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Mechanical EngineeringAnnual Report 20092010


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C

2 Message froM the Char

3 trends & statstCs

n the news 4 ME Faculty Win Prestigious Societal

Awards

6 Junior Faculty Win Early Career Awards

7 Going Green:MEforGreenVehicleEducation

8 U-M to Lead New Naval EngineeringEducation Center

9 Meet New Faculty

10 From U-M to the White House:KotaAdvancingManufacturing

11 Effecting National Standards:AssanisWorkCitedinPresidentialMemo

11 Thouless Bestows University

Commencement Honors12 ME Faculty Directs U-M Energy Institute

advanCes n researCh14 Advancing the Three Pillars of

Sustainability

16 Alternative Propulsion Systems:HybridVehiclesareChangingtheTransportationLandscape

18 Heat Transfer Physics:RecyclingAtomicVibrationalEnergy

20 Probing Nanoscale Energy Phenomena

22 Environmental Nanoparticles: FromCombustiontoHumanHealthEffects

24 Exploring Defects: UsingQuantumMechanicstoPredictMaterialBehavior

26 From Atom to Application:ExploringLaser-MaterialInteractions

28 Shape Memory Alloys: SeeingtheForestandtheTrees

30 Epoxy Curing:NewModelsforNewMaterials

31 New Technology for Better MEMSMicrophones

32 Measuring Human Motion:MiniatureWirelessInertialSensing

34 Inventing New Devices:SmartMaterialsYieldSmartSolutions

36 Micro-Robotics: NewStrategiesfor

ControlandOptimization37 Minimally Invasive Surgery: Affordable

andFunctionalTools

38 Novel Bio-MEMS Platform:MonitoringHIV/AIDSinResource-LimitedAreas

40 The Biomechanics of Injury

42 Novel Devices to Retrain Balance

eXCeLLenCe n edUCaton44 X50 Design and Manufacturing:

ShowcasingCreativityandInnovation

46 Students of the World:GainingaGlobalPerspective

49 Student Teams and Chapters Thrive

appontMents, awards &proMotons51 ME Faculty Take College and University

Leadership Positions

52 Ulsoy Named Distinguished UniversityProfessor

52 Faculty Awards & Promotions

53 Graduate Student Honors

53 Undergraduate Student Awards

aLUMn news & profLes54 Korybalski Lectureship:BringsCharles

Vest,RogerMcCarthytoCampus

55 Raymond Wilcox:StrengtheningCommunicationsamongFutureEngineeringLeaders

55 Carroll and Kit Haas: LongtimeFriends,Supporters,ofME

56 Ray Pittman:ReceivesAlumniSocietyMeritAward

56 IN MEMRIAM

16 22 4233


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MECHANICALENGINEERINGANNUALREPORT2009201002

Message from the Chair

Iamproudtopresentthe20092010AnnualReporttoyou.Itislledwithnumer-oushighlightsofactivitiesoverthepastyearinvolvingourfaculty,staff,studentsandalumni,demonstratingthattheDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering(ME)attheUniversityofMichigan(U-M)isaleaderinforgingnewpathsinresearchandeduca-tionandhavingastrongandpositiveimpactonourcommunity.

Ourfacultyatalllevelsarewellrecog-nizedfortheforesight,innovationandreachoftheirwork,evidentbythemanydistinguishedawardsearnedfrompro-fessionalsocieties.SomeoftherecentawardsincludetheAmericanSocietyofBiomechanicsBorelliAward,theAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersDanielC.DruckerMedal,RufusOldenburgerMedal,WilliamT.EnnorManufacturingTechnologyAward,JamesHarryPotterGoldMedal,GustusL.LarsonMemorialAwardaswellasthePiTauSigmaGoldMedalandTheSocietyofEngineeringScienceWilliamPragerMedal.

Ourjuniorfacultyarerecognizedfortheirearly-careersuccesseswithhighlycom-petitiveyounginvestigatorawards,suchastheNationalInstitutesofHealthDirectorsNewInnovatorsAward,theEarlyCareerResearchAwardfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy,theNationalScienceFoundationCAREERAwardandtheYoungFacultyAwardfromtheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency.Thisyearwe

hiredthreenewassistantprofessors;eachbringsvaluabletalenttotheU-MMEcom-munity.Wewillhavemultiplenewfacultyopeningstollinthecomingyearaswell.

TheDepartmentsresearcheffortsarehavingsignicantimpactonthescienticcommunityaswellasonoursociety.Inthepagesthatfollow,youwillreadaboutthediscoveriesandbreakthroughsinbothfundamentalandappliedresearchinmyriadareas:sustainability,energy,nanoscale

AcademyofSciencesreportco-authoredbyanotherMEfacultymemberwascitedinapresidentialmemorandumwrittentoeffectfuelefciencystandards.

TheMEdepartmentexcelsandtakesmuchprideinoureducationinitiativesandefforts.Ourfacultymembershaverecentlyspearheadedtwomulti-milliondollarmajoreducationalprograms:anavalengineeringeducationcenterandatransportationelectricationeducationconsortium.Asyouwillread,numerousongoingprogramsallowstudentstogainuniqueandmeaning-fulstudyexperiencesbothinAnnArborandabroad.Ourstudentteamsexcel,tooinfact,theU-MSolarCarTeamjustwontheAmericanSolarChallengeforthethirdconsecutiveyear.

Weareproudofourvastandever-support-ivealumninetwork.Ourgraduatesnotonlyaresuccessfulintheircareers,theyalsoarealwaysgenerouswiththeirtime,knowledgeandresourcesseveralexamplesarehigh-lightedinthisyearsreport.

Asyoucantell,andwillreadinthepagesthatfollow,ithasbeenanotherproductiveandfruitfulyear!

Thankyouforyourinterest.

Kon-WellWang

StephenP.TimoshenkoCollegiateProfessorandChair,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering

TheDepartmentof

MechanicalEngineeringat

theUniversityofMichigan

isaleaderinforgingnew

pathsinresearchand

educationandhavinga

strongandpositiveimpact

onourcommunity.

particlesandmaterials,mechanicsofadvancedmaterials,mechatronicsandcon-trols,MEMStransducers,biosystemsandbiomechanics.Inaddition,ourcolleaguesplayimportantleadershiprolesvisvisthenationalagendawithexampleshighlightedinthisreport:oneofourfacultyisservingasassistantdirectorofadvancedmanufactur-ingattheWhiteHouseOfceofScienceandTechnologyPolicy;andaNational


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MECHANICALENGINEERINGANNUALREPORT20092010 03

F A C U L T Y P R O F I L E

57# of Society Fellows

5# of Current NAE Members

(Includes primary and joint ME appointments)

4# of NSF PECASE

or PFF Awards

27# of NSF CAREER

or PYI Awards

6# of Current JournalChief Editors

68# of Current Journal

Editorial Board or AssociateEditor Appointments

T & T T F A C U L T Y T R E N D S

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Assistant

Associate

Professor

Total Faculty

FA05

8

12

30

50

FA06

6

13

31

50

FA07

9

12

34

55

FA08

10

11

36

57

FA09

11

12

35

58

FA10

12

12

36

60

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Male

Female

Total Faculty

FA05

43

7

50

FA06

42

8

50

FA07

46

9

55

FA08

47

10

57

FA09

48

10

58

FA10

50

10

60

M E D E G R E E S C O N F E R R E D

2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9

BSE 243

MSE 124

PhD 50

Trends&Statistics

NIH

DoE

NSFDoD

All Other

Total

$30M

$25M

$20M

$15M

$10M

$5M

0

0708

1,232,517

1,885,113

3,099,4146,030,570

12,076,860

$24,324,474

0809

1,403,643

1,773,858

2,460,17710,195,017

14,608,221

$30,440,916

0910

1,996,237

2,390,860

2,701,33010,992,316

13,792,756

$31,873,499

A N N U A L R E S E A R C H

E X P E N D I T U R E S


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n the news

ME Faculty Win Prestigious Societal Awards

ThecontributionsandimpactoftheresearchadvancesmadebyMEfacultyarewidelyandfrequentlyrecog-nizedbyprofessionalsocietieswithprestigiousawards.Manyfacultyhavereceivedcovetedhonorsinrecentyearsforthebreadth,depthandcreativityoftheirwork.Severalarehighlightedbelow (moreawardsarelistedonpages52-53):

ProfessorJames Barberearnedthe2009AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)DanielC.Druckermedalinrecognitionofhisdistinguishedcontri-butionstotheeldofappliedmechanicsandmechani-calengineeringthroughsustainedresearch,teachingandservicetothecommunity.Itisoneofthehighestcareerdistinctionsamechanicsscholarcanachieve.

ProfessorAlan Wineman earnedTheSocietyofEngineeringScience(SES)WilliamPragerMedalin2009.WinemanwasselectedforthePragermedalforhisoutstandingresearchcontributionsintheoreti-calsolidmechanics.Astherecipientofthemedal,Winemanwasinvitedtogivetheplenarylectureatthe

2009jointAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers-ASME-SESConferenceonMechanicsandMaterials.

ProfessorA. Galip UlsoyisarecentrecipientoftheRufusT.OldenburgerMedal,anothertopASMEawardrecognizinglifetimeachievementintheeldofautomaticcontrol.Ulsoyearnedthemedalforfunda-mentalandwiderangingcontributionstotheanalysisandcontrolofdynamicsystemswithabroadrangeofapplications,fromautomotivesystemstomanufactur-ingsystems.UlsoywasthefoundingdirectoroftheGroundRoboticsReliabilityCenterandcurrentlyservesasdeputydirector.

TheASMEawardedProfessorJun Ni the2009WilliamT.EnnorManufacturingTechnologyAwardforNissignicantcontributionstoaninnovativemanufacturingtechnology,theimplementationofwhichhasresultedinsubstantialeconomicand/orsocietalbenets.NidirectstheS.M.WuManufacturingResearchCenterandservesasdeputydirectoroftheNationalScienceFoundationEngineeringResearchCenterforRecongurableManufacturingSystemsatU-M.


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AssociateProfessorClaus Borgnakkereceivedthe2009JamesHarryPotterGoldMedal,alsobestowedbytheASME.TheMedalrecognizeseminentachieve-mentanddistinguishedserviceinthescienceofther-modynamicsinmechanicalengineering.Theawardisbasedoncontributionstoteachinganduseofthermodynamicprinciplesinresearch,developmentanddesign.

AlbertSchultzCollegiateResearchProfessor JamesAshton-MillerwashonoredwiththeBorelliAwardattheannualmeetingoftheAmericanSocietyofBiomechanics(ASB)inAugust2009.Theawardrecog-nizesAshton-Millerforhisresearchinbiomechanicsand

isthehighesthonorbestowedbytheASB.

Ashton-MillerservesasdirectoroftheBiomechanicsResearchLaboratory.Hisresearchinterestsincludemobilityimpairmentsintheelderly;trips,slipsandfalls;elderlydecision-makingandrisk-takinginphysi-caltasks;birthrelatedinjury;femalestressurinaryincontinence;spinebiomechanics;athleticinjuriesandoccupantvehicularsafety.

INTHENEWS 05

ProfessorAnna Stefanopoulouisthe2009recipi-entoftheASMEGustusL.LarsonMemorialAward,whichhonorsengineeringgraduateswhohaveshownoutstandingachievementinmechanicalengineeringwithintentotwentyyearsofearningtheirdegrees.StefanopoulouwasrecentlyappointeddirectoroftheAutomotiveResearchCenter(seerelatedstoryonpage51).

AssistantProfessorA. John Hartistherecipientofthe2009ASMEPiTauSigmaGoldMedal.Themedalisawardedtoyoungengineeringgraduateswhohavedemonstratedoutstandingachievementinmechani-calengineeringwithintenyearsfollowingreceiptofthe

baccalaureatedegree.HartalsoreceivedtheSocietyofManufacturingEngineers(SME)2010OutstandingYoungManufacturingEngineerAward.ThisawardrecognizedHartforhisexceptionalcontributionsinmanufacturing.

6 7 9

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SeveralMEfacultymaybeintheearlystagesoftheircareers,buttheirworkisalreadydrawingattentionandshowingresults.Thefollowingjuniorfacultyhavebeenrecognizedin0910fortheirinnovativeandcreativeapproachestoproblemsandthepromiseandtremendouspotentialoftheirwork.

AssistantProfessorNikosChronis(PhD,UCBerkeley)receivedtheNationalInstituteofHealth(NIH)DirectorsNewInnovatorsAward.Heisoneofabout50investigatorsintheearlystagesoftheircareershonoredwiththeawardin2009.Theprizesupportsexceptionalcreativityamongnewinvestiga-torsworkingoninnovativeproj-ects.Theworkalsomusthavethepotentialforhighimpact.

Chronisisdevelopingabiochip

thatmonitorstheimmunestatusofHIV-infectedpopulationsinresource-limitedsocieties.Thebiochipusesamicroelectro-mechanicalsystems-based

Junior Faculty Win Early Career Awards

imagingsystemtocountthenumberofCD4cellsinHIV-positivepatients(seerelatedstoryonpage38).

AssistantProfessorSamanthaDaly(PhD,Cal-Tech)hasreceivedanEarlyCareerResearchAwardfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.Dalyisoneof69researchscien-tistsfromacrossthenationtowinve-yeargrantsundertheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct.ThegrantwillsupportherresearchonDeformationandFailureMechanismsofShapeMemoryAlloystobetterunderstandthefundamentalmechanicsdrivingthedeformationandfailureofthisuniquegroupofmetallicalloys(seerelatedstoryonpage28).

Dalysworkwillhaveanimpact

onscienticresearchwellbeyondSMAs.Thendingsfromherexperimentsarerepresentativeofawideclassofmaterials,andthenew

experimentalmethodologiessheisusingcanbeappliedtoarangeoffutureinvestigationsintothemechanicsofmaterials.

AssistantProfessorKennldham(PhD,UCBerkeley)haswonaNSFFacultyEarlyCareerDevelopment(CAREER)AwardforhisresearchonPowerOptimizationinAutonomousMicrosystemsviaIntegratedMotionControl.CAREERawardsrecognizejuniorfacultyforoutstandingresearchandeducation.

TheprimaryapplicationofOldhamsresearchisthecontrolofterrestrial,autonomousmicro-robotswithinsect-likemobilitythatrelyonpiezoelectricMEMSactuators.Thepower-savingalgorithmsthatOldhamisapplyingtohisroboticsworkalsocanbeappliedtoother

microsystems,suchascapsuleendoscopesandotherbiomedi-caldeviceswhosesmallsizeimposespowerconstraints.Aspartoftheaward,Oldham

planstodevelopaneducationasimulationtooltoteachstudentsaboutpowersourcesandhowforceistransferred(seerelatedstoryonpage36).

AssistantProfessor Kevin Pipe(PhD,MIT)hasbeenselectedbytheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencytoreceiveaYoungFacultyAward.Throughthegrant,Pipewillstudyheattransferinhighpower/highspeedtransis-torsthatareusedasampli-ersinadvancedmilitaryandcommercialcommunicationssystems.Efcientheatremovaliscriticaltogettingmaximumperformancefromandensuringreliabilityofsuchdevices.Morespecically,Pipewillexaminemethodstoefcientlyremovetheheatcarriedbyvibrationalmodesveryneartothetransis-toritself.

Pipehasrecentlybeenpro-motedtoassociateprofessorwithtenure.

nos Chrons saMantha daLY enn oLdhaM evn ppe



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ProfessorHuei PengandtheMEdepart-mentwillbeadrivingforceintheelectricandhybridvehiclemovement,thankstoa$2.5milliongrantfromtheDepartmentofEnergysAdvancedElectricDriveVehicleEducationProgram,announcedinAugust2009.

Peng,whoalsoservesastheexecutivedirectorofInterdisciplinaryandProfessionalEngineeringProgramsintheCollegeofEngineering,tooktheleadontheproposalthatwontheawardforneweducationalactivitiesintransportationelectrication.

Thegrant,fundedbytheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct,willallowU-Mtocreatetengraduateandunder-graduatecoursesontopicssuchashybridvehicles,batteriesandgreenpower.SevenofthetencourseswillbetaughtinAnnArbor;therestwillbeofferedtostudents

atU-MDearbornandKetteringUniversityinFlint.

Inaddition,Pengwilloverseetheestab-lishmentoftwonewlabs:anIntegratedHybridElectricSystemLaboratoryandanAutomotivePowerElectronicsLaboratory.ThesewillbehousedinAnnArborandwillsupportthenewlydevelopedcourses.Shortcoursesforprofessionalswillbeofferedinpersonandthroughdistanceeducation.OutreachtostudentsingradesKthrough12willincludeclasses,hands-onlearningmodulesandasummercampexperience.

ASaturdaymorningseminarseriesandotherconsumer-orientedeventsalsowillbedevelopedtoincreaseawarenessofgreenvehicletechnology.

Thegoalofthenewinitiativeistoeducatestudentsinelectricalpowergeneration,delivery,conversionandcontrolsbothatthegridandthevehicularlevels.Graduateswillthengoontocomprisethenextgenera-tionofengineerswhocanconceptualize,designandmanufacturegreenvehicles.

WewanttodevelopallopportunitiessotheworkforceinMichigancanbetransformed,Pengsaid.Besideslayingthefoundationforeducationwithacleanenergyfocus,theAdvancedElectricDrive

VehicleEducationProgramalsowillcreateindustriallyrelevantengineeringjobsandwillsupportthenationstransitiontogreenmanufacturing.

Going Green: MEforGreenVehicleEducation

Thegrantispartofmorethan$1billiongoingtoMichigan-basedcompaniesanduniversities.Reectingitsleadershipinclean-energymanufacturing,Michiganisreceivingthelargestshareofgrantfundingofanystate.

ABOVE:su i ful Cll hy s cl cc i i ul cll y icl bu cl by u lcu Mk Mi gl M.

INTHENEWS 07


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U-M to Lead New Naval Engineering Education Center

AnewNavalEngineeringEducationCenter(NEEC),spearheadedandledbyU-M,hasanambitiousandimportantgoal:todevelopandeducatethenextgenerationofworld-classnavalsystemsengineers.

Thecenterwasestablishedthrougha$3.2millioncontractawardfromtheNavalSeaSystemsCommand(NAVSEA).Thecontractincludesveadditionalyearsofoptionalextensionsthatcouldtotal$49.9million.Theground-breakingprogram,underthedirectionofMEProfessorSteveCeccio,isamongthelargestinthehistoryoftheCollegeofEngineering.

SincetheendoftheColdWar,theU.S.Navyhasexperiencedsignicantchallengestoitsshipdesigncapabilities,andtheshipdesignworkforceisaging.Tomeettheseneeds,U-MpartneredwithNAVSEAtoformtheNEEC.ThisnewCenterwilldevelopalargenumberofuniquelyeducatedstudentstohelprebuildtheNavysdesignexpertisewiththenextgenerationofnavalsystemsengineersfortheNavyscivilianengineer-ing,acquisitionandscienticworkforce.TheCenterseducationalprogramswillnotonlybenettheNavy,however;theyalsowillprovideoutstandinglearningandcareeropportunitiesforU-MstudentsaswellasthosefromtheCenterspartnerinstitutions.

FifteentopcollegesanduniversitiesfromacrosstheUnitedStatescompriseacon-sortium,alongwiththeAmericanSocietyofNavalEngineersandtheSocietyofNavalArchitectsandMarineEngineers.

TheNEECalsowillworktorecruitandretainworld-classfacultywhospecial-izeinnavalengineering.ItwillcoordinateemployeedevelopmentopportunitiestoretainnavalengineeringtalentfortheNavy,anditwillexpandnavalengineeringeduca-tionprogramsandcoursesacrossuniversi-tiesandcollegesnationwide.

TheNEECstudentswillengageinproject-basedlearningandgainhands-onnavalengineeringexperience.NEECprojectteams,joinedbyNAVSEAengineersandscientists,willaddressthelatesttechni-calchallenges,suchasthedevelopmentofalternativeenergysourcesandenergyconservationmethods,designanduseofunmannedvehicles,advancementofshipdesignmethodsandmanufacturingcapabilities,andthereductionoftheNavysoperationalcosts.StudentswillparticipateinNAVSEAinternshipsandat-seaexperi-enceonNavyshipstobetterunderstandtheNavysmissionandneeds.

TheAmericanSocietyofNavalEngineersandtheSocietyofNavalArchitectsand

MarineEngineersarepartneringwiththeNEEC,andthetwoorganizationswillhelpdevelopK12outreachprogramstosparkchildrensinterestinpursuingscience,technology,engineeringandmathcoursesandcareers.AlloftheseactivitieswillbecoordinatedwiththeU.S.NavysCenterforInnovationinShipDesign.

TheNEECbringstogetherU-M,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,thePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,theGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,theWebbInstitute,FloridaStateUniversity,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,OldDominionUniversity,TennesseeStateUniversity,StevensInstituteofTechnology,theUniversityofNewOrleans,theUniversityofIowa,theUniversityofTexas-SanAntonioandtheUniversityofWashington.

MichiganhasalongandproudtraditionofeducationandresearchinsupportoftheNavy,andwereproudtobeleadingtheNEECandtobeworkingwithallofthesepartnerstonurturethenextgenerationofnavalengineers,saidCeccio,whoisalsoaprofessorofNavalArchitectureandMarineEngineering.



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ra Barton

INTHENEWS 09

ChnedUM owUdre gBor orosZ

KiraBartonAssistantProfessor

BartoncomestoU-MfromtheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,whereshecom-pletedanAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersGraduateTeachingFellowshipandearnedherPhDinmechanicalengineering.

Bartonsworkintersectscontrolsandmanufacturingandfocusesondevelopmentofnovelcontrolalgorithmsforimprovingthecoordinationandprecisionmotioncontrolofmanufacturingsystems.Herresearchcombinesinnovativemanufacturingprocesseswithenhancedengineeringcapa-bilities.ThepotentialimpactrangesfrombuildingDNAsensorsforbiologicalapplica-tionstocontrollingthecoordina-tionbetweensatellitesinspace.

Bartonispioneeringamicro/nanomanufacturingprocesscalledelectrohydrodynamicjet,orE-jet,printing.Thisprintingtechniqueisparticu-larlyviableforhigh-resolutionpatternsorfunctionaldevicessuchaselectricalorbiologi-calsensors.Recentadvanceshaveincreasedthroughputcapabilitiesbyfourordersofmagnitude.Earlierthisyearher

desktopE-jetprintingsystemwasnamedanalistintheLemelson-MITIllinoisProgram,whichrecognizesinnovationandinvention.

BartonplanstocontinueworkontheE-jetprocessatU-Mandaddresssimilarcontrolneedsinothermanufacturingprocesses.ShelooksforwardtothemanycollaborativeopportunitiestobefoundwithintheMEdepartmentandotherdepartmentsaswell.

Myworkishighlyinterdisciplin-ary,andIamextremelyexcitedtohavetheopportunitytoworkwithsomanyoutstandingresearchers,saidBarton.

ChinedumOkwudireAssistantProfessor

OkwudireearnedhisPhDdegreeinmechanicalengineeringfromtheUniversityofBritishColumbia(UBC)inVancouver,Canada.

Okwudiresresearchcentersonthemodelingandcontrolofhigh-speedmotioncontrolsystems,orfeeddrives,inordertoimprovethequalityandproductivityofmanufacturingoperations.WhilecompletinghisdoctoralstudiesatUBC,heworkedcloselywiththeMechatronicsSupportTeamofSiemensLinearMotorSystems.

Mostrecently,hehasworkedatMoriSeikisDigitalTechnologyLabwhereheiscollaboratingonthedevelopmentofanultra-precisionve-axismachinetoolthatiscapableofnanometerlevelsurfacenishes.

AtU-M,Okwudireplanstoextendhisresearchtodevelop-ingmotioncontrolmethodsandmaterialhandlingtech-niquesthatwillreduceenergyconsumptionandwasteinmanufacturing.

Imexcitedaboutcontinuingresearchworkthatwillcontrib-utetore-shapingthemanufac-turingindustrytomakeitbetterandmoresustainable,hesaid.

GborOroszAssistantProfessor

OroszearnedhisPhDdegreeinengineeringmathematicsfromtheUniversityofBristol

inEngland.HecontinuedasapostdoctoralfellowattheUniversityofExeter,alsoinEngland.Mostrecently,OroszcompletedapostdoctoralfellowshipattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara.

Oroszsrecentresearchhasfocusedontrafcdynamicsandunderstandinghowtrafcjamswithnodiscerniblecause

developonhighways.Throughthatwork,hehasgainedadeeperunderstandingofthecollectivedynamicsofvehiclesystems,andfutureworkwillshifttowardcontrollingsuchdynamics.Hisresearchwilltargettrafccontrolschemesthatactattheleveloftheindividualvehicles,withthegoalofdevelopingalgorithmsforautonomouscruisecontroldevicesthatcankeeptrafcowingsmoothly.

U-Misaleaderintheareaoftransportation,dynamicsandcontrol,andthereareexcellentopportunitiesforscienticcollaboration,saidOrosz,whoalsoplanstocontinuehisworkonthedynamicsofbiologicalnetworks.

EducatingfutureengineersisoneofthemanyopportunitiesOroszislookingforwardtoatU-M.

Meet New Faculty

new 201011faCULtY searChes

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mulil ull-im u-ck culy ii i201011. t l m,

ii u bi :.m.i.umic.u


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From U-M to the White House: KotaAdvancingManufacturing

ProfessorSridhar KotacurrentlyisservingastheassistantdirectorofadvancedmanufacturingandAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersfellowattheWhiteHouseOfceofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP).HisassignmentinWashington,D.C.,beganinSeptember2009.

TheOSTPadvisesthePresidentandotherswithintheExecutiveOfceontheeffectsofscienceandtechnologyondomesticandinternationalaffairs.TheOSTPalsoleadsinteragencyeffortstodevelopandimplementsoundscienceandtechnologypoliciesandbudgets.

TheadvancedmanufacturingpositionisarecentadditiontotheTechnologyDivisionoftheOSTP.ThePresidentandtheAdministrationarecommittedtostrength-eningtheU.S.manufacturingbase,said

Kota.TheASMEoriginallyofferedKotaacongressionalfellowship,butwhenthe

needforleadershipinmanufactur-ingarose,theOSTPselectedhimforthepositionafterafurtherroundofinterviews.

Kotaacceptedtheassignment.Ibelievedthiswouldprovidemeanopportunitytoexperiencepolicy-making

atthehighestlevel,hesaid.

Kotasresponsibilitiesfocusprimarilyonidentifyingpromisingtechnologiesandeffectivestrategiestostrengthenthenationsmanufacturingbase.Helooksforgapsincurrentfederalresearchanddevelopmentinadvancedmanufacturinganddevisesstrategiestoaddressthem.Heiscreatingpolicyrecommendationstofostercommercializationandmanu-facturingofadvancedtechnologies.Theneedtore-establisharobustmanufac-turingsectordomesticallyisespecially

crucialrightnowgiventherecenteco-nomicdownturn.

Asbothanengineerandaresearcher,Kotasaysheisgaininganunderstandingofthebigpictureandhowuniversityresearchimpactsrealsocietalneeds.Theperspec-tivethatIamgainingisextraordinary.

Kotaalsoseestheassignmentasvaluabletohisworkasaneducator.Imlearning

howbesttolltheinnovationgapthroughengineeringeducationandresearch.Westillhavesomeofthebestuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsintheworld,andwemustcontinuetoinvestinbasicresearch.Butfundamentalresearchisonlytherststepinachievingnational,economicandenergysecurity.Wemustalsomaturethetechnologyandmanufacturingreadinessofourscienticdiscoveriesandengineer-inginventions.Thatswheretranslationalresearch,engineeringandentrepreneurshipwillhelpllthegapbetweenscienticdis-coveryandU.S.-basedmanufacturing.


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INTHENEWS 11

Me p Micl tul (standing,secondfromright), ci s aiyCmmi Uiiy ai, pi obm ui ci y.

Effecting National Standards:AssanisWorkCitedinPresidentialMemo

TheworkofMEProfessorDennis AssanisandtwootherUniversityfacultymemberswascitedinaMay2010presidentialmemorandum.Assanis,amemberoftheNationalAcademyofEngineeringanddirectoroftheMichiganMemorialPhoenixEnergyInstitute(seerelatedstoryonpage12),wasacontributortoaNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)reportonmedium-andheavy-dutytruckregulation.Inthememo,PresidentObamarequeststhat

theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtheNationalHighwayTrafcSafetyAdministrationimmediatelystartworkingonestablishingfuelefciencyandgreenhousegasemissionsstandardsforcommercialmedium-andheavy-dutyvehiclesandthatthetwoagenciesconsiderthendingsandrecommendationsintheNASreport.Thestandardswouldbeginwithvehiclemodelyear2014,withtheaimofissuinganalrulebytheendofJuly2011.

Thouless Bestows University Commencement Honors

MEProfessorMichael Thoulesshadthe

privilegeofhoodingthehonorarydoctoraldegreerecipients,includingPresidentBarackObama,duringthespring2010commencementattheUniversityofMichigan.PresidentObamadeliveredthecommencementaddressandreceivedanhonoraryDoctorofLawdegree.ThoulesswasaccordedthehonorbecauseofhisroleaschairoftheSenateAdvisoryCommitteeonUniversityAffairs(seerelatedstoryonpage51).UniversityofMichiganMEalumnusandpresidentoftheNationalAcademyofEngineeringCharlesVestalsoreceivedanhonoraryDoctorofLaw

degree.VestispresidentemeritusoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandhasservedasdeanoftheCollegeofEngineeringandprovostattheUniversityofMichigan.Vestdeliveredthe2010MEKorybalskiLectureinMay(seerelatedstoryonpage54).


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ME Faculty Directs U-M Energy Institute

thatminimizetheuseoffossilfuelsandgeneratereducedgreenhousegasesandpollution.Heisleadingeffortstowardacarbon-neutralvehicleforsustainablemobil-itywhilesimultaneouslymakingfundamen-talcontributionstotheeldsofbiofuelssynthesisandutilization,cleancombustion,electriedpropulsionandmaterialssciencewithinanoverarchinglifecycledesignandoptimizationframework.Hisgoalisafour-tove-foldreductioninuse-phasecarbon

dioxideemissionsaswellasadvancesinenergyharvestandstoragematerials.

MMPEIsprimaryresearchthrustsinclude:carbonneutralelectricitysources;energystorageandutilization;transportationandfuels;andenergypolicy,economicsandsocietalimpact.

TheEnergyInstituteisdevelopingsolutionstoreinventapredominantlyfossilfuel-basedenergyinfrastructureintoasustainable

model,saidAssanis.Wearecommittedtoenablingbasicsciencediscoverywithapathtowardtechnologyandmarket-readyinnovationinordertoadvancerenewableenergygeneration,dramaticallyimprovestoragecapacityandtransformtheenergydistributioninfrastructure.Addressingglobalenergysupply,demandandutilizationchallengesrequiresinterdisciplinarysystemanalysistoassessdifferentscenariosforenergypolicyandmarketstrategies.

Furthermore,raisingsocietalawarenessofvexingenergy,climateandhumanhabitatissuesisaprerequisitetomodifybehavioralpatternsandtapintothepowerofenergyconservation,headded.

TheworkofmanyMEfacultyoverlapsconsiderablywithMMPEIsresearchpriori-ties,andanumberofMEfacultyserveasfacultyfellowsfortheInstitute.Forexample,theAlternativeEnergyTechnologiesforTransportation(AETT)program,ledbythe

Dennis Assanis,theJonR.andBeverlyS.HoltprofessorofengineeringandanArthurF.Thurnauprofessor,hasbeenappointeddirectoroftheMichiganMemorialPhoenixEnergyInstitute(MMPEI).

TheMMPEIisservingasthehubofenergy-relatedresearchandeducationthroughout

theCollegeofEngineeringandU-M.TheInstitutesmissionistodeveloppathwaystoasecure,affordableandsustainableenergyfuture.Tacklingsocietysenergyproblemsrequiresamultidisciplinaryapproach,andtheMMPEIspearheadsandpromotescollaborationamongtheMEdepartment,theCollegeandmanyunitsacrosscampusthatencompassthebasicsciences,naturalresources,theenvironment,busi-ness,publichealth,lawandpublicpolicy.HousedintheremodeledPhoenixMemorialLaboratory,formerlyhometotheFordNuclearReactoruntilitwasdecommis-sioned,theInstituteischargedwithbringingtheUniversitysenergyresearch,policystudiesandeducationalactivitiestogetherunderoneroof.

AssanisisanaturaltfortheEnergyInstitutesdirectorship.Hisresearchexploresnewtransportationtechnologies

ABOVE:exml liium-i by ck umi lici.


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INTHENEWS 13

InstituteinpartnershipwithFraunhoferGesellschaft,Germany,isfocusedonmovingcrucialresearchdiscoveriesfromlaboratoriestoindustryandinvolvesMEprofessorsVolkerSickandJyotiMazumder.Inaddition,MEAssistantProfessorDonaldSiegelwaspartofajuniorfacultymulti-disciplinaryclusterhirespearheadedby

theInstituteandrecentlywonagranttodevelopadvancedlithium-airbatteriesaspartofacampus-wideinitiativetopromotecollaborativeresearchinrenewableenergybetweenU-MandShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityinChina.

WithsupportfromMMPEIandtheNationalScienceFoundation,MEAssociateProfessorandGraduateChairSteveSkerlosisdevelopingnewsystemsanalysismethodsandintegratingthemintoaframe-workforsustainabledesignofenvironmen-talpoliciesforthetransportationsector.

Wearecommittedto

enablingbasicscience

discoverywithapath

towardtechnologyand

market-readyinnovation.

MEProfessorMichaelThoulessandMEAssociateProfessorWeiLuareamongnineU-MfacultyparticipatinginanOakRidgeNationalLaboratory-ledconsortiumthathaswontherst,highlycompetitiveU.S.DepartmentofEnergyEnergyInnovationHubforAdvancedSimulationofLightWaterNuclearReactors.AdditionalMEfacultyare

involvedinavarietyofinitiativesinthediffer-entresearchareasoftheInstitute.

FormoreinformationaboutMMPEIanditsresearchthrusts,visitwww.energy.umich.edu.


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Advancing the Three Pillars of Sustainability

ForMEAssociateProfessorSteveSkerlos,theconceptofsustainabilityreachesfarbeyonddevelopingnewtech-nologiestoreduceenvironmentalimpact.Skerlosandhisteamconsistentlychal-lengeconventionalparadigmsbylookingatenvironmentalsustainabilitythroughahard-nosedeconomiclenswhileasking

broaderquestionsaboutwhethertechnol-ogysolutionsworkforeveryonewhomightbeaffected.Inthiswaythetechnologiesandmethodologiesdevelopedbyhisgroupaddresstheso-calledtriplebottomline:helpingpeople,businessandtheplanetatthesametime.

Skerlosresearchteamalsoperformsenvironmentalandeconomicassessmentsofexistingproducts,whileanalyzingtherolemarketfactorsandgovernmentpoliciesplaytohelporhindertheadoptionofmoresus-tainabletechnologies.Theseassessmentsdonotstayontheshelftheyareusedbytheteamtocreateoptionsforpolicymak-ersthatmakesustainableproductsandtechnologiesmoreattractivetoconsumers,lessresistedbyindustryandmoreeffectiveataddressingenvironmentalchallenges.

newsubsidiesortaxcredits.Usingitsmethodologies,thegroupcurrentlyisevalu-atingpossibleeffectsofthe2012govern-mentfueleconomyregulationsforcarsonvehiclesalesandexpectedgreenhousegasemissions.

SustainableManufacturingSkerlosandhisstudentshaveworkedonenergyandwaterconservationprojectsatlargemanufacturingfacilities.Hisresearchgroupalsohasdevelopednewmetalwork-inguidtechnologiestoreplaceexistinguids,whichhavelongbeenaproblemformanufacturing:Theygrowbacteriarapidly,deteriorateovertimeandareformulatedwithupto20differentchemicalsinwater.Workersbreatheandtouchtheseuidsdaily,anduiddisposalharmsaquaticecosystems.

InsteadSkerlosapproacheliminateswateraltogether,takingwastecarbondioxidefromethanolproductionandcompress-ingittoitssupercriticalstate.Inthisstatethecarbondioxidecancarrylubricantswithveryhighefciency.Theresultingmetalworkinguidadherestothetriplebottomline:Healthhazardsforworkersareeliminated;thereisnoneedforwastedisposalorwaterconsumption;andcuttingtoolsactuallycutfasterandlastlonger,meaninghigherprotsforthemanufacturer.Thisadvancementhasledtotheformation

ofSkerlossecondstartupcompany,whichhascompletedseveralsuccessfulpilottrialsinindustrialsettings.

SustainableWaterSystems

WorkingincollaborationwithcolleaguesinCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,Skerlosalsoisdevelopingnovelsystemstotreatsewagesoitcanbesafelyreturnedtoecosystemswhileproducingenergyatthesametime,eitherintheformofalgaebiofueormethane.Onesystemusesananaerobic

Attheheartofhisapproachisahigh-level,systemsviewthatevaluatesexistingtech-nologyanddevelopstechnologyorpolicysolutionsforpreviouslyinsolubleproblemsinhigh-needareas.Welookatthebig

pictureenvironmentalimpact,economicimpactandsocietalimpactandletmegatrendsdriveourintereststodevelopnewtechnology,hesaid.Weworkfromsustainabilityproblemstosolutionsratherthantheotherwayaround.

SustainableDesign

Theteamcurrentlyisdevelopingquantita-tivemethodstohelpndanswerstothemyriadquestionsmanufacturersoftenhaveatthestartofthedesignprocess,whetheranautomotivermisconsideringanew

plug-inhybridvehicleoranappliancemakeranewhigh-efciencywasheranddryer.Themainadvanceisauniqueintegrationofeconomicmarketsimulationwithenvi-ronmentalassessmenttechniques,whichallowsasimultaneouspredictionofhowbothmarketsandemissionswouldchangewithmodicationsindesign.

Theresearchgrouphasshownthisapproachcanworkwithgovernmentpolicydesigntoo;regulatorscanusethesamemethodologiesandmodelswhenweighing


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ADVANCESINRESEARCH 15

Welookatthebigpictureenvironmentalimpact,economicimpactand

societalimpactandletmegatrendsdriveourintereststodevelopnew

technology.Weworkfromsustainabilityproblemstosolutionsratherthan

theotherwayaround.

membranebioreactor,whichproducesrecoverablemethaneasabyproduct.Heresasystemthattakessewageandproducescleanwaterandenergy.Itlookslikearealoptionformunicipalities,anditmovesusinasustainabledirection,botheconomicallyandenvironmentally,Skerlossaid.

Inarelatedinvestigationheandcolleaguesareconsideringtheenvironmentalimpactsofdifferentdisposalmethodsforunusedpharmaceuticals:takebacktothephar-macy,landlldisposalorushingdownthetoilet.Thisstudyisthersttolookattrade-offsbetweenwaterpollutionfromtrashortoiletdisposalandairpollutionfromdrivingunusedpharmaceuticalsbacktothestoreandshippingthemtoincinerators.

SustainableDevelopment

Awiderangeofprojectsalsoareunder-wayintheBLUELab(BetterLivingUsingEngineeringLaboratory),whichSkerlosco-foundedwithstudents.Theorganiza-tionworkstondsustainablesolutionstodevelopmentproblemsaroundtheworld.Forinstance,studentshavedevelopedabiodigesterthattakesfoodscrapsandanimalwasteandconvertsthemintobiogasforcookingandheatinggasforruralareasofChina,IndiaandthePhilippines.Alsoinprogressistheimplementationofahuman-poweredwaterpumptoirrigatefarmlandinSouthAmerica.

ExternalfundingforSkerlosworkcomesfromindustrialandgovernmentsources,includingtheNationalScienceFoundation,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandtheWaterEnvironmentResearchFoundation.ABOVE:al pk y uciicl y liy i

c l li imm, cibl ui im-lly bi cly.

OPPOSITEPAGE,TOP:Ui uciicl y cui ui -c k l, limi llui ic .

OPPOSITEPAGE,LEFT:Cl i uc m ilci y ui bic mmb bic cly.


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Alternative Propulsion Systems: HybridVehiclesareChangingtheTransportationLandscape

Energysecurityandclimatechangecon-cernsprovidestrongimpetusforworkonalternativepropulsionsystems.PioneeringworkbytheMEfacultyhasalreadyshownthathybridvehicleconceptscanplayatransformativerole.

Currentresearchprograms,ledbyResearchProfessorZoran Filipi,investi-gatesolutionsforbothlightpassengercarsandheavyvehicles.Athree-yearprogramfundedbyBosch-RexrothandtheMichigan21stCenturyJobsFundisfocusedonhydraulichybridplatformsformediumtrucks.AnewCenterforEngineeringExcellencethroughHybridTechnologyhasrecentlybeenlaunchedwitha$1.34milliongrantfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)toexplorecon-ceptsforultra-efcientsmallurbanhybridvehicles.Inaddition,Filipiisworkingwith

studentsandcolleaguestoshedlightontheimpactofplug-inhybridelectriccarsontheelectricalgridunderreal-worldconditions.

Hybridvehiclesenablelargeefciencyimprovementswithoutsacricingper-formanceorutility.Keymechanismsfor

improvingfueleconomyincludeharvestingbrakingenergy,optimizingengineopera-tionandeliminatingidling.Plug-inhybridelectricvehicles(PHEV)utilizeenergyfromthepowergrid,thusdisplacingpetroleumasasolesourceofenergyfortransporta-tion.However,onetechnologyalonewillnotsolveallproblems.Rather,weneeddifferentconceptstailoredforparticularapplications.

HybridHydraulicsforTrucks

Filipiisleadinganongoing$1.25millionresearchprogramfocusedonhydraulichybridsformedium-dutyvehicles,suchasdeliveryvans,refusetrucksandschoolbuses.Thesevehiclesoperateinurbanareasandexperiencefrequentstop-and-go.Energyowsthroughthesystemarehugeduetolargeweight,sotherearesignicantopportunitiesforregeneration.

Hydrauliccomponentsareperfectforthejob,saidFilipi,duetotheirexceptional

powerdensityandenergyconversionefciency.Ahydraulicaccumulatoracceptschargingathighratesratesotherwiseunattainablewithbatteries.

WorkwithindustrypartnerBosch-Rexrothhasresultedinaprototypehydraulichybridsystemcapableofimprovingfueleconomy

ofave-tonvehicleby72percentincitydrivingandcuttingdownthedieselsootemissionbytwothirds.AsynergisticeffortcombinesBosch-RexrothsinnovativeDigitalDisplacementTMhydraulicpump/motortechnologyandtheMEteamspio-neeringeffortondevelopmentofapower-train-in-the-loopfacility.

Integratingtheadvanceddieselengineandhydraulicswithavirtualvehiclesimulatedonacomputerallowsaphysicalsysteminthelabtofunctionjustasitwouldinarealvehicle,explainedFilipi,providingan

in-depthlookatcombustionandemissionsundertransientconditions.Theinsightsenablestrategyoptimizationwithnovelneuro-dynamicprogrammingtechniques.Theoverallcapabilityprovidesauniquewaytotransitionresultsofbasicresearchandacceleratecommercialization.

ABOVE:pcki i yulic

ybi i l icl:-cyli il i () i cul yulic um () m -i ub-ym. puli m(-bi yll bck) i cul mii (y) imizmc.

RIGHT:hybi uli ym cul c ymm i w.e. Lyaumi Lby u ii--l i iul icl. hyulicum i cul il i i , m i cc y-mm (i blu).


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Ultra-EfcientUrbanVehicles

ThestrategicgoalsoftheEPAincludeimprovingvehicleefciencyandreducinggreenhousegasemissions.Hybridpropul-sionsystemshavebeenidentiedasakeytechnologicalarea,andaCenterforEngineeringExcellencethroughHybridTechnologywascompetitivelyawardedto

theteamledbyFilipiin2010.

Westartedmanyyearsagowithexplor-atoryprojects,saidFilipi,andthisnewEPAgrantallowsustogofrombasicresearchandanalysisofconceptstodesignandfabricationofprototypevehicles.TheCenterwillcreateoutstandingopportunitiesforgraduatestudentsandfosteracultureofinnovation,headded.

Projectsincludeultra-highefciencyhydrau-lichybridpropulsionforpersonaltransporta-tion,plug-inelectrichybridwithhydraulic

regenerationsystemsandhighefciencyfree-pistonengine(FPE)withdirecthydrau-licpowertakeoff.TheFPEconceptprovidesunprecedentedfreedomincontrollingcom-bustionandauniquesynergywithhydraulichybridpropulsion.

Plug-InHybridPassengerCars

AnothereffortfocusesonoptimaldesignofPHEVsandassessmentoftheirimpactonthepowergrid.PHEVschangetheparadigmofpersonaltransportation,but

theirlarge-scaleintroductionwilldependoncomplexinterdependenceofconsumerattitudes,markets,policy,technologyandthepowergrid.

WhentheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyinitiatedamultidisciplinaryU-Meffort,wedecidedtodevelopasimulation-basedframeworkfordeterminingtradeoffs

betweenPHEVelectricrangeandcost,ratherthanmakinga prioriassumptions,saidFilipi.

Acriticalmissingpiecewastheunderstand-ingofreal-worlddriving.IwasfortunateenoughtolearnabouttheFieldOperationalTestsofsafetysystemsconductedbyResearchProfessorTimGordonandhisgroupattheU-MTransportationResearchInstitute(UMTRI).Itbecameapparentthatdatabasesareagoldmineforvehicleenergystudies,saidFilipi.

TheUMTRIdataallowedarstglimpseintonaturalisticdriving.ThenewPHEVPilotProgram,fundedbytheMichiganPublicServiceCommissionandDTEEnergy,allowsFilipitoextendtheresearchwithlargerdatasets,includinginformationaboutvehicledepartureandarrivaltimes,todeter-mineloadsonpowerdistributionnetworks.

TheoptimalPHEVdesignstudywaspre-sentedtoastanding-roomonlyaudienceattheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersWorldCongressinApril2010.

Integratingtheadvanced

dieselengineandhydraulics

withavirtualvehiclesimu-

latedonacomputerallows

aphysicalsysteminourlab

tofunctionjustasitwouldinarealvehicle,providingan

in-depthlookatcombustion

andemissionsundertran-

sientconditions.

ABOVE:hyulic hybi sym iim, l i: ai sli, rji Ji,f t rc p

Z filii


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Heat Transfer Physics:

RecyclingAtomicVibrationalEnergy

Innovativeandefcientenergytransportandconversionlaythefoundationfornovelandimprovedphotonicdevices,includinglightingandhigh-powerlasers.Asapplica-tionsincreaseincomplexity,theyrequireprogressivelymoreatomictailoringofprin-cipalenergycarriersphonons,electrons,uidparticlesandphotons.Synthesizing

materialsfromtheatomiclevelonupamolecularfoundry,ofsortscanyielddesiredatomic-levelenergykinetics.

ProfessorMassoud KavianydirectstheHeatTransferPhysicslaboratoryatU-M,whichfocusesonatomicstructuredesign

andmaterialsynthesisaswellasoptimiza-tionofcarrierenergykineticsforimprovedenergy-relatedfunctionality.Whenmateri-alsareimproperlydesigned,inefcienciesinthermalenergythekineticenergyofatomic-levelmotioninthesolidanduidphasesleadtoundesirableheatgenera-tion,whichislostandwasted.

Kavianyusestheanalogyofanautomobile.Youhavefuelthatsturnedintoforceanddisplacementandwork,andtherestofthatenergyturnsintoheat,someofwhichisremovedbycoolant;therestcomesoutasexhaust.Somethingsimilarhappensatthe

atomiclevel,heexplained.Forexample,notalloftheelectricityusedforlasingorlighting,asinalightemittingdiodeorLED,goesintotheresultinglight;someofitturnsintoheat.

Currentlyhigh-powerlasersrequirecomplicatedmechanicalcoolingsystems

thatimpedetheuseofefcient,portablesystems.Radiation-balancedlasersystemscanofferalternativestomechanicalcooling,butthesesystemspresentnewchallengesthemselves.


21/60


Beforeturningintoheat,theenergytakestheformofatomicvibrations,orphonons,whicharethesmallestunitofvibrationaloracousticenergy.Thesephononshavepar-ticularfrequencies,orresonances,andtheycanberecycledandputtoworkinspecialprocessesdesignedtousethem.Doingsorequiresextremelyfastontheorder

ofpicosecondsandnanometer-scaleencounterswiththem.

Kavianysgroupperformstheoreticalatomic-levelexaminationsandshowsthatinitiallythisthermalenergyhasquantumfeaturesandthattheenergycanberecycledandusedinprocessing.Thisabsorbsphonons,calledtheanti-Stokesprocesses,beforeitisrenderedlessusefulbybeingdistributedamongothervibrationmodes.Thephononsremainandraisethetemperatureduringprocessing,althoughthisenergyisnotasusefulastheinitialresonanceenergy.

InworkpublishedinApplied PhysicsLetters,KavianyanddoctoralstudentJedoKimlaidthetheoreticalgroundworkandpredictedthat30percentofemittedphononscanberecycledandthatevenfurtherrecyclingmaybepossible,depend-ingontheatomicpropertiesofthedopantionandhost.

Recyclingenergy,particularlyphonons,inion-dopedlasersisnovelandfundamen-tal.Phononrecyclingthroughanti-Stokes

coolingleadstoloweroperatingtem-peratures.Althoughmoreworkremains,Kavianysndingsmayonedayopenthedoorfornewhigh-powerlasersthatdontrequirecomplexcoolingsystems.Ifyouthinkaboutitattheatomiclevel,saidKaviany,whatwefoundcanallowustodesignnanostructuresandtodevelopinteractionkineticsthatusethermalmotion

beforeitturnsintoheat.

BACKGROUND

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whatwefoundcanallowustodesign

nanostructuresandtodevelopinteraction

kineticsthatusethermalmotionbeforeit

turnsintoheat.

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22/60


Probing Nanoscale Energy Phenomena

Probingtemperatureandunderstand-ingchargeandenergytransportatthenanoscaleareessentialtobuildingnovel

energyconversiondevices.AssistantProfessorPramod Sangi Reddyhasbeeninvestigatingthesenanoscaletransportphenomenaanddevelopingtechniquestobetterunderstandthem.Ultimately,hisworkwillenablethedesignanddevelopmentofefcientsolidstateenergyconversiondevices,suchaspowergeneratorsandrefrigerators.

Temperaturemeasurementshelpcharacter-izesomeofthenovelthermaltransportandenergydissipationphenomena,particu-larlyinnanoelectronicandnanophotonic

devices.Atomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)techniqueshavebeenusedinthepasttodeterminetemperature,buttheyhavelimitations.

AFMtechniquestodaterequireonetomicro-ornanofabricatespecialprobes.Insomecasesyoualsoneedtohaveahighvacuumenvironment,bothofwhichareimpracticalandaddtimeandcosttoexperiments,explainedReddy.

Reddyandhisresearchgrouphavedevel-opedatechniquethatovercomestheseconstraintsandiscapableofmappingthermaleldswithlessthan100nanometerspatialresolutionandapproximately10milli-kelvintemperatureresolution.Theirtechniquemakesitpossibletotakeadirectmeasurementofthetemperatureeldof

ametallicsurfaceatambientconditionswithoutusingspeciallyfabricatedscanningtemperatureprobes.TheworkwasfundedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergythroughU-MsEnergyFrontierResearchCenter.

Giventhesimplicityandeleganceofthistechnique,webelieveitwillbeusefultomanyresearchersaroundtheworldinavarietyofimportantstudiesofnanoscaleenergytransportanddissipationinnano-electricdevices,saidReddy.

AsimultaneousfocusofinquiryforReddy

andhisresearchteamisexperimentalworkonheatandchargetransportproper-tiesinmetal-molecule-metaljunctions(MMMJs).Duetothecloseconnementofphononsandelectrons,novelheattransportphenomenawouldbeexpectedtooccurinnanometer-sizedMMMJs.TheoreticalstudiespredictnoveleffectsintheMMMJs,suchasachangeinheatoworphonon-ltering.

Butinspiteoftheirtechnologicalimpor-tance,thesepredictionsremainlargelyuntested,saidReddy.Principally,this

isduetoalackoftoolstodirectlyprobetransportinMMMJs,headded.

Inordertobetterunderstandtheelectronicstructure,thermoelectricpropertiesandheatransportpropertiesofmolecularjunctions,Reddyisdevelopinganovelultra-stablescanningtunnelingmicroscope.Thenewdevicewillenablestudyoftransportproper-tiesofsinglemoleculejunctions,somethingthathasnotbeenpossiblebefore.

Reddysnewscanning

tunnelingmicroscopecom-

binesanultra-highvacuum

scanningprobewithan

ultra-sensitivemicrodevice

thatcanresolveheatcur-

rentsassmallasone

picowatt.

ABOVEANDOPPOSITEPAGE:scmic i cl i cc mculu u mi mu mllic uc i m lui.


23/60


TheMMMJsareformedbytrappingeitherasingleorganicmoleculeormultipleorganicmoleculesbetweentwometalelectrodes.Theresultingjunctionshavealreadyattractedattentionfromotherinvestigators,duetothejunctionspromiseasmolecularelectronicdevices.TheMMMJsalsohavesignicantbutyetunexploredpotentialfor

thedevelopmentofinexpensiveandef-cientthermoelectricdevices,Reddysaid.

HeandhisteamhavetakenpreliminarystepstowardmeasuringthenoveleffectsinMMMJs.InworkthatwaspublishedinSciencein2007,Reddyhelpeddeveloptechniquestoapplytemperaturediffer-entialsacrossMMMJsinordertostudythermoelectriceffects.Still,measuringheattransportinMMMJshasremainedlargelyimpossibleuntilnow.Hisnewscanningtun-nelingmicroscopecombinesanultra-highvacuumscanningprobewithanultra-sensitivemicrodevicethatcanresolveheat

currentsassmallasonepicowatt.Usingthistechnique,theresearchteamwillbeabletoconductexperimentsonavarietyofsingleandmultiplemoleculejunctionsinentirelynewways.

TherelationshipbetweenthestructureoftheMMMJanditsthermalconductance

willberevealedforthersttimeever,saidReddy.ThenewmicroscopealsowillallowustolookattheeffectofstructureontheelectricalconductanceandthermopowerofMMMJs.TheongoingprojectwasfundedthroughaCAREERAwardfromtheNationalScienceFoundationaswellasanawardfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.

Theknowledgeoftransportpropertiesinnanostructureshastremendouspotentialtocreateinexpensivesolidstateenergycon-versiondevices,Reddyexplained.Theseorganic-baseddevicescouldpossiblyrevo-

lutionizetheeldofthermoelectrics.

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nique,webelieveitwillbe

usefultomanyresearch-

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varietyofimportantstudies

ofnanoscaleenergytrans-

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24/60


Environmental Nanoparticles:

FromCombustiontoHumanHealthEffects

Thecombustionprocessisthedominantpathwaythroughwhichmankindcontinu-ouslyinjectsparticulatematterintotheatmosphere.Experimentshaveshownthatnanoparticlesthatformasaresultofcombustionarequiteprevalentandstabilizearemarkablylargenumberofradicalsitesontheirsurfaces.Thehigh

concentrationofradicalsitesandsmallparticlesizesuggestserioushealthimplicationswheninhaled.

Nanoparticlesareofascaleandchemicalcompositiontobeathomeinmanybiomolecularenvironments,andtheysharecharacteristicswithkeybiologicalmol-eculessuchaslipidsandproteins,explainedAssociateProfessorAngela

Violi,whoheadstheMultiscaleComputationalNanoscienceGroup.

Violiworkstounderstandnanoparticle

formationprocessesandhumanhealtheffectsinordertodevelopnovelcontrolstrategies.Herworkonmultiscalepro-cessesinreactivesystemscrosscutsnumerouseldsanddisciplines,fromcombustiontonanoscienceandbiology.

Theformationofnanoparticlesfromvariousfuelsisamultiscaleprocessinwhichthetimescaleofgas-phasechemistrybridgesthephysicalandchemicaltimeandlengthscalesofparticleformationandthefurtheragglomerationthateventuallyleadstosoot.

Itsafascinatingprocessthatrequiresamultiscalecomputationalapproachtounderstandtheatomisticinteractionsunderlyingnanoparticleformationandgrowthinvariousenvironments,saidVioli.ShehaspioneeredtheuseofkineticMonteCarloandmoleculardynamicsmethodstobridgetimescalesinthegrowthofcarbonnanoclustersystemsfromvariousfuels,preservingthechemicalandphysicalaspectsoftheprocesses.

Asnovelfuelsfromdifferentfeedstocksaredeveloped,scientists,publichealthofcialsandregulatorswillneedassessmentmethodologiesfortheparticlesformedduringcombustion.

Moderndieselenginesareamajorsourceofthesecombustion-generatednanopar-

ticles.Althoughthetotalmassofparticulatemissionshasbeensignicantlyreducedwithimprovedcombustionefciencyandemissionscontrolsystems,nanoparticlesareexceedinglydifculttocontrol.

Environmentalregulationsofdieselenginesandothercombustionsourcesbasedonparticlemassorvolume,insteadofparticlenumber,missthedangerousnanoparticlecomponentofsuchemissions.

Violisworkalsoexplorestheinteractionsofcarbon-basednanoparticles,bothfrom

combustionandsyntheticsources,withbiomolecularstructuresrepresentativeofthoseatthecellularscale.Ultraneparticleshavebeenshowntoactonbiologicalsystems.Depositiononepithelialcellsinthelungstriggersanumberofresponses:inammation,bloodclottingandchangesinbreathingandheartratecontrol.

Usingmultiscalecomputationalmethods,herresearchteamlooksatthecytotoxicityofnanoparticlesembeddedincellularmembranesthroughinhalation,forexample.Thesenanoparticlescandisrupt

thedynamicsofcellstransmembranemetabolicandsignalingproteins.Theresultingabnormalphysiologymaybeanimportantfactorintheetiologyofmanymedicalconditions,includingtumorgrowth

Toaddressconcernsfromthepublicaboutenvironmentalriskassessments,acallforstandardizationofnanoparticletoxicitymeasurementtechniquesisnecessary.Tothisend,aninternationalregulatoryconsortium,includingtheU.S.

Violisadvancedmodelingmethodsprovide

newanalyticaltoolstothescienticcommunity.Herworkhasbeenwidelypublishedandrecognizedbythecombus-tioncommunityasexceptionallyoriginal.HerlastpaperwasrecentlyhighlightedbytheJournal of Chemical Physics.

Violisworkalsoisimportanttoalterna-tiveenergy.Sheusesab initioelectronicstructurecalculationstounderstandthereactionsofbiofuelsincombustionenviron-mentsandwhatemissionstheyproduce.

ABOVE:exml cmbui-icl uc i l muliclcmuil c.


25/60


EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,hasspeciedasetofprototypicalnanomateri-alsfortoxicologicaltesting,ofwhichcarbonaceousmoleculesarerepresentedbyC

60andnanotube-shapedmolecules.

Violisgrouprecentlylookedattheinterac-tionsofC

60andcombustion-generated

nanoparticlesofsimilarsizetounderstandtheireffectsonbiologicalmembranes.Usingmoleculardynamicssimulations,shefoundsignicantvarianceandsensitivity

ofthepermeabilitycoefcientsbasedonparticlemorphology.Herwork,forthcominginBiophysical Journal,indicatesthatC

60

alonemaynotadequatelyrepresentsimi-larlysizedcombustion-generatednanopar-ticleswithrespecttotoxicityassessments,andshesuggeststhatabroaderspectrumofparticleparameters,inadditiontosize,needstobeincludedtocorrectlyassesstheassociatedhealthrisks.

Nanoparticlesareofascaleandchemicalcomposition

tobeathomeinmanybiomolecularenvironments,and

theysharecharacteristicswithkeybiologicalmolecules

suchaslipidsandproteins.

RIGHT: s m mlcul ymicimuli icl i liimmb, mi cm cll.


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Exploring Defects: UsingQuantumMechanicstoPredictMaterialBehavior

headded,buttheircomplexitymakescomputationsrestrictive,andtheyareoftenapplicableonlytosmallsystemswithafewhundredatoms.

Sincemostmaterialspropertiesareinuencedbyvariousdefects,suchasvacancies,dopants,dislocationsaswellas

cracks,scientistsmustbeabletogleananaccurateunderstandingofboththequan-tum-mechanicalinteractionsatthedefectcoreaswellasthelong-rangedelasticeffectsonthecontinuum,ormacro,scale.Thishasbeenalong-standingchallengeinmaterialssciencetobridgelengthscalesfromquantummechanicstothemacrolevelinaseamlessway.Doingsousingonlyquantummechanicsrequirestheabilitytoperformelectronicstructurecalculationsonmultimillion-atomsystems.

Gavinicontinuestodevelopnovelmath-

ematicalandcomputationaltechniquestoperformelectronicstructurecalculationsatmacroscopicscales,therebybridgingthequantum-mechanicalandmacroscale

mechanicschasm.Hisresearchgroupsworkincorporatesseveralapproaches:developingreal-spaceformulationforelectronicstructuretheories,niteelementdiscretizationofeldequations,andcoarse-grainingusingadaptivenumericaltechniques.Combiningthesetheoriesandtechniqueshasmadeelectronicstructure

calculationsinmultimillion-atomsystemspossibleforthersttimeever.Hisworkrepresentsasignicantbreakthroughinthecomputationalsciences.

Webelievewearepavingthewayfortherstcompleteandaccuratequantum-mechanicaldescriptionofdefectsinmaterials,hesaid.Whatpeoplehavemissedinthepastistosimultaneouslyaccountforboththenatureofchemicalbonding,governedbyquantummechanicalinteractions,atthecoreofadefectaswellasthelong-rangedelasticeffects,bothofwhichsignicantlyinuencethebehaviorofdefects,hesaid.Inparticular,hisworkhasdemonstratedthatthephysicsonthese

Thepropertiesandfunctionalitiesofmaterialscanadvancetechnologiesinmanyelds,fromtransportationandmanufactur-ingtoenergyanddefense.Novelmaterialswithenhancedpropertiescanimproveenergyefciencyandsafetyanddurability,expandfunctionalityandreducecostandenvironmentalimpact.Increasinglyinvesti-

gatorsareusingcomputationalmodelingandsimulationsinordertobetterunder-standthepropertiesandbehaviorofmaterialsandtodevelopnewmaterialswithspecicfunctionalities.Butthesuccessofcomputationalmodelingandsimulationsisdependentuponthepredictivenatureandaccuracyofthematerialstheoriesused.

Foratheorytobepredictive,itmustincludefundamentalphysicswithaslittleempiricismaspossible,explainedVikramGavini,assistantprofessor.Theelec-tronicstructuretheoriesthatarecurrentlyavailabletoustodaydescribematerialspropertiesfromaquantum-mechanicalperspectiveandthereforearepredictive,


27/60


factorofbetween50and100comparedwithabulkmaterial.Yetmaterialsthataretoosmallbecomesoftduetonucleationofsurfacedefects.Thereisacriticalsizewheretheparadigmofsmallerisstrongerbreaksdown.Wereinterestedindeter-miningthiscriticalsizeandestimatingthemaximumachievablestrengthofmaterials

bycontrollingfeaturesize,hesaid.

Extendingthetechniquesalreadydevelopedtomoresophisticatedelectronicstructuretheoriesthatcanaccuratelypredictthepropertiesofawiderangeofmaterialsalsoisapriority.Thiswillenableustolookatalllengthscalessimultaneouslyandtostudyanymaterialwithoutbeingrestrictedbythematerialsystem,Gavinisaid.Wecanalsostudymaterialpropertiesbeyondjustmechanicalproperties,suchaselectronic,magnetic,thermoelectricandoptical,whichiscrucialtothedevelopmentofmultifunc-tionalmaterials.

GavinisworkisfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundation,theAirForceOfceofScienticResearchandtheArmyResearchOfce.

Webelieveweare

pavingthewayforthe

rstcompleteand

accuratequantum-

mechanicaldescription

ofdefectsinmaterials.

vastlydifferentlengthscalesareinherentlycoupledandhaveadistincteffectonthematerialbehaviormediatedthroughdefects.

NowGaviniandhisteamarefurtherren-ingthetechniqueshedevelopedandusethemtostudydifferentphenomenaarisingfromdefectinteractions.Forinstance,the

groupislookingattheeffectofradiationonmetals,includingtheembrittlementthatcanresultwhenmetalsareirradiated.Usinghiscomputationaltechniques,heislookingatthenucleation,growthandmigrationofprismaticdislocationloops,orlinedefectsinmaterials,whichscientistsbelievecontrib-utetothelossoffracturetoughness.

Recentresultsshowthatprismaticdisloca-tionloopsmaybeformedasaresultofthecollapseofaclusterofvacancies,ormissingatoms,andthatloopsassmallasthoseformedfromsevenvacanciesare

stable.Thenucleationsizeofthesedefectswasnotpreviouslyknown.Nowheisworkingtoquantifytheeffectofprismaticloopsonmaterialfracturetoughness,whichisnecessaryinordertodevelopradiation-resistantmaterialsfornext-generationnuclearreactors.

Gavinialsoisinvestigatinghowmaterialsfailundershockloading,forinstanceduringanautomobilecrash.Resultsfromhisworkshowthatvacanciesspontaneouslynucleateundershockloading,whichfurthercoalesceintovoidsandleadtomaterial

failure.Quantum-mechanicalinteractions,whichhavebeenneglectedinthestudyofdefectsuntilnow,areprovingcriticaltounderstandingthebehaviorofdefectsinmaterialsundergoingshockloading.

Gavinisworknotonlyexploreshowdefectsleadtomaterialfailurebutalsohowmechanicalstrengthofmaterialscanbeimproved.Experimentalinvestigationsbyotherscientistshaveshownthattheyieldstrengthofananostructureincreasesbya

OPPOSITE:Cu lc-iyubi u ccy, ici c ccy, i im lum-ic i (l) 0.3 lumic i (i)cmu m l cl lcic uc-

u clculi. t cu li uc m -0.0005(blu) 0.0001() ili ci ui lcic ucu i lumici. t lil ii m. t cu quliimi iic iuc mccic mi u c-c. wi ici lumicmi, c-c ik bcm iic. Quiily, c c-y b iiclyiuc by mccic mi, i c i u l ucl-i kiic cci.


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From Atom to Application:ExploringLaser-MaterialInteractions

Lasersincreasinglyarebeingusedinmanyelds,frommanufacturingandmaterialprocessingtobiomedicaldevicedevelop-ment.TheworkofJyotirmoy Mazumder,theRobertH.LurieProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,spansatomtoapplica-tion,heexplained.Mazumderlooksforsociallyrelevant,day-to-dayproblems

andexploresnovellaser-basedtools,techniques,mathematicalmodelsforlaser-materialinteraction,controlstrategiesandapplicationstosolvethem.

Mazumdersresearchapproachinvolvesatomiclevelunderstandingthroughspec-troscopicmeasurementoflaser-inducedplasmatomeasureelectronbehavior,includingtemperatureanddensity.Thisservesasinputformathematicalmodelsoflaser-materialsinteraction,whichprovidethequantitativerelationshipbetweenlasersandmaterials.Armedwiththisfundamen-talinformation,heventuresintovariousapplicationsstartingfromlasermachiningofmicro-channelsforarticiallungstofabrica-tionoffunctionalengineeringcomponentsstraightfromart(orCAD,computer-aideddesign)topart.

OneofMazumdersmajorfocioverthepastthreedecadeshasbeentosolvethepuzzleoflaser-inducedplasma:whatswithintheplasmaandwhatsunderneathshroudedbyplasma,heexplained.Doingsoisyield-ingnewinsights.Plasmaiscreatedwhenahighintensitylaserhitsamaterialandatomsbreakdown.Plasmaisessentiallyacollectionofelectricallychargedparticles.Mazumderisdevelopingnewwaystoanalyzelaser-generatedplasmastoimprovemanufacturingprocessessinceplasmacloudshampervisibility.

InsteadofworkingwithplasmaasifitweretheenemyanunwantedconsequenceItrytoworkwithitasafriend,hesaid.

Mazumderhasdevelopedandpatentedatechniquetoseethroughtheplasma

usinganotherlaserwithadifferentwave-lengthandbymonitoringthereectedbeamtostudythemeltpoolhiddenundertheplasma.Bylookingatelectrondensity,speciclinestrengthandrelativestrengthandapplyingstatisticaltechniquesandatomiccalculations,Mazumderandhisstudentsfoundsignaturesofdefectssuch

asblowholes,porosity,undercutandbeadseparationwithin20millisecondsduringtheweldingprocess.Severalmanufacturershaveexpressedinterestinaeldtrial,whichwilltakeplaceinsummer2010.

Mazumderalsoenliststheplasmacharac-terizationtodeterminethemicrostructureofmaterialsduringfabrication.Histeamdis-coveredastrongcorrelationbetweenrela-tivelineintensityandphasetransformationtoformnewphases.Herecentlydemon-stratedthepredictivequalityofplasmasinthreealloys:titanium-iron,nickel-aluminumandnickel-titanium.Whenanymaterialsolidiesorgoesthroughcertainthermalcycles,itscrystalstructurechangesbasedonthecompositionandthermalhistory.Thatalsochangesthepropertiesofthematerialsandthusitsserviceperformance.

Currentlynomethodexiststodeterminethemicrostructureduringfabrication;insteadmaterialsscientistsconductpostmortemanalysesoncethematerialhassolidiedbyusingalabor-intensiveprocessofmounting,polishing,etchingandmicroscopicexami-nation.Thenpost-processingisnecessarytobuildamicrostructurethatpossessesthedesiredproperties.Bycontrast, in situphaseidenticationduringfabricationhasthepotentialtoimprovecurrentmethodsofmaterialprocessingandsynthesis.TheUniversityhasappliedforapatentforthisin

situtechnology.

Nowyoudonthavetogotoamicro-scope,explainedMazumder.Justbylookingattheplasma,youcantellwhattoexpectfromthemicrostructure.

Boththetechniqueandtheopticalsensorthatenablespectroscopicanalysisofplasmaduringlasercladdingandalloy-ingandweldingareamongtherstintheworld.Weknowwecansaveindustryanenormousamountoftimeandmoneynowspentanalyzingmaterialsmicrostructure;forscientists,wecanhelpthemcreate

novelmaterialswiththedesiredmicrostruc-ture,whichopensupalotofpossibilities,Mazumdersaid.

Mazumderalsohasbeenworkingondevel-opingthree-dimensionalself-consistentmathematicalmodelstodescribevariouslaserprocessingtechniquestodevelopquantitativerelationshipsbetweenlasersandmaterials.Hisrecenteffortinvolvesmodelingoflasercuttingofelectrodesforlithium-ionbatteries.

Usinginformationfromthelightassociated

withlaserprocessing,Mazumderalsohasdevelopedandpatentedaclosedlooptechnologytofabricatenear-netshapefunctionalpartsbymeltingpowderwithlasers.MachinesbasedonhistechnologyareusedinAmerica,Asia,AustraliaandEurope.

WorkingwithcolleaguesintheU-MMedicalSchool,Mazumderiscollaboratingonanarticiallung.Heisusinglaserstomicroma-chinethebiomimeticvascularnetworksonasiliconchip,whichisthenusedasamoldtomake10-micrometer-widemicro-chan-

nelsonPDMS,abiocompatiblepolymer,forarticiallungmodels.

Vascularnetworksbifurcatefollowingadistinctmathematicalrelationship,andlaserallowsustomimicthatrelationshipandcreatethechannelinthreedimensions,hesaid.


29/60


Nowyoudonthavetogotoamicroscope.Justbylookingatthe

plasma,youcantellwhattoexpectfromthemicrostructure.

MICRO-NEEDLE

CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

BIOMIMETIC

MICRO CHANNEL

DESIGNED MATERIAL

SPECTROSCOPY

LIQUID SURFACEVISUALIZATION

MODELING

LASER MATERIAL

LIQUID-FREE

SURFACE

PLASMAAND

VAPOR

SOLID STATE PHASE

TRANSFORMATION

CAMERA

SUBSTRATE

PYROMETER

SPECTROMETER

LASER POWER

CONTROL

GREEN LASER

COLLIMATOR


30/60


Exploringtherelationshipsbetweenthemicrostructureofmaterialsandtheirmac-roscalepropertiesiscriticaltopredictingthebehaviorofstructuralmaterialssuchasmetalsandceramics.AssistantProfessorSamantha DalyandtheresearchteaminherActiveMaterialsandMechanicsLaboratory(AMML)workattheintersec-

tionofmechanicsandmaterialssciencetoexploretheserelationshipsatmultiplelengthscales.Sheisparticularlyinterestedinphasetransformationsinactivemateri-als,andherteamusesnovelexperimentalmethodscoupledwiththeoreticalandcomputationalmodelinginordertobetterunderstandthemechanicsofhowthesematerialsdeform,fatigueandfracture.

Virtuallyeverymaterialismadeupofdif-ferentstructuresatdifferentlengthscales,explainedDaly,andweneedtounderstandtheconnectionsbetweenlengthscales,fromtheatomistictothemacroscale,inordertoaccuratelypredictandcontrolmaterialbehavior.

Dalyrecentlywasawardedave-yeargrantfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergythatwillsupportherresearchonshapememoryalloys(SMAs),specicallysolid-to-solidphasetransformationsinanickel-titanium(NiTi)alloy(seerelatedstoryonpage6).TheNiTialloyissuperelastic,meaningitcanrecoverfromlargeamountsofdeforma-tion.Thispropertyresultsfromanatomisticphasetransformationfromacubicatomiclatticestructuretoamonoclinicstructure,similartoathree-dimensionalparallelo-gram.ThesuperelasticityofNiTimakesitextremelyusefulinnumerousapplications,includingMEMSandbiomedicaldevicessuchascathetersandstents.

Butphasetransformationalsocanresultinregionsoflocalizeddeformationinthemate-rialthatarequitecomplexinnature,Dalynoted.DespitethewidespreaduseofNiTi,scientistsdontyethaveadetailedunder-standingofhowthisatomicrearrangement

affectsdeformationandfatiguebehavior.Dalyischangingthatwithherresearch,whichincludessomeoftherstquantita-tivefull-eldmapsofphasetransformationinNiTi.

Dalysteamsimultaneouslyusessynchro-tronradiation,atypeofhigh-energy,elec-tromagneticradiation,toexamineatomiclatticestatistics,andtwohigh-resolutioncamerastoimagethelocalizeddeforma-tionoverthesurfaceofthespecimen.

ThecamerastakesimultaneousimagesfromdifferentanglesofaNiTispecimenthatiscoveredwiththousandsofrandomtrackingdots.Dalysgroupusesvarioustechniquestoapplythesedotsdepend-ingonthelengthscaleofinterest,rangingfromatypeofspraypaintatlargerlengthscalestoplatinummarkersdepositedwithafocusedionbeamatmicroscopic-lengthscales.BymeasuringhowthosedotsmoveanddeforminrelationtooneanotherwhentheNiTisampleisstrained,theDalygroupcreatesthree-dimensionalquantitative

mapsofdeformationonthesurfaceofthesample.Theseandotherexperimentaltechniquesprovideinsightintothemechani-calunderpinningsofphasetransformationinNiTi.

Dalyandherteamhavebeenabletoseeastrongpatternmemoryinthewaythephasetransformationnucleatesandpropa-gatesfromcycletocycleduringfatiguetesting.Thispatternmemorypersistswithsurprisinglyhighdelity,whichsuggeststhat

fatiguebehaviorcanbestronglycontrolledbytailoringtheinitialmicrostructure.

Seeinghowthesephasesareretainedinthegranularstructureofthematerialfromcycletocycleisaninterestingandexcit-ingdiscoveryfromafundamentalscien-ticviewpoint,shesaid.Lookingatthemacroscopicinformationliketheload-dis-placementcurve,alongwithotherinforma-tionsuchaslatticestatisticsobtainedfromsynchrotronradiation,givesusacoherent

Shape Memory Alloys: SeeingtheForest andtheTrees

LASER EXTENSOMETER

THERMOCOUPLE, Ts

OPTICAL CAMERA OPTICAL CAMERA

SPECIMEN

THERMOCOUPLE, Ta

INFRARED CAMERA


31/60


pictureofwhatsactuallygoingonacrossmultiplelengthscales.

InadditiontotheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy,fundingforDalysresearcheffortscomesfromtheNationalScienceFoundation,GeneralMotorsandU-M.Movingforward,theDalygroupwillcon-tinuetoexaminelocaldamagenucleationandpropagationinmetalsandcompositesatthemicro-scaleandtoexploremultiplelengthscalessimultaneously.TheDaly

groupcurrentlycollaborateswithProfessorJohnShawoftheU-MAerospaceEngineeringdepartmentonstudiesofSMAhierarchicalstructuresandwithProfessorJ.WayneJonesoftheU-MMaterialsScienceandEngineeringdepartmentonultrasonichigh-cyclefatiguestudies.

Identifyingthelinksandrelationshipsamongproperties,structureandbehavioratmul-tiplelengthscalesisthecommonthreadrunningthroughDalyswork.Sometimes

Lookingatthemacro-

scopicinformationlikethe

load-displacementcurve,

alongwithotherinforma-

tionsuchaslatticestatistics

obtainedfromsynchrotron

radiation,givesusacoher-

entpictureofwhatsactually

goingonacrossmultiple

lengthscales.

youcanlookattreesandnotseetheforest,shesaid.Wewanttolookattheforestandthetreesandseeitallatoncetheleaves,branches,everything.Youhavetotieallofthelengthscalestogether,fromextremelysmallscalestomacroscopicbehavior,inordertoreallyunderstandtheentirepicture.

ABOVE:p mmy ui

cycli ickl-iium ml i l m i mil mi ui cycl 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50. r i iici mcliiclic (mi); blu i iici cubic lic (ui).

OPPOSITEPAGE: a yicl ximl u.h, icl cm u ckm mk clcul 3-d m-i l. a l xm i u ck ilcm ci-m. imi mcul u m mu ii.

CYCLE 1 2 5 10 25 50

7%

0%

x

y

p


32/60


Epoxy Curing:NewModelsforNewMaterials

Sophisticated,lightweightcompositematerialsforaerospace,automotiveandmanyotherapplicationsincreasinglyarebeingsoughtbyindustryandthemilitaryforthematerialsimprovedperformance,lowercostandimprovedenergyefciencyoverearlier-generationcomposites.

ProfessorAlan Wineman,whohasspentmuchofhisdistinguishedcareerdevelopingmathematicalmodelsofthemicrostructuralchangesinrubberandpolymers,morerecentlyhasbeenexploringtheoptimizationofthesematerials,specicallythecuringofepoxywithintheintersticesofbraidedcarbonbertextilecomposites.Themodels

heiscreatingofthecuringprocesswillhelpoptimizematerialperformance.

Modernmethodsformanufacturingcompositestructuralcomponentsstartwithawovensheetofcarbonbers,orglass,inamold.Liquidepoxyresinmixedwithhardenerisdrawnintothemoldandheated

sothattheepoxycuresinplace.

Theprocessiscomplicated,saidWineman.Thechemistryofcuringinvolvestimedependentexothermicreactionsandcontractionsduetocuringaswellasthermalexpansionyouhavecomplicatedinterac-tionsamongmanydifferentprocesses.

Usingideasdevelopedinhisearlierelasto-mericwork,heisdevelopingmathematicalmodelstopredicttheevolutionanddistribu-tionofstresses,deformationandmaterialpropertiesintheepoxymatrixasaresultof

curingandthepresenceandcharacteris-ticsofthewovenbersheet.Withrespecttothewovensheet,geometry,berarchitec-ture,thicknessandarrangementoflayersinadditiontointernalstressesproducedduringmanufacturingprocessesallhaveanimpactondeformationandperformance.

TheresearchteamincludescolleaguesProfessorAnthonyWaasofAerospaceEngineering,JohnKieffer,professorofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,andseveralgraduatestudents.Waasisanexperimentalistandcharacterizescomposite

structuralresponse;Kieffermeasuresnumerousmicro-scalepropertiesin situ asthepolymercures;andWinemanusesthedatatorenethemodels.

Wereabletopredictstress-developingstructuresasthematerialcures,whichisimportantbecausetheyaffectthemechani-calresponseofcomponents,forexample,energyabsorptionofautomobilesidepanelsduringacrash,hesaid.TheworkhasbeensupportedbytheAutomotiveCompositesConsortiumoftheUnitedStatesCouncilfor

AutomotiveResearch,LLC,throughtheU.SDepartmentofEnergy.

Thendingsoftherecentworkincludedsomewhatunexpectedsizeeffects.Wesawcompetitionbetweenheatconductionfromthematerialasitcuredandheatgenerationwithinthematerialduetoexothermic

reactions,Winemanexplained.Whenthematerialvolumesweresmall,theresearchteamdidntobservelocallyhighstresses,butwhenthevolumesincreasedtheteamsawgreaterinhomogeneitiesincuringratesandstressandtemperaturedistributions.Theseandotherndingsarebeingfurtherexam-inedincontinuingresearch.

ModelstopredictcuringandperformanceofcompositematerialsareofinteresttotheU.S.AirForceandaerospaceindustry.Therearemanyaircraftapplicationsgiventheproblemsthatariseincuringandthermo-oxidative

degradationathightemperatures,explainedWineman.Theresrealinterestinanewgen-erationofaircraftmaterials.

InadditionWinemansteamisextendingitsworktobiomechanicalapplications.Theunderlyingideasareapplicabletothestudyoftheconsequencesofchangesinbiologicatissueduetonon-mechanicalfactorssuchasaging,diseaseandtheimpactofdrugsontissueresponse.Perhapsthebiggestimpactofthismodelingworkmaybeinbiologicalmaterials,saidWineman.

Untilrecently,moststructuralengineeringmodelingwasconnedtodeterminingtheresponseofpassivematerials,sayametal,withxedpropertiesunderaspecicsetofconditions.Theengineeringofsophisticatedmoderncompositematerialsandbiologicalmaterialswillcouplethetraditionallyindependentdisciplinesofmechanics,materialscience,chemistry,electricity,magnetismandoptics.Ourwork,saidWineman,exempliesthisevolutiontomultidisciplinaryanalyticalmodelingofactivematerialsystems.

a iiilly ml (A) uizby lyci 125C 25 u (B). tlyci m mmb cl m mu (C). tmmb l m . tii xli by c cii cii mcmlcul clikii cu.

A

B

C


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New Technology for Better MEMS Microphones

Whentheelectretcondensermicrophonewasintroducedintheearly1960s,itrevolutionizedthemicrophoneindustry.Small,easytomanufacture,withgoodperformance,thesemicrophonesservedmanyapplicationsfromhearingaidsandheadsetstocomputersandcellphonesfordecades.Morerecently,smallerMEMS-

basedcondensermicrophoneshavebeenreplacingtheoldertechnology.Condensermicrophonestransducesoundthroughanelectricalcircuitthatsensespressure-inducedchangesinthecapacitanceofaparallelplatecapacitor.

Butmodelingandexperimentationcon-ductedduringthePhDresearchofRobertLittrell,aformerstudentworkingwithMEProfessorKarl Grosh,suggestedthatthethinlayersandnespatialresolutionmadepossiblebymorerecentMEMStechnologyactuallylendthemselvesbettertoadiffer-enttransductionstrategy,onebasedonpiezoelectricity.

Takingthendingsastepfurther,GroshandLittrell,workingwithresearchersintheU-MVibrationsandAcousticsLaboratory,havedevelopednovelpiezoelectrictechnologythatimprovesuponbothtraditionalaswellasMEMS-basedcapacitivemicrophones.Theirworkhasthepotentialnotonlytoreplacethevenerableelectretmicrophoneinmanyapplicationsbutalsotoenablenewapplications,suchassubmergedsensing,

whichisnotpossiblewithcondensertechnology.

PiezoelectricMEMSmicrophoneshavebeenaresearchtopicforovertwentyyears,however,achievingalownoiseoorinthesedeviceshasbeenanelusivegoal.Thenoiseoorreferstotheelectroniccracklingthatcanbeheardthroughamicrophoneorheadsetevenwhenthereiscompletesilence.Becauseofthishighnoiseoor,thetechnologyhasnotyettransferredfromtheresearchlabtoindustry.Bycombining

novelmodeling,designandfabricationtechniques,GroshandLittrellhavefoundawaytoovercomethehighnoiseoorofpiezoelectricMEMSmicrophones.The

keytounlockingthispotentialwastheirdevelopmentoptimizationparameterthatmaximizestheratioofelectricalpoweroutputtothepressureinputsquared,ratherthansimplyoptimizingsensitivity,ashadbeenpreviouslyattempted.

Novelprocessing,includingcontrollingresidualstressesinthefabricationanddepositingofhighqualitypiezoelectricmaterials,suchasaluminumnitride,enablesprototypesthatbehaveasdesigned.Theresultingdevicefeaturesasensorelement

thatisassmallasaricekernelbuthasamuchlowernoiseoor.Italsohasadynamicrangethatisathousandtimesgreaterthancomparably-sizedcapacitativemicrophones.Thesmallsizeandlowlevelofintrinsicnoisemakeitanappealingsolu-tionformanycommercialapplications,suchasstudio-qualitymicrophones,hearingaids

andhandsets.

Littrellhasgraduatedandisnowpresidentofaspin-offcompany,Baker-Calling,Inc.,createdwithGroshinordertocommercial-izetheirinventionandpotentiallytaketheirproducttomarketalargemarket.Morethan1billionmobilephonesalonearesoldeachyear,andeachoneofthosecontainsatleastonemicrophone.

Webelieveourdesigncanhavesomeimpact.ItwouldbeexcitingifsomethingwedesignedatU-Mcouldbeineverybodys

cellphone,Groshsaid.Currently,heandLittrellareworkingwithindustryleaders,endusersanddevelopmentengineerstobetterunderstandtheirneeds,specica-tionsandrequirements.

Thenextstepistodemonstratethatthedevicescanbefabricatedefcientlyinlargenumbersandmeetthespecicationsoftheindustry,headded.HeandLittrellalsoareinvestigatingwaystoenclosethemicro-phonesinrobustoutercasings.

ThenewpiezoelectricMEMS-basedmicro-

phonetechnologyevolvedfromGroshsongoingworkonanarticialcochleaforimprovedacousticsensingandalsopoten-tiallyforusebyindividualswithhearinglossorimpairments.

Iwasnotexpectingtondsuchanexcit-ingdesigninsuchanestablishedarea.Researchtakesaninterestingpath,Groshsaid,andpartofthatpathsometimesresultsinatechnologythatoutperformswhatcurrentlyexists.

Thesmallsizeandlowlevel

ofintrinsicnoisemakeit

anappealingsolutionfor

manycommercialapplica-

tions,suchasstudio-quality

microphones,hearingaidsandhandsets.

ABOVE: py izlcic MeMs mic- ci mliyi i (Jfet)i iml ck. si ci i 1.5 mmby 1.5 mm.



34/60


Understandinghumanmovementiskeytoprogressinmanyelds,fromsportstrain-ingtomedicine.Askanyathleteifpracticealonemakesperfect,andyouwilllikelygetalaugh.Sportsenthusiastsandprosalikecertainlybenetfrompractice,andknowingpreciselywhatmotionstopracticeandavoidiswhatleadstogenuineand

sustainedimprovement.Currentlyavailabletechnologiesusedtostudyhumanmove-mentandprovideconstructivefeedbackhavehistoricallybeenbasedoncameras.Yetcamera-basedmotioncaptureset-upscanbecostlyandareoftenconnedtospecializedindoorlaboratories.

ProfessorNoel PerkinsandpostdoctoralresearcherKevinKinghavedevelopedanalternative,andtheirMEMS-basedwirelessinertialsensorsystemisalreadyhelpingathletes,sportsenthusiasts,trainersandresearchersmoreaccuratelymeasureandanalyzehumanmovement.Theinertialmeasurementunit,orIMU,reliesonMEMSaccelerometersandangularrategyrosthatmeasureaccelerationandangularvelocity,respectively.Fromthesedata,onecanthenreconstructthevelocity,positionandorien-tationofanytypeofsportsgear.Ingolf,forexample,successfullyhittingalongdrivedownthemiddleofthefairwaydependsonthemotionimpartedbytheplayertotheclubhead.Thevelocity,positionandorientationoftheclubheaddirectlyaffectimpactwiththeballandtherstmoments

oftheballsight.

Observingthesubtlemovementsthatoccurinthemillisecondspriortoandjustafterimpactisextremelydifcult,butmeasur-ingthemwiththewirelessIMUisnot.Thehighlyminiaturized,wirelessunitisaboutthesizeofapostagestampandweighsapproximatelythreegrams.Designedoriginallyforsportstrainingapplications,theIMUintegratestechnologyforthree-axis

sensingofaccelerationandangularvelocitywithamicrocontrollerforanalogtodigitalconversion.Alow-powerradiofrequencytransmitterforwirelesstransmissionsendsdatatoahostcomputerviaaUSB-enabledreceiver.Whenmountedonorembeddedwithinsportsgear,suchasgolfclubs,base-ballbatsoryshingrods,theIMUprovides

essentialinformationneededtoresolvethemotionofthegearand,ultimately,toprovideactionablefeedbackplayerscanusetoimprovetheirgame.

Intheworldofsportstrainingtechnology,thewirelessIMUprovidesarugged,por-tablequantitativewaytoevaluateathleticperformance,andithasdiversesportsapplications.Itquicklybecameclearthatifwecouldbuildatechnologyforasportlikegolf,itwouldhaveanimmediatespillovereffectinnearlyeveryothersport,saidPerkins.Anavidysherman,heandhisbusinesspartnerBruceRichardslaunchedCastAnalysisLLCin2005,astart-upcompanythatusesIMUtechnologytohelpycastersimprovetheirtechnique.PerkinsresearchforgolforiginallywassponsoredbygolfequipmentcompanyPING,andthetechnologyiscurrentlylicensedtoabout-Golf.Commercializationplansalsoareinplacewithpotentiallicenseesinbaseball/softball,basketball,soccerandbowling.

FromtheFieldtotheResearchLab

TheIMUisbeingused,orwillsoonbeused,inmanyresearchlaboratoriesaroundtheU-Mcampus,too.Adepartmentalcol-laborationbetweenMEandKinesiologywilluseIMUtechnologytostudykneebiome-chanicstobetterunderstandanteriorcruci-ateligamenttearsandrepair.Inotherwork,Kinesiologyresearcherswillusethetechnol-ogytomeasureinfantwalkingundervibra-tionstimulustounderstandneuromuscular

Measuring Human Motion:

MiniatureWirelessInertialSensing

Itquicklybecameclear

thatifwecouldbuilda

technologyforasport

likegolf,itwouldhave

animmediatespillover

effectinnearlyevery

othersport.

ABOVE:hily miiuiz il iilmum ui (MU) bli b l mll.


35/60


controlissues.OrthopedicsurgeonNealChen,MD,willusetheIMUsystemtomeasurerotationsacrosstheshoulderandelbowtoaddressinjuriesinyoungpitchers.MEProfessorArtKuoisusingIMUsensingasaportablegaitmonitortoelectronicallyevaluateapatientsgaitovertime,whichisespeciallybenecialforpeoplewithdebilitatingdiseasessuchasdiabetesorParkinsonsdisease.TheIMUplatformalsoisbeingusedtomonitorhumanbalanceinpatientswithvestibulardisordersincollabo-rationwiththelaboratoriesofMEAssistantProfessorKathleenSienkoandProfessorMichaelKingofOtolaryngologyintheU-MMedicalSchool.

InacollaborativeprojectwithfacultyfromtheCollegeofEngineeringandtheMedicalSchool,theIMUisemployedtomeasurethenemotorskillsthatsurgeonsneedtomasterinordertohonetheirsurgicaltechniques.KingandPerkinsdevelopedaminiaturizedIMUsystemthatcanbe

mountedonsurgicalinstrumentsandenablesresearcherstocapturethemotionoftheinstrumentandevaluatehowanexpertsurgeonstechniquecomparestothatofanovice.

Inthecomingyear,KingandPerkinsexpecttointroduceanext-generationdesignwithaddedfeatures,includingtheabilitytotransmitdatanotonlytocomputersbutalsotosmartphonesusingstandard

Therearevastnumbersofexistingapplications

andyet-to-be-determinedusesforasmallsensor

thatletsusunderstandhumanmovement.Were

onthetipoftheicebergnow;werejustscratching

thesurface.

WiFi.Thenewdesignwillfeatureawirelesssensorarray.Thisallowsthesystemtosendsynchronizeddatafrommultiplesensorssimultaneously,anewcapabilitythatwillenablefurtherapplications.

Therearevastnumbersofexistingapplica-tionsandyet-to-be-determinedusesforasmallsensorthatletsusunderstandhumanmovement,saidPerkins.Wereonthetipoftheicebergnow;werejustscratching

thesurface.

ABOVE: t cc i il i l by l-i l.

BELOW:t bi y i il ciicl im l, ic -mi l bll i i.


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Inventing New Devices:

SmartMaterialsYieldSmartSolutions

Metalsexpandwhenheatedandcon-tractwhencooled,butthechangeissominuteoftenontheorderofone-tenthofonepercentforachangeof50Citsnoteasilydiscernible.Ashapememoryalloy(SMA),however,canchangeinlengthbynearlyeightpercentwhenheatedthroughthesmalltemperaturechangerequiredforitsphasetransformationandcanhandlesignicantloadsintheprocess.Whenheated,thesealloyscanremembertheiroriginalshape.SMAsprovidesimple,inexpensive,lightalternativestocurrentmotorsinapplicationsrequiringsmallto

moderateworkoutputandenablefunction-alitybeyondtheconventionalactuatorsoftoday;theirapplicationsinthisrangearenearlylimitless.

Newmaterials,suchasSMAs,enablepotentiallyrevolutionarytechnologiesbeyondtheimaginedneed,openingthedoorforleapfrogopportunitiesinthemar-ketplace,saidAssociateProfessorDiannBrei,whoincorporatesadvancesinsmartmaterialsintodeviceinnovationanddesign.

WorkingbroadlyacrossmultipledisciplinesandeldsandinclosepartnershipwithAssistantResearchScientistJonathanLuntz,BreiusesSMAstoinventbreak-throughtechnologiesbybridgingthegapsamongmaterials,systemsandnoveldevicearchitectures.Theirworkspansindustriesandapplications,includingautomotive,medicalandmilitary.

Breico-leadstheSmartMaterialsandStructuresCollaborativeResearchLaboratoryinconjunctionwithGeneralMotors(GM)toharnesstheemergingcapa-

bilitiesofSMAsandothersmartmaterials.OnerecentresearchavenuehasfocusedontheuseofSMAstotransformpassiverubbersealsonautomobiledoorsintoactiveseals.Creatingaqualitysealonacardoorisachallengingproblemduetotheinherentdesigncompromisebetweenthelowclosingeffortconsumersdesireandthehighsealingforcesthatensurewaterandnoisestayout.

Theresearchteamisde-couplingthatdesigntradeoffbyincorporatingashape

metalalloyinsidetherubberweatherstripping.WhentheSMAisturnedoff,therubberiscompliantandmakesthedooreasytoclose.WhentheSMAisactivated,theactivesealbecomesstifferandcreatesanexceptionalseal.WiththesupportofGM,Breiisidentifyingtheoptimalhumaninteractionwiththesealanddooranddevelopingnewsealparadigmsthataddresstheseconsumerpreferences.

Shapememoryalloysalsohavemanypotentialmedicalapplications,andBreisteamhasseensignicantsuccessapplying


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themtoaclinicaldevicefortreatingshortbowelsyndrome(SBS)inhumans.Insufci

me annual report

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