MDMA (Ecstasy) by Dustin Konesavanh

What is MDMA?•MDMA is 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine.• It is a psychoactive drug consumed for its euphoric effects.•MDMA acts as a serotonin-norephinephrine-dopamine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor.

Street Names of MDMA

Ecstasy X or E Molly Candy Thizz Happy pill Dancing shoes

HISTORY OF MDMA

History• MDMA was developed in Germany in the early 1900s as a parent

compound to be used to synthesize other pharmaceuticals.• During the 1970s, in the United States, some psychiatrists began

using MDMA as a psychotherapeutic tool, despite the fact that the drug had never undergone formal clinical trials nor received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans. In fact, it was only in late 2000 that the FDA approved the first small clinical trial for MDMA that will determine if the drug can be used safely with 2 sessions of ongoing psychotherapy under carefully monitored conditions to treat post-traumatic stress disorder.

• It was also during this time that MDMA first started becoming available on the street. In 1985, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) banned the drug, placing it on its list of Schedule I drugs, corresponding to those substances with no proven therapeutic value.

USERS

USERS:

Young adults/Adolescents (Ravers) White Youth African-American adults (20’s & 30’s) Gay and Bisexual Men. Body builders Models

Effects of MDMA

Effects of MDMA Part 2

Immediate Effects: Dehydration Hyperthermia Bruxism (grinding teeth) Increase wakefulness,

sweating, heart rate and blood pressure.

Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Erectile dysfunction

After-Effects (effects that last up to a week

after stopping): Lock jaw Insomnia Anxiety or paranoia Depression Irritability Impulsiveness Restlessness Memory impairment

Bruxism

Symptoms of MDMA Overdose:

High Blood Pressure Faintness Panic attacks Seizures Loss of consciousness

Long-Term Effects: Produce brain lesions Neurotoxicity Changes to brain

microvasculature and white matter.

Reduce gray matter density

Immunosuppressive effects

Cognitive impairments Memory impacted.

Economics of MDMA

Economics $$$The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime stated in its 2014 World Drug Report that U.S. ecstasy retail prices range from US$1 to $70 per pill, or from $15,000 to $32,000 per kilogram.[119] A new research area named Drug Intelligence aims to automatically monitor distribution networks based on image processing and machine learning techniques, in which an Ecstasy pill picture is analyzed to detect correlations among different production batches.[120] These novel techniques allow police scientists to facilitate the monitoring of illicit distribution networks.

Abuse

MDMA Abuse in the US

More than 11 million persons aged 12 or older reported using ecstasy at least once in their lifetimes, according to the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The number of current (use in past month) users in 2004 was estimated to be 450,000

Treatment for Addiction?

There are no specific treatments for MDMA abuse. The most effective treatments for drug abuse and addiction are cognitive behavioral interventions that are designed to help modify the patient's thinking, expectancies, and behaviors, and to increase skills in coping with life's stressors. Drug abuse recovery support groups may be effective in combination with behavioral interventions to support long-term, drug-free recovery. There are currently no pharmacological treatments for dependence on MDMA.

MDMA and Brain

SAY NO TO DRUGS! Before and After Picture

Work cited

1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA /APRIL 2015

http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/what-scope-mdma-abuse-in-us. April 2015

http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/brief-history-mdma. April 2015