for various communication path.

Develop a various network security modes.

REFERENCES

1. J.F. Kurose & K.W. Ross,"Computer Networking- A top down approach featuring the

internet", Pearson, 2nd edition, 2003.

2. Walrand .J. Varatya, High performance communication network, MarganKanffman -

Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Edition, 2000.

3. LEOM-GarCIA, WIDJAJA, "Communication networks", TMH seventh reprint 2002.

4. Aunuragkumar, D. MAnjunath, Joy kuri, "Communication Networking", Morgan

Kaufmann Publishers, 1ed 2004.

5. HersentGurle& petit, "IP Telephony, packet Pored Multimedia communication

Systems", Pearson education 2003.

6. Larry l.Peterson&BruceS.David, "Computer Networks: A System Approach"- 1996.

153

15OC309 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the importance of research and its techniques.

To enable the student to understand the factors and reliability of experimental design.

To expose the student to the various methods of data collection.

To express the students to the techniques of multivariate statistics.

To enable the students to motivate the purpose of written report and its format.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH 9

The hallmarks of scientific research - Building blocks of science in research - Concept of

Applied and Basic research - Quantitative and Qualitative Research Techniques - Need for

theoretical frame work - Hypothesis development - Hypothesis testing with quantitative data.

Research design - Purpose of the study: Exploratory, Descriptive, Hypothesis Testing.

UNIT II EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 9

Laboratory and the Field Experiment - Internal and External Validity - Factors affecting Internal

validity. Measurement of variables - Scales and measurements of variables. Developing scales -

Rating scale and attitudinal scales - Validity testing of scales - Reliability concept in scales

being developed - Stability Measures.

UNIT III DATA COLLECTION METHODS 9

Interviewing, Questionnaires, etc. Secondary sources of data collection. Guidelines for

Questionnaire Design - Electronic Questionnaire Design and Surveys. Special Data Sources:

Focus Groups, Static and Dynamic panels. Review of Advantages and Disadvantages of various

Data-Collection Methods and their utility. Sampling Techniques - Probabilistic and non-

probabilistic samples. Issues of Precision and Confidence in determining Sample Size.

Hypothesis testing, Determination of Optimal sample size.

UNIT IV MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES 9

Data Analysis - Factor Analysis - Cluster Analysis - Discriminant Analysis - Multiple

Regression and Correlation - Canonical Correlation - Application of Statistical (SPSS) Software

Package in Research.

154

UNIT V RESEARCH REPORT 9

Purpose of the written report - Concept of audience - Basics of written reports. Integral parts of

a report - Title of a report, Table of contents, Abstract, Synopsis, Introduction, Body of a report

- Experimental, Results and Discussion - Recommendations and Implementation section -

Conclusions and Scope for future work.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Gain an intuitive understanding of the importance of research and its techniques.

Implement the techniques in laboratory and the field experiment for various applications.

Understand the various methods of data collection.

Apply the knowledge about the techniques of multivariate statistics on various fields.

Develop a research report as per the format.

REFERENCES

1. Donald R. Cooper and Ramela S. Schindler, Business Research Methods, Tata McGraw-

Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2000

2. Uma Sekaran, Research Methods for Business, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New

York,2000.

3. C.R.Kothari, Research Methodology, WishvaPrakashan, New Delhi, 2001.

4. Donald H.McBurney, Research Methods, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore, 2002.

5. G.W.Ticehurst and A.J.Veal, Business Research Methods, Longman, 1999.

6. Ranjit Kumar, Research Methodology, Sage Publications, London, New Delhi, 1999.

7. Raymond-Alain Thie'tart, et.al., Doing Management Research, Sage Publications.

155

15OC310 - APPLIED ELECTRONICS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To enable the student to understand the basic theorems in the circuit and the frequency

response of passive components

To express the students about the operational amplifier and its applications.

To enable the students to gain knowledge on oscillator, active filter and timer.

To illustrate the students about the concepts and design procedures of sequential circuits.

To expose the student to the concept of sensors and convertors.

UNIT I CIRCUIT THEORY & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 9

Circuit Theory: KCL, KVL, Mesh Analysis, Nodal Analysis, Thevenin's Theorem, Maximum

Power Transfer Theorem. R, L, C components: Frequency Response - Energy & Power

relations. Transformers.

UNIT II OP-AMP & ITS APPLICATIONS 9

Op-Amp: Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic

amplifier, Antilogarithmic amplifier, Comparators - Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, Peak

detector, Clipper and clamper, Rectangular and Triangular wave Generator.

UNIT III OSCILLATOR, ACTIVE FILTER & TIMER 9

Oscillators & Active Filters using Op-Amp (IC741): RC Phase shift, Wein bridge oscillator,

Active first order Low Pass, High Pass & Band Pass Filters, (IC 555) Timer and its applications.

UNIT IV SEQUENTIAL LOGIC DESIGN 9

Flip Flops and their conversions, Analysis and synthesis of synchronous sequential

circuits, Excitation table , State table and state diagram, Design of synchronous counters,

Analysis of asynchronous sequential circuits, Reduction of state and flow table, Race free

state assignment, Design of Asynchronous counters, Timing diagram, Shift registers and

their applications.

156

UNIT V SENSORS AND CONVERTORS 9

Operating Principle & Response of Sensors: Temperature, Humidity, Stress, Strain gauge, Gas,

Displacement sensors. Optical detector - PIN & Photo diode, Relays, Convertors: ADC and

DAC. T & n type Attenuators.

157

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Gain an intuitive understanding on basic theorems in the circuit and the frequency response

of passive components.

Implement the circuit using op-amp for various applications.

Develop an application using oscillator, active filter and timer.

Implement the concepts of asynchronous sequential circuits

Understand the concepts and principle of sensors and convertors.

REFERENCES

1. B.L.Theraja, Dr.R.S.Sedha - Principles of Electronic Devices and Circuits (Analog and

Digital), S.Chand, revised 2011.

2. Adel.S.Sedra, Kenneth.C.Smith - Microelectronic Circuits, 5th ed/-, Oxford Press.

3. Robert L.Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky - Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th ed/-

PHI, 2007.

4. Floyd & Jain - Digital Fundamentals, 8th ed/-, Pearson education, 2008.

158

15OC311 - FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To study and understand the fundamentals of signal and to analyze in various

domain.

To encourage the students to gain knowledge of the amplitude modulation and its

characteristics

To make the students to gain knowledge of the angle modulation and its

characteristics.

To introduce the students the concepts of digital communication.

To make the students to understand the concept of various communication systems.

UNIT I SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9

Classification- Power and Energy Signals, Periodic & Aperiodic signals, Fundamentals of

Frequency Domain Analysis- Frequency Spectrum- Types of Noise.

UNIT II AMPLITUDE MODULATION 9

AM Technique, AM Transceiver, Noise Analysis- Power Estimation, Frequency Spectrum.

UNIT III ANGLE MODULATION 9

FM Transceiver, PM Transceiver, Pre Emphasis- De Emphasis, Band width and Power

Estimation, Frequency Spectrum of modulated signal.

UNIT IV DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9

Sampling theorem, Quantization, PCM, PWM, PPM, DM, ADM- Transceiver- Error Control

Coding.

UNIT V COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 9

Cellular Telephone, RADAR, Satellite communication, Global Positioning System, Optical

Communication.

159

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the fundamentals of signal and to analyze it in various domain.

Recognize the principle and process of the amplitude modulated signal.

Explain the concept of angle modulation.

Demonstrate the techniques in the field of digital communication and to implement them in

the real life applications.

Apply their idea for various communication systems as per the applications.

TEXT BOOK

1. Wayne Tomasi - Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6th ed/-.,PHI, 2013

160

15OC312 - FIBRE OPTIC METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL

HEALTH MONITORING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the fundamentals of structural health monitoring and the principles

of fibre optic sensors

To improve their knowledge in fibre optic deformation sensors

To understand various topologies of the sensors.

To demonstrate the various monitoring strategies-I using finite element

To study the various monitoring strategies-II using finite element

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND

FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS 9

Basic Notions, Needs and Benefits, Structural Health Monitoring Process, Introduction to Fibre-

Optic Technology, Fibre-Optic Sensing Technologies, Distributed Sensing Cables.

UNIT II FIBRE-OPTIC DEFORMATION SENSORS 9

Strain Components and Strain Time Evolution, Sensor Gauge Length and Measurement,

Interpretation of strain measurement.

UNIT III SENSOR TOPOLOGIES 9

Finite Element Structural Health Monitoring Concept: Introduction, Simple Topology and

Applications, Parallel Topology, Crossed Topology, Triangular Topology.

UNIT IV FINITE ELEMENT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

STRATEGIES-I 9

Introduction, Monitoring of Pile Foundations, Monitoring of Buildings, Monitoring of Tunnels,

Monitoring of Heritage Structures.

UNIT V FINITE ELEMENT STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

STRATEGIES-II 9

Monitoring of Bridges, Monitoring of Dams, Monitoring of Pipelines.

161

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Describe the fundamentals of structural health monitoring and the principles of fibre optic

sensors

Recognize the purpose of fibre optic deformation sensors.

Describe the various topologies of the sensors.

Demonstrate the various monitoring strategies-I using finite element

Apply their idea forthe various monitoring strategies-II using finite element.

TEXT BOOK

1. BrankoGlisic, Daniele Inaudi "Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring"

John Wiley, 2007

162

15OC313 - AUTOMOBILE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To understand the functioning of various tools and test equipment used in electrical and

electronic systems.

To illustrate the basics of electrical systems in automobiles

To impart knowledge on the role of electronics in ignition, lighting and in comfort and

safety.

To enhance the knowledge of sensor and microprocessor applications in vehicle control

systems.

To Gain information on modern safety system in vehicle braking.

UNIT I ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES AND TOOLS & TEST

EQUIPMENT 9

Safe working practices, Basic electrical principles, Electronic components and circuits, Digital

electronics, Microprocessor systems, Measurement, Sensors and actuators, Basic equipment,

Multimeter, Specialist equipment, Dedicated equipment, On-board diagnostics.

UNIT II ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND CIRCUITS, BATTERIES AND

CHARGINGSYSTEMS 9

Electrical wiring, terminals and switching, Multiplexed wiring systems, Circuit diagrams and

symbols, Vehicle batteries, Lead-acid batteries, Maintenance and charging, Diagnosing lead-acid

battery faults, Charging system principles, Alternators and charging circuits.

UNIT III STARTING SYSTEMS, IGNITION SYSTEMS AND LIGHTING 9

Starter motors and circuits, Ignition fundamentals, Electronic ignition, Programmed ignition,

Lighting fundamentals, Lighting circuits, Gas discharge and LED lighting, Diagnosing lighting

system faults.

UNIT IV AUXILIARIES, INSTRUMENTATION, AIR CONDITIONING AND

CHASSIS ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 9

Signalling circuits, Gauges and sensors, Driver information, Visual displays, Conventional

heating and ventilation, Air conditioning, Diagnosing air conditioning system faults, Advanced

temperature control technology, Anti-lock brakes, Active suspension, Traction control,

Automatic transmission

163

UNIT V COMFORT AND SAFETY, AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES 9

Seats, mirrors and sun-roofs, Central locking and electric windows, Cruise control, In-car

multimedia, Security, Airbags and belt tensioners, Electric traction, Hybrid vehicles.

Total: 45 Periods

Course Outcomes:


Explain the functioning of various electronic components used in automobiles.

Describe the detailed knowledge about the batteries and ignition systems.

Explain the various engine components as per system requirements.

Analyze the established engineering methods to complex engineering problem using the

techniques.

Explain the electronics in comfort and safety of vehicles

TEXT BOOK

1. Tom Denton - Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, Routledge, Taylor &

Francis Group.

164

15OC314 - MOBILE COMPUTING

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To study and understand the fundamentals of mobile computing.

To encourage the students to gain knowledge on the features and architectures of

mobile internet protocol.

To make the students to gain knowledge of the mobile communication system.

To introduce the students the characteristics and applications mobile ad-. hoc

networks

To make the students to understand the various mobile platforms and its

applications.

.


Mobile Computing - Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking - Mobile Computing

Applications - Characteristics of Mobile computing - Structure of Mobile Computing

Application. MAC Protocols - Wireless MAC Issues - Fixed Assignment Schemes - Random

Assignment Schemes - Reservation Based Schemes.

UNIT II MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER 9

Overview of Mobile IP - Features of Mobile IP - Key Mechanism in Mobile IP - route

Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP - Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window -

Improvement in TCP Performance.

UNIT III MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM 9

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) -

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).

UNIT IV MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS 9

Ad-Hoc Basic Concepts - Characteristics - Applications - Design Issues - Routing - Essential

of Traditional Routing Protocols -Popular Routing Protocols - Vehicular Ad Hoc networks

(VANET) - MANET Vs VANET - Security.

165

UNIT V MOBILE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS 9

Mobile Device Operating Systems - Special Constrains & Requirements - Commercial

Mobile Operating Systems - Software Development Kit: iOS, Android, BlackBerry, Windows

Phone - MCommerce - Structure - Pros & Cons - Mobile Payment System - Security Issues.

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Gain an intuitive understanding of the fundamentals of mobile computing.

Design and implement the mobile internet protocol based on the applications.

Understand the features of the mobile communication system.

Develop various mobile ad-. hoc networks for various communication path.

Develop an application using mobile platforms.

TEXT BOOK

1. Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Rajib Mall, "Fundamentals of Mobile Computing", PHI

Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi - 2012.

REFERENCES

1. Jochen H. Schller, "Mobile Communications", Second Edition, Pearson Education, New

Delhi 2007.

2. Dharma Prakash Agarval, Qing and An Zeng, "Introduction to Wireless and

Mobilesystems", Thomson Asia Pvt Ltd, 2005.

3. Uwe Hansmann, LotharMerk, Martin S. Nicklons and Thomas Stober, "Principles of

Mobile Computing", Springer, 2003.

4. William.C.Y.Lee,"Mobile Cellular Telecommunications-Analog and Digital Systems",

Second Edition,Tata Mc Graw Hill Edition ,2006.

5. C.K.Toh, "AdHoc Mobile Wireless Networks", First Edition, Pearson Education, 2002.

166

15OC315 - OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

To learn about the basic components of optical networking

To understand the layers, topologies and architecture of SONET and SDH networks

To improve the knowledge of students in broadcast and select networks.

To enable the students to understand the concepts of layers and issues in wavelength

routing networks

To enable the students to understand the concepts of various high capacity networks.

UNIT I OPTICAL NETWORKING COMPONENTS 9

First and second generation optical networks - Components - Couplers - Isolators -

circulators - Multiplexers - Filters - Amplifiers - Switches and wavelength converters

UNIT II SONET AND SDH NETWORKS 9

Integration of TDM signals - Layers - Framing - Transport overhead - Alarms - multiplexing

- Network elements - Topologies - Protection architectures - Ring architectures - Network

management

UNIT III BROADCAST AND SELECT NETWORKS 9

Topologies - Single-hop - Multi-hop - and Shuffle net multi-hop network - Media -

Access control protocols - Test beds.

UNIT IV WAVELENGTH ROUTING NETWORKS 9

Node design - Issues in network design and operation - Optical layer cost tradeoffs - Routing

and wavelength assignment - Wavelength routing test beds

UNIT V HIGH CAPACITY NETWORKS 9

SDM - TDM and WDM approaches - Application areas - Optical TDM networks -

Multiplexing and demultiplexing - Synchronization - Broadcast networks - Switch based

networks - OTDM test beds

167

Total: 45 Periods

OUTCOMES


Demonstrate the working modes of optical network components.

Able to gain knowledge on layers, topologies and architecture of SONET and SDH

networks

Explain the functioning of various broadcast and select networks.

Describe in the concepts of layers and issues in wavelength routing networks

Develop various high capacity networks as per the applications

TEXT BOOK

1. Rajiv, Ramaswami and Kumar Sivarajan, "Optical Networks: A practicalperspective",

2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001.

2. Keiser G., "Optical fiber communication systems", McGraw-Hill, 2000.

REFERENCES

1. VivekAlwayn, "Optical Network Design and Implementation", PearsonEducation, 2004.

2. Hussein T. Mouftab and Pin-Han Ho, "Optical Networks: Architecture

andSurvivability", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

168

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