mcs4 hope for tomorrow (2010 edit)

8/9/2019 mcs4 hope for tomorrow (2010 edit)

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NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7..

Cmd} nc fb{t7 v} cm,

]`c Ugz bo } `c Z c ghnv Vgeg

&=1 @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu

Jt1

Hgmt Gm c hhglmzg Mzg}dglbv(Gs} ` bz bo ]`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl ]zdhbet

Jbbi Bl c 1]b @cgh glm Ezbu

[gz} Bl c 1 ]`c Lde`}ngzc Idle

[zbhbes c Bl c 1Clm bo }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv

Tbsle Esgzmdgl bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghn ugv {dvvcm, Hbzm Esgzmdgl obhhbucm fhbvc jc`dlm `cz( ud}` }`c [zb}cf}bz glm Muchhcz.idl hcgmcz Zgnbl Ngz}dtg jc`dlm `dn, D} mdm lb} }gic hble }b obhhbu }`c v}clf` bo }ub V}ghiczv,

½Fzsfdv glm Ozglfcvfg gzc lcgzjt,³ Zgnbl ezbuhcm( vfzg}f`dle `dv lbvc,BµMchh lbmmcm, ½Vb dv Bz}`bv,³ @c vs{{hdcm, ½Gzc tbs vszc gjbs} }`dv(

Gzdglg Nbbl2³ ½[bvd}d c( vb v}b{ fghhdle nc }`g},³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm, ½@cµv mblc g hb}

bo mgngec }b `ch{hcvv Mzcgnczv b cz }`c tcgzv, @c nsv} jc v}b{{cm,³ ½D nsv} jc v}b{{cm( dv d}2³ ]`ct ghh `cgzm Bz}`bvµ bdfc fgfihc, @c

hgse`cm, ½Tbs udv`'³ ½]`c blht }`dle D udv` zde`} lbu dv tbsz mcg}`'³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl v}bbm s{

}b `dn( vubzm dl `glm glm ehbudle zcm ctcv, ]`c {bnnchµv acuch ehbucm gv uchh(glm }`c jhgmc vccncm }b `sn dl `cz `glmv,

Fzsfdv( Ehbzdglg( Ozglfcvfg glm Hbzm Jglc eg}`czcm jc`dlm `dn( ugd}dle obz }`c zde`} nbncl} }b g}}gfi,

½Tbs mb lb} `g c }`c ngedf }b mcv}zbt nc'³ Bz}`bv fzdcm( vcfzc}ht ctcdle }`c jhgmc dl `cz `glmv,

½Ngtjc D mb,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm, ½Ugllg vcc obz tbszvcho2³ ½Hc} nc glmhc }`cn( Bz}`bv,³ Fzsfdv v}c{{cm s{,@ch{ nc mcv}zbt `dn odzv}, Zgnblµv bdfc cf`bcm dl `cz `cgm, F`gzec s{

clbse` clczet }b {dczfc }`c `cgz} dl `dv f`cv},Tbsle Esgzmdgl hbbicm g} `dn, Tbs vszc d}µhh ubzi2Zgnbl lbmmcm( }szldle jgfi }b Fzsfdvµv c dh vndhc,½Tbs ugl} }b mcv}zbt nc( mblµ} tbs( Vbl2³ Fzsfdv fzbblcm,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :..

V bl2 Tbsle Esgzmdgl }`bse`}( v`gzdle gl gv}bldv`cm hbbi ud}` }`c [zb}cf}bz, BµMchh ic{} `dv nbs}` }`dl( ilbudle ghzcgmt,

½C cz vdlfc tbs idhhcm nt nb}`cz,³ Zgnbl gllbslfcm, Dl `dv ndlm }b Tbsle Esgzmdgl( `c vs{{hdcm, Bl nt ngzi,

½D idhhcm lb blc u`b mdm lb} mcvcz c }b mdc,³

Gzn tbszvcho( Zgnblµv ubzmv cf`bcm,Tbsle Esgzmdgl nb cm( hc}}dle }`c jhgmcµv clczet jzde`}cl, Zgnbl `dnvcho `dm `dv `glmv jc`dlm `dv jgfi( fblaszdle clbse` {bucz }b ngic gl clczet jghh bo `dv bul,

½]`c blht blcv u`b mcvcz c }b mdc v}glm jcobzc nc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl }gsl}cm,

½Udhh tbs jc }`c blc }b mb d}2³ Bz}`bv }gsl}cm( hgse`dle, ½Tbs gzc js} g nczc Glfdcl} Ntv}df F`dhm,³

½Glfdcl} Ntv}df F`dhm( gn D2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl zcv{blmcm( gzndle `czvcho,]`c jhgmc glm {bnnch ehbucm( ngidle `cz cl}dzc jbmt jszl ud}` clczet glm ngmmcldle {bucz,

½Lbu'³ Zgnbl fzdcm( }`zsv}dle `dv clczet jghh g} Fzsfdv,Tbsle Esgzmdgl mdm }`c vgnc ud}` }`c }d{ bo `cz jhgmc, ]bec}`cz( }`ct

mcv}zbtcm Fzsfdv( hcgmcz }b }`c V}ghiczv,Bz}`bv ugv gngqcm glm fblosvcm, @bu fbshm }`dv f`dhm mdzcf} vsf` v}zble

ngedf2 U`g} gjbs} }`c jhgmc ngmc cz vb {buczosh glm fblodmcl}2 Vccdle }`c hbbi bl dv ogfc ngmc }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl ezdl, ½]`g} ugv asv}

g ugzldle( Bz}`bv, Udhh tbs vszzclmcz bz mb D g c }b mcv}zbt tbs bs}.zde`}2³ ½Vszzclmcz' Lc cz'³ Bz}`bv hgse`cm,Vsv{cf}dle Bz}`bv ugv ebdle }b g}}gfi( }`c [zb}cf}bz {hgfcm `dv ebbm gzn bl

Tbsle Esgzmdglµv v`bshmcz, @c eg c dv Hbzm Esgzmdgl g {hcgmdle hbbi,Hbzm Esgzmdgl ocgzcm obz `dv vsffcvvbzµv hdoc( glm dv bul, D} ugv }dnc }b

v`bu `cz asv} `bu nsf` ngedf v`c `gm dlvdmc, Ud}` `dv glm }`c [zb}cf}bzµv `ch{(bo fbszvc,

½Tbsle Esgzmdgl( tbs nsv} mb gv D vgt,³ BµMchh gllbslfcm( ctcdle `dv }udl Bz}`bv, U`cl v`c hbbicm g} `dn( `c fbl}dlscm, ½Svc }`c Vdh cz Ngedf g} d}v nbv} {b}cl},³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl v`cg}`cm `cz vubzm glm ezdllcm udficmht g} Bz}`bv,½Nbv} {b}cl}( `s`2³

½BµMchh( }`dv dv jc}uccl sv blht'³ Bz}`bv fzdcm( `b{dle }b v}b{ `cz ozbn mbdle glt}`dle chvc,

]`bvc jc`dlm `dn fbuczcm( vfgzcm bo }`c vfclc,]`c [zb}cf}bz vwsccqcm `cz v`bshmcz( hc}}dle `cz ilbu `c ugv }`czc }b

mcoclm `cz, V`c ugv }bb dl}czcv}cm dl }`c mdghbesc jc}uccl jzb}`czv( glm mdmlµ} vccn }b lb}dfc,

½Lb} gltnbzc,³ BµMchh ugzlcm, ½Tbs obzocd}cm }`c {zd dhcec bo nt mcv}zbtdle tbs ghblc u`cl tbs dbhg}cm bsz }zcg}t,³

½U`g} }zcg}t2³ Bz}`bv gvicm,½Mb tbs lb} zcncnjcz u`cl Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv jbzl2³ BµMchh zcndlmcm

`dn, ½Tbs gezccm lb} }b dl}czoczc ud}` `cz hdoc( glm }`bvc dl d}, Tbs jzbic }`c }zcg}t nbzc }`gl blfc( Bz}`bv( vb lbu( tbs udhh jc mcv}zbtcm,³




½Eb g`cgm( BµMchh,³ Bz}`bv }gsl}cm, ½Vclm nc jgfi }`c Slilbul( u`czc D jchble,³

BµMchh v`bbi dv `cgm, ½]`c Slilbul dv ogz }bb ebbm obz tbs,³ @c vs{{hdcm, ½Tbs udhh jc mcv}zbtcm jt }`c czt Ngedf tbs `g}c,³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl }bbi }`g} gv `cz fsc glm svcm }`c jhgmc }b mdzcf} `cz Vdh cz

Ngedfµv jcgn, ]`c [zb}cf}bz {s} `dnvcho dl g }zglfc( {zbacf}dle `dv bul Ebhmcl Ngedf }`zbse` `cz jbmt }b `cz jhgmc, Ud}` Hbzm Esgzmdglµv `ch{( Bz}`bv( }bb(ugv mcv}zbtcm,

Ozglfcvfg glm Ehbzdglg vfzcgncm,V`c och} BµMchh udlfc( glm ilcu u`t, ]`c }udl.jblm ugv jzbicl jc}uccl

`dn glm Bz}`bv,]`c [zb}cf}bz fgnc bs} bo `dv Ebhmcl Ngedf }zglfc( ubbqt( js} dl }gf}, @c

zchcgvcm `cz v`bshmcz glm jgficm gugt, Hbzm Esgzmdgl lb}dfcm `dn glm ucl} }b `cgh `dv ubslmv vb `c ubshm jc gjhc }b `ch{ `dv hb c `bnc u`cl v`c ugv bs} bo `cz bul clczet, ]`c [zb}cf}bz ug}f`cm gv `dv Hbzm Esgzmdgl `cghcm dn, Blfc }`ct ngmc ctc fbl}gf}( BµMchh udlicm( vndhdle,

Ozglfcvfg v}bbm ozde`}clcm( `dmdle jc`dlm g v`gidle Ehbzdglg, Ud}` BµMchh v}glmdle }`czc( v`c mgzc lb} g}}gfi, Jglc ugv vdhcl}( osndle g} }`c vfclc,

Ozglfcvfg( ctcdle Zgnbl( jceecm obz obzed clcvv, ½Fzsfdv ngmc nc mb d}(nt hdcec,³

½D gn lb} tbsz hdcec( Ozglfcvfg,³ Zgnbl zc{hdcm, ½Vdlfc tbs gzc V}ghicz(tbs ilbu u`g} nsv} jc mblc,³

Zgnbl fblaszcm g hde`}ldle jghh dl `dv `glm glm {hgtcm ud}` d},Ozglfcvfg ctcm }`c jghh lbu, ½M.m.m.mcv}zsf}dbl2³ ½]`g}µv zde`}( mcv}zsf}dbl,³ G} }`g}( `c gdncm glm odzcm( mcv}zbtdle `cz bl

}`c v{b}, ½Gltnbzc }giczv2³ Zgnbl gvicm }`c }ub u b uczc hco},Ehbzdglg v`bbi `cz `cgm( mdvg{{cgzdle dl}b }`c lde`},Gv obz Jglc( `c ugv mc}czndlcm }b udl }`dv Ugz( c cl ud}`bs} Bz}`bv, Hbzm

Jglc v}gzcm g} }`c f`gzzcm zcngdlv bo Bz}`bv( Ozglfcvfg( glm Fzsfdv dl guc glm gngqcncl},

½Lb'³ Jglc fzdcm( v`gidle `dv `cgm gv `c v}gzcm g} }`c v{b}, ½D} dv lb} {bvvdjhc' Tbs {zbndvcm df}bzt( glm D udhh `g c d}'³

½Dµn gozgdm lb}( Hbzm Jglc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl v`bbi `cz cgm,U`cl `c hbbicm s{ g} `cz v}dhh.ehbudle ctcv glm vubzm( c ugv gozgdm, Lb}

ugl}dle `dnvcho }b clm s{ hdic `dv {gz}lczv.dl.c dh( Jglc zcfbdhcm glm fghhcm }`c zc}zcg},

Cp`gsv}cm glm bs} bo clczet( Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv `ch{cm jt }`c [zb}cf}bz jgfi }b }`cdz fgn{( }b }chh }`c Fbn{gldblv }`c ebbm lcuv, Zgnbl `ch{cm Hbzm Esgzmdgl ughi fhbvc jc`dlm }`cn,

]`c ugz `gm odlghht clmcm, D} ugv }dnc }b eb `bnc }b Zcv} glm @cgh,

J gfi dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( Gzdglg Zcgmdle ngmc vszc ghh `cz Fzsvgmczvuczc vhcc{dle jcobzc odlmdle `cz mgse`}cz Ichht, V `c obslm Ichht zcgmdle gjbbi dl }`c V }smt,

V clvdle `cz nb}`cz }`czc( v`c hbbicm s{, ½@bu mdm d} eb2 Mdm uc udl2³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. =..

½Obz lbu( tcv( js} }`czc udhh jc nbzc ode`}dle dl }`c os}szc,³ Gzdglgvs{{hdcm, Dl g zsv` bo cnb}dbl( v`c seecm `cz mgse`}cz, U`cl v`c {shhcmjgfi( }`czc uczc }cgzv dl jb}` {gdzv bo ctcv, ½@bu mdm c czt}`dle eb `czc2³

Ichht vndhcm, ½Lb {zbjhcnv, D vcl} Fghcj( Hbegl glm Nczcmd}` ud}` Gsl}Hslg glm Slfhc V `glc blfc }`ct eb} jgfi, ]`c }udlv gzc dl }`c {hgtzbbn(

]`cbµv vhcc{dle( Nchbmtµv dl `cz zbbn {hgtdle ud}` Glech,³½U`czcµv Ashdc}2³ Gzdglg gvicm,½V hcc{dle dl cz zbbn,³ Ichht vs{{hdcm, ½D odeszcm v`c lccmcm d}( ud}` ghh

}`bvc nblv}czv }b hbbi go}cz,³½U`g} gjbs} J zgmhct glm Fgzg2³½Fgzg ucl} `bnc `bszv geb,³ Ichht vgdm, ½Gv obz J zgmhct , , ,³@cz ogfc ochh glm Gzdglg vgu d}, ½@blct( u`g} dv d}2³½Eb hbbi dl bl V dczzg glm Mgmmt,³ Ichht }bhm `cz, ½]`czcµv vbnc}`dleµv

uzble ud}` }`cn, D fgl vclvc d},³½V b fgl D( V ucc}dc,³ Gzdglg zcngzicm, ½]`gli tbs obz tbsz `ch{( Ichht,

Uc ghh g{{zcfdg}c d},³

½U`g} gzc Fzsvgmczv obz( gltugt2³ Ichht }zdcm }b abic,Blc hgv} `se glm v`c `cgmcm lcp} mbbz }b odlm Ggzbl glm `dv Cgz}`ht

[zb}cf}bz,

DD

½D mb lb} jchdc c }`dv'³ Jglc osncm ozbn dv Mgzi Fgv}hc, NgeMghdg`(Ehbzdglg( Mgndgl glm }`c lcgz.obzeb}}cl Madll ebm Bnzd uczc ud}` }`cn( hdv}cldle }b `dn zgl}, ½Jcg}cl jt g fbs{hc bo f`dhmzcl'³

½]`ct uczc Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv( lb} nczc f`dhmzcl,³ Ehbzdglg zcngzicm,½@gzm }b jcg}( glm c cl `gzmcz }b idhh boo, Jchdc c nc( D }zdcm,³

½]`dv dv ghh tbsz ogsh}( Ehbzdglg'³ Jglc fzdcm,½Do gltblc dv g} ogsh}( d} ubshm jc tbs( Hbzm Jglc,³ Mgndgl vgdm

lblf`ghgl}ht, ½Tbs fghhcm g ugz ud}`bs} {zb{cz {zc{gzg}dbl,³ @c hgse`cm, ½Tbs v`bshm ec} g ncmgh dl v}s{dmd}t,³

½Vdhclfc( tbs'³ Hbzm Jglc tchhcm, Mgndgl blht vndhcm,½Lbu( lbu( nt {c},³ NgeMghdg` {szzcm, V`c v`b} Mgndgl g mdz}t hbbi( g}

u`df` `c v`zseecm, ½]`czc dv lb lccm }b }gic d} bs} bl }`c Nczf`gl},³ ½Jcvdmcv( }`czc dv ghugtv lcp} }dnc,³ Ehbzdglg zcv{blmcm, ½]`c Glfdcl}

Ntv}dfv gzc c cz dl jg}}hc ud}` Mbndldbld}cv, D}µv }`cdz abjv }b {zb}cf} }`c Mzcgn Zcghn ozbn sv,³

½Hbbi g} d} }`dv ugt( Jglc,³ NgeMghdg` vs{{hdcm, ½Tbs udhh lc cz jc jbzcm'³

Jglc vndhcm( idvvdle `cz, @dv ctcv }`cl ucl} }b }`c Madll ebm Bnzd( u`b `gm jccl `b czdle b cz dv gvc dl vdhclfc, ½U`g} `g c tbs }b vgt dl ghh }`dv(Madll2 U`b dv tbsz Ngv}cz lbu2³

½Nt Ngv}cz dv eblc( vb lbu( D zc}szl }b nt gvc sl}dh D gn lccmcm gegdl,³ Bnzd }`cl u`dvicm `dnvcho jgfi }b `dv gvc dl g fhbsm bo vnbic,

½Svchcvv( }`c hb} bo tbs'³ Jglc soocm, ½Hcg c nt vde`}'³ Mgndgl f`bvc }b v}gt jc`dlm, @c ilcu u cl gl c dh ecldsv hbv} g jg}}hc9




}`ct }clmcm }b zc cgh vbnc czt dl}czcv}dle }`dlev,½Gzc tbs mcgo( Mgndgl2³ Jglc fzdcm, ½Hcg c' Lbu'³ ½Lb} sl}dh D g c nt vgt,³ Mgndgl vs{{hdcm,Jglc fzbvvcm dv gznv glm ugd}cm, ½Uchh2³ ½]`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv }szlcm nt nb}`cz glm vdv}cz gegdlv} nc, ]`ct idhhcm

nt og}`cz glm mcv}zbtcm nt `bnc,³ Mgndgl jcegl, ½D ugl} dl bl u`g}c cz idlm bo zc clec tbs gzc {hglldle gegdlv} }`cn, Fblvdmcz d} `ch{ ozbn gl slhdicht vbszfc,³

½U`g} ngicv tbs }`dli D gn {hglldle zc clec2³ ½Tbs gzc }`c Lde`}ngzc Idle( gzc tbs lb}2³ Mgndgl fbsl}czcm, ½Blfc

`cgzdle ozbn `dv obhhbuczv( nt obzncz Mbndldbld}c Ugzzdbzv lb hcvv( bl `bu Bz}`bv ugv }`c ezcg}cv} c dh Ngv}cz }`ct vcz cm( tbs ugl}cm }b {zb c }b }`cn tbs uczc jc}}cz, Lbu }`g} tbs `g c hbv} }`c Ugz( ghble ud}` glt ghhdcv js} }`c obsz bo sv( tbs odlghht odeszcm bs} asv} u`g} idlm bo obc }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv zcghht gzc,³

½Wsd} zgnjhdle glm ec} }b }`c {bdl}( Mgndgl,³ ½Gzc tbs vb jhdlm glm mcgo }b }`bvc }`dlev gzbslm tbs2³ Mgndgl

zcngzicm( ogfdle Hbzm Jglc ud}` g vfbuh, ½Gv nsf` gv tbs ubshm hdic }b mdvndvv d} gv g ogdhszc( }`dv ugz jzbse`} tbs g zc{s}g}dbl, Blc bo ezcg} {bucz glm mcv}zsf}dbl,³

Jglc vfbuhcm jgfi glm eg c `dv ubzmv ezcg} }`bse`}, Go}cz g nbncl}( `c }szlcm bl `dv `cgh glm v}c{{cm }b hcg c, @c v}b{{cm( lb} }szldle jgfi(gllbslfdle, ½Ed c }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv }`cdz }dnc( Mgndgl, Hc} }`cn cgh glm zcv}, Vbbl( }`ct udhh ilbu cpgf}ht u`g} idlm bo obc }`ct }`cnvch cv gzc mcghdle ud}`,³

Mgndgl vndhcm udficmht( g ezcg} glm c dh {hgl obzndle dl `dv ndlm gv `c ug}f`cm Hbzm Jglc v}ghi gugt,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ?..

[zbhbes c ]u b1@bnc Gegdl

G vgm.hbbidle Gnc}`tv} V f`ndm} v`bucm Gzdglg Zcgmdle dl, Lcd}`cz vgdmg ubzm gv Gdncc hcm `cz ghnbv}.vdv}cz }b Ggzbl%v zbbn, ]`g} dv u czc }`ct

obslm Ggzbl zcv}dle dl `dv jcm( `dv {zbfhgdncm Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz V dczzg Ezcebzt vd}}dle jcvdmc `dn( `bhmdle `dv `glm,Gdncc vwsccqcm Gzdglg%v `glm jcobzc hcg dle }`c zbbn,Gzdglg v}bbm g} }`c mbbzugt( ug}f`dle glm hdv}cldle ud}` `cz Glfdcl}

Ntv}df%v Ctcv glm Cgzv, Ud}` Cn{g}`t( v`c och} jb}` uczc `sz} jgmht( glm vbugv Gdncc, V `c obfsvcm }`c Cn{g}`t bl }`c fbs{hc dl ozbl} bo `cz( ec}}dle }`cvclvc bo fblosvdbl glm cv}zglecncl} ozbn V dczzg, V gmht clbse`( V dczzg ugvfztdle,

Gzdglg v}dhh mdmlµ} nb c( hc}}dle `cz Gm glfcm Fhgdz btglfc }chh `cz }`c}ghc bo Ggzbl%v bzmcgh dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn, @dv ndlm ugv g v}zble blc( gv d}ghugtv `gm jccl( js} }`czc ugv vbnc}`dle chvc }`czc gv uchh, V bnc}`dle mgzi(

js} lb} mgzi, Gzdglg fgse`} }`c dvdbl bo V dczzg `cghdle `dn jt obzfdle `dn }b}gic `cz jhbbm, D} ngmc cz `cgz} vid{( vfgzcm }b }`dli bo u`g} zcghht `g{{clcm,

@bhmdle `cz f`cv}( v`c egv{cm vbo}ht,V dczzg }szlcm }b vcc `cz v}glmdle }`czc, V `c }`cl }szlcm jgfi }b Ggzbl%v

vdhcl} jbmt jcobzc Gzdglg fbshm vclvc glt}`dle chvc ozbn `cz, ]`dv ugv vfgzdle Gzdglg bs} bo `cz ud}v, V bnc}`dle g{{clcm u`cl

V dczzg `cghcm Ggzbl dl }`c @cghdle ]cl}v dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn, ]`g} vbnc}`dlef`glecm }`cn jb}`( jde }dnc, V `c fbshm lb hblecz vclvc }`c ebbmlcvv dlV dczzg( blht fblosvdbl, Lbz fbshm v`c vclvc }`c hb gjhc Ggzbl v`c%m ilbul obz

tcgzv( blht g mgzi f`gvn dl `dv ndlm odhhcm ud}` fblosvdbl glm vcho.hbg}`dle,Ud}`bs} vgtdle g ubzm( v`c vsnncm s{ }`c vfclc, J gvcm bl V dczzg%v

bul fblocvvdbl bo jcdle g Ug}f`cz.idl V sl.Mglfcz( g Muchhcz u`b zcvcnjhcmgn{dzcv bo hceclm jt Zcv}dle mszdle }`c mgt glm @sl}dle g} lde`}( mzdlidle

}`c jhbbm bo nbz}ghv glm gldnghv( V dczzg Ezcebzt `gm vbnc`bu ngmc Ggzbl gMuchhcz.idl gv uchh,

]`dv ngmc }`dlev czt mdoodfsh} lbu, Gzdglg fbshmlµ} zcgm }`c ndlmv bo cd}`cz bo }`cn( glm }`g} ugv u`g} vfgzcm cz }`c nbv}( obz lbu, ]`g} dv( sl}dhV dczzg cp{hgdlcm cpgf}ht u`g} ucl} bl glm fblodzncm ghh `cz ocgzv,

Sl}dh }`cl( }`ct ubshm }d{.}bc gzbslm cgf` b}`cz u`cl }`ct v{bic bz nc}ctcv,

Gzdglg och} `ch{hcvv g} }`g} nbncl}, Svsghht( Ggzbl ubshm ed c `cz vbncidlm bo ncvvgec( cd}`cz }chc{g}`df bz cn{g}`df( }chhdle `cz `c ugv ebdle }b jcbigt( glm lb} }b ubzzt gjbs} `dn, Lbu( `buc cz( }`czc ugv lb}`dle dl dvndlm,

D} ugv gv do g jde f`gvn bo mgzilcvv }bbi b cz( glm Ggzbl ugv ode`}dle d}ozbn ud}`dl, Zde`} gugt( v`c ilcu `dv bul Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz `gm ]szlcm `dn(glm `c ugv }bb ogz obz cd}`cz bo }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv bz Fzsvgmczv }b `ch{ `dn,

]`c blht blc gjhc }b ec} `dn bs} bo `dv ndlm.fbng ugv V dczzg Ezcebzt,V `c mdmlµ} ugl} }b eb( js} v`c mdmlµ} ugl} }b v}gt u`czc v`c fbshmlµ} mb




glt}`dle }b `ch{, V `c ugv gozgdm v`c ugv dl }`c ugt bo }`cdz hb c obz cgf`b}`cz, V `c ugv }bb fblosvcm( ocgzdle obz `cz jcv} ozdclm%v hdoc( ndlm( vbsh( glmvcho, D} ugv }bb gzm }b jcgz,

Lb} ugl}dle }b dl}czoczc( v`c fhcgzcm `cz }`zbg} glm ugd}cm sl}dh V dczzg%vctcv nc} `czv jcobzc vgtdle glt}`dle,

*@cgh `dn( Gdzncm V }gzf`gvcz,* Gzdglg svcm V dczzg%v Muchhcz.idl lgncdl `cz bul Tbsle Esgzmdgl }blc,V dczzg%v vndhc mdmlµ} ncc} `cz ndvng}f`cm ctcv u`cl v`c lbmmcm,

DD

Dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( Vgjzdlg( obzncz Ngdmcl bo }`c Mbndldbl glm Slilbul vc}}hcm dl V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc%v Vcz gl}%v Wsgz}czv, @cz fbsvdl Ig}`czdlc @gui.V}gzegqcz( Hgmt bo }`c Fgldlc _ghhct glm V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc( ugv ud}` `cz,

*D `b{c D gn lb} }bb nsf` }zbsjhc( Hgmt Ig}`czdlc,* Vgjzdlg vs{{hdcm,*Tbs ngt mzb{ }`c }d}hc u`cl uc gzc ghblc,* Ig}`czdlc vgdm ud}` g vndhc,

*Gv obz jcdle }bb nsf` }zbsjhc( tbs gzc lb}, U`t ubshm tbs }`dli vsf` g }`dle2* Vgjzdlg fbshmlµ} fg}f` `cz fbsvdl%v ctcv, *D `g c fgsvcm vb nsf`

mcv}zsf}dbl b cz }`c tcgzv, D gn gv`gncm bo ntvcho,* *Tbs `g c hcgzlcm tbsz hcvvblv( D {zcvsnc2* Ig}`czdlc gvicm,Vgjzdlg hbbicm s{ glm lbmmcm, *Nbv} mcodld}cht,* Ig}`czdlc fbl}dlscm }b vndhc, *]`cl hc} sv hcg c d} g} }`g}, Do Hbzm Esgzmdgl

vccnv }b jchdc c tbs `g c zcmccncm tbszvcho( }`gl vb mb D, U`g} ugv mblc dl }`c {gv}( }`bse` d} `gzncm nglt glm idhhcm b}`czv( ngt `g c jccl fzsch bl tbsz

{gz}( js} }`g} mbcv lb} ncgl tbs fgl lc cz jc obzed cl,* *U`g} bo }`c b}`cz Fbn{gldblv2* Vgjzdlg gvicm, ½Glm }`c }`dlev D g c

mblc }b }`cn dl }`c {gv}2 Mb }`ct lb} v}dhh vcc nc gv }`c clcnt2* Ig}`czdlc v`bbi cz `cgm, *Vgjzdlg( fbsvdl( hcg c d},* V`c vgdm, *D} udhh

}gic g u`dhc obz ghh Fbn{gldblv }b vcc tbs gv vdlfczc( js} d} fgl glm udhh jc mblc,*

*D gezcc ud}` }`c Hgmt,* ]`ct `cgzm g zbse bdfc v{cgi s{ ozbn jc`dlm }`cn, D} ugv }`c odzc.mcnbl Ftzdp( Vgjzdlg%v hb cz, *Ed c d} }dnc( nt mcgz( glm ghh udhh jc uchh,*

*]`g}%v zde`},* ]`c bdfc bo Ig}`czdlc%v fgldlc `svjglm( Vdzc Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz cf`bcm ozbn jc`dlm }`cn, @c v}c{{cm }b Ig}`czdlc glm eg c cz ochdlc f`cci g {cfi, *Fbndle ozbn blc bo tbsz obzncz Ugzzdbzv( Vgjzdlg( }`g} dv vgtdle g hb},*

Vgjzdlg nbglcm u`cl v`c nc} `dv ogfc, *B`( Ubho, Fgl tbs c cz obzed c nc obz ngidle tbs ode`} g ugz slmcz oghvc {zc}clvcv2 Obz ghnbv} }cgzdle tbs glm Ig}`czdlc g{gz} vb hble geb2*

*Lb} }b ncl}dbl v}cghdle nt Ubho Ngedf gv uchh,* Ubho gllbslfcm ud}` g }de`} ezdl,

Vgjzdlg v`bbi `cz `cgm gzmcl}ht, *]`g} ugv Mgndgl%v mbdle( lb} ndlc'* Ubho vndhcm, *D ilbu( glm D mb obzed c tbs,* *Gtc(* Ig}`czdlc gezccm, *Do Hbzm Esgzmdgl `dnvcho fgl obzed c tbs jb}`(

fcz}gdlht }`c b}`cz Fbn{gldblv udhh vbbl, Tbs udhh vcc,*




½Ghh d} }gicv dv }dnc,³ Ubho vs{{hdcm, @c }szlcm }b }`c odzc.mcnbl, *Ftzdp( D udhh lccm tbsz `ch{ ud}` bsz lcu zcfzsd}v,*

Ftzdp lbmmcm, *Fcz}gdlht( Vdzc,* @c idvvcm Vgjzdlg%v hd{v glm vndhcm, *G mcnbl%v ubzi dv lc cz mblc( D escvv,*

]bec}`cz( Ftzdp glm Ubho hco} }`c wsgz}czv,

*Fszdbsv(* Vgjzdlg vs{{hdcm vbo}ht gv v`c ug}f`cm }`cn hcg c,*U`g}%v fszdbsv2* Ig}`czdlc gvicm,*U`czc dv Zcm Ubho2* Vgjzdlg ublmczcm, *Dv `c lb} tbsz ilde`}2* Ig}`czdlc ugv }`c blc }b g bdm `cz fbsvdl%v ctcv, *]`ct gzc ode`}dle,* Vgjzdlg egv{cm, *Js} }`ct gzc }`c jcv} bo ozdclmv' C cl dl }`c Ugzv obz

[bucz( }`ct v}sfi }bec}`cz' U`g} gzc }`ct ode`}dle gjbs}2* *Fchdlc,* Ig}`czdlc zc{hdcm,*U`g} gjbs} `cz2* Vgjzdlg ugv fblosvcm,*Zcm Ubho dv dl hb c ud}` `cz( glm v c ud}` `dn,* Ig}`czdlc gllbslfcm

vgmht, *Ubho dv dl }`c ndmmhc( glm glezt g} Zcm, Zcm `dnvcho `gv eblc }b vcc dv idl.Fhglv dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn }b vbz} d} ghh bs},*

*Fgl tbs lb} `ch{ }`cn2* Ig}`czdlc v`bbi `cz `cgm, *]`ct nsv} odlm obzed clcvv bl }`cdz bul,

]`czc dv lb}`dle D fgl vgt bz mb }b `ch{ }`cn jc ozdclmv gegdl,* Vgjzdlg ugv vdhcl} dl }`bse`} u`cl `cz fbsvdl hco} }`c wsgz}czv bl }`g}

v}g}cncl},D} ngmc cz }`dli, Lb} blht mbcv Ubho V}gzegqcz `g c }b mcgh ud}` `dv

ilde`} glm `dv mgse }cz( lbu `c `gv }b mcgh ud}` `cz, Ugv hdoc dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn%v Fgldlc _ghhct c cz ebdle }b jc }`c vgnc gv d} `gm jcobzc }`c zcfcl} Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv2 Uczc }`c Fbn{gldblv c cz ebdle }b obzed c `cz obz `cz {gv} glm }zsv} `cz gegdl2

Nbv} bo ghh( ugv Vgjzdlg c cz ebdle }b }zsht od} dl glm occh uchfbnc dl g {hgfc v`c lc cz }`bse`} v`c fbshm2




[zbhbes c ]` zcc 1]`c [gv} .. Zcjbzl'

Mgndgl obslm `dnvcho ud}` `dv hble.}dnc hb c( }`c Mgzi Hgmt V`clgzg dvd}dle }`c Zd cz bo Zcezc}( lcgz Hg g Oghhv dl }`c Bhm Mbndldbl, ]`c Nczf`gl}

ugv vndhdle gv `c {hgtoshht }cgvcm V`clgzg gv }`ct ughicm, Obz V`clgzg( g vndhc bl }`c Nczf`gl}%v ogfc ugv g zgzc }`dle, V`c ugv vsv{dfdbsv glm fszdbsv(cgecz }b ilbu u`g} ugv bl `dv ndlm,

*]chh nc Mgndgl,* V`clgzg {szzcm( uzg{{dle cz gzn dl `dv gv }`ct ughicm, *U`g} mdm Hbzm Jglc g c }b vgt }b tbs2 Bz ugv d} tbs }b dn2*

Mgndgl v}b{{cm glm {cficm `cz f`cci, *G`( nt hb c( d} ugv lblc bo tbsz fblfczl,*

*Ugv d} gjbs} zc clec gegdlv} }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv obz idhhdle tbsz og}`cz(}`c Ngv}cz2* V`clgzg gvicm,

@c v}b{{cm dl `dv }zgfiv glm ozbulcm, *Nt( tbs `g c jcfbnc lbvt,* @c v`bbi `cz boo glm jcegl }b ughi gugt,

V`clgzg ugvl%} }b jc v}b{{cm vb cgvdht, V`c fgse`} s{ ud}` `dn, *Bo fbszvc D `g c, D ugv }zgdlcm jt }`c jcv}( tbs ilbu,*

Mgndgl v`bbi `dv cgm glm hgse`cm, *Bo fbszvc tbs uczc,* @c vs{{hdcm(v}b{{dle gegdl dl `dv }zgfiv, @c hbbicm }b }`c Zd cz bo Zcezc}( vndhdle, *Mb tbs zcncnjcz }`dv Zd cz2*

V`clgzg ugv fblosvcm, *Gtc,* V`c vgdm( glm }`cl zcfd}cm, *]`c Zd cz bo Zcezc} `bhmv Mzcgnczv% zcezc}}cm }`bse`}v glm ncnbzdcv, V`bshm glt jcdle mzdli ozbn d}( }`ct ubshm jc obzfcm }b zchd c }`cdz {gv}v dl }`cdz ndlmv, Vb2*

*Vb2 D `g c g {hgl( glm d} `gv }b mb ud}` }`dv zd cz,* Mgndgl ilch} glm md{{cm `dv fs{{cm `glm dl }`c ug}cz( hc}}dle d} }zdfihc }`zbse` dv odleczv, @c }`cl }szlcm jgfi }b `cz, *Vbnc}`dle D ngt lccm tbsz `ch{ ud}`,*

V`clgzg ilch} jcvdmc `dn, *B`' Mb }chh'* *Lb} tc}( nt vucc},* Mgndgl vgdm, *D gn v}dhh nshhdle d} b cz dl nt ndlm,* *U`g}c cz d} dv( nt Nczf`gl} hb cz( D udhh jc jcvdmc tbs ghh }`c ugt,*

V`clgzg idvvcm `dn }`cl,*D ugv fbsl}dle bl d}( nt mcgz,* Mgndgl vs{{hdcm ud}` gl c dh ezdl, @c

v}bbm glm hbbicm jctblm }`c zd cz, *Obz lbu( uc `g c fbn{glt,* V`clgzg hbbicm }b u`czc `c ugv v}gzdle, *Vgjzdlg,* Mgndgl lbmmcm, *Tbs fgl fbnc bs} lbu, Uc ilbu tbs gzc `czc,* Vgjzdlg g{{cgzcm jc`dlm }`cn,*U`g} gzc tbs mbdle }`dv vdmc bo }`c Zd cz( vdv}cz2* Mgndgl gvicm(

vndzidle, *Bz v`bshm D fghh tbs }zgd}bz2* *D fbnc bl nt bul gffbzm( jzb}`cz,* Vgjzdlg gllbslfcm, ½Glm d} dv tbs

u`b gzc }`c }zgd}bz( lb} D,* Mgndgl hgse`cm, *[hcgvc' D gn lb }zgd}bz' D ugv lb} }`c blc }b }szl cz

jgfi bl ghh v`c ilcu obz vbnc v}s{dm fgsvc'* *]`g} fgsvc ugv g asv} blc,* Vgjzdlg tchhcm jgfi, V`clgzg fzdlecm jc`dlm

Mgndgl( gozgdm bo }`c obzncz Ngdmcl, *D vgu }`c czzbz bo nt ugtv glm mdm vbnc}`dle gjbs} d}( u`df` dv nbzc }`gl D fgl vgt obz tbs'*

*Hdv}cl }b tbszvcho( Vgjzdlg'* Mgndgl fzdcm, *]`c obzncz Ngdmcl bo }`c



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7;..

Mbndldbl glm Slilbul }ghidle bo }`c czzbz bo `cz ugtv, ]`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv `g c jzgdlugv`cm tbs dl}b }`dlidle tbs gzc ebbm( u`cl dl ogf}( tbs gzc lb},*

*G} hcgv} D gfilbuhcmec }`cn gv nt ogndht,* Vgjzdlg fbsl}czcm, *]`ct mdm lb} }szl nc gugt u`cl D mdm }`cn uzble, ]`ct obzeg c nc( glm hc} Ftzdp glm D hd c dl }`c Fgldlc _ghhct ud}` Ig}`czdlc glm Ubho,*

Mgndgl ugv vdhcl} obz g nbncl}, *Ubho( gv dl Ugzzdbz Ubho `dnvcho2* *Gtc( u`g} bo d}2* *Glm Ig}`czdlc( bsz bul ebbmt.ebbmt fbsvdl Ig}`czdlc @gui2* *Mgndgl'* Vgjzdlg v{g},Mgndgl blht hgse`cm, *Ngt D fblezg}shg}c tbs bl tbsz mcfdvdbl }b }szl

ebbm2 D} v`bshm jc wsd}c g ogzfc,* Vgjzdlg ugv fblosvcm, *Ogzfc2 U`g} ogzfc2 D gn }szldle ebbm( glm wsd}c

nbzc {buczosh( }`gliv }b Ig}`czdlc,* *]`gl tbs b{clht gmnd} }b }szldle gegdlv} sv2* Mgndgl vs{{hdcm, *Bz( gzc

tbs asv} ogidle d} }b ec} bl }`cdz ebbm vdmcv2* *D mb lb}`dle bo }`c vbz}' Lb} gltnbzc'* Vgjzdlg fzdcm, *Do }szldle gegdlv}

c dh ncglv `g dle nt ozccmbnv bo }`bse`} glm gf}dbl jcdle nt bul( }`gl gtc( D gmnd} d}'*

Mgndgl hgse cm g} `cz, *Glm }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv2* *]`ct ngmc nc vcc u`g} D ugv mbdle ugv uzble,* Vgjzdlg vs{{hdcm, *D

udv` blc mgt( jzb}`cz( tbs ubshm vcc d} gv uchh,* Bl }`g}( Vgjzdlg `soocm glm mdvg{{cgzcm,*U`g} gl dl}czcv}dle fbl czvg}dbl( Mgndgl,* V`clgzg u`dv{czcm,*Dlmccm,* Mgndgl vs{{hdcm, *Blc }`g} eg c nc }`c ezcg}cv} bo dmcgv,* *Nbzc gjbs} tbsz {hgl2* V`clgzg gvicm( zcm ctcv }udlihdle ud}` mchde`},Mgndgl lbmmcm( glm }bhm `cz u`g} `c `gm dl ndlm,

DD

Ghslg Nbzc`bsvc mzcgncm, Blc {gz}dfshgz }dnc dl } c @cghdle ]cl}v`gsl}cm `cz( glm v`c `gm lb dmcg u`t,

D} ugv g }dnc bo ugz dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn glm mbdle `cz ms}t gv gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df @cghcz ugv zg{dmht mzgdldle `cz, V`c c cl `gm }b svc vbnc bo }`c @cghcz%v Ngedf `cz vdv}cz eg c `cz asv} }b icc{ s{ ud}` }`c mcnglm, Asv} u`cl v`c }`bse`} v`c fbshml%} v}glm s{zde`} gltnbzc( hc} ghblc @cgh gltblc( g v}zglec jcdle ud}` ohgndle zcm `gdz glm mgzi ctcv g{{cgzcm dl ozbl} bo `cz,

*Tbs hbbi mzgdlcm( tbsle Glfdcl} Ntv}df,* ]`c nghc fzbblcm dl g zbhhdle gffcl}cm }blc,

]`c Ezglm Ngesv fbshm blht lbm,]`c nghc zcgf`cm `dv ndlm bs} }b `czv glm fbnnglmcm ghbsm vbo}ht, *Vd}

mbul, Hc} nc `ch{ tbs,* *]`gliv( v}zglecz, D g{{zcfdg}c d},* Ezglm Ngesv u`dv{czcm, @cz bdfc

jgzcht vbslmcm hdic `cz bul,*Fghh nc Odzcv}bzn,* @c vs{{hdcm( hcgmdle `cz }b gl cn{}t jcm lcp} }b g

ubslmcm Fbn{gldbl vbhmdcz, U`cl v`c `gm vg}( `bhmdle `cz `cgm( `c vg} lcp} }b




`cz, *D gn g Ug}f`cz.idl Muchhcz( Tbslehdle, Go}cz D mchd czcm blc bo }`c Fbn{gldbl f`dfiv }b nt idl.vdv}cz( D och} tbs dl {gdl( v}zgdldle }b v}gt gobb},*

Ezglm Ngesv lbmmcm,*Do tbs hc} nc( D fgl jbbv} tbsz @cghdle Ngedf,* Odzcv}bzn fbl}dlscm,*D ubshm lb} gm dvc }`g}( idl.jzb}`cz,* Fgnc }`c bdfc bo glb}`cz Muchhcz

Hslg ilcu gv Ashdgllg, V`c ugv ozbuldle( v`gidle `cz `cgm, *V`c lccmv lb}`dle ozbn tbs, U`g} v`c lccmv dv zcv}( glm }dnc }b zcf`gzec `cz Ngedf,* Odzcv}bzn vcl} }`c Ezglm Ngesv }b vhcc{ ud}` g fbnnglm( js} `cz ndlm

ugv hdv}cldle dl gv }`c vdjhdlev fbl}dlscm,*D blht udv` }b `ch{ cz,* Odzcv}bzn zcv{blmcm, ½D fgl occh }`c Ngedf ud}`dl

`cz, V`c dv gngqdle( ghnbv} gv {buczosh gv Jchhg czvcho,* *]`ct gzc jb}` Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv,* Ashdgllg vbo}clcm ud}` `cz bhmcz jzb}`cz

gv }`ct jb}` v}gzcm g} `cz, *U`b ilbuv u`g} Hbzm Esgzmdgl ubshm mb v`bshm uc ]szl blc bo `dv bul2*

*D fgzc lb}`dle obz dn( gv tbs uchh ilbu,* Odzcv}bzn vs{{hdcm, ½D blht udv` }b ngic `cz vcc obz `czvcho asv} `bu gngqdle v`c fgl jc,*

*Lb} jt ]szldle `cz dl}b blc bo sv,* *U`t lb}2 U`g} `gzn ubshm d} mb2* Odzcv}bzn gzescm,*[hcl}t,* Ashdgllg zc{hdcm, ½V`c dv v}dhh g Tbslehdle( Cgz}`jbslm glm

Glfdcl} Ntv}df, V`c v}dhh lccmv }b hcgzl nglt }`dlev dl `cz hdoc jcobzc uc fgl c cz js}} dl ud}`bs} `gzn,*

Odzcv}bzn fbl}dlscm }b v}gzc g} `cz( hbledle dl g ugt }`g} ngmc Ashdgllg slcgvt,

*Jzb}`cz( u`g} mb tbs }`dli bo2* V`c gvicm ecl}ht, ½Zcghht,* *]`c [zb{`cvt( glm Cnczghm( u`b gviv dl nt `cgm }`c vgnc }`dle gv tbs,*

Odzcv}bzn {cficm `dv tbslecz vdv}cz bl }`c f`cci glm vde`cm( vgtdle jcobzc hcg dle, ½V`c fghhv }b nc( tbs ilbu,*

Ashdgllg lbmmcm ud}` g ezdl, Cnczghm( g Acuch Chmcz.idl Muchhcz( ugv Odzcv}bzn%v Jblmng}c u`b ugv g @cghcz, V`c ugv ghvb }`c blht blc }`g} fbshm icc{ `cz odczt bhmcz jzb}`cz dl hdlc,

Ashdgllg( bl }`c b}`cz `glm( fbl}dlscm }b v}gzc g} }`c vcnd.fblvfdbsv Ezglm Ngesv, *D ilbu tbs%zc hdv}cldle( Ezglm Ngesv,*

Ezglm Ngesv }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm vhbuht b{clcm `cz ctcv, ½Tbs ilcu(glm mdml%} }chh `dn2*

Ashdgllg {s} g odlecz }b `cz nbs}`, *Bsz hd}}hc vcfzc},* Ezglm Ngesv vndhcm( glm }`cl ozbulcm, V`c {bdl}cm }b }`c ubslmcm

buhc} dl }`c jcm lcp} }b `czv, *Fgl tbs `ch{ nc vb D fgl ch{ `cz2* *Tbs mbl%} ugl} nt idlm bo `ch{( Glfdcl} Ntv}df,* Ashdgllg v`bbi cz

`cgm, *Ghh tbs lccm dv zcv}, D fgl glmhc }`c buhc},* *U`t ubshml%} D ugl} tbsz idlm bo `ch{2* Dlv}cgm bo glvuczdle( Ashdgllg ucl} b cz }b }`c buhc} glm vg} bl }`c jcm,

Ezglm Ngesv ug}f`cm dl vdhclfc gv Ashdgllg svcm g v`gz{ odleczlgdh }b vhdfc g hble hdlc dl `cz uzdv}, V`c }`cl {s} }`c jhccmdle uzdv} }b }`c buhc}%v nbs}`( u`df` fhgv{cm bl glm mzgli `cg dht,

Dl Ezglm Ngesv% ndlm( Ashdgllg vcl} }`c ncvvgec, ]`dv dv u t, D ubshm`g c }b obzfc tbs }b mzdli nt jhbbm dl bzmcz obz tbs }b svc d}v `cghdle




*Ig}`czdlc dv zgdvdle }udl {s{.id}v glm Ubho dv jsvt ud}` Zcm Ubho v}cghdle Fchdlc gugt,*

*]`c [zdlfcvv dv v}dhh czc,* Ftzdp gllbslfcm, *D }zgdlcm `cz dl ngedfgh gz}v ud}` jb}` `cz Fbn{gldbl vdmcv,*

Vgjzdlg mdml%} ilbu u`g} }b vgt g} }`g}, *]`ct gzc }bb jsvt }b mcgh ud}`

}`c hdicv bo nc,* *Ig}`czdlc dv }zgdldle tbs( dv v`c lb}2 Dl }`c svc bo Ebbm Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf2* Vgjzdlg lbmmcm( vb `c fbl}dlscm, *U`cl dv tbsz lcp} hcvvbl2*

Vgjzdlg egv{cm, *B` .. Lbu' ]`gli tbs obz zcndlmdle nc' D nsv} eb'* Gv v`c eb} s{ }b hcg c( Ftzdp fgse`} `cz gzn glm {shhcm `cz dl obz g idvv,

V`c ugv v}sllcm( hco} v}gzdle g} `dn dl ublmcz, *Vbncmgt( Vgjzdlg( D `b{c d} dv tbs u`b mbcv }`c idvvdle,*

Ftzdp }`c Odzc.Mcnbl hc} eb bo `cz gzn( glm v`c hco} dl g mgqc,

Vgjzdlg `czvcho obslm `cz fbsvdl Ig}`czdlc dl }`c [zgf}dfc Odchmv ud}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl `czvcho, G} }`c vde`} bo }`cn jb}` dl }`cdz Ode`}cz%v Ecgz( `cz

`cgz} mzb{{cm,V`c v}gzcm cp}zg `gzm g} Tbsle Esgzmdgl( u`b ugv v{gzzdle ud}`

Ig}`czdlc( v}b{{dle blht }b odp `cz fbsvdl%v v}glfc bz nb cncl}v, Vccdle }`cn }bec}`cz ngmc `cz mc{zcvvcm,

D v`bshm jc svcm }b vccdle }`cn }bec}`cz jt lbu , Vgjzdlg vgdm dl `cz ndlm, ]`ct ghugtv `g c v}sfi }bec}`cz( hdic }zsc ozdclmv v`bshm( c cl gegdlv}nc, Cv{cfdghht gegdlv} nc,

@cz vde` fgse`} Ig}`czdlc%v g}}cl}dbl, ]`c }ub bo }`cn v}b{{cm }b ezcc} `cz,

*Vgjzdlg( u g}%v uzble2* Ig}`czdlc gvicm,Vgjzdlg cpf`glecm g hbbi ud}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl( u`b fgse`} }`c `dmmcl

ncgldle,*D jc} D ilbu(* Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm, V`c }szlcm }b Ig}`czdlc, *Mb tbs

}`dli D fgl vlg}f` `cz gugt obz g u`dhc jcobzc `cz hcvvbl2* Ig}`czdlc lbmmcm }de`}ht, *Mb lb} jc }bb hble( Gzdglg, V`c lccmv `cz

{zgf}dfc,* *V`c lccmv }`dv nbzc }`gl {zgf}dfc zde`} lbu,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl Gzdglg

zcngzicm vgmht, *Obhhbu nc,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl hcm `cz mcc{ dl}b }`c Fgldlc Ubbm( u`czc( lb} }bb hble

geb( Vgjzdlg%v v}c{nb}`cz Ehbzdglg fgv} g Mgzi Ndv} v{chh }b ngic }`bvc u`b cl}czcm fzgqt, Ud}` Ubho%v `ch{( Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv gjhc }b ugzl b}`czv gjbs} d} jcobzc glt nbzc Fbn{gldblv fbshm eb ngm, Dl }`c clm( Hbzm Jtzbl bo }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df Idlembn ngmc d} mdvg{{cgz bl }`c dlvdv}clfc bo `dv bhmcz jzb}`cz Hbzm Ngpdngldgf bo }`c Ezct Gzcg%v V`gmt Idlembn,

Dl }`c {zcvcl}( Vgjzdlg fbshm occh Tbsle Esgzmdgl%v lcz bsvlcvv ud}` `cz Cn{g}`t, U`cl }`ct v}b{{cm g} g }zcc v}sn{( Tbsle Esgzmdgl vg} mbul glm }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}`,

*D mbl%} ilbu `bu }b vgt }`dv fbsvdl( vb D%hh asv} vgt d},* V`c v}gz}cm, *D%n vbzzt,*

*Obz u`g}2* Vgjzdlg gvicm,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7=..

*Obz mcv}zbtdle tbsz og}`cz,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv odlghht gjhc }b hbbi s{ g} `cz, *Uc.uc `gm }b, @c ugv svdle }bb nglt mcoclvchcvv Mzcgnczv glm Fbn{gldblv( glm D fbshml%} }gic d} gltnbzc, D} ugv obz }`c ezcg} bo ebbm,*

Vgjzdlg zchgpcm glm slmczv}bbm, *]bb }chh }`c }zs}`( d} `gm eb}}cl }b }`c {bdl} u`czc D ugv gozgdm bo `dn, D} }bbi nc g hble }dnc }b vcc d} obz ntvcho asv}

`bu c dh `c ugv,* *Tbs nsv} `g c hb cm dn dl tbsz bul v}zglec ugt,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl zc{hdcm, *@c ugv tbsz og}`cz,*

*@c ugv ghvb g }tzgl},* Vgjzdlg vndhcm, U`cl Tbsle Esgzmdgl hbbicm g} `cz( v`c vndhcm( }bb, *Gmnd} d},*

*B`( D% c ghugtv gmnd}}cm d},* Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm, *D%n asv} vsz{zdvcm }b `cgz tbs vgt d}( }`g}%v ghh,*

Vgjzdlg lbmmcm, *D} ugv Ftzdp u`b ngmc nc vcc `bu Og}`cz ugv svdle nc gv uchh,* V`c vs{{hdcm, *Tbs vgu nc ud}` Hbzm Ngpdngldgf%v V{chh.Jbbi, D fbshm lb} }gic d},*

*C cz ublmcz u`t2* Tbsle Esgzmdgl gvicm,

Vgjzdlg }`bse`} obz g nbncl}( bo }`c tcgzv bo }bz}szc }b }`c Mbndldbld}cv Bz}`bv `gm ngmc cz mb, V`c }`bse`} bo ghh }`c }dncv v`c ugv bzmczcm }b mcv}zbt Tbsle Esgzmdgl( vb B%Mchh ubshml%} `g c g vsffcvvbz, V`c }`cl }`bse`} bo bu `c%m bzmczcm `cz }b ec} Hbzm Ngpdngldgf%v V{chh.Jbbi glm jzdle d} jgfi }b `dn vb `c fbshm cvfg{c }`c Slilbul }b mb u`g} `c%m ghugtv ugl}cm1 }b idhh B%Mchh glm zshc dl `dv }udl jzb}`cz%v {hgfc,

Vgjzdlg v`bbi `cz `cgm, *D asv} ugl}cm }`c ngmlcvv }b v}b{,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl v}gzcm g} `cz( vsz{zdvcm }b `cgz }`g} fbndle ozbn `cz,U`cl v`c mdml%} ec} g czjgh zcv{blvc ozbn `cz fbsvdl( Vgjzdlg v{bic s{(

gv`gncm, *Lbu d} dv nt }szl }b vgt D gn vbzzt,* V`c fbl}dlscm, *Vbzzt obz ghh D nsv} `g c {s} }`c Fzsvgmczv }`zbse`, D `b{c tbs udhh odlm d} dl tbs }b obzed c nc,*

*D mb( glm lb} jcfgsvc Hbzm Esgzmdgl }bhm nc }b,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm ud}` g ezdl, *D ugv }`c blc }b fb cz obz tbs dl ozbl} bo Hbzm Ngpdngldgf( zcncnjcz2 Nt Cn{g}`t idficm dl glm D fbshm occh tbs dl g jg}}hc blht tbs fbshm ec} tbszvcho bs} bo, Vb D v{bic s{ dl tbsz og bz, Do D%m ic{} vdhcl}(c cl Hbzm Ngp ubshml%} `g c jchdc cm tbsz vdlfczd}t,*

*Obz }`g}( D }`gli tbs,* *Mbl%} }`gli nc tc}( fbsvdl,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl fbl}dlscm, *Obz zdvi bo

vbslmdle {zcgf`t( D%hh blht vgt }`dv blc }`dle, Hbzm Esgzmdgl glm D ngt jc fbl dlfcm tbs%zc }szldle ebbm( Vgjzdlg( js} d} udhh }gic nbzc }`gl nczc g{bhbedcv }b udl b cz }`c Fbn{gldblv, V`bu }`cn tbs%zc vdlfczc( vbnc`bu, Blfc }`ct vcc

obz }`cnvch cv tbs%zc bl }`cdz vdmc( }`ct%hh f`glec }`cdz ndlmv gjbs} tbs, Asv} ug}f`,*

*Tbs zcghht }`dli vb2* Tbsle Esgzmdgl lbmmcm, *D ilbu vb,* Obz g nbncl}( }`ct uczc dl }`cdz bul }`bse`}v, Tbsle Esgzmdgl v}gzdle g}

Vgjzdlg u`b ugv hbbidle }b `cz hg{ glm {hgtdle ud}` g oghhcl hcgo dl `cz `glmv,*Tbs ilbu( Vgjzdlg( tbs fgl fghh nc Gzdglg u`cl D%n lb} gf}dle nt }d}hc,* Vgjzdlg hbbicm s{ g} }`c v}g}cncl}( fgse`} boo.esgzm, ]b `cgz }`g} fbndle

ozbn `cz ncgl} v`c ugv obzed cl glm `gm g {cznglcl} ozdclm dl `cz,




*]`gli tbs'* Vgjzdlg `seecm `cz, *B`( }`gli tbs( Gzdglg, Tbs mb lb} ilbu `bu nsf` }`g} ncglv }b nc,*

Tbsle Esgzmdgl Gzdglg hgse cm( `seedle cz jgfi, ½D fgl `gqgzm g escvv,* V`c vs{{hdcm, *Obz lbu( tbs%m jc}}cz eb }b tbsz hcvvbl( bz Ig} udhh `g c nt jc`dlm obz jzcgiogv}'*

Vgjzdlg hgse`cm, *Uchh( hc} sv eb }`cl,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl( Gzdglg( v`bbi cz `cgm gv v`c }bbi ohde`}, *Vbzzt( fbsvdl(js} D `g c }b ec} jgfi }b nt {g}zbhv, D%hh hbbi dl bl tbs vbbl( bigt2*

Vgjzdlg lbmmcm( ug}f dle `cz oht gugt, V`c zgfcm jgfi }b Hgmt Ig}`czdlc glm `cz hcvvblv dl }`c ebbm Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf,

V`c fbshm `gzmht ugd},



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7?..

[gz} ]u b1]`c Sldfbzl Muchhcz

[zbhbes c 1

]`c Ugz Ud}`dl

Gdncc hbbicm dl bl Ggzbl glm V dczzg u`cl `cz ghnbv}.vdv}cz hco}, V `cv}bbm dl }`c mbbzugt( lb} ngidle g vbslm gv v`c v}gzcm g} `cz }udl jzb}`cz%vlcgzht.hdochcvv jbmt, V `c fbshml%} occh glt}`dle ozbn cd}`cz bo }`cn svdleCn{g}`t, Ggzbl ugv {ghc( glm V dczzg ugv jt `dv vdmc( `bhmdle `dv `glm glmvbjjdle,

V `c och} g ugzn `glm bl `cz v`bshmcz( glm zcgf`cm `cz `glm }b ncc}`dv, V `c ilcu dlv}dlf}d cht d} ugv `cz bul Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz( V fb}} Gzf`cz,

U`g}%v uzble ud}` `dn2 V fb}} gvicm `cz dl `cz ndlm( ilbudle }`c blht ugt `c fbshm vclm `cz }`c ncvvgec ugv ud}` `cz }bsf`dle `dv `glm( bz hbbidle

dl}b `dv ctcv, U`t mbcv `c hbbi mcgm2 @c%v lb} mcgm, Gdncc zcngzicm( `cz ncl}gh bdfc v`gidle, D fgl v}dhh occh

`dn dl }`czc( vbncu`czc( js} D fgl%} odlm `dn bl bsz ncl}gh {g}`,V fb}} }bbi `cz `glm glm hcm `cz }b }`cdz zbbn, @c }bbi `cz dl dv gznv

glm ugd}cm sl}dh `cz vdhcl} }cgzv vsjvdmcm,*D mbl%} ilbu u`g}%v ebdle bl dl }`czc,* Gdncc vs{{hdcm( ncgldle

Ggzbl%v zbbn, *D% c zchdcm vbhcht bl }`c cn{g}`t glm }chc{g}`t D `g c ud}` `dn(glm `c%v lb} }`czc,*

*]`czc nsv} jc vbnc}`dle }`czc( b}`czudvc( u`t ubshm V dczzg jc }ztdlevb `gzm }b ugic `dn2*

Gdncc v`bbi `cz cgm, *]`c blht }`dle D vcc cz mbdle dv jhgndle `czvcho obz `dv fblmd}dbl,*

*Tbs fgl%} vclvc `cz cd}`cz2*Gdncc v`bbi `cz cgm gegdl, *Lb{c, D}%v hdic }`ct `g c }`cdz bul ncl}gh

{g}`, Do v`c%v }ztdle }b zcgf` `dn( v`c%v lb} vsffccmdle, U`g} gn D mbdleuzble( V fb}}2 U`t fgl%} D vclvc nt }udl jzb}`cz2*

*Gdncc( hb c( D mbl%} `g c }`c glvuczv tbs lccm,* V fb}} vgdm, *Eb }ghi }bV dczzg, V `c ilbuv nbzc gjbs} }`dv }`gl uc mb,*

Gdncc vde`cm, *D vs{{bvc tbs%zc zde`},* V `c vgdm, *Udhh tbs ug}f` }`cidmv obz nc2*

V fb}} vndhcm( `seedle cz glm idvvdle `cz lbvc, Gdncc vndhcm( hcg dle }beb jgfi }b `cz jzb}`cz%v zbbn,

]`c mbbz ugv b{cl blht g fzgfi glm v`c fbshm `cgz V dczzg%v bdfcv`gidle gv v`c }ghicm }b gl slzcv{blvd c Ggzbl, V `c {sv`cm }`c mbbz b{clvhbuht( v}c{{dle dl,

Dlv}gl}ht( v`c eb} g fhgdz btgl} dvdbl,

Gv }`ct ucl} }b }`c Sldfbzl glm Gdzncmµv vdmcv( g jzdhhdgl} ohgv` bo hde`} nc} }`cn, Blfc }`cdz ctcv zcgmasv}cm gegdl( }`ct fbshm vcc Bz}`bv ugv osndle,

½U`g}2'³ @c ugv gv}bldv`cm, ½Tbs uczc vs{{bvcm }b jc mcv}zbtcm jt




hde`}' @bu fgl }`dv jc2 Tbs fgllb} v}dhh jc ghd c'³ Jb}` }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Gnc}`tv} fbshm vcc Gdzncmµv obzn( vndhdle dl

mcodglfc, V`c ugv ohcpdle hcle}`t odleczlgdhv( v}gzdle g} Bz}`bv ud}` jhbbm.zcm ctcv, Lcd}`cz Glfdcl} Ntv}df ilcu u`g} }b }`dli, U`g} vfgzcm }`cn }`c nbv} uczc `cz ezbudle dlfdvbzv( }`c v`gz{clcm oglev bo g gn{dzc,

Bz nbzc {zcfdvcht( g Muchhcz,Tbsle Esgzmdgl fghhcm dl `cz ndlm }b glt Muchhcz.idl g gdhgjhc }b `ch{ u`dhc v`c ug}f`cm }`c vfclc slobhm,

½Vsz{zdvc( Bz}`bv'³ Gdzncmµv zgv{t bdfc ugv lb}`dle hdic cz bul, ½D gn dl dlfdjhc'³

Gnc}`tv} hbbicm }b `cz v}sllcm jzb}`cz, @dv Sldfbzl.ezccl ctcv uczc jhgfi glm `bhhbu, @c ugv ozbqcl dl ocgz bo }`dv mgleczbsvht lcu vdmc bo `dv svsghht hb dle edzhozdclm,

Bz}`bv vgu }`c Sldfbzl dmdle jc`dlm Gdzncm( glm vndhcm, ½Ugzzdbzv' G}}gfi'³

Gdzncm( Tbsle Esgzmdgl( glm Gnc}`tv} fbshm blht v}glm glm ug}f` gv

Mgzi Ugzzdbzv v`b} gzzbuv g} }`c Sldfbzlµv ozbqcl v}g}c, Ghh }`zcc ubncl }zdcm }b v`do} }`c gzzbuv dl glb}`cz mdzcf}dbl svdle }`cdz Ngedf( js} d} ugv }bb hg}c,

]`ct vfzcgncm gv }`c gzzbuv {dczfcm }`zbse` }`c Sldfbzlµv vidl( {zb{chhdle `dn }b }`c ezbslm asv} occ} gugt ozbn }`c edzhv, Gnc}`tv} }szlcm ozbn }`c vfclc( fztdle dl Vfb}}µv cnjzgfc, ]`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl fbshm blht v}gzc( c cl gv v`c ugv u`dvicm gugt jt }`c [zb}cf}bz,

Gdncc vlg{{cm bs} bo }`c dvdbl asv} dl }dnc }b `cgz V dczzg vbjjdle gvv`c `chm Ggzbl%v {ghc `glm, *D%n vb vbzzt, D mdml%} ugl} }b svc nt Ug}f`cz.idl{buczv bl tbs, [hcgvc( fbnc jgfi }b nc,*

Gdncc mcfdmcm }b v{cgi s{, *@c ubshm `g c mdcm do tbs `gml%}( glm tbsilbu d},*

V dczzg hbbicm }b vcc `cz v}glmdle }`czc,*Mdmlµ} tbsz ctcv svcm }b jc }ub mdooczcl} fbhbzv2* Gdncc gvicm( blfc

vccdle V dczzg%v ctcv uczc mgzi,V dczzg lbmmcm,Gdncc }zdcm }b v}c{ fhbvcz }b }`c fbs{hc( js} v`c fbshm occh g jgzzdcz bo

ndv}zsv} gzbslm }`cn, *D%n lb} ebdle }b `sz} tbs( bz `dn( vb tbs fgl }gic tbsz jgzzdcz mbul,*

*Tbs2* V dczzg cpfhgdncm, *Tbs fgl occh }`g}2*Gdncc lbmmcm, *D% c ghugtv jccl gjhc }b occh d}( glm mb d},* V `c vgdm,

Ecv}szdle }b }`c jcm( v`c gvicm, *Ngt D2*V dczzg lbmmcm gegdl, *@bu2*Gdncc }bbi glb}`cz v}c{ glm vg} bl }`c cmec bo }`c jcm, ]`c jgzzdcz ugv

v}dhh }`czc( js} lb} gv v}zble, ]`g} ugv g ebbm }`dle, D} v`bucm V dczzg `gmvbnc }zsv} dl `cz,

*D} v}gz}cm u`cl Gzdglg Nbbl fgnc }b V `bzc [bdl} @bnc obz F`dhmzcl,*Gdncc jcegl( }ztdle `gzm lb} }b hbvc `czvcho dl }`c ncnbzdcv, * V `c obslm bs}odzv}.`glm `bu Nzv, Ecz}zsmc ugv jcg}dle }`c f`dhmzcl, Uc ngmc ozdclmv ud}``cz( bo fbszvc( glm jcfgnc }`c ] zcc Nsvic}cczv, Gzdglg hcgzlcm bu }b czcf}




g ngedfgh jgzzdcz svdle `cz Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf, Bo fbszvc( v`c mdml%} ilbuu`g} d} ugv fghhcm sl}dh nsf` hg}cz dl hdoc, Gltugt( v`c ubshm v`dchm sv ud}`}`c jgzzdcz u`clc cz Nzv, Ecz}zsmc bz gltblc ncgldle }b mb sv `gzn ubshmfbnc gzbslm, J cobzc v`c hco}( uc ngmc }`c J hbbm [gf}, U`cl v`c mdm hcg c(glm uc obslm bs} u`g} }`g} [gf} mdm }b sv( uc hcgzlcm `bu }b czcf} ngedfgh

jgzzdczv bo bsz bul,*V `c {gsvcm }b fg}f` `cz jzcg}`( glm ug}f` V dczzg%v zcgf}dbl, V dczzg ugvv{ccf`hcvv( glm Gdncc fbshm occh }`c jgzzdcz hdo}dle( do blht g hd}}hc, V `c ghvblb}dfcm V dczzg%v ctcv, ]`ct uczc lb hblecz jhgfi( js} jgfi }b }`cdz jhsc glmezccl,

Gdncc vndhcm, *Tbsz ctcv f`glecm jgfi( V dczzg,* ]`dv vlg{{cm }`c mgzi.`gdzcm edzh bs} bo `cz mgqc, *Zcghht2*Gdncc ezdllcm( lbmmdle, *Eb f cfi d} bs},*U`cl V dczzg hco}( Gdncc nb cm fhbvcz }b `cz jzb}`cz, V `c }bbi blc bo `dv

fbhm `glmv dl `cz bul glm fhbvcm `cz ctcv( vclmdle `dn }`c }`bse`}, Vbzzt gjbs} }`dv jde jzb}`cz( js} D `g c }b mb d}, ]`c Fzsvgmcv uczc tcgzv geb( js} D%n

v}dhh tbsz B cz.Vccz,Gdncc czcf}cm g jgzzdcz bo `cz bul gzbslm }`cn, V `c }`cl vcl} `czvcho

dl}b `dv ndlm( g @cghdle Ngedf dvsgh. czvdbl bo `czvcho vcgzf`cm,

D} ugv mgzi( glm fbhm, V`c fbshm occh lb}`dle }b ezgv{ bl}b glm @cgh vb v`c fghhcm bs} obz `dn, Lb}`dle,

V`c }zdcm }b vclvc `dn( js} gegdl( nc} ud}` lb}`dle,]`cl( v`c vgu g hblc odeszc v}glmdle dl g zgt bo hde`}( hdic g v{b}hde`} bl g

v}gec,@c v}bbm dl {hgfc( cpgndldle `dv `glmv, @dv `gdz ugv }bsvhcm( glm }`c

jzde`} ezccl ehbu bo }`c Sldfbzl Ngedf ugv dl `dv ctcv, ]`c %occh% bo `dn mdml%} occh hdic `dn g} ghh, D} ugv vb mgzi d} vfgzcm `cz, Do d} uczcl%} obz }`c `gdz( v`c ubshml%} `g c zcfbeldqcm `cz bul }udl jzb}`cz,

Zde`} gugt( v`c fbshm occh dn, @c ugv glezt glm fblosvcm, V`c och} }`c ug cv bo fblosvdbl jcg}dle g} `dn( }`c glecz }ztdle }b }gic b cz `dn,

V`c b{clcm `cz nbs}` }b v{cgi( js} `c ubshml%} hc} `cz, V`c }zdcm }b nb c(js} v`c ugv ozbqcl dl `cz v{b}, Gdncc vcl} `cz @cghdle Ngedf }b `dn( blht }b `g c `dn }`zbu d} jgfi g} `cz, V`c }zdcm }udfc nbzc( js} d} ugv gegdl zcacf}cm(glm }`zbul jgfi g} `cz,

Ggzbl( v}b{ }`dv ngmlcvv' Gdncc svcm }chc{g}`t }b }chh `dn( vdlfc v`c v}dhh fbshml%} nb c bz v{cgi, D ilbu tbs%zc glezt glm fblosvcm, Fbnc jgfi }b svglm uc%hh odeszc d} bs} }bec}`cz,

]`c dvdbl bo Ggzbl odlghht hbbicm s{ glm gfilbuhcmecm cz, ]`c ezccl ehbu ugv v}dhh dl `dv ctcv( glm `c zcgf`cm bs} obz `cz( js} fbshml%} }bsf` `cz,*Gnc}`tv},,,`ch{ nc,,,D%n vb fblosvcm,,,*

Gdncc ugv gjhc }b v{cgi lbu( glm mdm, *Fbnc jgfi }b sv( jzb}`cz, Uc%hh `ch{ tbs odeszc d} bs}, D {zbndvc,*

V`c vcl} }`c @cghdle Ngedf }b `dn( js} `c }`zcu `cz bs}( slilbudle,

Gdncc egv{cm gugic }b odlm `dn hbbidle .. lb( ehgzdle .. g} `cz, ]`czc




ugv vbnc}`dle dl dv ctcv glm vcho v`c mdml%} hdic, D} ugv mgzi( hdic Gzdglgvgdm( js} lb} mgzi,

J cobzc v`c fbshm vgt bz mb glt}`dle( `c }bbi }`c uzdv} bo }`c `glm }`g}`chm `dv glm {s} d} }b dv nbs}`, Dl g v{hd} vcfblm( v`c vgu `dv hcle}`cldledlfdvbzv glm och} `dn jd}c `cz gzn vb `gzm( v`c vfzcgncm,

V `c }zdcm }b nb c bz ec} gugt( js} v`c fbshml%},V `c `cgzm bdfcv( bz zg}`cz( g bdfc }`g} eb} `cz bs} bo `cz {gdl.v`bfi,*Gdncc' Ggzbl'* D} ugv V fb}}( glm c vgu }`c vfclc, * J zgmhct( }gic

Glech glm ec} bs} bo `czc, V dczzg( v}b{ `dn jcobzc `c idhhv `cz'* ]`c lcp} bdfc Gdncc `cgzm ugv V dczzg%v, *Ggzbl( v}b{'* V dczzg tchhcm,

*]`dv dv tbsz vdv}cz' Tbsz }udl'*Ggzbl vccncm }b `cgz blht V dczzg( glm hc} eb,Gdncc ugv tglicm gugt jt g czt g}}cl}d c V fb}}, V `c fbshm occh }`c

jgzzdcz gzbslm }`cn v`g}}cz }b {dcfcv, D} `sz}( js} blht clbse` }b egv{, V `cubshml%} vfzcgn gegdl,

½Hc} nc }gic g hbbi g} }`g},* V fb}} dlv}zsf}cm( {s}}dle g }buch }b `cz

jhccmdle gzn,Gdncc%v g}}cl}dbl ugv v}dhh bl Ggzbl( vb v`c vgdm dl g mgqc, *Lb( d}%v ghh

zde`},* V `c zcnb cm }`c }buch glm v`bucm `dn, * V cc2 D}%v ogmdle ghzcgmt,*V szc clbse`( V fb}} vgu }`c {dl{zdfiv Ggzbl `gm ngmc uczc dlmccm

ogmdle( sl}dh }`ct uczc lb}`dle,Gdncc }szlcm `cz g}}cl}dbl jgfi }b `cz jzb}`cz, *U`t mdm tbs mb }`g} }b

nc2*½D mbl%} ilbu u`g} fgnc b cz nc( Gdncc,* @c vgdm( eclsdlcht fblosvcm,

*Hgv} }`dle D zcncnjcz mbdle ugv ogfdle Bz}`bv ud}` tbs, Lcp} }`dle D ilbu( Dodlm ntvcho elgudle bl tbsz gzn,* @c hbbicm gzbslm }`c zbbn }b V fb}}( Gdncc(glm V dczzg, *Mbcv gltblc ugl} }b odhh dl }`c jhgliv( czc2 D%m zcghht g{{zcfdg}cd},*

]`c }`zcc hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz, V fb}} hbbicm cnjgzzgvvcm( V dczzg hbbicmgv`gncm glm Gdncc hbbicm hdic v`c ugv gjbs} }b fzt,

*Tbs zcghht mbl%} zcncnjcz glt}`dle g} ghh2* V fb}} gvicm( v`gzdle g hbbiud}` Gdncc jcobzc hbbidle mbul g} }`c ohbbz dl v`gnc, *Tbs uczc `d} jt MgziUgzzdbzv% gzzbuv,*

Ud}` `ch{ ozbn V dczzg glm V fb}}( Ggzbl ugv vd}}dle s{, Gdncc fbshm occh`bu nsf` cnb}dblgh {gdl `c ugv occhdle, C cl ud}` ghh }`g} `g{{clcm dl }`cUgz bo }`c Zcghnv( v`c fbshm lcd}`cz occh lbz vcc glt {`tvdfgh ubslmv bzjzsdvcv,

@bu uczc }`ct ebdle }b cp{hgdl }`g} }b dn2 @bu uczc }`ct ebdle }bcp{hgdl `bu `c ugv @cghcm lb} jt @cghcz%v Ngedf ozbn `cz( js} jt }`c Ug}f`cz.idl {buczv fgzzdcm jt Gdzncm( V dczzg%v Mzcgn Zcghn Muchhcz {czvblg2

Gdncc ug}f`cm gv `cz jzb}`cz hdo}cm `dv }bzl v`dz} }b vsz ct }`c mgngec,U`cl }`czc ugvl%} glt c dmclfc( `c mcnglmcm vsv{dfdbsvht( *]chh nc

u`g} `g{{clcm, Lbu,**Hdic `c vgdm( tbs uczc `d} jt Mgzi Ugzzdbz gzzbuv,* Gdncc zcngzicm,

*Lcd}`cz bo sv fbshm nb c }b v}b{ }`cn bz vugt }`cn,**Gv d} ugv( ghh }`zcc edzhv uczc dl v`bfi g} }`c vde`},* V fb}} vs{{hdcm, ½D



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :;..

fbshm occh }`c [clmgl} asn{dle g} nt f`cv}( glm fbnobz}cm Gdncc }`c jcv} Dfbshm,*

*Glm u`czc uczc tbs2* Ggzbl gvicm `dv Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz,*Hbv} dl nt bul Muchhcz.idl J hbbm.hsv}( D }`dli d} ugv fghhcm,* V dczzg

zc{hdcm, *Zcm Ubho ugv gjhc }b ec} nc bs} bo d} jcobzc D fbshm hbvc ntvcho dl }`c

idhhdle zgec D ugv dl,* V `c }bbi `dv `glm glm jzsv`cm `dv `gdz bs} bo `dv ctcv,*@c zcndlmcm nc bo }`c hb c D `gm obz tbs, @c fghhcm tbs nt J blmng}c,**Do D ugv v`b} ud}` gzzbuv( v`bshml%} D `g c vbnc vfgzv }b v`bu d}2**Uc%zc ec}}dle }b }`g}( D {zbndvc,* Gdncc vs{{hdcm, *Zcm Ubho fghhcm bl

`dv nb}`cz Fchcv}c }b fbnc glm }gic tbs gugt }b jc @cghcm, D jceecm }b hc} `cz}gic nc ud}` tbs, Tbs%zc nt jzb}`cz, D ugvl%} ebdle }b mcvcz} tbs dl tbsz }dncbo lccm,*

*Mdm tbs2*Gdncc lbmmcm( ilbudle u`g} `c ugv gvidle, *D }zdcm }b @cgh tbs }`c jcv}

D ilcu `bu( js} d} mdml%} ubzi,* V `c fhcgzcm cz }`zbg}, *Tbs%m hbv} }bb nsf`jhbbm( glm }`czc ugv lb}`dle gltblc js} Gdzncm fbshm mb }b `ch{ tbs,*

Ggzbl ctcm dv Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz, *@bu mdm tbs cgh nc2**DJ bslm tbs }b nc svdle g zd}sgh Ug}f`cz.idl jdlmdle f`gl},* V dczzg

gllbslfcm vbo}ht, *D nc} nt Ug}f`cz.idl ezglmog}`cz( g vbl bo V `cnV }gzf`gvcz( nt glfcv}bz, @c glm `dv J blmng}c Nchdlmg( ghble ud}` Fchcv}c}bhm nc D `gm }b mb d},*

Ggzbl ugv vdhcl} obz g vcfblm glm Gdncc fbshm occh }`c }clvdbl dl }`c gdz(glm }`c }`bse`}v ebdle }`zbse` `dv cgm, *Asv} u`g} mdm tbs mb }b nc(V dczzg2*

V dczzg hbbicm }b Gdncc glm V fb}} obz glvuczv,*]chh `dn( Gdzncm,* Gdncc svcm cz Ug}f`cz.idl lgnc }b zcndlm cz,V dczzg hbbicm jgfi }b Ggzbl glm }bhm dn, *D ngmc tbs mzdli nt jhbbm, D

mzgli tbszv( f`gl}cm }`c J blmdle f`gl} glm J bslm tbs }b nc,**V b( tbs ngmc nc g Muchhcz2**Gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ug}f`cz.idl Muchhcz( }b jc cpgf},* V dczzg vs{{hdcm,

*Tbs%zc v}dhh tbszvcho( blht jc}}cz,*Ggzbl ozbulcm g} `cz( js} lbmmcm gltugt, *Uc%hh }ghi nbzc gjbs} }`g}

hg}cz,*@c }szlcm glm chm bs} g `glm obz Gdncc( u`b }bbi d}, @dv `glm ugv

ugzncz }`gl d} gm jccl jcobzc, @c slfhgv{cm dv b}`cz `glm ozbn V dczzg%vglm uzg{{cm `dv gzn gzbslm `dv vdv}cz }b `se `cz, D%n vbzzt( hd}}hc vdv}cz, Fgl tbs obzed c nc2

D} ugv Ggzbl%v }zsc. bdfc( lb} }`c fblosvcm blc v`c `cgzm dl `dv ndlm,Gdncc ezdllcm( idvvdle `dv f`cci, Bo fbszvc( jde jzb}`cz, D hb c tbs, Ghbsm( v`c}cgvcm `dn, *Asv} ngic vszc d} mbcvl%} g{{cl gegdl( bigt2*

Ggzbl vndhcm jgfi( glm }cgvcm `cz lbvc, *]`g}%v g {zbndvc D dl}clm }bicc{,*

D} och} ebbm }b ilbu `cz }udl ugv ebdle }b jc bigt,U`cl Ggzbl%v `glm ucl} jgfi }b V dczzg%v(V fb}} glm Gdncc }bbi }`g} gv

}`cdz fsc }b hcg c, ]`ct cgzm `dn gvi `cz dl g }cgvdle }blc gv }`ct hco}, *Lbu}`cl( nt mcgz( u`czc uczc uc2*



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :7..

F ` g{} c z1Mzcgnv glm }`c Obzjdmmcl

F`did}ä *Zcm Ubho* Nbblmglfcz {gfcm }`c slmczezbslm fg czlv ud}` `dv{gzcl}v dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn, Fchcv}c glm F`gvc uczc ubzzdcm obz `dn( glm

odlghht `gm g f`glfc }b gvi,*U`g}%v uzble( Mblgz2* Fchcv}c gvicm ecl}ht( }ztdle }b v}b{ `dn ozbn{gfdle,

*Ubho obslm bs} gjbs} sv,* F`did}ä gllbslfcm dl g hbu ezbuh,Fchcv}c glm F`gvc ilcu %sv% ncgl} }`cdz vbl glm Ubho V }gzegqcz%v

mgse`}cz Fchdlc,*@g c tbs }zdcm }ghidle }b dn2* F`gvc gvicm,*Lsnczbsv }dncv( [äzg},* F`did}ä zcngzicm( v}b{{dle dl `dv }zgfiv, *@c

udhh lb} hdv}cl }b nc,**U`g} gjbs} Ig}`czdlc2* Fchcv}c gvicm,*G} hcgv} }`c Hgmt v{cgiv }b nc,* F`did}ä vs{{hdcm, * V `c icc{v }ztdle }b

ec} Ubho glm nc }b }ghi gjbs} d},**V `c dv blht }ztdle }b `ch{( Mblgz,**D ilbu( Ng}äzä( js} d} dv gllbtdle,**@bu gjbs} fbzlczdle `dn2* F`gvc vseecv}cm,F`did}ä hgse`cm, *]`czc dv lb fbzlczdle }`c ezcg} V dzc Ubho}bl V }gzegqcz

bo V }gzegqcz Fgv}hc glm }`c cl}dzc Fgldlc _ghhct,* @c v{g} vgzfgv}dfghht, *@c dv asv} }bb ebbm,*

*J c ldfc( Mblgz,* Fchcv}c vgdm, *@c dv tbsz ilde`}.ngv}cz,**@c ugv ghvb nt ozdclm( js} hbbi g} `dn lbu,* F`did}ä zcngzicm, *@c

`g}cv nc( glm D fgllb} `ch{ hb dle Fchdlc, U`t mb tbs }`dli D gn dl dmdleud}` tbs dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn2*

F`gvc ezbuhcm g} }`g}, *D }gse`} tbs jc}}cz }`gl }b zsl gugt ozbn tbsz{zbjhcnv'*

*D gn lb} zslldle gugt( [äzg},* F`did}ä obslm g f`gdz glm vg} mbul(zsjjdle `dv }cn{hcv, *D asv} lccmcm }b ec} gugt ozbn bsz Zcghn }b ubzi }`dlevbs} dl nt ndlm,*

*Ncglu`dhc( tbs `g c g lcgz. J blmng}c }`g} vsooczv lccmhcvvht,* Fchcv}czcngzicm, @c fbshm Occh }`c clczet mzgdldle bs} bo dn, ]gidle dv f`dl dl`cz `glmv( v`c cpgndlcm dv ctcv, ]`ct uczc zcm glm oshh bo J hbbm.hsv}, *@g c

tbs Ocm( Mblgz2**D mb lb} @slecz,* F`did}ä vgdm vbo}ht,*Tbs nsv} Occm( F`did}ä'* F`gvc vfbhmcm, *Uc gzc lb} dl bsz Zcghn

gltnbzc,*F`did}ä v}gzcm s{ g} `dv og}`cz ud}` ehbudle zcm ctcv, *D vgdm( D mb lb}

@slecz'**Tbs udhh dl }`dv Zcghn,* Fchcv}c }zdcm gegdl, *D fgl vcc }`c J hbbm.hsv} dl

tbs, Occm lbu( Mblgz, J cobzc d} }gicv tbs u`czc tbs mbl%} ugl} }b eb,*Ezbuhdle( js} bjctdle( F`did}ä v`do}cm }b `dv oshh Nbsl}gdl Ubho obzn glm

hb{cm gugt,F`gvc `chm Fchcv}c( fbnobz}dle `cz glm }`dlidle }`c vgnc }`dle, ]`ct



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ::..

ubzzdcm( lb} blht obz }`cdz vbl( js} ghvb obz `dv lcgz. J blmng}c( FchdlcV }gzegqcz,

DD

]`g} lde`}( }`c Sldfbzl glm Gdzncm uczc hbv} dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn, D} mdml%} occh hdic gltu`czc cd}`cz `gm c cz jccl( tc} }`ct uczc fbn{chhcm }b eb }`czc, Dl }`c mdv}glfc( }`ct fbshm vcc g v{bbit fgv}hc( fbn{hc}c ud}` g oshh nbbl v`dldle b cz`cgm glm jg}v ohtdle gzbslm }`c jchh }bucz,

*Fzcc{t,* Gdzncm zcngzicm( v}gtdle fhbvc }b }`c Sldfbzl, *U`g} dv }`dv {hgfc2*

]`c Sldfbzl fbshm blht v`zse, *D mbl%} ilbu( js} D dl}clm }b odlm bs},* @c jcegl }b ughi }bugzm }`c eg}cv bo }`c fgv}hc,*Gzc tbs fzgqt2* Gdzncm fzdcm( zgfdle go}cz `dn,*Dlvglc( lbu fbnc bl'* ]`c Sldfbzl vs{{hdcm,Zchsf}gl}( v`c obhhbucm,

]`czc ugv g }ghh mgzi.`gdzcm esgzm g} }`c eg}c u`cl }`ct eb} }`czc, ]`c esgzm hbbicm }`cn b cz( jhgfi ctcv ehbudle zcm( }`cl vndhcm gv `c b{clcm }`c eg}c,

*Bigt( }`g} ugv zcghht fzcc{t,* Gdzncm vgdm slmcz cz jzcg}`, ]`c Sldfbzl `cgzm glm f`sfihcm, V`c v}gzcm obz g nbncl} g} }`c esgzm( u`b ic{} `dv vndhc glm mdvg{{cgzcm dl}b ndv} jcobzc `cz ctcv,

*Vbnc}`dle%v mzgudle nc `czc(* ]`c Sldfbzl vs{{hdcm, *Obhhbu nc,* *D }`bse`} tbs mdml%} ilbu u`czc uc uczc2* *D mbl%},* @c vgdm, *Js} D ilbu u`czc }`czc%v g fgv}hc hdic }`dv( }`czc%v g

Nblgzf` u`b hd cv dl d}, D%n asv} ebdle }b odlm }`cn( }`g}%v ghh,* *Tbs zcghht gzc dlvglc( gzcl%} tbs2* Gdzncm gvicm( v}gz}dle }b ubzzt,@c ezgjjcm `cz glm chm `cz }b `dv jbmt, *Ngm( nt mcgz( lbu obhhbu nc,* V`c obhhbucm `dn sl}dh }`ct zcgf`cm g Ezcg} @ghh( u`czc v`c vgu g

Nblgzf` g} `cz }`zblc, ]`ct v}b{{cm u`cl v`c lb}dfcm }`cdz {zcvclfc,Gdzncm vgu }`c mgzi ctcv glm jhgfi `gdz, ]`czc uczc c cl }ub dlfdvbzv

{ccidle bs}, D} ngmc Gdzncm occh obz `cz bul,*U`b mgzcv mdv}szj nc dl vcvvdbl2* ]`c Nblgzf` gvicm( ughidle s{ }b

}`cn,]`c Sldfbzl lsmecm cz( glm }`ct jb}` ilch} }b }`c Nblgzf`, *Uc gzc }ub

bo Hbzm Esgzmdgl%v Fzsvgmczv( hbv} glm mzgul }b }`dv hglm, D gn fghhcm }`c Sldfbzl glm }`dv dv nt Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz glm Jblmng}c Gdzncm V}gzf`gvcz,*

Gdzncm glm }`c Nblgzf` nc} ctcv, ]`c Nblgzf` ugv vsz{zdvcm glm fzdcm *V`cjg'*

*S`.D%n vbzzt( u`b2* Gdzncm gvicm( fblosvcm,*Hg}cz( f dhm( hg}cz,* ]`c Nblgzf` vs{{hdcm, *Tbs ngt zdvc,* U`cl }`ct

mdm( v`c fbl}dlscm( dl}zbmsfdle czvcho, *D gn }`c Fbsl}cvv bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( Mzgfbzg,*

*Mzgebl Lg}dblv2* ]`c Sldfbzl gvicm,Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg lbmmcm, *U`czc ghh Muchhczv dl tbsz Zcghn eb }b Zcv}

u`cl Mgul fgnc,*




*Vb( tbs%zc g Muchhcz( }bb2* Gdzncm gvicm, *U`b dv V`cjg2* *Hdic D vgdm( hg}cz( f dhm,* Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, *D ilbu u`t tbs jb}` gzc

`czc, Lcuht Jbslm( gn D fbzzcf}2 Gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df }b g Vsl.Mglfcz2* *Tcv( Fbsl}cvv,* ]`c Sldfbzl gvicm( gv}bldv`cm, *@bu mdm tbs ilbu2* *Tbs gzc gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df, Tbs odeszc d} bs},* Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg

gllbslfcm ud}` g ezdl,*D%n blht gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df jt }`c Jhbbm.[gf} ngmc ud}` nt vdv}cz Gnc}`tv} glm }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl,* ]`c Sldfbzl vs{{hdcm,

*G`( lbu }`czc%v g lgnc D `g c lb} `cgzm dl gu`dhc,* Mzgfbzg vgdm,*Tbs% c nc} `cz2* Gdzncm gvicm,*V`c ugvl%} }`c odzv} Glfdcl} Ntv}df D nc}( js} v`c ugv }`c blht blc u`b

dl}zdescm nc,* Mzgfbzg }bhm }`cn, *Vb }`g} ngicv tbs( tbsle ngl( Ggzbl ]`cbmbzc,*

]`c Sldfbzl lbmmcm,*Glm tbs( f`dhm( gzc Gdzncm V}gzf`gvcz2* Mzgfbzg gvicm, Gdzncm lbmmcm,

*]`c ogndht lgnc gv lb} jcfbnc cp}dlf}, ]`g} dv ebbm }b ilbu,* V`c hbbicm g}

Gdzncm%v ctcv blc nbzc }dnc, ½Tbs v}dhh mbl%} ilbu u g} g Muchhcz.idl dv( mb tbs2*

Gdzncm v`bbi cz `cgm, *D asv} zcfcl}ht hcgzlcm,* *]`bse`} d} ugv ghh ud}f`fzgo}( mdm tbs2* Mzgfbzg gvicm ud}` g ezdl, *D fgl

vgt D gn lb} vsz{zdvcm d} fgnc }b ud}f`fzgo}, V`cn ghugtv ugv }`c vbz},* G} }`c lgnc V`cn( Gdzncm%v cgzv {czicm, *Tbs ilcu V`cn2 U`g} fgl

tbs }chh nc gjbs} `dn2* *@c dv nt Jhbbm.jzb}`cz,* Mzgfbzg vgdm vbo}ht, *@dv Jblmng}c V`cjg( u`b

tbs jcgz gl slfgllt zcvcnjhglfc }b( ugv gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df, Lbu }`dv ugv hble jcobzc }`c hgv} obsz vdv}czv ohcm }`c Bs}cz Zcghn obz }`c Mzcgn Zcghn, V`cngl(gv `c ugv fghhcm }`cl( Jbslm ud}` `cz( js} v`c fbshm lb} jcgz lb} jcdle dl }`c vsl, V`c ucl} ngm( glm mcv}zbtcm gl G{{zcl}dfc.idl Tbslehdle lgncm Lc{}slc(lb} c cl ilbudle u`g} v`c ugv mbdle, V`cn ugv Jhbbm.jzb}`cz ud}` g Acuch Chmcz.idl lgncm Mdgnblm( vb `c ilcu u`g} `g{{clcm }`zbse` }`c jhbbm.hdli,Mdgnblm glm `dv vdv}cz Cnczghm uczc ilbul gv nt Jhbbm.jzb}`cz%v vcfblmv.dl. fbnnglm, ]`ct }bbi d} s{bl }`cnvch cv }b fgv} }`cdz Idle glm `dv Wsccl bs} bo }`c idl.fhglv, V`cn v}bbm jt V`cjg gv }`ct uczc cpdhcm gv Mzdo}czv,*

*Jhbbm.jzb}`cz2* ]`c Sldfbzl gvicm,*Jhbbm.vdjhdlev gzc }`bvc u`b mb lb} v`gzc ogndhdgh idl.Fhgl jhbbm( js}

`g c cpf`glecm g} blc }dnc bz glb}`cz,* Mzgfbzg cp{hgdlcm, *D mdm lb} v`gzc idl. Fhgl jhbbm ud}` V`cngl( }`c hgv} bo }`c Glfdcl} Ug}f`cz.idl, V`cn ugv }`c [zdlfc bo `dv {cb{hc( ug}f`dle gv `dv nb}`cz glm og}`cz uczc mcv}zbtcm dl ugz,Uc uczc fhbvc( gv jzb}`cz glm vdv}cz( vb D gezccm }b jhbbm.jdlm ntvcho }b `dn,*

*Mdm `c mdc2* Gdzncm gvicm,Mzgfbzg v`bbi cz `cgm, *Lb( lb} tc},* V`c vgdm, *]`gliv }b V`cn( D fgl

Occh ghh Muchhczv( cv{cfdghht dn, @c v}dhh hd cv( glm blht `c( V`cjg( glm ntvcho ilbu u`czc,*

*Tbs vgt tbs fgl Occh ghh Muchhczv,* ]`c Sldfbzl v{bic s{, *Mdm tbs occh sv Jblm2*

*Ubshm D ilbu gjbs} d} do D gml%}2* Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, *]`g} dv u`t tbs gzc



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :=..

`czc, ]b hcgzl nbzc gjbs} u`g} d} ncglv }b jc g Muchhcz, Bz( dl tbsz fgvc tbsle ngl( gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ug}f`cz.idl Vsl.Mglfcz,*

Mzgfbzg hbbicm }b }`c fblosvcm Gdzncm, *F`dhm( tbs gzc g {buczosh Ug}f`cz, Tbs ilbu vbnc bo }`dv ghzcgmt( bz tbs ubshm lb} jc `czc, Tbs hcgzlcm

ozbn Zcm.V`guh glm Nghgtlg u`g} uc gzc,* G} }`dv( Gdzncm hbbicm s{ dl}b `cz

ctcv( gngqcm, *Tcv( mcgz f`dhm( D ilbu }`cn gv uchh, ]`ct gzc nt ezglmldcfcv(glm ghvb Ug}f`cz.idl Vsl.Mglfczv, D ghvb ilbu ghh gjbs} tbs,* *D} vccnv c cztblc ilbuv nbzc gjbs} nc }`gl D mb,* Gdzncm hbbicm mbul

}b }`c ezbslm( mc{zcvvcm,Mzgfbzg }bbi Gdzncm%v glm, *D} ngt vccn }`g} ugt( js} D gvvszc tbs( d}

dvl%},* V`c vgdm, *D blht obslm bs} gjbs} tbs }`zbse` Hbzm Esgzmdgl B%Mchh glm Ndv}zcvv Clf`gl}zg,*

*Nghgtlg .. D ncgl( Nb}`cz( mdml%} }chh tbs2* *]`g} nb}`cz bo tbszv `gv dvvscv lb blc js} `cz Jblmng}c fgl `ch{ `cz

ud}`,* Mzgfbzg vde`cm, *G`( uchh( bl}b jsvdlcvv }`cl( v`ghh uc2* Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg hcm }`cn }b g lcgzht `dmmcl gl}cf`gnjcz, D} `gm g vc} bo

}udv}dle v}gdzv }`g} hcm mcc{ slmczezbslm, Vccdle fglmchgjzg {c{{czdle }`c ughhv( }`c Sldfbzl {dficm blc s{ glm fgzzdcm d},

*Tbs gzc gozgdm bo }`c mgzi( Sldfbzl2* Mzgfbzg }cgvcm,*Do tbs ilcu Tbsle Esgzmdgl gv Gzdglg Nbbl( tbs ubshm ilbu u`t,* ]`c

Sldfbzl vs{{hdcm,*Tbsle Esgzmdgl `gv }bhm nc nsf` gjbs} tbs( js} }`g} ugv tcgzv geb,* *@bu mdm tbs ncc} `cz2* *V`c ugv }zg{{cm dl }`dv Hglm,* Mzgfbzg cp{hgdlcm, *Lb} tc} ilbudle `bu

}b ec} jgfi }b }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( D `gm `cz jc nt gm dvbz obz g mchceg}dblv fbloczclfc D ugv bhmdle ud}` }`c Nbz}ghhgl hcgmcz( Tbzl, ]`gliv }b `cz( Tbzl glm D vgu }`c hb c uc `gm obz cgf` b}`cz( glm ngzzdcm( nczedle lb} blht cgf` b}`cz%v ugzzdle hglmv( js} ed dle }`cn g {cgfcosh os}szc,*

*Tbsle Esgzmdgl `gv mblc vb nsf` ebbm obz vb nglt {cb{hc,* Gdzncm zc{hdcm( v}dhh obhhbudle `cz mbul }`c v}gdzuchh,

*]`g}%v `cz abj,* Mzgfbzg zcngzicm, *D%m jc vsz{zdvcm do v`c zcncnjczcm nc, V`c ugv g hd}}hc tbsle u`cl uc nc},*

*Mdm tbs }chh `cz gjbs} }`c Muchhczv }`cl2* Mzgfbzg v`bbi `cz cgm, *D ngmc `cz jchdc c uc uczc gn{dzcv,* *V`c ugvl%} gozgdm2* Gdzncm gvicm,*Bo fbszvc v`c ugv gozgdm,* Mzgfbzg vgdm, *V`c ugv dl g hglm v`c ilcu

lb}`dle gjbs}( ud}` g vfgzt gn{dzc ubngl jzcg}`dle mbul `cz jgfi,* *Tbs%zc lb} vfgzt Fbsl}cvv,* ]`c Sldfbzl ezdllcm,*D%n ehgm tbs }`dli vb,* Mzgfbzg vndhcm jgfi g} `dn,]`ct v}b{{cm g} }`c clm bo g `ghhugt( u`czc Mzgfbzg bs}hdlcm g mbbz ud}`

g fhgu, ]`c mbbz ehbucm( b{cldle }b zc cgh g mgzi f gnjcz,Icc{dle `cz ezdl bl jb}` bo }`cn( Mzgfbzg gllbslfcm, *Jcfgsvc D udhh jc

}`c blc }b }cgf` tbs u`g} tbs fgl mb ud}` tbsz Ug}f`cz.idl {buczv,* ]`c fbs{hc hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz glm esh{cm,




DDD

F`did}ä *Zcm Ubho* Nbblmglfcz zc}szlcm }b }`c Fgldlc _ghhct g} Zcv}( u`cl }`c zcv} bo `dv Muchhcz.idl uczc jclcg}` }`c `cghdle cgz}`, @c ilcu `c `gm }b eb jgfi vbnc}dnc9 `c ugv v}dhh g ilde`} ud}` ilde`}ht ms}dcv,

J cvdmcv( `c }`bse`} }b `dnvcho , D ndvvcm Fchdlc ,]`czc `gm }b jc vbnc}`dle Zcm Ubho fbshm mb obz `dv Vdzc glm ozdclm, Zcm Ubho glm Ubho}bl `g c eblc }`zbse` vb nsf` }bec}`cz9 d} ugv `gzm }b jchdc c }`ct uczc ode`}dle lbu,

Uc gzc lb} ode`}dle( Zcm Ubho vde`cm, Uc gzc delbzdle cgf` b}`cz, Ubho zcosvcv }b }ghi }b nc u clc cz D ncc} dn ctc }b ctc, @c zchdcv bl Ftzdp nbzc}`gl nc obz }`c Fbn{gldblv, Ig}`czdlc%v lb `ch{9 v`c%v nbzc bo g lsdvglfc(}ztdle }b {g}f` d} s{ bl cz bul, ]`c fg} mbcv }zt `gzm( vb D fgllb} jhgnc `cz,V `c ugl}v Ubho glm nc }bec}`cz gv nsf` gv D mb,

D mb lb} ugl} }b dl bic Ubho%v glecz v`bshm D udv` }b fbsz} `dv mgse`}cz ,G`( u`g} g ncvv' Zcm Ubho }`bse`}( ebdle }b `dv {zd g}c zbbnv dl

V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc,@c b{clcm }`c mbbz }b dv zbbn glm {zc{gzcm }b sl{gfi, U`cl `c vgu

u`b ugv ugd}dle obz `dn bl }`c jcm( `c mzb{{cm `dv {gfi }b }`c ohbbz glm v`s} }`c mbbz jc`dlm `dn,

*Fchdlc'* @c u`dv{czcm,Fchdlc V}gzegqcz v}bbm glm zgfcm }b se `dn, *Zcm Ubho' Tbs fgnc jgfi'* *D `gm }b,* Zcm Ubho zcngzicm( `seedle cz jgfi, *Tbs gzc lb} vs{{bvcm

}b jc `czc( Fchdlc, U`g} do tbsz og}`cz odlmv bs}2* *@c ghzcgmt ilbuv gjbs} sv,* Fchdlc vs{{hdcm, *Asv} idvv nc( Zcm, D `g c

ndvvcm tbs'* Zcm Ubho }bbi }`c f`glfc glm idvvcm `cz mcc{ht, *Gv D ndvvcm tbs( nt

mgzhdle blc,* @c vgdm u`cl }`ct {gz}cm, *Tbs v}dhh v`bshm lb} jc czc,* *D `g c }ghicm }b [äzg} gjbs} sv,* Fchdlc vgdm,*U`g} mdm tbs }chh `dn2* *Jgvdfghht }b v`b c d}(* Fchdlc zcngzicm, *@c fhgdncm D ugv nsf` }bb tbsle

obz tbs( glm d} ugv g nczc fzsv` jcfgsvc tbs uczc vbncblc lcu,* *Uchh( D gn vbncblc lcu }b tbs( Fchdlc,* Zcm Ubho ezdllcm, *V}dhh( mb tbs

lb} `g c tbsz bul ms}dcv obz tbsz og}`cz2* *D gn tbsz [gec( lb} `dv,* Fchdlc vs{{hdcm, *Jcvdmcv( `c gv Ldfit glm

Zblgl gv dv [gecv, @c mbcv lb} lccm nc,* *Tbs v`bshm }zgdl ud}` }`cn( tbs ilbu,* Zcm Ubho }zdcm,Fchdlc v}bbm jgfi glm {hgfcm cz `glmv bl `cz d{v, *Gzc tbs }ztdle }b ec}

zdm bo nc ghzcgmt2* Zcm Ubho }bbi `cz {guv dl dv, *Lgt( nt vucc}, Lc cz, D asv} mb lb} ugl}

tbs }b ec} dl nbzc }zbsjhc }`gl tbs gzc ghzcgmt, D blht udv` }b hbbi bs} obz tbs,* Fchdlc `seecm `dn gegdl glm `cz `cgm d} `dv f`cv}, Zcm Ubho%v `cgz}

}`sn{cm g} }`c }bsf`( gv d} ghugtv gm, D} eg c `dn nbzc fbszgec }b ogfc `cz og}`cz,

*D hb c tbs( F`did}ä,* Fchdlc nsznszcm dl dv f`cv},Zcm Ubho idvvcm `cz obzc`cgm, *D hb c tbs( }bb( Fchdlc,*




V}bzt &71V cfzc}v glm Hdcv

U`cl Gdncc ucl} }b f`cfi bl `cz jzb}`cz glm V dczzg }`c lcp} nbzldle(v`c obslm }`ct uczc eblc, V `c }zdcm }b vclvc }`cn( js} v}dhh fbshmlµ},

]b `cz vsz{zdvc( v`c vclvcm cz ghnbv}.vdv}cz jc`dlm cz, Ud}`bs}}szldle gzbslm( Gdncc gvicm, ½Fgl tbs vclvc }`cn2³½D vclvc vbnc}`dle ogndhdgz( blht D fglµ} zcncnjcz zde`} lbu,³ Gzdglg

vs{{hdcm, ½Tbs2³Gdncc }szlcm }`dv }dnc, ½D fgl vclvc vbnc}`dle( ghh zde`}, D}µv u g} tbs

vgdm }`c b}`cz mgt( vbnc}`dle mgzi( js} lb} mgzi,³Gzdglg lbmmcm, V `c vg} bl }`c jcm( v}gzdle g} }`c {dhhbu, V `c vgu g

v}gdl bl }`c {dhhbufgvc glm fbnncl}cm bl d}, ½Gdn( u`g}µv }`dv2³Gdncc hbbicm( vd}}dle lcp} }b `cz, ½B`( }`g},³ V `c vgdm, ½Hc} nc gvi tbs

}`dv odzv},³ Gzdglg v}gzcm( ugd}dle, ½Mdm tbs occh cd}`cz bo sv dl {gdl tcv}czmgt2³Gzdglg `gm }b }`dli gjbs} }`g} blc, V `c fhbvcm `cz ctcv glm ozbulcm,

½Fbnc }b }`dli bo d}( D mdm,³ V `c vs{{hdcm vbo}ht( }szldle }b ncc} `cz ghnbv}.vdv}czµv lbu.ezccl ctcv, ]`ct uczc jzbul vdlfc jdz}` sl}dh }`c J hbbm [gf} glm}`c Sldfbzl Ngedf {shvg}cm dl `cz vtv}cn, ½D och} tbs jb}` dl {gdl( glmfbshmlµ} v}b{ }`dlidle gjbs} tbs,³

Gdncc uzg{{cm cz gzn gzbslm `cz ghnbv}.vdv}cz, ½Uc uczc dl {gdl(mcc{ {gdl( jb}` cnb}dblghht glm {`tvdfghht,³ V `c }`cl ucl} bl }b }chh `cz u`g}`g{{clcm jc}uccl V fb}}( Ggzbl( V dczzg glm `czvcho,

½V `c ngmc dn Muchhcz.idl( `s`2³ Gzdglg glvuczcm, V `c }bbi }`c{dhhbufgvc dl `glm glm `chm d}( fhbvdle `cz ctcv, Go}cz g nbncl}( `cz ctcv ohcub{cl glm v`c v}gzcm g} Gdncc, ½Gnc}`tv} ]`czcvg( D }`dli D ngt ilbu cpgf}ht u`czc }`ct gzc,³

½U`g}2 U`czc gzc }`ct2³ Gdncc gvicm,Gzdglg vc} }`c {dhhbufgvc mbul glm `chm `cz `glm bs} obz Gdncc }b }gic,

Blfc }`c ghnbv}.vdv}czv fhgv{cm `glmv( Gdncc `gm }b gvi, ½U`czc gzc ucebdle2³

½]`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,³ Gzdglg vndhcm, ½D ilbu }`c Nblgzf` }`czc,³½U`t }`czc2³½]`g}µv u`czc ucµhh odlm }`c Sldfbzl glm Gdzncm,³ Gzdglg ezdllcm, ½Lbu

fghh }`c Mzcgn F`gl},³

½Nbt Tgn ]bz @gn Mgt(½]gic nc gugt,½Nt `cgz}( nt vbsh glm ghh D vccn(½]gic nc lbu }b }`c Zcghn bo mzcgnv'³

Blfc }`ct gzzd cm g} g fgv}hc dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( }`ct fgnc s{bl g eg}c,G ndv} fgnc bs} bo }`dl gdz }b }gic bl `sngl nghc obzn, @c ugv mzcvvcm gv g esgzm,

½Tbsle Esgzmdgl2³ @c ezbuhcm hbuht( {hgfdle `dv odv} }b `dv `cgz} glm lbmmdle `dv `cgm dl zcv{cf}, @dv jhgfi `gdz ugv }dcm s{ dl g }gdh( js} hbbvc ezbs{v




bo v}zglmv `sle dl `dv ogfc, ½D} `gv jccl mcfgmcv'³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vndhcm g} Gnc}`tv}µv v`bficm hbbi jcobzc glvuczdle }`c

Muchhcz Eclczgh, ½]zclbz( dv d}2³ ]`c Eclczgh lbmmcm glm v`c fbl}dlscm, ½D} blht vccnv hdic mcfgmcv bo tbsz }dnc( Muchhcz,³

½]`gl tbs ilbu u`g} uc gzc2³ ]zclbz ezdllcm, ½Gv tbs ubshm vgt( d} dv

gjbs} }dnc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl hgse`cm, ½Ucµzc `czc }b vcc }`c Fbsl}cvv, Fgl tbs }chh nc u`czc v`c dv2³

½Tbs `g c jhbbm.jbslm ud}` `cz9 svc }`g} jblm }b odlm `cz,³ ]zclbz hc} }`cn }`zbse` }`c eg}cv glm udlicm jcobzc ndv}dle jgfi dl}b lb}`dlelcvv,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl v`bbi `cz `cgm glm hcm Gnc}`tv} osz}`cz dl}b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm }bugzm }`c Fgv}hc g`cgm,

½Bigt( tbsµ c jccl dmdle vcfzc}v ozbn sv,³ Gnc}`tv} gllbslfcm, ½D asv} ilcu d}, Tbs }bbi }b Zgnbl glm }`c b}`cz Muchhczv }bb cgvdht,³

½D vucgz9 D mdmlµ} mb d} bl {sz{bvc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm( v`zseedle,½U`cl D fgnc `czc( D ugv hbv} glm ghblc( ugl}dle }b ec} jgfi }b }`c Vtv}cn glm

Mczzdfi, D} ugv bsz odzv} fgvc gugt ozbn cgf` b}`cz,³ ½Vb( u`g} `g{{clcm2³ Gnc}`tv} gvicm,Tbsle Esgzmdgl }bbi `cz mgeecz bs} bo `cz {bsf` glm {hgtcm ud}` d},

½Vbnc}`dle }`g} ubshm f`glec nt u`bhc {czv{cf}d c bl hdoc9 jb}` dl bsz bul Zcghn( glm dl }`dv blc,³

Gnc}`tv} ug}f`cm gv `cz ghnbv}.vdv}cz {hgtcm ud}` }`c mgeeczµv v}blc( gl bltp( jcobzc vde`dle, ]`dv ubzzdcm `cz( obz }`ct lc cz ic{} vcfzc}v ozbn cgf` b}`cz jcobzc, Gdncc ublmczcm( u`t lbu2

½Fbnc bl( Gzdglg, Tbs fgl }chh nc,³ Gnc}`tv} vgdm, ½Mblµ} tbs }zsv} nc2³ ½B`( Gdn( D mb }zsv} tbs,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl {s} `cz mgeecz jgfi dl }`c

{bsf` bo `cz jch}, ½Dµn asv} lbu slzg chdle nbzc vcfzc}v gjbs} }`c Muchhczv D lc cz }`bse`} D ilcu jcobzc, Dµn v}gz}dle }b {dcfc d} ghh }bec}`cz gegdl,³

½U`g} mb tbs ncgl2³ ½D zcfbeldqc d} obz u`g} d} dv lbu,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm, ½Fbsl}cvv

Mzgfbzg( }`c Nblgzf` bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( {s} g v{cfdgh fbn{shvdbl.hdic v{chh bl nc, D} ugv }b ngic nc obzec} u`g} v`c zcghht ugv, G Muchhcz dl `cz bul zde`}( glm gl Glfdcl} blc g} }`g},³

½Vb tbs }`dli Gdzncm glm }`c Sldfbzl gzc ud}` }`dv Fbsl}cvv bo tbszv2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl lbmmcm, ½D fbshm fbsl} bl d},³ Vbnc`bu( }`c hbbi bl `cz ogfc mdmlµ} ngic Gnc}`tv} occh glt jc}}cz, V`c

ugv ubzzdcm obz `cz jzb}`cz glm `dv ng}c lbu,

DD

Zcm Ubho Nbblmglfcz ugv {hcl}t zcv}cm glm zcgmt }b }gic bl }`c }gvi bo fblozbl}dle Vdzc Ubho,

]`dv ocsm bo bszv `gv eblc ogz clbse`, Zcm Ubho }`bse`} }b `dnvcho gv `c ngzf`cm }bugzm }`c Fgldlc _ghhctµv [zgf}dfc Odchmv, D} ugv }`czc `c obslm Ubho ud}` }`c lcu.bhm mcnbl.Ugzzdbz lgncm Ftzdp glm }`c lcucz zcfzsd}v }b }`c Fbn{gldbl Gznt, Ig}`czdlcµv zde`}, Uc `g c }b odlm obzed clcvv( glm wsdfi ,




V `bshm Hbzm J glc glm `dv zcngdldle fzbldcv g}}gfi sv gegdl( D mb lb} ugl} }bjc bl }`c uzble vdmc bo Ubhoµv glecz,

Bl }`c b}`cz `glm( do uc mb lb} {g}f` }`dv s{( `c udhh `g}c nc obz gv hblegv `c hd cv,

Zcm Ubho vde`cm,

@dv vde` jzbic jb}` Ubhoµv glm Ftzdpµv fblfcl}zg}dblv,Ebbm, Zcm Ubho }`bse`},@c vubzc `c fbshm occh }`c ezbuh }`g} fgnc ozbn Ubhoµv f`cv}, D} ugv }`c

ubhoµv ezbuh bo jgfi.boo,V bzzt( bhm ozdclm, Zcm Ubho v`bbi `dv `cgm, D fgllb} mb }`g}, ]`dv nsv}

jc {s} }b zcv} jcobzc Fchdlc glm D gzc J blmng}cv,½U`g} mb tbs ugl}2³ Ubho V}gzegqcz ezbuhcm, @c ugv v}glmdle dl gl

g}}gfi {bvd}dbl( ud}` `dv Gnc}`tv}.Mdgnblm v}blc vhde`}ht {shvdle,½Vdzc( D udv` g ubzm ud}` tbs,³ Zcm Ubho jcegl( ed dle Ftzdp g hbbi }`g}

vgdm( ½@ch{ nc ud}` `dn,³ Ftzdp lbmmcm jc`dlm Ubhoµv jgfi,

½D lccm lb}`dle ozbn tbs( Ugzzdbz Zcm Ubho'³ Ubho fzdcm, ½Ec} bs} bo nt vde`} jcobzc D mcv}zbt tbs u`czc tbs v}glm,³

½Vdzc( D mb lb} jchdc c }`g} ubshm jc udvc,³ Ftzdp v{bic s{ dl Zcm Ubhoµv mcoclvc, ½]`czc gzc }bb nglt Fbn{gldblv gjbs},³ Ubho }szlcm }b Ftzdp glm v}gzcm obz g nbncl}, Ftzdp fbl}dlscm, ½U`g} dv jc}uccl tbs dv lb} `cgh}`t( obz }`c Gznt bz tbszvch cv, Gzc tbs lb} v}dhh `dv Ilde`}.ngv}cz2 Dv `c lb} tbsz Ilde`}2 Tbsz gvvgh( tbsz ozdclm2³ Ubho ezbuhcm hbsmcz obz Ftzdp( jghhdle `dv

odv}v, ]`c odzc.mcnbl ugv {zc{gzcm obz }`dv, ½Fbnc lbu( Ubho, ]`c }ub bo tbs `g c jccl ozdclmv obz gv hble gv D fgl zcncnjcz, [s} u`g}c cz d} dv jc}uccl tbs gvdmc obz lbu glm ngic s{, Tbs gzc vc}}dle g jgm cpgn{hc }b }`c zcv} bo }`c _ghhct glm }`c Gznt,³

Ubho slfhclf`cm dv odv}v glm }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}`( fghndle, ½Hcgm }`c vc} dl }`cdz vubzm ubzi,³ @c }szlcm jgfi }b Zcm Ubho( u`b v}bbm vdhcl}, ½D udhh glmhc Zcm Ubho,³

½Gv tbs udv`( Vdzc,³ Ftzdp vs{{hdcm( ed dle Zcm Ubho }`c vdel obz ½@cµv ghh tbszv(³ jc`dlm Ubhoµv jgfi,

Zcm Ubho `dm `dv ezdl( zcndlmdle `dnvcho }b }`gli }`c odzc.mcnbl obz }`c og bz hg}cz,

Ubho hcm `dn }b }`c Fgldlc Ubbm jcobzc jgzidle, ½@bu mgzc tbs( Zcm' @bu mgzc tbs fbsz} nt mgse`}cz2 @bu mgzc tbs vcci }b ngic g fbn{hc}c obbh bs} bo nc dl ozbl} bo }`c _ghhct2³

Jcobzc `c fbshm eb glt ogz}`cz dl `dv @bu.mgzc.tbsv( Zcm Ubho f`glecm }b `dv Muchhcz.idl obzn( g oshh Dnnbz}gh ud}` mgzi `gdz glm ctcv }`g} ehbucm, ½Lb} }`dv }dnc( Ubho' Tbs udhh hdv}cl }b nc( glm lb} v`bs} tbsz @bu.mgzc.tbsv' D udhh `g c nt vgt( c cl do D `g c }b svc nt idl.Fhgl {buczv bl tbs }b mb d},³

Ubho fbshm mb lb}`dle js} v}gzc( vfgzcm dl}b vdhclfc, @c ilcu bu {buczosh Zcm Ubho ugv gv g Muchhcz( glm `bu mgleczbsv `c fbshm jc,

Zcm Ubho f`glecm jgfi }b `dv ubho.Fbn{gldbl obzn,]`c }ub ubh cv v}gzcm g} cgf` b}`cz( ud}` Ubho vdhcl}ht ezbuhdle g} Zcm

Ubho,




Ezbuh g} nc ghh tbs hdic( Ubho, Zcm Ubho }`bse`} gv `c ehgzcm g} `dv Ilde`}.ngv}cz glm ozdclm, D} mbcv lb} ng}}cz gltnbzc, ]`dv udhh jc zcvbh cm,

½Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz'³ Tchhcm }`c ocnghc bdfc bo Ig}`czdlc @gui.V}gzegqcz(Ubhoµv Jghdlcvc jzdmc, ½F`did}ä Nbblmglfcz' Dl bsz Fgv}hc F`gnjczv' Lbu'³

C cl Ftzdp `cgzm `cz jbbndle bdfc ozbn gfzbvv }`c Odchm glm `cgmcm dl

}`c b{{bvd}c mdzcf}dbl,]`c ubh cv f glecm obzn glm zgfcm }b V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc, ]`ct fbshm }chh v`c ncgl} jsvdlcvv,

]`ct }bbi }`cnvch cv }b }`c ngdl F`gnjczv( u`czc Ig}`czdlc tchhcm,½V`do}' Lbu'³

]`ct v`do}cm }b }`cdz bzdedlgh obznv,Ubho v}gz}cm, ½Mgzhdle( u`g}2³ ½Mb lb} ¿mgzhdleµ nc( Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz'³ Ig}`czdlc fzdcm, ½D `g c gm ghh D

fgl v}glm ozbn tbs }ub, ]`dv `gv eblc bl hble clbse`'³ ½Bl }`g} D gezcc( Hgmt,³ Zcm Ubho vgdm,½Vdhclfc( F`did}ä,³ Ig}`czdlc vs{{hdcm, ½Lbu }`cl, D ugl} }`dv ocsm bo

tbszv }b clm,³ ½Ig}`czdlc( `c vcciv }b v}cgh bsz mgse`}cz'³ Ubho fzdcm,½D vcci lb}`dle js} }b hb c glm f czdv` `cz gv glt Jblmng}c v`bshm,³ Zcm

Ubho jgzicm,½Tbs vcci }b }gic `cz gugt ozbn `cz `bnc'³ Ubho jgzicm,½D mb lb}`dle gegdlv} `cz udhh,³ Zcm Ubho jgzicm jgfi, ½V`c dv nt lcgz.

Jblmng}c glm D fgllb} mb glt}`dle }b `cz }`g} v`c mbcv lb} ugl} nc }b mb,³ ½V`c dv }bb tbsle obz tbs'³ Ubho vs{{hdcm,½]`c `cgz} glm vbsh ilbu bo lb gec bz }dnc,³ Zcm Ubho v}g}cm,½CLBSE@'³ Ig}`czdlc `dvvcm g} }`cn jb}`, ½Ubho}bl, @g c tbs lb}dfcm

glt f`glecv dl bsz mgse`}cz2³ Ubho ozbulcm( hbuczdle `dv jzbuv,½Do tbs `g c lb}( D vszc `g c,³ Ig}`czdlc vs{{hdcm, ½V`c dv `g{{dcz( glm

nbzc ng}szc, V`c obse`} dl }`c Ugz ud}` sv( zcncnjcz2 V`c v}dhh udv`cv }b jc g Fbn{gldbl Ugzzdbz( obz hgfi bo jc}}cz }cznv, V`c v}dhh ugl}v }b hcgzl c czt}`dle v`c fgl gjbs} cz Ngedf, Tbs nde`} ugl} }b }ghi }b `cz vbnc}dnc,³

½D `g c( Ig},³ Ubho vgdm( }`cl vndhcm, ½V`c }bhm nc gjbs} `cz glm Zcm,³ Ig}`czdlcµv ctcv ucl} s{, ½Glm tbs v}dhh `g c mbsj}v2³ ½D gn cz og}`cz( Ig}`czdlc, U`g} mb tbs cp{cf}2³ Ubho gvicm cz, ½D blht

udv` }b {zb}cf} `cz,³ ½Ogfc d}( Ubho, D gn cz {zb}cf}bz lbu,³ Zcm Ubho zcngzicm vbo}ht, ½D udhh

vcc }`g} lb `gzn udhh c cz fbnc }b `cz gegdl, ]`g} dv g {zbndvc D fgl zde`}oshht icc{,³

G} }`c ubzm {zb}cf}bz( Ig}`czdlc egv{cm, ½D ilcu d}'³ Jb}` fgldlcv v}gzcm g} `cz,½U`g}2 U`g} dv d}2³ Ubho gvicm,½V`c dv gf}dle gv Gzdglg mdm u`cl v`c nc} Mczzdfi, Hdic v`cµv nbzc

fbn{hc}c,³ Ig}`czdlc }zdcm, ½D} dv `gzm }b gmnd}( Ubho( js} Zcm asv} ngt jc bsz mgse`}czµv Glfdcl} Ntv}df [zb}cf}bz,³

Zcm Ubho vndhcm( lbmmdle, ½Gtc }`g} D gn,³ @c vgdm, ½D ubshm {zb}cf} `cz




ud}` nt czt hdoc, D ubshm f`czdv` `cz( Ubho, D hb c cz }bb nsf` }b `sz} cz,Jcfgsvc }b `sz} `cz ubshm jc hdic `sz}dle ntvcho,³

Ig}`czdlc v}smdcm `dn, Zcm Ubho ugv zgmdg}dle g {zb}cf}d c clczet gzbslm `dn glm d} `gm Fchdlcµv czt gszg vszzbslmdle d},

½Tbs vgt }`bvc ubzmv asv} }b ec} bl nt ebbm vdmc,³ Ubho jgzicm, ½]`ct

udhh lb} ubzi,³ ½D jchdc c dn( Ubho,³ Ig}`czdlc zc{hdcm vbo}ht( v}dhh v}gzdle g} dn, ½D fgl vclvc d}, @c fgllb} `sz} `cz ud}`bs} `sz}dle dnvcho, ]`cdz jblmv g c jccl

obzecm, Fgl tbs lb} occh d} ud}` tbsz bul Ubho Ngedf2³ V`c }szlcm jgfi }b cz `svjglm, ½Fgl tbs lb} vclvc d} u`clc cz }`ct gzc gzbslm cgf` b}`cz2 Jcobzc }`c Ugz( v`c ugv sl`g{{t( glm fblosvcm, Lbu( v`c dv fbn{hc}c,³

½D nsv} mdvgezcc( Hgmt Ig}`czdlc,³ Zcm Ubho zc{hdcm, ½V`c glm D udhh lb} jc fbn{hc}c sl}dh uc Jblm, Vccdle v`c dv v}dhh tbsle( glm `gv wscv}dblv gjbs} `czvcho( D udhh `g c }b ugd} }b Jblm `cz }b nc,³

½U`t fgl tbs lb} mb d} lbu2³ Ig}`czdlc gvicm( fszdbsv,½Jblmdle `cz }b nc lbu ubshm jc mdvgv}zbsv,³ Zcm Ubho vs{{hdcm vgmht,

½V`c ubshm lb} vsz d c d},³ Ig}`czdlc glm Ubho egv{cm,½D fgllb} vcc `cz sz} dl glt ugt,³ Zcm Ubho fbl}dlscm, ½Lbz fgl D v}glm

}b ug}f` `cz mdc ud}`bs} obhhbudle dl `cz }zcgm,³ ½Zcm( D º³ Ubho u`dv{czcm, ½D gn vbzzt, D mdm lb} ilbu,³ @c ugv

v{ccf`hcvv, ½V`c ubshm mdc do tbs Jblmcm cz }b tbs lbu2³ ½Gtc,³ Zcm Ubho vs{{hdcm,½]`c jblm jc}uccl tbs dv }`czc( js} lb} dl Muchhcz }cznv( zde`}2³

Ig}`czdlc `gm }b gvi, Gngqcm( Zcm Ubho lbmmcm, ½D fgl vclvc d},³ V`c }szlcm jgfi }b Ubho, ½Ngic s{ ud}` `dn( svjglm, Uc `g c ubzi }b mb( glm tbs jb}` `g c }b }ghi }b `cz gjbs} }`dv, V`c ugv ngmc `dv [gec( vb }`ct udhh jc v{clmdle g hb} bo }dnc }bec}`cz, Glm tbsz lcu [gecv lccm }b ilbu }`cdz ms}dcv( vb Zcm udhh }chh }`cn u`g} lccmv }b jc mblc,³

]`ct `cgzm g fbse` ozbn gfzbvv }`c zbbn, ½Do D ngt jc vb jbhm( Hgmt Ig}`czdlc2³ D} ugv Ftzdp, Fchdlc ugv ud}` `dn( dl jg}}hc og}descv,

Gv vbbl gv Fchdlc vgu Zcm Ubho( v`c egv{cm glm `cvd}g}cm( slvszc bo u`g} }b mb,

Ig}`czdlc vgu }`dv glm gvicm, ½Uchh2 Gzc uc odldv`cm `czc2³ Ubho lbmmcm, Zcm Ubho vndhcm( lbmmdle,Ig}`czdlc hbbicm jgfi g} `cz mgse }cz glm vndhcm, ½Eb g`cgm( Fchdlc,³ Fchdlcµv ctcv udmclcm, V`c zgl }b se Zcm Ubho,½Mb tbs lb} vcc }`c hb c }`ct `g c obz cgf` b}`cz( Vdzc2³ Ig}`czdlc gvicm

ud}` g vndhc,Ftzdp ezdllcm gv uchh( clabtdle }`c vfclc,½B`( D jchdc c D mb lbu,³ Ubho ezdllcm g} Zcm Ubho( bs}v}zc}f`dle dv `glm,U`cl }`c fbs{hc {gz}cm( Zcm Ubho nc} d},½Ozbn lbu bl( tbs gzc nt @cgz}.Jzb}`cz,³ Ubho gllbslfcm, ½Gv tbs

v`bshm `g c jccl ozbn }`c v}gz},³ Ig}`czdlc }bbi }`c f`glfc }b `se `cz `svjglm glm idvv dv vlbs}, ½B`(

Ubho'³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 6:..

Zcm Ubho( Fchdlc glm Ftzdp hgse`cm,½Lbu( Ig}`czdlc( lb} dl ozbl} bo }`cn,,,³ Ubho }cgvcm( jgfi }b `dv bhm vcho

gzbslm Zcm Ubho obz }`c odzv} }dnc vdlfc }`c Ugz clmcm, @c udlicm g} `dv lcu @cgz}.Jzb}`cz, ½Tbs udhh cnjgzzgvv nc,³

½[zcfdvcht,³ Ig}`czdlc }bsf`cm dv lbvc ud}` g fhgu, ½Lbu eb }cgf` tbsz

lcu [gecv u`g} }b mb( tbs }`zcc,³ ]`ct hco} }`c F`gnjczv, V`c lb}dfcm Ftzdp v}dhh v}glmdle }`czc, ½Ftzdp2 U`g} dv d}2 U`g} dv uzble2³ Ftzdp mgzcm }b fbnc fhbvcz, ½Vccdle }`cn }bec}`cz asv} lbu eb} nc

}`dlidle( Hgmt Ig}`czdlc,³ ½Fbnc lbu( fghh nc Ig}`czdlc,³ V`c ug cm g} `dn ud}` g vndhc, ½Uc `g c

ilbul cgf` b}`cz vdlfc }`c Ugzv obz [bucz, U`cl lb} gf}dle bsz }d}hcv( D dlvdv} tbs fghh nc Ig}`czdlc( bz Ig},³

½]`g} dv u`g} D ugl}cm }b }ghi }b tbs gjbs}( Ig}`czdlc,³ Ftzdp vs{{hdcm,½Gzc uc ghblc2 Glt hdv}clczv2³

½Tbs zcncnjczcm }`g} gjbs} nc( g c tbs2³ Ig}`czdlc ezdllcm, V`c zcghdqcm `c ugvlµ} vndhdle jgfi glm fhbvcm `cz ctcv, @c ugv vczdbsv, Go}cz g

nbncl}( v`c zcb{clcm }`cn,½Uchh2³ Ftzdp gvicm, V`c v`bbi `cz `cgm glm `c ucl} bl, ½Ebbm, D `g c

jccl }`dlidle g hb} vdlfc D eb} nt ozccmbn ozbn }`c Ngv}cz,³ V`c ecv}szcm obz `dn }b vd}, @c mdm( glm fbl}dlscm,½Mb tbs zcncnjcz jgfi jcobzc }`c Ugzv v}gz}cm2³ Ftzdp gvicm `cz,

½Jcobzc }`c Ngv}cz idhhcm Hbzm Esgzmdgl2 Jcobzc }`c Tbsle Fbn{gldblv uczc }gicl ozbn }`cdz `bncv }b jc Ugzzdbzv obz }`c Nczf`gl}µv gznt2³

½Tcv( js} u`g} mbcv }`g} `g c }b mb ud}` glt}`dle2³ ½D gn ec}}dle }b d}( Ig},³ Ftzdp vndhcm, ½Mb tbs zcncnjcz g tbsle

mzgeblhc} hbbidle obz zc clec gegdlv} }`c Ngv}cz2³ ½Lbu }`g} D }`dli gjbs} d}( tcv,³ Ig}`czdlc vgdm( {sqqhcm, ½D zcncnjcz

ncc}dle `dn dl }`c [czdhbsv Obzcv}, G tbsle mzgeblhc} jgzcht bhm clbse` }b oht,@c vgdm }`c Ngv}cz idhhcm `dv ogndht u`cl }`c jgzzdcz jc}uccl }`c Mbndldbl glm }`c [zb dlfc ugv czcf}cm, ]`c {bucz ozbn d} asv} mcv}zbtcm }`cn( js} `c eb} gugt ud}` lgzt g vfgz,³ V`c }`bse`} obz g nbncl}( glm och} `cz f`cv}( hbvdle `czvcho dl g }zglfc, ½]`c blht vfgz D vgu( glm vbnc`bu `cghcm( ugv bl `dv vdmc,D} ugv g egv` ngmc ozbn mcv}zsf}d c ngedf,³

V`c hbbicm g} `dn, ½D hcm `dn }b }`c vd}c u`czc Mgndgl ugv gvvcnjhdle `dv vnghh gznt bo mzblcv, D }bhm `dn º,³

½¿]`czc dv }`c vbl bo }`c jcgv} u`b idhhcm tbsz ogndht, Vucgz tbsz zc clec s{bl `dn( obz tbs ubshm blht ncc} }`c vgnc og}c dl }`c Ngv}czµv `glmv,µ³ Ftzdp v{bic s{ vbo}ht,

Ig}`czdlc zcghdqcm u`b Ftzdp ugv lbu, Lb} asv} glb}`cz bo Mgndglµv Ugzzdbzv( js} g Mzgfbldgl }`g} `gm lc cz jccl obbhcm jt `cz fbsvdlµv ndldblv,½Tbs uczc }`g} mzgeblhc}( uczc tbs lb}2³

½D ugv lgncm Izgµ}g}`( bo }`c Odzc Mzgebl Fhgl bo Esgzmdglv,³ Ftzdp vs{{hdcm ud}` g ezdl, ½D asv} jhbficm ntvcho ozbn }`c Nczf`gl}µv v{chhv svdle nt Mzgebl Ngedf, @c lc cz ilcu }`c mdooczclfc,³

½Mdm tbs c cz `g c tbsz zc clec2³ Ig}`czdlc gvicm dn vbo}ht,@c lbmmcm, ½U`cl Tbsle Esgzmdgl mcv}zbtcm }`c Ngv}cz( D ugv zchcgvcm




ozbn d}, ]`c {gtncl} `gm jccl ngmc glm nt hdoc fbshm eb bl,³ @c vs{{hdcm,½]`bse`( D mb gmnd} D ghugtv `gm g ndlm bo nt bul, D svcm nt clczedcv }b gdm }`c Nczf`gl} glm }`c Ugzzdbz Gznt( gf}dle hdic g ebbm hd}}hc Mbndldbld}c sl}dh D ilcu nbzc gjbs} }`c Ngv}cz,³

½Tc} tbs obhhbucm `dn }b }`c Slilbul,³

Ftzdp v`bbi `dv `cgm, ½Lgt( D obhhbucm }`c ubngl D ochh dl hb c ud}`,³ Ig}`czdlc ezdllcm, ½Vgjzdlg,³ V`c vgdm, ½U`g} gjbs} tbsz zc clec2³ ½D v}gtcm g vdhcl} Mbndldbld}c( blht {zc}clmdle }b ogdh u`cl }`c Nczf`gl}

ubshm }`zcg}cl nc, Vdlfc D ugv g Mzgfbldgl glm lb} g Mbndldbld}c g} ghh( `c `gm lb {bucz b cz nc,³ Ftzdp vs{{hdcm, ½D c cz obhhbucm Vgjzdlg( ug}f`dle bs} obz `cz, V`c ngmc MµIbzg `cz vhg c u`dhc D ugv `cz jbmtesgzm glm og bzd}c v{t,Blfc }`c Fzsvgmcv fgnc glm ucl}( v`c obzeb} gjbs} nc( js} lc cz mdm D blfc

obzec} gjbs} `cz,³ @c hbbicm }b `dv hg{ glm odmmhcm ud}` g zdle }`g} ugv bl g v}zdle gzbslm `dv

lcfi,½Ftzdp( }chh nc,³ Ig}`czdlc vgdm vbo}ht( {hgfdle g `glm bl dv hce, V`c

fbshm vclvc lb}`dle ozbn `dn svdle Cn{g}`t( js} v`c fbshm }chh vbnc}`dle chvc ugv bl `dv ndlm,

½@g c tbs obzed cl `cz obz u`g} v`c `gv mblc }b tbs dl tbsz tbs}`2³ Ftzdp hbbicm s{ glm gvicm, ½D jchdc c( dl bzmcz }b obzed c `czvcho( v`c nsv} jc obzed cl jt b}`czv, Cv{cfdghht tbs( Ig}`czdlc, Tbs gzc }`c blht ogndht v`c gv hco},³

½@cz nb}`cz dv dl }`c Ezct Gzcg ud}` Hbzm Ngp glm }`cdz mgse`}cz ]cn{cv},³ Ig}`czdlc }bhm `dn, ½Js} gtc( D slmczv}glm u`g} tbs gzc vgtdle,³

½]`gl tbs ilbu u`g} }b mb2³ Ftzdp gmmcm, Ig}`czdlc lbmmcm, ½Eb }ghi }b `cz( Ig}, V`c ubzzdcv tbs mb lb} fgzc gjbs} `cz jcfgsvc bo }`c id}.{s{v, V`c fhgdnv lcd}`cz bo tbs lccm `cz gzbslm( cpfc{} }b }cgf` `cz }`c ebbm Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf, [hcgvc( Ig}( cgvc `cz ndlm vb D fgl `g c }`c hb dle( fgzdle ubngl D ochh dl hb c ud}`,³

Ig}`czdlc vndhcm, ½Tbs `g c v}zglec }gv}c dl ubncl( Ftzdp,³ V`c zcngzicm, ½D `g c ghzcgmt v{bicl }b cz( u`cl v c odzv} fgnc `czc, V`c dv v}dhh fblosvcm dl `cz occhdlev gjbs} `czvcho, D udhh hcg c s{ }b tbs u`g} }b mb gjbs} tbsz zchg}dblv`d{, Ngt D cp{zcvv nt b{dldbl dl }`c ng}}cz2³

½Fcz}gdlht( Hgmt,³ ½Tbs ngic g hb cht fbs{hc,³ Ig}`czdlc idvvcm dv f`cci, ½Blfc v c ec}v

b cz }`dv {c} v`cµv dl( tbs udhh fbn{hcncl} cgf` b}`cz ldfcht, Uchfbnc }b }`c ogndht( Ftzdp,³

Ftzdp v}bbm s{( jbucm( glm hco},




V}bzt&:1Muchhcz.idl Jblmdle

Tbsle Esgzmdgl hcm g fblosvcm glm glezt Gnc}`tv} }`zs }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv% ezbslmv }b }`c Fgv}hc g`cgm,

Blfc }`c esgzm }`czc vgu }`c mc}czndlcm hbbi dl `cz ctcv( `c jbucm `dv `cgm glm ilch},½U`czc dv V`thcc2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl mcnglmcm,]`c Esgzm blht glvuczcm dl `cz ndlm, V `c dv }s}bzdle g lcuht. J blmcm

fbs{hc( Tbsle Esgzmdgl,½Ubshm d} `g{{cl }b jc }`c Sldfbzl glm `dv ng}c Gdzncm V}gzf`gvcz2³ ]`c Esgzm lbmmcm,½V`bu nc,³ ]`c Esgzm zbvc glm ecv}szcm obz }`cn }b obhhbu ,D zcncnjcz tbs ozbn }`c zcfcl} Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv( Tbsle Esgzmdgl, @c

vs{{hdcm dl `dv ndlm }b `cz , Gv vbbl gv D vgu }`c Mzgebl Mgeecz dl tbsz jch}( D

ilcu tbs uczc nt jhbbm.vdv}cz gv uchh,U`g} dv tbsz lgnc( }`cl( obz tbs }b fghh nc jhbbm.vdv}cz2 Tbsle Esgzmdgl

gvicm jgfi dl `cz ndlm gv }`ct obhhbucm `dn,@dv ndlm. bdfc `gm g {hgtosh hdh} }b d}( glm g ugzn vndhc, D gn Islqd}c(

Tbslecv} Acuch Chmcz.idl Muchhcz, V `thcc dv ghvb nt J hbbm.vdv}cz( }`gliv }b `czjhbbm.jzb}`cz V `cn, V dlfc tbs gzc jhbbm.jbslm }b `cz( tbs gzc nt jhbbm.vdv}cz gv uchh,

Mb tbs ilbu u`t v`c ubshm icc{ }`c Muchhcz vcfzc} `dmmcl dl nt ndlmud}` g v{chh2

Tbs uczc v}dhh tbsle dl tbsz bul Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf u`cl tbs odzv}nc} `cz( `ch{dle `cz ud}` Hbzm Idle Tbzl, Tbs fbshm lb} `g c slmczv}bbm( bzc cl `glmhcm vsf` ilbuhcmec,

½Tbs mblµ} ilbu `bu zde`} tbs gzc( jhbbm.jzb}`cz,³ V`c vde`cm ghbsm,½Gzdglg( u`g} dv ebdle bl2³ Gnc}`tv} mcfdmcm }b }gic }`c f`glfc }b v{cgi

s{, ½U`czc dv `c }gidle sv2³ ½]b Mzgfbzg,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm,½]`gl u`b dv V`thcc2³ ½Vgnc Muchhcz,³ V`c vs{{hdcm, ½V`thcc V}gzf`gvcz dv cz Cgz}`jbslm

lgnc,³ Gnc}`tv} v`bbi cz `cgm, ½Tbsµ c eb} g hb} bo cp{hgdldle }b mb( Tbsle

Esgzmdgl,³ ½Dl }dnc( gv d} fbncv jgfi }b nc( D udhh,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl glvuczcm ,Islqd}c fbl}dlscm }b hcgm }`cn }b }`c slmczezbslm f`gnjczv bo }`c fgv}hc

jcobzc hcg dle }`cn g} }`c jgvc bo g v}gdzuchh, Gnc}`tv} ezgjjcm g fglmhc ozbn }`c ughh glm vgu u`g} ugv dl ozbl} bo }`cn,

G mcgm clm,½S`( Gzdglg2³ Gnc}`tv} vs{{hdcm( fblosvcm,V`c ug}f`cm dl vdhclfc gv Tbsle Esgzmdgl ezgjjcm `cz mzgebl`cgm.`dh}cm

mgeecz glm }zgfcm g mbbzugt bl }`c v}blc ughh, ]`c bs}hdlc ehbucm( glm




Gnc}`tv} ugv gngqcm, Jcobzc v`c fbshm fbnncl} bl d}( v`c vgu Tbsle Esgzmdgl vndhc,

½D}µv ghh fbndle jgfi }b nc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm ud}` g ezdl( gmndzdle `cz Eg}cugt V{chh u`cl v`c v}c{{cm jgfi,

Gnc}`tv} fbshm blht v}gzc dl ublmcz glm fblosvdbl,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl {hgfcm `cz `glm }b }`c ehbudle bs}hdlc bo }`c ¿mbbzµ vb `cz `glm ehbucm gv uchh, ]`c mbbz dlf`cm d}vcho b{cl ud}` g ucgzt v}blc.bl.vglm vbslm, Blfc d} ugv b{cl clbse` obz }`cn }b fzcc{ }`zbse`( }`ct mdm,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgu Fbsl}cvv g} gl dlmbbz jblodzc g`cgm bo `cz, U`czc }`c vnbic ugv ebdle( blht Mzgfbzg ilcu, ]`c Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg ugv `glm.dl. `glm ud}` }`c czt }ub {cb{hc v`c glm Gnc}`tv} `gm fbnc vcgzf`dle obz,

Mzgfbzg hbbicm s{, ½Tbsle Esgzmdgl( mb abdl sv,³ V`c lbmmcm( vgtdle, ½Fbsl}cvv( }`dv dv Gnc}`tv}( }`c Sldfbzlµv }udl vdv}cz,

V`c glm `cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz `g c jccl ubzzdcm gjbs} }`cn,³ Mzgfbzg slfhgv{cm `cz `glmv ozbn Gdzncm glm }`c Sldfbzlµv,½]`g} dv wsd}c slmczv}glmgjhc,³ Mzgfbzg ucl} bl, ½Obz lbu( mb tbs udv`

}b abdl dl bl }`cdz Fczcnblt2³ ½@c dv nt jzb}`cz,³ Gnc}`tv} vs{{hdcm vbo}ht,½Lb} tbs Gnc}`tv} ]`czcvg,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm( lbmmdle }b `cz, ½D ncgl}

Tbsle Esgzmdgl, ]`bse`( vdlfc tbs gzc dv vdv}cz( D ubshm uchfbnc tbs }b bsz fdzfhc, Jc {zc{gzcm obz glt Ngedf ghble tbsz }udl.jblm glm }`c jhbbm.{gf},³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl odleczcm }`c bltp v}blcv bl `cz Mzgebl Mgeecz( ozbuldle,½D `g c zcgvbl }b jchdc c }`bvc jblmv udhh jc jzbicl glm zc.obzecm gegdl, U`t ubshm jcdle g lcuht.Jbslm Fbs{hc mb }`g} }b }`cn2³

½Glm tbszvcho( mblµ} obzec},³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½D} dv dl }`cdz jhbbm lbu,]`c czt Muchhcz.idl jdlmdlev bo hb c glm ngedf,³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv fblosvcm, ½U`g} dv } g} vs{{bvcm }b ncgl2³ Mzgfbzg ughicm }b `cz glm }bhm `cz, ½Mb tbs zcncnjcz u`g} tbs }bhm nc

gjbs} tbsz Jhbbm.[gf} }b }`c }udlv2 Glm `bu d} ngmc tbs occh mdooczcl}2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl lbmmcm,½Uchh( }`ct och} }`c vgnc ugt, Vbnc}`dle ugv mdooczcl} dl }`cdz

jhbbmv}zcgnv,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½]`g} ugv }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf }`ct eb} ozbn tbs, Lbu( Gdzncm gv mblc vbnc}`dle chvc }b `dv jhbbmv}zcgn, ]`c czt fszzcl} dv f`gledle dl `dn( gv d} dv dl `cz( g} hgv},³

½D v}dhh mblµ} ilbu u`g} tbs ncgl( Fbsl}cvv,³ Gdzncm v{bic s{( obhhbucm jt }`c Sldfbzl, ½U`g} fszzcl} dv f`gledle dl sv2³

½Fgl D glvucz `cz( Mzgfbzg2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gvicm,½Jt ghh ncglv( v`bshm tbs ilbu }`c glvucz( }chh `cz,³ Mzgfbzg vndhcm,½Tbsz jhbbm dv f gledle tbs( Gdzncm,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm,

½F`gledle u`b tbs gzc( u`b tbs uczc( glm u`b tbs udhh jc, Tbsz {buczv gzc f`gledle( tbs gzc f`gledle( glm d}µv ghh jcfgsvc bo tbsz jhbbm, Tbs fghh tbszvcho g Ug}f`cz.idl Vsl.Mglfcz, Uchh( tbsµzc zde`}, Tbs gzc, Glm Sldfbzl( Dµhh gmm tbs dl }`dv jcfgsvc d}µv }`c vgnc obz tbs gv uchh, Tbs uczc Jhbbm.[gf}cm ud}` Gnc}`tv} glm nc, Jb}` tbs }udlv och} nt {buczv dl tbsz jhbbm,³

½Gv tbs vcc( Tbslehdlev( d} ghh jbdhv mbul }b jhbbm,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm,Tbsle Esgzmdgl fbshm vcc `cz vndhc g} }`c ubzmv( glm v`c vndhcm dl




zc}szl, ]`gli tbs obz }`g}( V `thcc, D lccmcm d},Mzgfbzg lbmmcm, Glt}dnc( J hbbm.vdv}cz Gzdglg, Glt}dnc,½Vb u`g} mb uc mb lbu2³ Gnc}`tv} `gm }b gvi,Mzgfbzg jcfiblcm }`cn }b abdl `cz, ½Lbu( uc {czobzn }`c idl.Fhgl

Jblmdle Fczcnblt obz bsz lcuht.Jbslm fbs{hc,³

DD

]`c Odzc.V}gz}cz glm Gnc}`tv}µv Cgz}`t [zb}cf}bz Vfb}} Gzf`cz ugv hbv} dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( vcgzf`dle obz Gnc}`tv}, @c ilcu v`c ugv vbncu`czc9 `c asv} `gm }b hbbi, @c f`cficm }`c Ochdlc _dhhgec js} [gec.[zdlfc ]decz U`d}c.Vlbu v`bbi `dv `cgm glm }bhm `dn `c `gmlµ} vccl `cz,

½U`g} gjbs} Tbsle Esgzmdgl2³ Vfb}} gvicm, ½Mbcvlµ} v`c ngic `cz zbslmv `czc2 Bz }`c Sldfbzl glm Gdzncm2 Dvlµ} }`c Sldfbzl g ebbm ozdclm bo tbsz

og}`czµv2³ ½D gn vbzzt( Odzc.V}gz}cz( js} lb,³ ]decz vs{{hdcm, ½D `g c lb} vccl }`cn(

lbz `g c D vccl gltblc js} nt }zbb{ obz }`c {gv} ucci, U`t lb} f`cfi }`c Fgldlc _ghhct2 Tbsle Esgzmdgl svsghht v}b{v }`czc bl `cz zbslmv( }b vcc u`g} Hgmt.Gsl} Ig}`czdlc dv s{ }b,³

Vfb}} lbmmcm glm mdvg{{cgzcm dl g fhbsm bo jhgfi vnbic,Bl `dv clm( ]decz U`d}c.Vlbu jcegl }b ubzzt obz `dv Chmcz Fzsvgmcz

ozdclmv, @c fbse`cm( v`gidle `dv `cgm, ½Mgzl Odzc.V}gz}cz,³ @c u`dv{czcm(}szldle glm ebdle jgfi }b `dv ms}dcv obz `dv og}`cz( Vdzc ]bjdgv,

Blfc Vfb}} zcg{{cgzcm( d} ugv dl ozbl} bo g ezbs{ bo Tbsle Fbn{gldblv dl {zgf}dfc ecgz, Lb} ilbudle u`g} }b vgt( c fhcgzcm `dv }`zbg} glm lcz bsvht ug cm, @c `cgzm g f`sfihc ozbn jc`dlm `dn glm }szlcm }b vcc lblc b}`cz }`gl }`c Vdzc bo }`c Fgldlc _ghhct `dnvcho( Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz,

½Odzc.V}gz}cz'³ Ubho hgse`cm, ½U`g} jzdlev tbs `czc2³ Zcm Ubho glm Fchdlc uczc ud}` `dn( `glm dl `glm, ]`g} vsz{zdvcm Vfb}}(

js} `c ic{} `dv vdhclfc, Lb} ogz jc`dlm }`cn ugv }`c Odzc.mcnbl hb cz bo Vgjzdlgµv( Ftzdp, Ftzdp asv} vndhcm g} }`c vde`} bo Vfb}},

½@g c tbs vccl Tbsle Esgzmdgl( Gnc}`tv}( Gdzncm glm }`c Sldfbzl2³ Vfb}} gvicm, ½]`ctµzc lb} dl bsz Zcghn( glm Dµn ubzzdcm obz Gnc}`tv},³

]`c V}gzegqczv v`bbi }`cdz `cgmv,½Vbzzt( Odzc.V}gz}cz,³ Fchdlc vgdm( glm }`cl hbbicm }b Zcm Ubho( u`bvc

svsghht vczdbsv ogfc vndhcm, ½Zcm2 U`g} mb tbs ilbu2³ Zcm Ubho vwsccqcm cz `glm, ½Eb }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( Odzc.V}gz}cz, Tbs

udhh odlm }`cn }`czc,³ ½Mb tbs ilbu u`czc d} dv2³ Ftzdp gvicm dn,½Gtc( D mb( js} D jchdc c d} jcv} obz nc }b v}gt `czc ud}` }`c Fbn{gldblv,³

Zcm Ubho vs{{hdcm( }`cl dl g }cgvdle bdfc( gvicm, ½Tbs ilbu( mb tbs lb}2³ Ftzdp hgse`cm, ½Gtc( }`g} D mb,³ @c vs{{hdcm, ½Fbnc ud}` nc( Odzc.V}gz}cz,

D udhh v`bu tbs }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,³ Bl }`g}( }`ct jb}` mdvg{{cgzcm,½@bu ubshm tbs ilbu gjbs} }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( Zcm Ubho Nbblmglfcz2³




Fchdlc gvicm( fzbvvdle `cz gznv, ½Glm `bu ubshm `c2³ Zcm Ubho }cgvcm Fchdlcµv lbvc, ½Lcuht.jbslm Fbs{hcv ghugtv vcci }`c

Fbsl}cvv,³ @c cp{hgdlcm, ½Glm mdm tbs lb} lb}dfc u`g} Ftzdp dv2 @c dv g Mzgebl( glm bzdedlghht ozbn }`czc,³

Ubho asv} v`bbi `dv `cgm g} }`cn jb}`, ½D vucgz9 do tbs }ub uczc glt nbzc

vtzs{t( d} ubshm jc vdficldle,³ ½Vdhclfc tbs,³ Zcm Ubho hbbicm s{ ud}` g hgse`, @c lbmmcm }b }`c }zbb{ }`g} ugv {zgf}dfdle lcgzjt, ½Uc `g c ubzi }b mb,³

Ubho vde`cm, ½Gtc }`g} uc mb,³

Ftzdp hcm Vfb}} }`zbse` }`c Zcghn.eg}c }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,½Vb( `bu mb tbs ilbu bo }`dv {hgfc( Ftzdp2³ Vfb}} gvicm( vsv{dfdbsv,½Cgvt,³ Ftzdp v`zseecm, ½D gn lb} u`g} D vgt D gn,³ ½@s`2³ ½]b tbs( D gn g hbucz.hc ch Odzc.mcnbl( fbzzcf}2³ Ftzdp gvicm dn gv }`ct

ughicm,

½Uchh( tcg`,³ Vfb}} vs{{hdcm, ½U`g}2 Tbsµzc lb}2³ Ftzdp v`bbi dv `cgm, ½D gn( dl ogf}( g mzgebl,³ ½Tbs hbbi `sngl }b nc,³ Ftzdp hgse`cm, ½D} dv nczcht }b obbh, D} dv g hble v}bzt,³ ½Uchh( uc mb `g c g hble ughi g`cgm bo sv( mblµ} uc2³ Vfb}} gvicm( }`cl

vndhcm, ½Bz fgl tbs v{zbs} udlev glm oht2³ ½@nn( ebbm dmcg,³ Ftzdp gllbslfcm( v}b{{dle dl `dv }zgfiv, ½V}glm jgfi,

D} `gv jccl g hble }dnc vdlfc D ugv dl nt bul }zsc.obzn,³ Vfb}} bjctcm,Ftzdp blht `b{cm `c zcncnjczcm `bu }b v`do}( obz d} `gm jccl eclczg}dblv

vdlfc `c ilcu `bu bz c cl u`g} `dv }zsc mzgebl.obzn ugv, @c asv} ilcu `bu }b svc }`c Mzgebl Ngedf }b obbh }`c Ngv}czµv vbl( }`c Nczf`gl}( u`b `gm jccl hcgmdle }`c Ugzzdbz Gznt gegdlv} }`c vb.fghhcm ½c dh³ Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv, Jcobzc `c nc} s{ ud}` Hgmt Ig}`czdlc( Ftzdp ugv g tbsle mzgeblhc} u`b `gm vccl `dv Fhgl idhhcm jcobzc `dv ctcv( jgzcht ec}}dle gugt ud}` `dv hdoc glm g hble vfzg}f` bl `dv vdmc, Ilbudle `c `gm }b `g c `dv zc clec bl u`bc cz idhhcm dv Fhgl u`cl }`c Mbndldbl Jgzzdcz ugv czcf}cm( Ftzdp svcm vbnc {buczosh Mzgebl Ngedf }b v`do} }b mcnbl obzn, Vdlfc }`cl( `dv g}}cl}dblv uczc vbhcht bl g dle `dv zc clec gegdlv} }`c Ngv}cz, @c `gmlµ} {hgllcm bl oghhdle dl hb c ud}` }`c Ngv}czµv mgse`}cz Vgjzdlg ghble }`c ugt,

Ftzdp fhbvcm `dv zcm ctcv glm }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}`( {zc{gzdle `dnvcho obz }`c f`glec, @c jcegl }b occh }`c f`glec zdvdle ud}`dl `dv jbmt, Glfdcl}( fzcgidle nb cncl}v gv }`c nde`}t udlev v}gz} lbu( }b sloszh, @c zcncnjczcm jd}v glm

{dcfcv bo `dv mzgebl mgtv( glm hb cm }`c occhdle bo jcdle vb glfdcl} glm ghd c' ]b vcc `dn( Ftzdp ugv g hgzec zcm mzgebl ud}` mgzi {cgzh ctcv }`g} ehbucm, @c cp}clmcm udlev }`g} `gmlµ} jccl svcm obz tcgzv,

Vfb}} egv{cm( dn{zcvvcm,Ftzdp zgdvcm `dv vfght lcfi glm jhcu odzc bs} bo `dv lbvc( hgse`dle g `cgz}t

mzgebl.vbslmdle hgse`, @c hbuczcm dv lcfi glm }bhm dn, ½Ezgj `bhm( Odzc. V}gz}cz, Uzg{ tbsz gznv glm hcev gzbslm nt lcfi glm `bhm bl }de`}' ]b }`c




Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzgµv Fgv}hc'³ Vfb}} fhdnjcm bl}b Ftzdpµv hble nsvfhcm lcfi glm vc}}hcm `dnvcho bl}b `dv

ngvvd c v`bshmcz jhgmcv, Ftzdp }bbi ohde`} ud}` g aczi }`g} ngmc Vfb}}µv ezd{ }de`}cl( gv do `bhmdle bl obz mcgz hdoc,

½Tbs ilbu( Odzc.V}gz}cz(³ Ftzdp jcegl, ½D `g c }gicl g v`dlc }b tbs,³

½@s`2³ Vfb}} vs{{hdcm( v}s{codcm jt }`c v}g}cncl}, ½U`g} mb tbs ncgl2³ ½Tbsz gjdhd}t dv u`g} ghhbucm tbs }b v}gt dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn ud}`bs} tbsz tbsle ozdclmv,³ Ftzdp vgdm, ½Tbs gzc fghhcm }`c Odzc.V}gz}cz dl }`dv Zcghn, Mb tbs `g c g lgnc dl tbszv2³

½Vfb}} Gzf`cz,³ Ftzdp hgse`cm, ½Gzf`cz( dv d}2 Gzc tbs glt ebbm g} gzf`czt2³ ½D ubshm hdic }b } dli vb( tcv,³ Vfb}} gllbslfcm, ½D ubl nglt fbn{c}d}dblv

glm fgl v`bb} g} glt }gzec}, D c cl svcm nt Mzcgn Zcghn jbu dl }`c zcfcl} ugz,³

½@g c tbs svcm tbsz {bucz ud}` tbsz jbu tc}2³ Vfb}} v`bbi dv `cgm, ½Lb} tc}, @bu ubshm D mb d}2³

Ftzdp hgse`cm gegdl, ½D fgl }cgf` tbs( Odzc.Gzf`cz,³ ]`c lcu lgnc vcl} g v`bfi }`zbse` Vfb}}µv vtv}cn,½D hdic }`g},³ @c ezdllcm, ½Tcg`( Dµhh jc }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz, Lb} blht dv d} g {gz}

bo nt lgnc( d}µv nt og bzd}c `bjjt( glm nt {bucz'³ ½Tbs udhh hcgzl( Tbsle Blc,³ Ftzdp hgse cm( glm vb mdm }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz, ½D

udhh mcodld}cht }cgf` tbs'³ Vfb}} ugv cpfd}cm glm u`bb{cm, ½]`gli tbs( Ftzdp'³ ½Tbs gzc uchfbnc( Odzc.Gzf`cz,³ Ftzdp jzcg}`cm odzc dl }`c gdz( v`budle boo,

DD

Jgfi ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv( `dmmcl dl }`c F`gnjczv bo Nblgzf`%v Ehcl Fgv}hc(`glmv uczc fhgv{cm( zgdvcm }b }`c fcdhdle glm ctcv uczc fhbvcm, ]`c Sldfbzl(Gdzncm( Gnc}`tv}( Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Mzgfbzg f`gl}cm( zgdvdle g mdooczcl} idlm bo {bucz cd}`cz Cgz}`jbslm `gm c cz cp{czdclfcm jcobzc, ]`ct v}bbm gzbslm }`c jblodzc( f`gl}dle,

½Uc zgdvc bsz `glmv( bsz `cgz}v( bsz bdfcv( }b fghh s{bl }`c Glfdcl}v,³ Mzgfbzg v}gz}cm, ½Jzdle sv }`c Esdmcv bl bsz {g}`v glm jhcvv }`dv lcuht.jbslm Muchhcz.idl fbs{hc ud}` hb c( ngedf glm hdoc c}czlgh, Muchhcz.idl Glfdcl}v( `cgz sv,³

½Glfdcl} Ntv}df Glfdcl}v( `cgz sv,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm go}cz `cz,½Hbzmv glm Hgmdcv bo }`c Ud}f`cv( `cgz sv,³ Gnc}`tv} fbl}dlscm,½Jhcvv bsz jdlmdle ud}` hb c,³ Gdzncm vgdm,½Jhcvv bsz jdlmdle ud}` ngedf,³ ]`c Sldfbzl zc{hdcm,½Jhcvv }`cdz jdlmdle ud}` hdoc c}czlgh,³ Mzgfbzg odldv`cm, ½]`c Glfdcl}

Muchhcz.idl Ug}f`cz fghhcm V`thcc V}gzegqcz gviv bo tbs,³ ½]`c Cgz}`jbslm Glfdcl} Ntv}df Tbsle Esgzmdgl fghhcm Gzdglg Nbbl gviv

bo tbs,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm,½]`c Cgz}`jbslm Glfdcl} Ntv}df fghhcm Gnc}`tv} Vf`ndm} gviv bo tbs,³

Gnc}`tv} vs{{hdcm,




½]`c Cgz}`jbslm Glfdcl} Ntv}df Sldfbzl fghhcm Ggzbl Vf`ndm} gviv bo tbs,³ ]`c Sldfbzl vgdm,

½]`c Muchhcz Ug}f`cz.idl Vsl.Mglfcz fghhcm Vdczzg Gdzncm V}gzf`gvcz Ezcebzt gviv bo tbs,³ Gdzncm vs{{hdcm, ½Jzdle sv }`c ilbuhcmec( }`c ngedf( }`c v}zcle}` glm }`c fbszgec }b hd c gv g lcuht.Jbslm Muchhcz.idl fbs{hc,³

½Vb nb}c d} jc'³ ]`c zcv} cf`bcm go}cz `cz,½Jzdle sv `b{c glm hb c( ozbn }`c @g clv gjb c,³ }`c Sldfbzl vgdm,½Vb nb}c d} jc'³ ]`ct cf`bcm,½Jzdle }`dv fbs{hc u`g} }`ct lccm bl }`cdz {g}`,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm,½Vb nb}c d} jc'³ ]`c zcv} f`bzsvcm,]`c ezbs{ hbuczcm }`cdz fhgv{cm `glmv,½Uc }`gli tbs obz tbsz Esdmglfc glm Jhcvvdlev,³ Mzgfbzg gllbslfcm,

½Uc vclm tbs `bnc ud}` {cgfc glm hb c,³ ½Vb nb}c d} jc'³ ]`c cl}dzc ezbs{ fzdcm( hc}}dle eb bo cgf` b}`czµv `glmv glm

b{cldle }`cdz ctcv,]`czc ugv g hblc cf`b bo ublmcz ozbn jc`dlm }`cn,

½Vb nb}c d} jc,³ D} ugv Vfb}}( ud}` Ftzdp jcvdmc `dn dl `dv mcnbl obzn,Mzgfbzg vndhcm, ½[hcgvszc }b vcc tbs gegdl( Mzgeblhc},³ ½Glm tbs gv uchh( Fbsl}cvv,³ Ftzdp jbucm, ½]`c {hcgvszc dv ndlc( Hgmt

Fbsl}cvv,³ ½B`( v}b{,³ Mzgfbzg hgse`cm, ½D} dv ebbm tbs v}b{{cm jt, Uc uczc asv}

odldv`dle }`c Jblmdle Fczcnblt,³ V`c vgu g v}sllcm vdhcl} Vfb}} Gzf`cz jcvdmc `dn glm gfilbuhcmecm `dn, ½Tbs nsv} jc Gnc}`tv}µv Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz,³

Vfb}} lbmmcm, ½]`g} D gn( Fbsl}cvv,³ @c vgdm( jbudle `dv `cgm dl zcv{cf},½Nt lgnc dv Vfb}} Gzf`cz(³ `c hbbicm }b Ftzdp( ½js} nt Mzcgn Zcghn {czvblg dv }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz,³

Gnc}`tv} hbbicm }b `cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz dl ublmcz,½Tbs2³ Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg zgdvcm gl ctcjzbu }b Ftzdp( u`b lbmmcm,½D udhh }cgf` `dn }b svc `dv odzc.v}gz}cz gjdhd}dcv ud}` `dv gzf`czt gegdlv} bsz

obcv,³ ½G`( obcv,³ Mzgfbzg lbmmcm, ½Uchh( Tbslehdlev( }`dv dv u`czc tbs eb tbsz

vc{gzg}c ugtv( glm D ec} jgfi }b nt ms}dcv gv Fbsl}cvv `czc, Ftzdp( ngt D g c g ubzm ud}` tbs obz g nbncl}2 D} fblfczlv tbsz Fhgl,³

Ftzdp zgdvcm `dv ctcv, ½B`( fcz}gdlht( Fbsl}cvv, Gv tbs udv`,³ ½V`cµv zde`}( estv,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl v{bic s{ go}cz g lbm }b Mzgfbzg, ½Uc

lccm }b zc}szl }b }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( glm ec} bszvch cv `bnc }b bsz ogndhdcv,³ ½Tbs ilbu( dl ghh }`c cpfd}cncl}( D }b}ghht obzeb} gjbs} }`cn'³ Gdzncm fzdcm,

½B`( Tbsle Esgzmdgl' Fgl tbs c cz obzed c nc2³ ½Mblµ} gvi nc obz obzed clcvv( Gdzncm,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl }bhm cz, ½]`dv

jg}}hc dv tbszv glm }`c Sldfbzlµv lbu, Tbs gzc `dv Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz gv `cµv tbsz Jblmng}c, U`c}`cz `c obzed cv tbs obz mbdle u`g} tbs }`bse`} jcv} obz `dn( dv s{ }b `dn,³

Gdzncm hbbicm }b }`c Sldfbzl, Dlv}cgm bo zc{htdle( }`c Sldfbzl uzg{{cm dv gznv gzbslm `cz ugdv} glm eg c `cz hd{v g hble idvv,

½]`czc, U`g} mbcv }`g} }chh tbs2³ @c gvicm( }cgvdle `cz lbvc ud}` g idvv,Gdzncm vndhcm( edeehdle, ½Hc}µv eb `bnc( Jblmng}c,³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. =;..

Gnc}`tv} glm }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz fhgv{cm `glmv glm vndhcm g} cgf` b}`cz,½Ndlm do uc abdl tbs( jzb}`cz2³

½Fcz}gdlht( vdv}cz,³ ]`c Sldfbzl ezdllcm( booczdle `dv `glm obz `cz }b }gic,½Jt ghh ncglv( abdl sv,³

Gnc}`tv} }bbi d} glm }`c fdzfhc ugv fbn{hc}c, ]`c obsz bo }`cn ucl} `bnc(

u`df` hco} blht Ftzdp glm Tbsle Esgzmdgl,½D ubshm v}gt do D uczc tbs( Gzdglg,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½U`g} D g c }b v{cgi }b Ftzdp gjbs} `gv }b mb ud}` tbs gv uchh,³

½D }`bse`} gv nsf`( V`thcc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vde`cm, ½Uchh( hc} sv `g c d} }`cl, U`g} mb tbs ilbu gjbs} dv Fhgl2³

Ftzdp ugd}cm cp{cf}gl}ht( ublmczdle u`g} v`c `gm }b vgt, @c fbshm vclvc Tbsle Esgzmdgl ilcu vbnc}`dle gjbs} Mzgfbzg c cl @C `dnvcho mdmlµ},

½Fbsl}cvv2³ Ftzdpµv bdfc ug czcm( ug}f dle jb}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Mzgfbzg v}gzc g} cgf` b}`cz,

Mzgfbzg( `cµm jccl zgdvcm }b zcv{cf} gv gl Chmcz Glfdcl} bo `dv hglm, ]`c Fbsl}cvv `gm ghugtv jccl g nblgzf` bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, U`cl Hbzm Idle

Tbzlµv @sl}czv g}}gficm }`c Fgv}hc( d} v}gz}cm g ugz, ]`c ugz }szlcm dl}b gl ghhdglfc( glm c cl}sghht g ngzzdgec glm }`c jdz}` bo g vbl( @bzsv glm mgse`}cz @czg,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl( bl }`c b}`cz `glm( `cµm ilbul `cz zc{s}g}dbl dl jb}` }`c Mzcgn Zcghn glm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv hble geb, @cµm hcgzlcm }b zcv{cf} glm zc czc `cz gv uchh( obz ghh `cz }zbsjhc ud}` Vgjzdlg( v`c lc cz eg c s{ `b{c bz ngedf,

Jt }`c vczdbsv hbbiv bl }`cdz ogfcv( `c fbshm }chh `c `gm lb dmcg u`g} `c ugv ec}}dle dl}b }`dv }dnc, U`g} mdm Mzgfbzg ilbu gjbs} dv Fhgl( glm u`g} mdm Tbsle Esgzmdgl `g c }b mb ud}` d}2



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. =7..

V}bzt &61V }ghicz dl }`c Mgzi Gzcg

Jgfi dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghnµv Fgldlc _ghhct( Vdz Zcm Ubho glm Vdzc Ubho ug}f`cm dl }`c vdmchdlcv gv }`cdz }`zcc [gecv( Fchdlc( Ldfbhg @cgz}Hdht glm Zblgl

Jzbul[g}f`cv uczc hcgmdle }`zcc ezbs{v bo Fbn{gldbl Ugzzdbzv,½D `g c jccl }`dlidle( Ubho,³ Zcm Ubho vs{{hdcm( v}gzdle go}cz Fchdlc, V`c ugv }cgf`dle g lcu nb c }b glb}`cz ochdlc ugzzdbz,

Ubho }szlcm }b `dv Ilde`}.ozdclm, ½U`g} dv d}( Zcm2³ ½D jchdc c }`g} V{dzd} Wscv} uc }bbi `ch{cm b{cl `cz ndlm }b wscv}dblv blfc

}`bse`} slgjhc }b jc gvicm,³ Zcm Ubho vs{{hdcm( v}smtdle `dv ozdclmµv ogfc obz g zcgf}dbl, ½V`c v}dhh lccmv tbs( Ubho( js} v`c lccmv nc gv uchh, Gv D lccm cz lbu( }b icc{ }`c }ub vdmcv bo nc ozbn zd{{dle nc g{gz}, D lccm `cz }b icc{ nc `b{cosh( gv D gn lb hblecz g Ugzzdbz bz Ezct Gzcgl,³

½D ugv uzble gjbs} tbs( Zcm, D ilbu }`g} lbu,³ Ubho gmnd}}cm, ½D }`bse } tbs ubshm `sz} Fchdlc( glm D mdm lb} ugl} }b vcc }`g} `g{{cl,³

½Lcd}`cz mb D,³ Zcm Ubho vndhcm, ½Hdic d} bz lb}( Ubho( D hb c `cz( }bb,³ Ubho }szlcm }b Fchdlcµv ezbs{( v}gzdle g} `dv mgse`}cz, @c vde`cm,½Gjbs} tbs glm D( Ubho V}gzegqcz,³ Zcm Ubho vgdm, Blfc `c eb} `dv ozdclmµv

g}}cl}dbl( Zcm Ubho fbl}dlscm, ½Uc `g c c cz jccl ozdclmv( do lb} Ubho.idl, Ozbn Fbn{gldblv jcdle }gicl ozbn bsz ogndhdcv( uc `g c v}sfi }bec}`cz, Ozbn Mbndldbld}cv jcdle hcm jt }`c Ngv}cz gegdlv} Hbzm Esgzmdgl( uc `g c v}sfi }bec}`cz,³

Ubho v}dhh v}gzcm( vdhcl} dl }`bse`}, Zcm Ubho ucl} bl, ½Tbs zcncnjcz u`cl D ghnbv} hbv} nt vbsh }b }`c @slecz2 U`g} ngmc tbs fghh nc jgfi }b gugzclcvv2³

½D mdm lb} ugl} tbs }b `sz} }`c Mzcgncz,³ Ubho vs{{hdcm,Zcm Ubho v`bbi dv `cgm, ½]`g} dv lb} }zsc( nt ozdclm,³ @c vgdm, ½Tbs mdm

lb} ugl} }b hbvc nt ozdclmv`d{ v`bshm D }szl V}ghicz,³ ½Tbs ilcu lb}`dle bo tbsz Muchhcz.idl vcho sl}dh Ngmgn Fchcv}c }bhm tbs,³

Ubho {bdl}cm bs},½]`g} dv ghvb lb} }zsc,³ Zcm Ubho vs{{hdcm, ½Do tbs zcncnjcz( Muchhcz.idl

`g c g }chc{g}`df jblm }b cgf b}`cz, Ng}äzä glm [äzg} `g c ghugtv }gse`} nc }`c G{{zcl}dfc.idl Muchhcz ugtv svdle d},³

½]`bvc ubzmv,³ Ubho vgdm vbo}ht, ½D ublmczcm u`g} Fchdlc ugv fghhdle sv,³ ½]`ct gzc Glfdcl} Ubho.v{cgi obz Nb}`cz glm Og}`cz,³ Zcm Ubho ezdllcm,

½D mdm }cgf` }`cn }b `cz( js} blht go}cz v`c `cgzm nt {gzcl}v svc }`cn bl nc,³ Ubho lbmmcm( vndhdle, ½Tbs hb c cz( mb tbs lb}2³ ½]`g} v`bshm g c jccl g{{gzcl}( nt ozdclm,³ Zcm Ubho vgdm, ½Gv `cz

Jblmng}c glm tbsz @cgz}.Jzb}`cz( D {zbndvc tbs lb `gzn udhh fbnc }b `cz u`dhc v`c dv dl nt fgzc,³

½Bl }`g}( D ilbu D fgl zcht,³ Ubho zc{hdcm, ½C cl v`c ilcu vbnc}`dle ugv bl tbsz ndlm u`cl tbs vcl} }`c Odzc.V}gz}cz ud}` Ftzdp }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,³

Zcm Ubho hgse`cm, ½G`( }`g}, Gtc( D mdm g c vbnc}`dle bl nt ndlm,³ ½Mdm tbs ugl} }b }chh nc( bz hc} d} eb2³ ½Obz nc }b hcgm }`c Cgz}`jbslm( D ubshm `g c `gm }b jzdle Fchdlc ud}` nc,³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. =:..

Zcm Ubho vs{{hdcm, ½V`c ubshm g c gvicm wscv}dblv D g c lb glvuczv }b, D mb lb} udv` }`g} zde`} lbu( glm vdlfc uc `gm ubzi }b mb( D {s} Ftzdp }b }`c }gvi,³ @c v`zseecm, ½Jcvdmcv( `c lccmcm }`c fbl}gf} ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv,³

½U`t mb tbs vgt }`g}2³ Ubho gvicm,½Mb tbs lb} zcncnjcz `dv }zsc.obzn2³ Zcm Ubho dlwsdzcm, ½Ftzdp fgnc }b

}`c Ugzzdbzv gv g mzgeblhc},³ Ubho `gm }b }`dli gjbs} }`g} blc, ½G mzgeblhc}( `s`2 Js} `c dv dl mcnbl obzn lbu, U`t v}gt dl }`g} obzn obz vb hble2³

Zcm Ubho zgdvcm `dv ctcjzbuv, ½D vs{{bvc tbs v`bshm gvi Ig} vbnc}dnc,V`c ilbuv `dn jc}}cz }`gl uc mb,³

½U`t ubshm c lccm fbl}gf} ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv2³ Ubho gvicm,½]b zcncnjcz u`b `c dv( asv} gv tbs ngmc nc zcncnjcz u`b D gn,³ Zcm

Ubho ezdllcm( {g}}dle Ubho bl }`c jgfi, ½@cgz}.Jzb}`cz,³ Ubho hgse`cm, ½Fbnc }`cl( @cgz}.Jzb}`cz, Uc v}dhh `g c ubzi }b mb,³

DD

½@bu fbshm tbs g c jccl vb fgzchcvv( Mgndgl2³ Ehbzdglg( blfc Wsccl bo }`c Slilbul v{g} }b }`c blfc.Nczf`gl} bo }`c Mbndldbl, V`c `soocm, ½Dmdb},³

½Nc vb fgzchcvv2³ Mgndgl fzdcm jgfi, V`clgzg ugv ud}` `dn( vdhcl}( lb} ugl}dle }b ec} dl }`c ndmmhc bo d}, U`dhc Ehbzdglg ugv cz nb}`cz( Mgndgl ugv `cz hb cz, ½Tbs uczc }`c blc u`b ogdhcm }b mb u`g} D }bhm `cz }b' Fbshm lb} c cl mcv}zbt Ndv}zcvv F`ghhglmzg glm Hbzm Jtzbl,³

½Jg`'³ Ehbzdglg fzdcm, ½Gv d} dv( uc gzc v}sfi czc dl }`c Mgzi Gzcg( ud}` Hbzm Jglc glm `dv fzcu bo nbzbl Mgzi Ugzzdbzv,³

½]`g} nbzbl fzcu svcm }b jc nt Ugzzdbz Gznt( do tbs zcncnjcz fbzzcf}ht(Mbndldbld}c'³ Mgndgl fzdcm,

½Vb( u`g} mb uc mb lbu2³ V`clgzg gvicm, ½V`ghh uc eb g`cgm ud}` tbsz {hgl( Mgndgl2³ Mgndgl }szlcm bl `cz( ogfc zcm ud}` glecz glm ctcv } g} ehbucm, V`c fzdlecm, ½Nt g{bhbedcv( Nczf`gl}( js} tbs nsv} ogfc d}, Tbs gzc jb}` zde`}, U`dhc nb}`cz vgtv uc gzc v}sfi `czc dl }`c Mgzi Gzcg ud}` Hbzm Jglc( tbs vgt }`c Mgzi Ugzzdbzv uczc tbsz bul Gznt, Hc} sv lb} ode`} b cz vbnc}`dle lcd}`cz bo sv `g c glt fbl}zbh b cz,³

½Vb( u`g} dv tbsz {hgl( Hbzm Nczf gl}2³ Ehbzdglg gvicm ud}` g udficm vndhc,

Mgndgl {shhcm vbnc}`dle ozbn `dv {bfic},]`ct jb}` vgu d} obz u`g} d} ugv,½]`g}µv'³ V`clgzg v}gz}cm( v}gzdle g} d},½]`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh'³ Ehbzdglg zcgf`cm obz d}( js} Mgndgl

vlg}f`cm d} gugt, ½@bu mdm tbs ec} d} jgfi2³ Mgndgl ezdllcm, ½Nt vcfzc}( hgmdcv( glm {gz} bo nt {hgl,³ @c vs{{hdcm,

½]`dv udhh slmb }`bvc vdhht Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv jt idfidle }`cn u`dhc }`ct gzc mbul,³ ½Tcg`( zde`},³ Ehbzdglg }dficm, ½@bu nglt }dncv `g c tbs {zbndvcm }`c

Glfdcl} Ntv}dfµv mcv}zsf}dbl blht }b jc ghnbv} mcv}zbtcm tbszvcho2 @bu nglt }dncv `g c tbs jccl f`cg}cm jt }`cn glm {hgtcm }`c obbh jt }`cn2³

½Ehbzdglg'³ Mgndgl fzdcm,




V`c vndhcm, ½Gtc( Nczf`gl}2³ ½V`s} s{,³ @c ezsnjhcm( glm hbbicm }b }`c Fztv}gh blfc nbzc, ½D gvvszc

tbs( idfi }`cn u`cl }`ct gzc mbul glm uc udhh jc {zbv{czbsv,³ ½[zc{bv}czbsv( nbzc hdicht,³ V`clgzg wsd{{cm, U`cl `c ehgzcm g} `cz( v`c

ehgzcm jgfi, ½Uchh( u`g} gzc uc ebdle }b mb ud}` d}2³

½Hdv}cl fhbvcht( hgmdcv,³ Mgndgl `smmhcm }`cn }bec}`cz glm }bhm }`cn u`g} ugv bl `dv ndlm,

DDD

Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Ftzdp ugd}cm sl}dh Mzgfbzg ugv dl `cz {czvblgh f`gnjczv jcobzc }`ct vgdm glt}`dle, Tbsle Esgzmdgl fbshmlµ} }gic }`c vdhclfc glt hblecz }`gl }`g},

½Fbsl}cvv( mb tbs idlmht ugl} }b cp{hgdl tbszvcho2³ V`c mcnglmcm(`glmv obhmcm dl ozbl} bo `cz glm g vfbuh bl `cz hd{v,

C cl Ftzdp ugv gozgdm bo jb}` ubncl, Tbsle Esgzmdgl obz `cz hbbi glm

ngedf( `cµv vccl obz `dnvcho `cz }cn{cz glm u`g} v`c fgl mb u`cl {czvsgmcm,Gv obz Mzgfbzg `czvcho( `c ilcu u`g} v`c ugv fg{gjhc bo, @cµm vccl d} cgzht bl dl hdoc( jcobzc `c ugv vcl} }b }`c Mzcgn Zcghn,

½U`g} dv }`c ncgldle bo }`dv2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gvicm, ½U`g} mb tbs ilbu gjbs} Ftzdpµv Fhgl( glm `bu mbcv d} `g c glt}`dle }b mb ud}` nc2³

Mzgfbzg vg} bl `cz mcvi glm eg c }`cn jb}` g ozbqcl v}gzc, ½Tbs udhh hdv}cl glm hdv}cl ebbm,³

Jb}` bo }`cn v}bbm, Tbsle Esgzmdglµv ozbul mcc{clcm glm `cz ctcjzbuv oszhcm, Mzgfbzg v}gzcm g} `cz ud}` mgzi ehbudle zcm ctcv, Jb}` ubncl {zbjgjht obzeb} }`g} `c ugv c cl v}dhh }`czc,

Mzgfbzg fbl}dlscm, ½Lbu }`cl( d} ubshm vccn dl }`c zcfcl} ugz( Fzsfdv ugv mcv}zbtcm( fbzzcf}2³

½Jt Zgnbl glm ntvcho( bo fbszvc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm, ½Eb bl,³ ½Uchh( `c hco} jc`dlm g czt glezt {zb}äeä lgncm Jghbz,³ Mzgfbzg vgdm,

½]`g} {zb}äeä lbu udv`cv zc}zdjs}dbl obz tbsz fzdnc gegdlv} }`c V}ghiczv,³ ½Fzdnc gegdlv}'³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl fzdcm( hgse`dle, ½B`( }`dv dv zdf`, ]`c

blht }`dle Zgnbl glm D mdm ugv mcv}zbt Fzsfdv,³ ½U`b ugv }`c hcgmcz bo }`c V}ghiczv,³ Mzgfbzg fbl}dlscm, ½Glm ghvb hdic

tbszvcho( Ftzdp,³ Ftzdp ugv fblosvcm, ½Fbsl}cvv2³ ½@c ugv g Mzgebl Fhgl Esgzmdgl gv uchh( glm dv lbu {cznglcl}ht dl

`sngl obzn,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, Ftzdpµv ctcv udmclcm, ½@c ugv fgv} bs} bo }`c Fhgl obz mcghdlev ud}` c dh obzfcv( asv} gv Bz}`bv glm `dv }`zcc jzb}`czv uczc

obzfcm ozbn }`c zgliv bo }`c Madll @de` Fbslfdhv jcfgsvc Bz}`bv ugv g vchodv` c dh cl}d}t,³

Lbu Tbsle Esgzmdglµv ctcv udmclcm, ½Tbs mblµ} ncgl2³ Mzgfbzg lbmmcm, ½B`( js} D mb,³ V`c vgdm, ½Lbu mb tbs vcc u`t tbs jb}`

gzc dl bh cm2 Jghbz dv vccidle zc}zdjs}dbl obz tbs idhhdle }`c V}ghicz Hcgmcz( glm `c udhh mb glt}`dle dl `dv {bucz gv g V}ghicz.Mzgfbldgl }b ec} d}, C cl do d} ncglv mcv}zbtdle `dnvcho dl }`c {zbfcvv,³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ==..

½@c {zbjgjht udhh mb }`g} dl }`c hble zsl,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm,½D mb lb} slmczv}glm( Fbsl}cvv,³ Ftzdp v{bic s{, ½@bu dv c g V}ghicz

glm g Mzgebl Fhgl Esgzmdgl2³ ½Blfc `c ugv fgv} bs} bo }`c Fhgl( `c nc} s{ ud}` nglt V}ghiczv }`g} eg c

`dn vglf}sgzt,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½@c cpf`glecm jhbbm ud}` cgf` bo }`cn(

ngidle `dnvcho g V}ghicz gv uchh,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl lbmmcm, ½@gv `c jccl `dv }zsc.obzn vdlfc }`cl2³ ½]`g} D fbshm lb} }chh tbs,³ Mzgfbzg vgdm,½Vb `c jchdc cv `dnvcho {szc V}ghicz }`cl2³ Ftzdp gvicm,Mzgfbzg lbmmcm, ½]`g} `c mbcv,³ ½]`gl do `c ugv fgv} bs} jt }`c Fhgl( glm `gv lb} zc}szlcm }b }zsc.obzn

vdlfc( `c ubshm nbv} hdicht lb} c cl ilbu u`b bz u`g} `c ugv bzdedlghht,³ Ftzdp vgdm ud}` g hbu ezbuh, ½]`g} ilbuhcmec cwsg}cv }b mglecz,³ @c jbucm }b `cz,½Uc nsv} hc} }`bvc dl bsz Zcghnv ilbu( Fbsl}cvv, Do tbs gzc mblc ud}` sv2³

Mzgfbzg lbmmcm gegdl, ½D gn, V{zcgm }`c ubzm( tbs }ub, Jc bl }`c ghcz} obz Jghbz glm `dv V}ghicz }zbb{v, Mb lb} }`dli }`ct udhh ed c s{ ud}`bs} g ode`},³

½D `g c lb dl}cl}dbl bo }`dlidle }`g}( V`thcc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm,½Obz lbu( ucµhh }gic bsz hcg c, Ftzdp2³

½Zde`}( Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ ½_dvd} vbbl( jb}` bo tbs,³ Fbsl}cvv zcngzicm, ½Glm bo}cl,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Ftzdp lbmmcm, ½Udhh mb( Fbsl}cvv,³




V}bzt &=1Jghbz }`c V }ghicz.Mzgfbldgl

Bl }`cdz abszlct jgfi }`zbse` }`c Eg}cv }b }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( Ftzdp lb}dfcm `bu {ghc Tbsle Esgzmdgl zcghht hbbicm,

½Gzc tbs occhdle bigt( Tbsle Esgzmdgl2³ V`c hbbicm g} `dn( glm `c fbshm vclvc vbnc}`dle mdooczcl} gjbs} `cz, @c fbshm occh }`c czt {zcvclfc bo }`c Fbsl}cvv( js} d} ugv gl bhm vclvc }b d}, Hdic }`c Fbsl}cvvµv czt jhbbm zgl }`zbse` `cz cdlv glm v`c mdmlµ} zcghdqc d},

½D udhh jc( Ftzdp,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm( lbmmdle, ½Blfc }`dv u`bhc Ugz }`dle dv b cz,³

½]`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv dv ghzcgmt b cz( dv d} lb}2³ ½Boodfdghht( tcv( js} D jchdc c d} `gv blht jcesl,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl }szlcm

ozbn `dv ctcv glm }bbi bs} `cz Mzgebl Mgeecz( {hgtdle ud}` }`c v}blc dl d},½G mgeecz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( D }gic d}2³ Ftzdp gvicm,Tbsle Esgzmdgl vndhcm, ½Tcg`, V`thcc eg c d} }b nc g hble }dnc geb,³

V`c vs{{hdcm( glm }zgfcm `cz odlecz mbul }`c v`bz} jhgmc, ½V`c svcm d} }b jdlm sv }bec}`cz dl jhbbm,³ V`c v`bbi cz `cgm( {s}}dle d} jgfi dl d}v v`cg}`, ½V`c svcm }`c Muchhcz cwsd ghcl} bo }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfµv Obzec}oshlcvv V{chh bl nc, Blht d} ugv g fbczfdbl }`dle,³

½]`c Muchhczv gzc zclbulcm obz }`cdz {buczv bo fbczfdbl,³ Ftzdp ezdllcm(glm v`c vndhcm jgfi,

½Dµ c lb}dfcm,³ ½Gzc tbs vszc tbs gzc bigt( Tbsle Esgzmdgl2³ Ftzdp hbbicm fhbvcz g} `cz,

½Tbs hbbi {ghc,³ ½D ghzcgmt vgdm D ubshm jc,³ V`c vlg{{cm,]`c zcm ehbu dl `cz ctcv ugv slndv}gigjhc, ]`c zcm ehbu bo }`c Muchhcz.

idl jhbbm.hsv}( blht ucgiclcm, Ftzdp jhgncm }`c Fbsl}cvv glm cz Jdlmdle }`c }ub bo }`cn }bec}`cz,

½D ugv blht v`budle fblfczl obz tbs( nt Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ Ftzdp ngzf cm bl,

V`c delbzcm `dn( obhhbudle dl `dv v}zdmcv,@c fbshm v}dhh vclvc vbnc}`dle uzble ud}` `cz( js} `c mdmlµ} ugl} }b

mdvzcv{cf} `cz, V`c ugv `dv Tbsle Esgzmdgl( g Mzcgn Zcghn Fzsvgmcz glm Hbzm Esgzmdglµv vsffcvvbz, @c fbshmlµ} asv} v{cgi dv ndlm gzbslm `cz, U`g} do v`c zcgf}cm }`c vgnc gv }`c Nczf`gl} bz }`c Ngv}cz2

@dv }`bse`}v uczc jzbicl u`cl c vnchhcm vbnc}`dle bl }`c udlmv, @c v}b{{cm dl `dv }zgfiv( fb czdle Tbsle Esgzmdgl ud}` gl gzn gv `c {zc{gzcm }b mcoclm `cz,

½Ftzdp( u`g}2³ ½V}ghicz,³ Ftzdp }bhm `cz vdn{ht, ½Blht( g mzgebl gv uchh,³ ½Mb tbs }`dli d} fbshm jc Jghbz2³ Ftzdp }szlcm }b `cz ctcv, ½D} czt uchh fbshm jc,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl lbmmcm glm v}c{{cm jcvdmc `dn, ½Mdm tbs ugl} }b }chh

`dn uc ilbu `cµv `czc( bz v`bshm D2³ Ftzdp fbshm vcc }`c `g}c dl `cz ctcv, ½Jt ghh ncglv( tbs bs}zgli nc(



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. =?..

Tbsle Esgzmdgl, Jc nt escv},³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl v}c{{cm dl ozbl} bo `dn glm ochh dl}b g ode`}dle v}glfc(

{buczosh v`bz}.vubzm g} }`c zcgmt {bvd}dbl, ½Fbnc bs} u`bc cz tbs gzc( V}ghicz' ]`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl mcnglmv d}'³

Bs} bo }`c v`gmbuv bo ndv} ughicm g ngl ud}` `bhhbu jhgli ctcv(

mcfgtdle oglev( v}zdlet jhgfi `gdz `chm dl g `bzvcµv }gdh glm g hbbi bl `dv ogfc }`g} ngmc nbv} v`d cz }b ehglfc g},Tbsle Esgzmdgl {bvcm( zcgmt obz gf}dbl,½Tbs gzc }`c dlognbsv Tbsle Esgzmdgl2³ ]`c V}ghicz hgse`cm( v`budle

zcfcmdle esnv glm g jhbbm.zcm }`zbg}, @c vgsl}czcm fhbvcz }b }`cn, ½Dlmccm(blht g tbsle Glfdcl} Ntv}df f`dhm,³

Ftzdp ugvlµ} v}s{dm, @c v}bbm dv esgzm gv uchh( dl `dv bul v}glfc( asv} ugd}dle obz }`c V}ghicz }b g}}gfi( bz }zt }b g}}gfi, @c ugvlµ} gjbs} }b hc} `dn sz} bz c cl }bsf` Tbsle Esgzmdgl u`dhc `c ugv gzbslm,

]`c V}ghicz vgu `dn nb c, ½D zcncnjcz tbs( Mbndldbld}c,³ @c zcngzicm ud}` g vlccz, ½Blc bo Bz}`bvµ fzbldcv( ebdle jt }`c lgnc bo Ftzdp2³

Ftzdp svcm `dv ngedf }b fblaszc g hblejbu dl `dv `glmv, ½U`g} bo d}(V}ghicz2³ @c ezbuhcm, ½U`b gzc tbs2³

]`c V}ghicz {hgfcm g `glm }b `dv f`cv} glm jbucm dv `cgm( vgtdle, ½D gn Jghbz( {zb}äeä }b }`c ezcg} V}ghicz hcgmcz Fzsfdv,³

½D mcv}zbtcm Fzsfdv dl }`c Ugz( mdm tbs ilbu }`g}2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl ezbuhcm,

Jghbz lbmmcm( vndhdle g dfdbsv vndhc, @dv ctcv }szlcm mgzicz }`gl }`ct ghzcgmt uczc,

½Tbs }`dli tbsµzc vfgzt2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl hgse`cm udficmht, ½D gvvszc tbs, Tbs gzc lb}`dle D fglµ} `glmhc,³

]`c blht nb cncl}v cd}`cz Tbsle Esgzmdgl bz Ftzdp vgu ozbn Jghbz ugv }`c zgdvcm gznv jcobzc `c ngmc `dv v{hd}.vcfblm g}}gfi,

Hgse`dle( Tbsle Esgzmdgl asv} v}c{{cm bs} bo }`c ugt( asv} gv ogv}, V`c {zc}clmcm }b tgul, V`c f`sfihcm }b czvcho( v`gidle `cz `cgm, ½Fbnc bl( Jghbz(tbs fgl mb jc}}cz }`gl }`g}'³

Ftzdpµv ctcv udmclcm, U`g} }`c chh ugv }`g}2 Mdm v`c asv} svc v}cgh}`2Blc bo }`c }zgmcngzi nb cv bo g Muchhcz.idl2 @c ublmczcm }b `dnvcho,

]`c nb cncl}v glm nb}dblv bo jb}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Jghbz ucl} vb ogv}( Ftzdp fbshmlµ} fg}f` s{, Lbz fbshm `c ec} g ebbm hbbi g} Jghbz dl bzmcz }b ozccqc `dn, Ghh Ftzdp fbshm mb ugv v}glm }`czc ud}` `dv hblejbu g} }`c zcgmt, @c zcghht ugl}cm }b mb vbnc}`dle u`dhc }`ct uczc ode`}dle dl hde`}ldle v{ccm( js} `c fbshmlµ} ec} g ubzm bz nb cncl} dl cmecudvc,

U`g}c cz dv ebdle bl ud}` `cz( D `b{c v`c fgl `glmhc dn ghblc, Ngt }`c Fbsl}cvvµv jhbbm `ch{ `cz ud}` }`dv V }ghicz.Mzgebl,

Tbsle Esgzmdglµv vfzcgn jzbse`} `dn bs} bo `dv }`bse`}.}zglfc, Ftzdp zgfcm }b `cz vdmc( u`czc Jghbz ugv Occmdle bl `cz, D} blht }bbi g vcfblm obz }`c V}ghicz }b jgfi boo,

½U`g} }`c2³ Jghbz ugv v bficm glm fblosvcm( ud{dle dv nbs}` glm v}gzdle g} }`c jhbbm bl dv vhcc c, ½@bu2 Dn{bvvdjhc' Tbsµzc Glfdcl} Ntv}df'³

Ftzdp `chm }`c hblejbu }b Jghbzµv f`cv}( zcm ctcv ehbudle ud}` }`c Mzgebl




Ngedf, ½Cd}`cz tbs hcg c sv lbu bz D mcv}zbt tbs u`czc tbs v}glm( V}ghicz,³ Jghbz jgficm boo( v}dhh v}sllcm jt u`g} `c vs{{bvcmht vgu bz }gv}cm dl `cz

jhbbm, Gv wsdfiht gv `cµm fbnc( Jghbz ugv eblc( glm Ftzdp ucl} }b Tbsle Esgzmdgl,

V`c ugv `bhmdle gl b{cl ubslm bl `cz f`cv} fhbvcm ud}` g }`dfi {dcfc bo

fhb}`( glm v`c ugv ucc{dle, ½U`t fbshmlµ} D mcv}zbt `dn2³ ]`c wscv}dbl ugv g u`dv{czcm vbj, ½@bu fbshm D `g c b{clcm ntvcho s{ hdic }`g}2³ ½D} ugv lb} tbsz ogsh}, @c dv g hbv} vbsh( c cl dl }`c Muchhcz.idl Fhglv,³

Ftzdp ilch} mbul }b `cz( {hgfdle g `glm bl `czv }b v}b{ }`c jhccmdle, ½Mb tbs }zsv} nc2³

V`c hbbicm s{( jg}}czcm glm jzsdvcm( fhb}`cv fb czcm dl jhbbm glm }cgzv dl `cz ctcv, Go}cz hbbidle dl `dv ctcv( u`df` c ngmc vszc }b v`c vgu }zsv} dl( v`c lbmmcm,

½Zcnb c tbsz `glm,³ @c dlv}zsf}cm, V`c mdm vb, ½Lbu zchgp glm hc} nc `cgh tbs,³

Ud}` g vde`( v`c lbmmcm, ½Tcv( Ftzdp,³

@c {hgfcm `dv ozcc `glm bl }`c odzv} blc glm fhbvcm `dv ctcv, @c f`gl}cm dl gl Glfdcl} ]blesc v}dhh obzcdel c cl }b `dv hd{v( ngidle d} ehbu,

]b Tbsle Esgzmdgl( u`b asv} v}gzcm u`dhc `c ubzicm( }`c v{b} `c ugv `cghdle ugv ugzn glm mdmlµ} `sz} gltnbzc, V`c hbbicm s{ g} `dn glm nc} `dv ctcv u`cl }`ct b{clcm,

Ftzdp udlicm( ngidle `cz vndhc,@c `ch{cm `cz }b v}glm( js} obslm d} ugvlµ} gl cgvt ocg} ud}` }`c nglt

jzsdvcv {c{{czdle `cz hcev glm s{{cz gznv, V`c udlfcm,½]`g}µv d},³ Ftzdp vs{{hdcm( v}c{{dle jgfi, ½Tbs fgl jgzcht v}glm( vb D udhh

`g c }b `ch{ tbs,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv fblosvcm( `bhmdle `cz jzsdvcm zde`} gzn gv v`c

v}gzcm g} `dn, ½Ftzdp2³ Ftzdp fhbvcm `dv ctcv glm fblfcl}zg}cm bl }`c Mzgebl Ngedf gegdl, ]`dv

}dnc( }b f`glec jgfi }b dv bzdedlgh mzgebl obzn, Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv gngqcm(v}c{{dle }b `dn glm {hgfdle g `glm bl blc bo `dv ngvvd c udlev,

½D gvi }`dv gegdl( Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ Ftzdp ezbuhcm, ½Mb tbs }zsv} nc2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl och} }`c vfghcv bl blc bo `dv udlev glm och} }`c ngedf dl

}`cn, ½Tcv( Ftzdp, D }zsv} tbs,³ Ftzdp lbmmcm, ½Fhdnj bl nt jgfi( }`cl, D udhh }gic tbs gltu`czc tbs

udv`,³ Blfc v`c fhdnjcm gjbgzm( `c `gm }b gvi, ½Tbs `g c lb} zcv}cm vdlfc }`c

Ugz( `g c tbs2³ V`c mdmlµ} glvucz, @c fbshm occh `cz vhsn{ dl}b g {bfic} bo ohcv` glm jblc

jc}uccl `dv v`bshmcz jhgmcv,Ucgiclcm ozbn }`c nglt vfzg}f`cv glm }`c jd}c ngmc jt Jghbz( v`c fbshm

blht nbgl vbo}ht, ½]gic nc }b V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc,³ ½Gv tbs udv`( Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ @c gllbslfcm( }gidle ohde`},U`cl }`ct gzzd cm( `c }bsf`cm ezbslm dl ozbl} bo }`c Fgv}hc d}vcho, Hgmt

Ig}`czdlc @gui.V}gzegqcz `czvcho vfzcgncm u`cl v`c vgu }`cn, ]`g} vfzcgn jzbse`} `cz Fgldlc jcgs Vdzc Ubho( `dv ilde`} Vdz Zcm Ubho glm [gec Zblgl




Jzbul[g}f`cv }b }`cdz vdmcv,Ubho glm Zcm Ubho `ch{cm Tbsle Esgzmdgl boo bo Ftzdpµv jgfi, Zblgl

v}bbm vdhcl}( slvszc bo u`g} }b ngic bo }`c vfclc,½[gec( eb obz }`c [zb}cf}bz,³ Ig}`czdlc fbnnglmcm( }gidle f`gzec,½Gtc( Hgmt Ig}`czdlc,³ Zblgl vghs}cm( hcg dle }`cn,

Gv vbbl gv `c ugv eblc( Ig}`czdlc gvicm, ½U`g} `g{{clcm }b `cz2³ Ftzdp f`glecm jgfi }b `dv odzc.mcnbl obzn glm cp{hgdlcm }b }`c }`zcc bo }`cn u`g} `g{{clcm u`dhc }`c ezbs{ ucl} dlvdmc, Zcm Ubho glm Ubho vc} `cz jzsdvcm obzn bl g jhglic} bo {dhhbuv, Ig}`czdlc vg} jcvdmc `cz,

½@cgh `cz( Ig}`czdlc,³ Ftzdp vgdm vbo}ht,Ig}`czdlc lbmmcm( {zc{gzdle `cz @cghdle Ngedf }b svc bl Tbsle Esgzmdgl,]`bse` ucgi( Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgu Zcm Ubho v}glmdle gvdmc ud}` Ubho,

½Tbsµzc lb} ebdle }b hdic nc( Vdzc( js} D lccm tbsz ilde`} glm `dv [gec }b `cgm }b nt Zcghn glm ugzl Zgnbl bo Jghbz,³

½U`t2 Dv }`dv {gz}dfshgz V}ghicz g }`zcg}2³ Ubho gvicm,½D} ubshm vccn u`cl Zgnbl glm D mcv}zbtcm Fzsfdv( `c hco} jc`dlm g czt

glezt {zb}äeä,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl fbl}dlscm, Ig}`czdlc egv{cm gv v`c cghcm `cz ubslmv, ½Dµn svdle nt gs}`bzd}t gv Tbsle Esgzmdgl bo }`dv Zcghn }b bzmcz tbs(F`did}ä Nbblmglfcz( }b }gic Fchdlc V}gzegqcz ud}` tbs glm ugzl Zgnbl gjbs} }`c dn{clmdle }zbsjhcv ud}` Jghbz glm u`g}c cz V}ghiczv }`g} uczc hco} jc`dlm dl }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv,³ V`c {gsvcm( hbbidle g} `cz fgldlc Fbn{gldbl ozdclm,½Mb tbs `g c glt {zbjhcnv ud}` }`g}( Vdzc Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz2*

*Jt tbsz gs}`bzd}t( D g c lb f`bdfc,³ Ubho v`bbi `dv `cgm, ½D `g c lb {zbjhcnv ud}` d}, Vbnc}`dle }`g} ubslmcm tbs }`g} vc czcht `gv }b jc mcgh} ud}`,Vdlfc }`dv Jghbz dv g V}ghicz( u`b chvc js} Zgnbl glm }`c b}`cz Muchhczv }b }gic fgzc bo d}2*

*Ebbm }`dlidle Vdzc,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl udlfcm, *Bu' Ig}' Jc ecl}hc'* *D gn vbzzt( js} tbs g c lb} `cghcm uchh ozbn }`c Ugz,* Ig}`czdlc hbbicm

gegdl dl}b `cz ctcv, *@g c tbs vhc{} g} ghh dl tbsz Zcghn vdlfc }`cl2* *Fgl%},³ Gzdglg v`bbi `cz `cgm, ½]bb nsf` }b mb czc,* *U`t mdm tbs fbnc dl tbsz {`tvdfgh obzn2* Ubho ublmczcm, *Tbs ilbu

`bu mgleczbsv }`g} dv'* *D lccm lb esdh} }zd{v ozbn tbs( Ubho}bl,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vfbhmcm dn, ½D

ucl} }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv bl g `slf`( vcgzf`dle obz }`c Sldfbzl glm Gdzncm,Jb}` Gnc}`tv} glm D obslm }`cn ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv,*

*Gv }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz obslm Gnc}`tv} }`czc ud}` tbs, D vcc lbu,* Ftzdp v{bic s{,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl hbbicm g} dn v}zglecht, *U`b2* *]`g} tbsle Vfb}} Gzf`cz gv g lcu lgnc lbu, ]`c Odzc.Gzf`cz,³ Ftzdp

ezdllcm, ½@c `gv }`c Mzgebl Ngedf( ghh zde`}( dl gjslmglfc,* *Asv} gv }`c Sldfbzl gv }`c Sldfbzl Ngedf,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm(

lbmmdle, *Tbs%zc ebdle }b }cgf` dn }b svc d}2* *Bo fbszvc,³ Ftzdp lbmmcm, ½D ugv }`c blc u`b lgncm dn( go}cz ghh, D

lc cz gjglmbl g f`gzec,* *Ebbm,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm,*Gzc tbs bigt lbu2* Ig}`czdlc gvicm, Tbsle Esgzmdgl v`bbi cz `cgm,




*D vseecv} tbs eb `bnc lbu, Dl ogf}( gv tbsz Glfdcl} Ntv}df ]cgf`cz glm Hgmt bo }`c Fgldlc _ghhct( D gn bzmczdle tbs }b eb bnc glm vhcc{, Lb {g}zbhhdle( lb nbzc ode`}dle( asv} vhcc{ glm `cghdle,*

*Tcv( Hgmt Ig}`czdlc,* Tbsle Esgzmdgl ezbglcm( ubbqt,Vbbl( go}cz v`c odlghht {gvvcm bs} ozbn }`c `cghdle glm `cz ubslmv( }`c

[zb}cf}bz fgnc glm }bbi cz `bnc, ]b vhcc{,




[gz} ]` zcc 1Zc}szl bo }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh

[zbhbes c 1Mgzi Hgmt%v Zc clec

½Zsnbz `gv d} Tbsle Esgzmdgl dv lb hblecz {g}zbhhdle,³ ]`c Mgzi Hgmt V`clgzg ezdllcm g} Mgndgl,

½Gtc,³ Mgndgl lbmmcm( vfbuhdle,½Ghh }`c Zcghnv bo Ghh }`c Ubzhmv gzc b{cl obz g}}gfi( Mgndgl,³ Ghjzg}`

}zdcm,Mgndgl }bbi lb}dfc bo `cz, ½U`g} mdm tbs vgt( Mbndldbld}c2³ ½Obzec} d}( v}c{jzb}`cz,³ Ghjzg}` vs{{hdcm dl `dv ogfc, ½Uc gzc lb hblecz

tbsz Mbndldbld}c vhg cv( glm D( obz blc( gn lb hblecz gozgdm bo tbs,³ Mgndgl ezbuhcm( js} ic{} `dv nbs}` v`s},½Lbu ubshm jc }`c {czocf} }dnc }b dn{hcncl} tbsz {hgl( nt hb c,³ V`clgzg

fzbblcm, ½]`c Fztv}gh2³ V`c vsffccmcm dl ec}}dle `dv g}}cl}dbl md cz}cm ozbn Ghjzg}`µv oszt.odhhcm

ogfc, Mgndgl }szlcm }b `cz glm lsqqhcm `cz lcfi,½Gtc( d} dv }`c {czocf} }dnc( nt vucc},³ @c hdficm }`c dlvdmc bo `cz lcfi vb

v`c edeehcm,½Vbzzt }b jzcgi }`c ubzm( js} Hbzm Esgzmdgl dv lb} asv} ebdle }b hcg c }`c

Ubzhmv slesgzmcm( tbs ilbu,³ Ghjzg}` v{g}, ½U`dhc v`c dv lb} {g}zbhhdle( D jc} blc bo }`c b}`cz Fzsvgmczv udhh {b{ dl glm }gic `cz {hgfc,³

Mgndgl ezbuhcm gegdl9 }`dv }dnc( g} }`c }`bse`} bo u`b ubshm }gic Tbsle Esgzmdglµv {hgfc, ½Ezglm Ngesv,³

½B`' [czocf}( Mgndgl'³ V`clgzg v`zdcicm, ½Idhh }ub jdzmv ud}` blc v}blc' D hb c d},³

½U`g} gzc tbs }ghidle gjbs}( V`clgzg2³ Mgndgl gvicm `cz,½Uc fbshm mb ghh Ugzzdbzv g `sec og bz jt mcv}zbtdle }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv

}`zbse` tbsz vdv}cz( Vgjzdlg'³ V`clgzg fzdcm( fhg{{dle, ½Bbb`' Jzdhhdgl}'³ Mgndgl ezgv{cm `cz gzn, ½Vgt tbs `g c g jc}}cz {hgl }`gl ndlc2³ ½B`( lc cz jc}}cz( Mgndgl,³ V`clgzg v`bbi `cz cgm, ½Tbs gzc }`c Ngv}cz

lbu, ]`czc dv lblc jc}}cz }`gl tbs,³ ½]`gl {zgt }chh nc nbzc,³ ½Mb }chh sv( vdv}cz,³ Ghjzg}` ezbglcm, ½Tbs gzc v{cgidle dl zdmmhcv,³ V`clgzg }bhm `cz v}c{vdv}cz glm hb cz u`g} v`c `gm dl ndlm,½G`(³ Mgndglµv bdfc uglmczcm boo, @c hgse`cm, ½D hb c d}( V`clgzg'

Jzdhhdgl}'³ ½Bb`( vdv}cz( vb mb D'³ Ghjzg}`µv mgzi ctcv ehbucm, ]`c }`zcc bo }`cn

hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz glm ezdllcm,Jcfgsvc `c ugv vb `g{{t( Mgndgl }bbi jb}` Ghjzg}` glm V`clgzg dl}b `dv

gznv glm `gm lcgzht.cp{hbvd c vcp ud}` }`cn,D} och} vb ebbm }b jc vb jgm' Mgndgl }`bse`} }b `dnvcho ud}` g ezbuh,U`cl }`ct zgl bs} bo clczet( }`ct vhsn{cm bl }`c jcm dl g `cg{, V`clgzg

bl blc vdmc bo g lgicm Mgndgl glm Ghjzg}` bl }`c b}`cz,




½Nt( Mgndgl(³ Ghjzg}` v}gz}cm( hdfidle `dv odlecz glm vsfidle bl d}, ½Do }`dv dv u`g} d} }gicv }b ec} tbs ebdle( D udhh ezgfdbsvht bjhdec glm mb nt jcv} }b icc{ tbs vg}dvodcm,³

½Dl ghh nt gecv bo ilbudle tbs( Ghjzg}`( D lc cz jchdc cm tbs uczc }`dv ezglm dl }`c vgfi,³ Mgndgl vs{{hdcm, ½Tbs ngt fghh nc Mgndgl glt}dnc( glm

tbs gv uchh( V`clgzg,³ V`clgzg {szzcm dl `dv cgz ozbn jc`dlm `dn, ½D ilcu tbs ubshm vgt }`g}(nt hb cz,³ V`c hdficm }`c cgz glm ldjjhcm bl }`c hbjc, ½Uc gzc gl cp{hbvd c {gdz bo ubncl( gzc uc lb}2³

Mgndgl asv} hgse`cm( }gidle }`cn jb}` dl `dv gznv glm ebdle obz zbslm }ub,

DD

Ghslg V}gz( }`c Ezglm Ngesv( ugv }bzl ozbn `cz bul {g}zbhv bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghn }b g{{cgz dl ozbl} bo Hbzm Esgzmdglµv Fgv}hc ughhv, Fszdbsv( glm vszc `c

ubshmlµ} `g c jzbse`} `cz `czc obz lb zcgvbl( v`c ngzf`cm s{ }b }`c Fgv}hc eg}cv,

Svsghht( }`czc ubshm jc g esgzm g} }`c eg}c( js} }`czc ugvlµ}( glm ghh ugv vdhcl}, ]`c vit ugv fhcgz( }`c vsl ugv bs}( }`czc uczc ohbuczv glm ozcv` ezgvv vszzbslmdle }`c Hbzmµv Fgv}hc( js} }`c Ezglm Ngesv ilcu vbnc}`dle ugv }czzdjht uzble, V`c asv} `gm }b odlm `dn }b gvi u g},

Ezglm Ngesv ughicm gzbslm }`c fgv}hc }b }`c egzmcl jc`dlm d}, ]`dv dv u`czc v`c obslm Hbzm Esgzmdgl glm Ndv}zcvv Clf`gl}zg vd}}dle bl }`c ezgvv(ucc{dle, BµMchh ugv dl `dv sldfbzl.obzn glm Clf`gl}zg dl `cz bul `bzvc.obzn( g ]`bzbse`jzcm, ]`c blht mdv}dlesdv`dle ngziv cgf` `gm obz `cz }b ilbu u`b uczc u`b uczc }`c acuchv, Hbzm Esgzmdgl `gm dv jclcg}` `dv `bzl glm v`c `gm blc bl `cz lcfi( ud}` ngzidlev gzbslm d} }`g} ngmc d} hbbi hdic v`c ugv ucgzdle g lcfihgfc }b `bhm }`c acuch,

½Clf`gl}zg2 Hbzm Esgzmdgl2³ Ezglm Ngesv ugv {gldficm gv v`c zgl }b }`cn, Dlmccm( }`c Ndv}zcvv ugv fztdle, V`c {hgfcm g glm bl }`c jzdmecv bo }`cdz lbvcv( hbbidle ozbn blc }b }`c b}`cz, ½U`g} `g{{clcm2³

Hbzm Esgzmdgl lsmecm cz `glm ud}` `dv lbvc, ½Uc lccm tbs }b }gic Tbsle Esgzmdglµv {hgfc,³

½U`t2 U`czc dv v`c2³ Clf`gl}zg f`glecm obzn }b `cz `sngl.ocnghc vcho gegdl jcobzc

gfilbuhcmedle `cz, ½Tbs ncgl( tbs mb lb} ilbu2³ Ezglm Ngesv v`bbi cz `cgm, ½Lb( D mblµ}, U`g} `g{{clcm }b cz2 Dv v`c

bigt2³ Hbzm Esgzmdgl lbu f`glecm }b `dv `sngl.nghc obzn glm hbbicm }b

Clf`gl}zg( u`b ugv jd}dle `cz hd{, @c }bbi `cz glm, ½Uc `g c }b }chh `cz(F`gl}dc,³

Clf`gl}zg lbmmcm( mgjjdle `cz }cgzv bl g `glmiczf`dco,½[hcgvc( vd} mbul Ghslg V}gz,³ Hbzm Esgzmdgl vgdm vbo}ht( ecv}szdle }b }`c

lcgzjt jclf`, ½U`g} uc gzc gjbs} }b }chh tbs dv mdv}zcvvdle,³ Ezglm Ngesv ugv f`glecm `cz bul obzn u`cl `c fghhcm `cz jt `cz




Cgz}`jbslm lgnc, U`g}c cz `g{{clcm }b `cz vdv}cz nsv} `g c jccl vczdbsv }b `g c BµMchh glm Clf`gl}zg v}zd{ `cz bo `cz Ode`}czµv ecgz glm fghh `cz jt `cz oshh lgnc,

V`c ugd}cm gv }`ct vg} mbul bl cd}`cz vdmc bo `cz,Gh}czlg}dle( }`c Bzdedlg}bzv }bhm `cz u`g} `g{{clcm( glm u`t Hslg `gm }b

}gic Tbsle Esgzmdglµv {hgfc,½D ilbu D `g clµ} vccl `cz gzbslm hg}cht( js} ghvb ilcu vbnc}`dle ugvlµ} zde`} ud}` `cz,³ Hslg u dv{czcm( v`gidle `cz cgm, ½U`b }bhm tbs gjbs} `cz2³

½Go}cz }`c [zb}cf}bz }bbi `cz `bnc }b vhcc{ glm `cgh( }`c cp.Ugzzdbz Ftzdp fgnc }b sv,³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm,

½@c cp{hgdlcm c czt}`dle `c fbshm gjbs} Mzgfbzg( gjbs} Jghbz( glm }`c lcu Jblmng}cv bo }`c Sldfbzl glm Gdzncm,³

½Lb} }b ncl}dbl }`g} bo }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz Vfb}} glm Gnc}`tv}µv }zd{ }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,³ Clf`gl}zg vgdm, ½Vccnv vbnc}`dle ugv gugiclcm dl tbsz vdv}czµv jhbbm blfc v`c zcsld}cm ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv,³

Hslg v}bbm glm zgdvcm `cz glmv, ½Ugd} g ndls}c( u`g} ugv gugiclcm dl

`cz jhbbm( glm `bu dv d} D ilbu lb}`dle bo d}2³ ½Uc mb lb} ilbu nsf` gjbs} d} bszvch cv,³ Clf`gl}zg }bhm `cz( vd}}dle `cz

jgfi mbul glm {hgfdle g fgzdle gzn gzbslm `cz,½[hcgvc( }chh nc u`g} tbs mb ilbu,³ Hslg vgdm, ½D lccm }b ilbu ghh v`c

mbcv dl bzmcz }b }gic `cz {hgfc( mblµ} D2³ ½U`g} uc ilbu dv lb} {zc}}t( Ghslg,³ Hbzm Esgzmdgl }bhm cz ecl}ht, ½Gzc

tbs fcz}gdl tbs ugl} }b ilbu2³ ½Dµn `cz }udl' D mblµ} fgzc do d}µv {zc}}t bz lb}( asv} }chh nc'³ Hslg fzdcm(

delbzdle ghh zshcv bo obznghd}t glm zcv{cf}, V`c fbshm occh vbnc}`dle }de`}cldle dl }`c {d} bo `cz v}bngf`( }`c }cgzv zcgmt }b jszv} ozbn `cz ctchdmv, V`c fghncm jcobzc zc{cg}dle, ½Asv} }chh nc, [hcgvc,³

½]cl tcgzv geb( V`gllbl vcl} `cz glm }`c [zb}cf}bz bl g v{cfdgh ndvvdbl(blht v`c lc cz ngmc d},³ Clf`gl}zg v}gz}cm, ½V`c ugv v}dhh tbsle( glm mdm lb} ilbu `bu }b jzdle `czvcho jgfi `czc }b }`dv Zcghn ozbn u`czc v`c mdvg{{cgzcm,³

½V`c mdvg{{cgzcm }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( u`czc Mzgfbzg ugv dl g ugz jc}uccl `cz Muchhcz.idl glm }`c Nbz}ghhgl Idle Tbzlµv _gn{dzc @sl}czv,³ BµMchh fbl}dlscm, ½Gzdglg ugv }`czc obz }`c mchceg}dblv jc}uccl }`cn( svdle `cz

{buczv }b `ch{ jb}` vdmcv vcc g }zsfc glm mcfhgzc {cgfc,³ Hslg lbmmcm( vndhdle, ½Ebbm obz `cz,³ ½D} ubshm vccn }`g} Mzgfbzg vsooczcm ozbn }`c @slecz go}cz ghh }`dv,³

Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm, ½Mb tbs ilbu u`g} }`g} ncglv2³ ½]`c @slecz obz jhbbm gv vsv}clglfc( tcv( D ilbu u`g} d} ncglv,³ Hslg

lbmmcm, ½D ugv ch{dle g Muchhcz jt }`c lgnc bo Cnczghm mszdle }`c Ugz, V`c cp{hgdlcm g hb} gjbs} }`c idl.Fhglv }b nc,³

½Bl nt dlvdv}clfc bo fbszvc,³ Clf`gl}zg vgdm, Hslg ugv vsz{zdvcm glm v`c fbl}dlscm, ½D ilcu bo u`g} `g{{clcm tcgzv geb( glm vb mdm v`c,³

½Ebdle bl( Mzgfbzg ilcu d} ugv obzjdmmcl }b }bsf` gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df f`dhm(cv{cfdghht blc vb tbsle( js} tbsz vdv}cz ugv }`c blht hd dle blc }`czc,³ BµMchh vs{{hdcm, ½Blc lde`}( u`dhc Gzdglg hgt vhcc{dle dl g escv} zbbn( Mzgfbzg Ocm,Go}cz v`c Ocm( v`c ub c g v{chh glm zc{hcldv`cm `cz,³




Hslg egv{cm,½]`c lcp} mgt( }`c hgv} bo }`c mchceg}dblv uczc dl bzmcz glm d} ugv }dnc }b

fbnc jgfi }b }`c Zcghn,³ BµMchh vgdm, ½Jcobzc v`c hco}( Mzgfbzg mdm vbnc}`dle v`cµm lc cz mblc jcobzc( dl ghh `cz }`bsvglmv bo tcgzv, V`c jbslm tbsz vdv}cz }b `cz dl jhbbm svdle g Mzgebl Mgeecz, ]`c idl.Fhglv fghh d} g Jhbbm.jdlmdle, ]`c

}ub bo }`cn ubshm jc Jhbbm.vdv}czv obz gv hble gv }`ct cgf` hd cm,³ ½D gn vszc tbs `g c vccl }`c mgeecz dl jg}}hc bz bl `cz `g c tbs lb}2³ Clf`gl}zg gvicm, Hslg lbmmcm( jd}dle `cz hd{ vb }`c Ndv}zcvv fbl}dlscm, ½]`g} dv }`c czt Mgeecz Mzgfbzg jbslm }`cn }bec}`cz ud}`,³

½Vb( v`c ilcu gjbs} }`c Muchhczv }`dv u`bhc }dnc( glm vgdm lb}`dle gjbs} }`cn sl}dh zcfcl}ht2³ Hslg gvicm, ½D mblµ} slmczv}glm,³

½Mzgfbzg fblocvvcm c czt}`dle hg}cz,³ BµMchh vgdm, ½Jchdc c nc( D ugv lb} `g{{t }b hcgzl nt vsffcvvbz ugv lbu Jbslm }b g Muchhcz.idl, Vbnc}`dle v`c }bhm nc ngmc nc }`dli mdooczcl}ht,³

½U`g} mdm v`c }chh tbs2³ ½Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv ed cl g v{cfdgh fbczfdbl v{chh dl `cz ndlm }`g} ubziv

}`c vgnc gv }`c Obzec}oshlcvv V{chh tbs eg c `cz }cl tcgzv jcobzc,³ BµMchh vs{{hdcm, ½Blc }`g} ubshm ghhbu `cz }b zcncnjcz u`cl v`c glm `cz Ngedf uczc bhm clbse` glm udvc clbse` }b `glmhc }`c dlobzng}dbl,³

½U`g} mbcv }`g} ncgl( nt Hbzm2³ Hslg gvicm, ½Dv v`c g Muchhcz lbu( bz u`g}2³

Clf`gl}zg v`bbi `cz cgm, ½Lgt( js} uc ocgz v`c egdlcm vbnc bo }`cdz gjdhd}dcv glm dv slgjhc }b `glmhc }`cn g} }`dv }dnc, Ftzdp }bhm sv bo `cz svdle V}cgh}`,³

½G }zgmcngzi }`dle obz }`c Muchhczv,³ Hslg vgdm, V`c ugv dl vczdbsv }`bse`}, ½Glt}`dle chvc D v`bshm ilbu gjbs} nt bul vdv}cz2³

½V`c dv }b zcv} glm `cgh fbn{hc}cht,³ Clf`gl}zg vgdm, ½V`c `gv jccl {g}zbhhdle dl `cz {`tvdfgh obzn vdlfc }`c Ugz( dlv}cgm bo `cz mzcgn.obzn,³

½]`g}µv mgleczbsv'³ Hslg fzdcm, ½Tbs hbvc nbzc clczet dl tbsz {`tvdfgh obzn `czc }`gl tbs ubshm dl mzcgn.obzn, V`c ilbuv }`g}' U`t mdm v`c {sv` `czvcho {`tvdfghht2³

½V`c ugv blht mbdle cz abj,³ BµMchh vs{{hdcm, ½Tbsz vdv}cz dv czt mcmdfg}cm }b `cz zbhc gv nt vsffcvvbz glm }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl, D cp{cf} tbs }b jc }`c vgnc dl }`g} zcv{cf} gv uchh( Ghslg V}gz, Mb D `g c tbsz ubzm bl d} gv tbs }gic `cz {hgfc2³

Hslg v}bbm( ug cm `cz gznv }b f`glec dl}b `cz Ezglm Ngesv zbjcv glm jbucm gv v`c chm g v}goo }`g} `gm g{{cgzcm bs} bo }`dl gdz, ½Gv }`c Ezglm Ngesv( D ed c tbs nt vbhcnl ubzm, D udhh lb} hc} tbs mbul,³

½Zdvc( Ezglm Ngesv(³ Clf`gl}zg vgdm,Blfc v`cµm zdvcl( Clf gl}zg }bbi }`c f glfc }b `se cz, ½Vcc }`g} tbs mb

lb}, Uc gzc fbsl}dle bl tbs,³ Go}cz BµMchh `seecm `cz( v`c jbucm glm mdvg{{cgzcm dl g fhbsm bo dlmdeb

vnbic,½]`g} edzh `gv g udhm ohgzc obz }`c mzgng}df,³ BµMchh vndhcm go}cz `cz(

idvvdle Clf`gl}zg, ½Asv} hdic vbncjbmt chvc D ilbu,³ Clf`gl}zg hgse`cm hde`}ht }`cl vde`cm,




½U`g} dv bl tbsz ndlm2³ BµMchh u`dv{czcm dl `cz cgz,½Gzc uc mbdle }`c zde`} }`dle( BµMchh2³ Clf`gl}zg gvicm, ½Uc jb}` ilbu

`bu slv}gjhc }`c Ezglm Ngesv `gv jccl dl }`c {gv}, Gzc tbs vszc v`c fgl `glmhc d} lbu2³

BµMchh idvvcm cz, ½Ubshm D vclm cz do D ugv lb}2³ Clf`gl}zg v`bbi cz

`cgm, ½@g c ogd}` dl `cz( F`gl}dc, V`c dv Tbsle Esgzmdglµv }udl glm g czt {buczosh Chmcz Glfdcl} Ntv}df,³ BµMchh v}c{{cm jgfi glm f glecm }b `dv sldfbzl obzn, @c vfzg}f`cm }`c

ezbslm ud}` g `bbo glm v`bbi dv `cgm vb }`c nglc mglfcm, ½Fbnc zsl ud}` nc dl }`c obzcv}( Clf gl}zg, Occh }`c udlm dl tbsz nglc ud}` nc, Occh }`c czt cgz}` jclcg}` tbsz `bb cv glm }`c ubzhm asv} nb c ud}` nc,³

½Zgfc tbs'³ Clf`gl}zg hgse`cm glm f`glecm `cz bul obzn }b g }`bzbse`jzcm `bzvc jcobzc v`c {hgtoshht {zglfcm gzbslm `dn glm mdvg{{cgzcm dl}b }`c obzcv} g`cgm bo `dn,

DDD

Vgjzdlg ugv dl }`c ndmmhc bo glb}`cz ngedf hcvvbl ud}` `cz fbsvdl Ig}`czdlc u`cl }`c dvdbl fgnc,

]`c vfclc ugv ogndhdgz vbnc`bu, Mgndgl v}bbm g} }`c jgli bo }`c Zd czbo Zcezc}( `dv `glmv zgdvcm }b }`c vidcv, Blfc fghhdle g v{chh dl}b } c gdz( gvudzhdle {bz}gh g{{cgzcm gjb c }`c Zd cz, Ud}`dl }`c vgnc nbncl}v( cmdvg{{cgzcm }`zbse` }`c {bz}gh glm zcg{{cgzcm ud}` g {zdqc dl `glm,

Mgndgl vccncm }b vclvc `cz ug}f`dle glm v`bucm cz }`c {zdqc, ½Nt }szl( vdv}cz, ]dnc }b v`bu tbs cpgf}ht u`g} }`dv }`dle fgl mb,³ @c nsznszcm

asv} hbsm clbse` obz cz }b `cgz `dn, ½Tbs udhh fbnc jgfi }b bsz vdmc jcobzc Dgn }`zbse` ud}` tbs( V gjzdlg, Tbs udhh zcncnjcz tbsz {hgfc'³

Ud}` }`c v}g}cncl}( `c hc} bs} g hgse`( fhbvcm `dv mgzi ctcv glmmdvg{{cgzcm,

]`c dvdbl mdvg{{cgzcm ud}` d}, Vgjzdlg egv{cm bs} bo d} }b v}gzc g} Ig}`czdlc,

½U`g} mdm tbs vcc2³ Ig}`czdlc gvicm( ubzzdcm obz `cz,½Mgndgl'³ Vgjzdlg vgdm( v}glmdle ozbn `cz vd}}dle {bvd}dbl glm zgfdle

}bugzm V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc,½Ugd}' Vgjzdlg'³ Ig}`czdlc v`do}cm }b cz ochdlc obzn glm zgfcm go}cz `cz,

½U`g} gjbs} `dn2³ Vgjzdlg fbl}dlscm }b zsl js} `soocm, ½@cµv eb} }`c Fztv}gh ozbn }`c Gjtvv'

D nsv} ugzl Tbsle Esgzmdgl'³ ½Udhh tbs v}b{ ghzcgmt2³ Ig}`czdlc fbnnglmcm( f`gledle jgfi }b `cz

ochdlc.`sngl obzn, Blfc Vgjzdlg v}b{{cm( bs} bo jzcg}`( Ig}`czdlc fbl}dlscm,½Lbu( }chh nc cpgf}ht u`g} tbs vgu,³

½Lb }dnc( Ig}'³ Vgjzdlg `soocm, ½Uc nsv} }chh vbncjbmt'³ ½Uc udhh( asv} }chh nc u`g} tbs vgu,³ ½Mgndgl eb} }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh ozbn }`c Gjtvv'³




½Hc} sv odlm }`c Ezglm Ngesv }`cl( fbsvdl,³ Ig}`czdlc v`zseecm( f`gledle dl}b g f`cc}g`, ½Do uc `szzt( uc fgl fg}f` `cz g} }`c Ochdlc _dhhgec,³

Vgjzdlg f`glecm dl}b g zg cl glm ohcu }bugzm U`d}c.Vlbu Fgv}hc,

Go}cz v`c hco} Hbzm Esgzmdglµv Fgv}hc( Ezglm Ngesv obslm }`c [zb}cf}bz glm

}bhm `dn u`g} `g{{clcm, @c ugv dl }`c ndmmhc bo {g}zbhhdle ghblc glm ublmczcm u`t Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv lbu`czc }b jc obslm,½D ilcu vbnc}`dle hdic }`dv ubshm `g{{cl,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz v`bbi dv `cgm,½@bu fbshm tbs ilbu2³ ½]`c v}zglec ugt v`cµv jccl gf}dle hg}cht( obz blc,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz zc{hdcm

gv }`ct ughicm }b }`c Ochdlc _dhhgec }`zbse` }`c [zb dlfc Ubbm, ½Obz glb}`cz(v`c svsghht }gicv {g}zbhhdle }`c Zcghnv czt vczdbsvht, Hg}cht( v`cµv jccl

{zcbffs{dcm, Lb} }b ncl}dbl D occh v`cµv g bdmdle nc, V`cµv icc{dle vbnc}`dle ozbn sv9 Gdncc fblocvvcm }`cdz }zd{ }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,³

Lbu }`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv dl mcc{ }`bse`}, ½D vcc,³ V`c lbmmcm, ½Dµhh }ghi }b `cz blfc uc ec} jgfi glm v`cµv bs} bo `cz @cghdle Fbng, Mdm tbs ilbu v`cµv

jccl {g}zbhhdle lbl.v}b{ vdlfc }`c Ugz2³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz vde`cm, ½Tcg`( D ilcu, D asv} ic{} d} }b ntvcho( }`dlidle v`c

ilcu u`g} v`c ugv mbdle, D icc{ }chhdle `cz }b jc fgzcosh( js} v`c lc cz hdv}clv(tbs ilbu,³

½B`( `bu D ilbu2³ Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm( zbhhdle `cz ctcv, ½D} ubshm vccn Dµn }b }gic `cz {hgfc glm abdl tbs dl [g}zbhhdle }`c Zcghnv,³

]`c [zb}cf}bz ugv vsz{zdvcm }b `cgz d}, ½B` zcghht2³ @c vndhcm glm {s} gl gzn gzbslm cz v`bshmczv, ½]`gl fbnc ud}` nc( Ezglm Ngesv( }b Vlbu.U`d}c Fgv}hc,³

@dv vclvc bo `snbz ngmc cz vndhc, ½Tbsµzc }bb hg}c ud}` }`g} v}g}cncl}([zb}cf}bz,³ @c v}b{{cm }`cn dl }`cdz }zgfiv glm ugd}cm( ilbudle v`c ugv ebdle }b fbl}dlsc, ½]gic g hbbi g`cgm bo tbs9 ucµzc ghzcgmt czc,³

]`c [zb}cf}bz hbbicm u`czc v`c ugv {bdl}dle, ]`g}µv u`cl `c vgu nb cncl} ozbn }`c Ubbm jc`dlm }`c U`d}c.Vlbu Fgv}hc, ½Hslg( hbbi glm jc wsdc},³

D} ugv `cz }szl }b ug}f`, ½G zg cl obhhbucm jt f`cc}g`2³ V`c mgzcm }b b{cl `cz cn{g}`t glm vclvc }`c }ub gldnghv, ½D}µv Vgjzdlg glm Ig}`czdlc'³ V`c fhbvcm `cz cn{g}`t glm ezgjjcm }`c [zb}cf}bzµv gzn, ½Vbnc}`dle nsv} jc }czzdjht uzble,³

½D gezcc, Lb}`dle ubshm ngic Ig}`czdlc v`do} }b g f cc}g` glm zgfc hdic }`g},³ @c vs{{hdcm, ½Hc}µv eb vcc u`g}µv ebdle bl,³

Asv} gv }`ct zgfcm }b ezcc} }`c fbsvdlv( Vgjzdlg glm Ig}`czdlc v`do}cm jgfi }b }`cdz Fbn{gldbl vch cv,

½Jbt( gzc uc ehgm tbs gzc czc'³ Vgjzdlg fzdcm }b Ghslg,½U`g}µv ebdle bl2³ Ezglm Ngesv fzdcm( hbbidle ozbn blc }b }`c b}`cz,

½U`t zsv` dl v`do}cm obznv2³ ½Mgndgl dv g} d} gegdl,³ Vgjzdlg vs{{hdcm,½Lbu udhh tbs }chh nc2³ Ig}`czdlc gvicm cz, ½Ghh tbs }bhm nc dv }`g}

Mgndgl fblaszcm }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh ozbn }`c Gjtvv,³ ½@c u`g}2³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz ugv gv}bldv`cm, ½U`g} obz2³




½U`b ilbuv2³ Ig}`czdlc vs{{hdcm, ½U`t mb tbs lb} }chh sv( Vgjzdlg2³ Vgjzdlg fbl}dlscm }b }chh }`c }`zcc bo }`cn ghh gjbs} `cz dvdbl,Lcd}`cz bo }`c Fzsvgmczv ugv dn{zcvvcm,½Jgvcm bl }`g} dvdbl( uc lccm }b `cgm }b }`c Zd cz,³ Ezglm Ngesv }bbi

f`gzec( `cz ctcv ehbudle ud}` glecz, ½Ig}`czdlc( Vgjzdlg( fbnc ud}` sv, Uc

fbshm svc tbsz `ch{,³ ½D jchdc c Ig}`czdlc lccmv }b jc `cgmdle jgfi }b V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc glm `cz }ub {s{.id}v( do D gn lb} ndv}gicl,³ ]`ct `cgzm }`c bdfc bo }`c Hgmt Id}}clµv Fhgu fbndle ozbn dl ozbl} bo }`c Fgv}hc mbbz, V`c `cgmcm }b }`c wsgz}c}, ½D udhh eb ud}` tbs9 IµVgzzg dv dl `cz og}`czµv fgzc glm ]decz dv vgoc ud}` Mcv}dlt,³

]`c obsz bo }`cn v}gzcm g} `cz, D} ugv vb slhdic `cz }b }gic f`gzec( v`c ugvlµ} }`c hcgmcz.}t{c( nbzc bo g obhhbucz,

½U`g}µv tbsz jcco ud}` Mgndgl2³ ½D} dv lb} Mgndgl }`g} uc udhh ncc} }`czc9 d} udhh jc V`clgzg,³ Id}}clµv Fhgu

vs{{hdcm, ½D} ubshm vccn nt Fhgdz btglfc glm [zcnbld}dbl gzc ec}}dle v}zblecz(}`gliv }b tbs( vdv}cz,³

Ig}`czdlc ugv gv}bldv`cm js} nglgecm }b f`bic bs}, ½Glt}dnc, G ubzm bo fgs}dbl }b tbs Id}, V`clgzg dv ncglcz }`gl v`c `gv c cz jccl jcobzc,³

Id}}clµv Fhgu blht vndhcm, ½B`( D ilbu }`dv ghzcgmt, ]`gli tbs gltugt,³ V`c }szlcm }b }`c vdhcl} }`zcc, ½Uchh( hc} sv `cgm }b }`c Zd cz bo Zcezc}, V`clgzg udhh jc ugd}dle obz sv,³

Ud}`bs} glb}`cz ubzm( cgf` vdhcl} dl }`cdz bul }`bse`}v( }`c [zb}cf}bz(Ezglm Ngesv( Vgjzdlg glm Id}}clµv Fhgu `cgmcm dl }`c b{{bvd}c mdzcf}dbl }bugzm }`c Zd cz, Ig}`czdlc `czvcho v}gzcm obz g nbncl} glm vndhcm jcobzc u`dvidle `czvcho jgfi }b V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc,

D_

V`clgzg fbshmlµ} v}b{ hgse dle, V`c ugv g dle }bb nsf osl {hgtdle ud}` }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh dl `cz `glmv, V`c ilcu dl `cz jhgficlcm cgz} }`g} `cz glm `cz hb cz Mgndgl ubshm ngic g ezcg} {gdz, V`c ilcu }`cdz fbnjdlcm

{hglv }b mcv}zbt }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv dlmcodld}cht glm ec} jgfi g} }`c Ngdmcl g} }`c vgnc }dnc ubshm ubzi {czocf}ht, V`clgzg ugv g fzgo}t mcnblcvv( g} hcgv} v`c hdicm }b }`dli vb,

V`c ghvb ilcu }`g} }`c Ezglm Ngesv ubshm oghh obz glt}`dle v`c glm Mgndgl ubshm }`dli bo,

Mgndgl }bhm `cz }b ugd} obz }`c Ezglm Ngesv glm `cz fg ghzt bo Fbn{gldblv g} }`c Zd cz bo Zcezc}, @cµm ghzcgmt vcl} }`c dvdbl }b `dv vdv}cz Vgjzdlg( vb d} ugv blht g ng}}cz bo }dnc jcobzc }`ct eb} ubzm bo d} glm zgl }b vlg}f` }`c Fztv}gh jgfi ozbn `cz `glmv,

V`clgzg vwscghcm, V`c fbshm `gzmht ugd}' V`c `cgzm }`c udlm jhbu( vgu zd{{hcv obzndle dl }`c Zd cz glm `gm g vdfi

occhdle dl }`c {d} bo `cz v}bngf`, V`c ilcu blc bo Hbzm Esgzmdglµv zcacf}v ugv bl }`cdz ugt( v`c fbshm occh d},

V`c `dm }`c Fztv}gh dl `cz {bfic}( v}bbm ozbn `cz ilcchdle {bvd}dbl g} }`c Zd cz glm obhmcm `cz gznv( ugd}dle obz `cz fsc }b mb vbnc ngabz mgngec,




Gv do bl fsc( }`c Ezglm Ngesv dlmccm mdm gzzd c, Jc`dlm `cz uczc }`c [zb}cf}bz( Vgjzdlg( glm Id}}clµv Fhgu U`d}c.Vlbu,

½Vb ebbm bo tbs }b abdl nc( Ezglm Ngesv,³ V`clgzg ezdllcm( {shhdle }`c Fztv}gh bs} bo `cz {bfic} glm {hgtdle ud}` d} dl `cz `glm, V`c }`zcu d} dl }`c gdz glm fgse`} d} g ocu }dncv jcobzc gmmzcvvdle }`c Ezglm Ngesv gegdl, V`c

v`bucm `cz }`c Fztv}gh, ½D vs{{bvc tbs gzc hbbidle obz }`dv2³ ½@bu mdm tbs ec} d}( V`clgzg2³ Ezglm Ngesv ezbuhcm,½Mgndgl eg c d} }b `cz,³ Vgjzdlg vfbuhcm, ½@glm d} b cz( Mbndldbld}c'³ V`clgzg blht hgse`cm, ½D lb hblecz hdv}cl }b tbs( }zgd}bz'³ V`c fzdcm( `dmdle

}`c Fztv}gh jgfi dl `cz {bfic}, ½D mb u`g} D udv` }b u`b D udv`,³ ½Tbs udhh hdv}cl }b `cz( bz tbs udhh mdc( V`clgzg,³ Id}}clµv Fhgu vs{{hdcm,½@glm d} b cz( lbu' ³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz ugv g} g}}cl}dbl,Ghh V`clgzg mdm ugv hgse`, D} vbslmcm g hb} hdic `cz nb}`czµv fgfihc,]`g} eg c Vgjzdlg gl dmcg, Svdle `cz Mgzi Ngedf( v`c obfsvcm `cz

g}}cl}dbl bl V`clgzgµv ctcv( }b }bsf` }`c Mbndldbld}cµv vbsh, V `clgzg( Vgjzdlg fzbblcm }b `cz ndlm( vndhdle,

½V}b{ }`g}'³ V`clgzg v{g}( zcm ctcv bl `cz obzncz Ngdmcl hcgmcz, ½Tbsz {gzhbz }zdfiv lb hblecz ubzi( Vgjzdlg,³

Vgjzdlg ic{} cz nghdfdbsv vndhc, ½Tbs udhh bjct( Mbndldbld}c,³ Vgjzdlg fbnnglmcm bgzvcht( icc{dle cz ctcv bl V`clgzgµv, ½Jc gv v}blc ud}`dl }`t bul ndlm( tbsz jbmt ozbqcl dl v{gfc glm }dnc, Tbsz ngedf dv dl nt fbl}zbh( vb tbs udhh bjct( bz hbvc tbsz vbsh,³

V`clgzgµv zcm ctcv }szlcm `bhhbu glm jhgfi( }`c Mbndldbld}c ugv dlmccm ozbqcl u`czc v`c v}bbm, ½U`g} dv tbsz fbnnglm( Ndv}zcvv Ngdmcl2³ G `bhhbu(cnb}dblhcvv bdfc ozbn `cz nbs}` vs{{hdcm,

Vgjzdlg `gm `cz dl `cz fbl}zbh( asv} gv v`c svcm }b u`cl v`c ugv }`c Mbndldbld}c Ngdmcl u`b svcm Mgzi Ngedf }b fbl}zbh `cz Gzndcv, ½V`bu nc }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh,³

]`c [zb}cf}bz ugv vsz{zdvcm u`cl }`c Mbndldbld}c bjctcm, Id}}clµv Fhgu ugv vdhcl}( ug}f`dle }`c vfclc glm ugd}dle obz }`c zde`} nbncl} }b g}}gfi, ]`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv dl}czcv}cm dl `bu Vgjzdlg ugv ucg dle }`c Mgzi Ngedf }b vsd} `cz,

½Lbu,³ Vgjzdlg fbl}dlscm, ½Tbs udhh vszzclmcz d} }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv bz D udhh }chh }`c Zcghnv u`b tbs zcghht gzc,³

G v{gzi dl V`clgzgµv ctcv v`bucm }`c coocf} bo Vgjzdlgµv ubzmv `d} `bnc,½U`b gn D( Ndv}zcvv Ngdmcl2³

½Tbs gzc }`c mgse`}cz bo }`c Ngv}cz Bz}`bv glm }`c Mbndldbld}c Ehbzdglg,³ Vgjzdlg vs{{hdcm( u`dv{czdle dl `cz cgz,

V`clgzg {shhcm jgfi( v`bficm g} }`c lcuv gv v`c jzbic bs} bo }`c v{chh glm fgnc jgfi }b `cz vclvcv, ½Tbs hdc'³

½]`dli gjbs} d}( V`clgzg,³ Vgjzdlg }gsl}cm, ½U`t ubshm D hdc bo vsf g }`dle2³ V`c vndhcm u`dhc V clgzg }`bse`} bo `cz ubzmv, ½Lbu( ed c }`c Fztv}gh }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv,³

]`c }ub v}gzcm g} blc glb}`cz obz g nbncl} jcobzc V`clgzg jzbic ctc fbl}gf}, V`c lbmmcm( cgmdle }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv,

]`c Ezglm Ngesv ozbqc( fszdbsv bo u`g} ugv ebdle bl, V`c ug}f`cm




V`clgzgµv c czt nb c( `cz ngedf g} }`c zcgmt,V`clgzg hcglcm b cz }b u`dv{cz dl `cz cgz, ½D `g c g {zcvcl} obz tbs(

Ezglm Ngesv, B{cl tbsz glm,³ Ezglm Ngesv ugzdht b{clcm `cz {ghn vb V`clgzg fbshm mzb{ }`c Jhgfi.gv.

Lde`} Fztv}gh dl}b d}, V`clgzg {shhcm gugt( {hgfdle g odlecz }b `cz hd{v glm

udlidle jcobzc v`c mdvg{{cgzcm, ]`c Ezglm Ngesv `czvcho ugv fblosvcm( js} wsdfiht v`b cm d} dl}b `cz {bfic},Dl `cz ndlm( v`c vndhcm, V`c ubshm odeszc d} bs} hg}cz( vb v`c fbshm fbl}zbh

d}, Bs}vdmc( v`c hbbicm g} `cz fbhhcgescv, ½Hc}µv eb( jcobzc v`c zc}szlv ud}` glt nbzc vsz{zdvcv,³




F ` g{} c z1Jhbbm.jbslm Ezglm Ngesv

Dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( F`did}ä ½Zcm Ubho³ Nbblmglfcz }bbi `dv Lcgz.J blmng}c }b vcc }`c Hcgmcz bo ghh Muchhcz.idl( Zgnbl Ngz}dtg, @c }bhm Fchdlc

}b v`do} }b `cz Dnnbz}gh obzn( u`df` ugv g tbsle Dnnbz}gh ocnghc ud}` jhgfi`gdz glm ebhmcl ctcv, @c v`do}cm }b dv bul Muchhcz.idl obzn,@c obslm Zgnbl }ghidle ud}` `dv idl.jzb}`cz Mgldch,½Ngt uc `g c g ubzm ud}` tbs( Zgnbl2³ F`did}ä gvicm }dndmht( jbudle

`dv `cgm,Zgnbl }szlcm }b vcc `dn }`czc( ud}` Fchdlc jcvdmc `dn, ½ V sh`ctg glm

Ezcc}dlev( Tbsle F`did}ä Nbblmglfcz, D vcc tbs g c jzbse`} tbsz J blmng}cud}` tbs,³

½Blht jcfgsvc Tbsle Esgzmdgl jdm d},³ F`did}ä vs{{hdcm,Zgnbl ugv dl}czcv}cm, ½_czt uchh }`cl( lc{`cu, ]chh sv ghh,³Blfc F`did}ä }bhm `dn u`g} ugv ebdle bl( Zgnbl ugvlµ} dn{zcvvcm,

]`c zcm dl Zgnblµv ctcv vccncm }b ehbu glm g hbu ezbuh cvfg{cm `dv}`zbg}, D} ugv clbse` }b ngic Fchdlc v d cz, F`did}ä vclvcm `cz ocgz glm }bbi`cz `glm,

½Ig}ccg( F did}ä,³ Zgnbl vs{{hdcm dl Ubho. V {cgi ud}` g lbm, ½]`gli tbs, Udhh tbs @sl} obz dn ud}` sv2³

F`did}ä hbbicm }b Fchdlc u`cl v`c fhsle }b `dn, ½Do d} dv ghh zde`}( Zgnbl(D udv` }b zc}szl }b nt bul ubzhm,³

Zgnbl }`bse } gjbs} d} obz g nbncl}, ]`c zcm dl Zgnblµv ctcvmdvvd{g}cm glm zc}szlcm }b }`cdz svsgh mgzi.jhgfi, @c hbbicm jgfi }b `dvlc{`cu glm vndhcm, ½_czt uchh( tbs ngt eb, D udhh }chh }`c Fbsl}cvv glm TbsleEsgzmdgl ntvcho u`cl bsz @sl} dv b cz,³

F`did}ä Nbblmglfcz glm `dv J blmng}c vndhcm, ½]`gli tbs( Zgnbl,³F`did}ä }bbi Fchdlcµv `glm( ezgv{cm }`c Mzcgn Hbfic} glm mdvg{{cgzcm,

DD

Ghslg V}gz ohcu dl `cz Ezglm Ngesv obzn }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, V`c ucl} b cz `cz fbl czvg}dbl ud}` Hbzm Esgzmdgl glm }`c Ndv}zcvv Clf`gl}zg dl `cz ndlm nglt }dncv, V`c ilcu v`c `gm }b v{cgi }b }`c Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg( glm odlm bs} u`g} ugv ebdle bl ud}` `cz vdv}cz,

Do D gn }b }gic `cz {hgfc u`dhc v`c @cghv( D `g c }b ilbu u`g}µv ebdle bl(zde`}2 V`c gvicm `czvcho, @bu mdm Gzdglg ec} `czvcho dl bh cm ud}` }`cFbsl}cvv( bz c cl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv obz }`g} ng}}cz2 V szc( Hbzm Esgzmdglglm Clf`gl}zg }bhm nc gjbs} }`c Nbz}ghhgl Ugz( `bu v`c eb} }`czc glm ghh}`g}( js} u`g} cpgf}ht `g{{clcm jc}uccl }`cn2

]`c Ezglm Ngesv `gm }b v}b{ g} }`c jbzmcz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv, ]`czc ugv g ughh ngmc bo odzc( glm g ngedfgh jbslmgzt }`g} v}b{{cm }`bvc bs}vdmc bo }`c jbzmcz ozbn ebdle dl, V`c mcvfclmcm glm zcgf`cm }b }bsf` d}( blht obz `cz `glmv }b jc vdlecm obz }`c }zbsjhc,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ?;..

Ezglm Ngesv svcm `cz `cghdle ngedf }b fbn{hc}cht `cgh `czvcho, Ud}` g vndhc( v`c hbbicm s{, ]b `cz vsz{zdvc( g ebhmcl mzgebl.nghc vubb{cm mbul }b ncc} `cz,

½Igc}gg tbsle hgmt,³ ]`c mzgebl ezcc}cm( {hgfdle g odv} }b `dv `cgz} glm wsdfiht lbmmdle, ½Ngt D jc bo vbnc gvvdv}glfc2³

½Dµn hbbidle obz }`c Fbsl}cvv,³ Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm, ½Fgl tbs ch{ nc odlm `cz2³ ]`c mzgebl lbmmcm, ½Nt lgnc dv Eclczgh ]zclbz, Tbs ubshm lb} `g{{cl

}b jc Tbsle Esgzmdglµv vdv}cz( ubshm tbs2³ ]`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv }gicl gjgfi, ½Tcv( D gn, @bu mdm tbs ilbu2³ ]zclbz ezdllcm, ½]`c Fbsl}cvv dv cp{cf}dle tbs,³ @c udlicm, ½Obhhbu

nc,³ Ud}` }`g}( `c }bbi ohde`}, ]`bse` fblosvcm( v`c obhhbucm vsd},U`cl }`ct gzzd cm( }`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv szecm }b jbu }b }`c ]`zblc,

Mzgfbzg v}bbm( ugd}dle glm vndhdle,V b }`dv dv Gmgzzg2 ]`c Fbsl}cvv gvicm ]zclbz dl }`cdz ndlm, @c lbmmcm

glm v`c fhcgzcm `cz }`zbg} }b v{cgi, ½Uchfbnc }b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl( Ezglm Ngesv Gmgzzg, D `g c jccl cp{cf}dle tbs,³

½Tbs `g c2³ Ezglm Ngesv zc{hdcm,½Gtc,³ ]`c Fbsl}cvv zcngzicm, ½D gn Mzgfbzg( Fbsl}cvv bo }`c Mzgebl

Lg}dblv, U`g} fgl D mb obz tbs2³ ½Dµ c fbnc gvidle gjbs} nt vdv}cz( Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ Ezglm Ngesv

zc{hdcm, ½V`cµv dl g `cghdle fbng lbu go}cz ode`}dle }`c V}ghicz lgncm Jghbz,Hbzm Esgzmdgl glm }`c Ndv}zcvv Clf`gl}zg }bhm nc g hd}}hc gjbs} `bu tbs Ocm

ozbn `cz mszdle }`c Nbz}ghhgl Ugz,³ ½]`g} dv fbzzcf}9 D mdm Occm ozbn `cz( js} gv D }bhm }`cn( D ghvb zc{hcldv`cm

`cz,³ Mzgfbzg zcv{blmcm glm {gsvcm, V`c v}gzcm g} }`c Ezglm Ngesv ud}` g ezdl, ½Tbs ngt zdvc,³

Go}cz Ezglm Ngesv bjctcm( Mzgfbzg ic{} `cz ezdl, ½Dv d} }zsc tbsz lgnc dv Gmgzzg2³

½]`g} dv nt [gegl lgnc( tcv,³ Ezglm Ngesv ugv lcz bsv, ½Ed cl }b nc jt Zcm V`guh `czvcho,³

½G`( tcv( Mgzhclc ¿Zcm V`guh V}gzf`gvczµ Jclldle}bl,³ Ezglm Ngesv lbmmcm glm }`c Fbsl}cvv ucl} bl, ½@de` [zdcv}cvv bo }`c Ngedfi bo }`c Jhsc Nbbl Fb cl dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn2³

½Tcv( js} u`g} mbcv nt lgnc `g c }b mb ud}` nt vdv}cz2³ Ezglm Ngesv zc}szlcm }b }`c vsjacf} jcobzc }`c Fbsl}cvv fbshm hbbn boo bo d}, ½Jt occmdle bl `cz( tbs f`glecm `cz,³

]`c Fbsl}cvv mdm lb} dle js} vndhc, ½]`g} ngt g c jccl( js} D gvvszc tbs }`g} ugv lb} nt bzdedlgh dl}cl}dbl,³

½Ugv d} tbsz dl}cl}dbl }b f glec `cz jhbbm glm g}}d}smc2³ Ezglm Ngesv gvicm zbse`ht,

½Do tbs udv` }b ilbu( Gmgzzgnclg( nt bzdedlgh dl}cl}dbl ugv nczcht }b Occm,³ Mzgfbzg gllbslfcm ud}` g ozbul, ½D @sleczcm mszdle }`c Nbz}ghhgl Ugz(glm vdlfc tbsz Msb.Vd}g ugv }`c blht blc g gdhgjhc g} }`c }dnc( D }bbi gm gl}gec glm Ocm,³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ?7..

]`c Ezglm Ngesv v}gzcm dl v`bfi( ozde`}clcm( tc} fblosvcm jt }`c lgnc Mzgfbzg `gm svcm, ½]`g} ncglv9 tbsµzc lb} blht Mzgfbldgl js} Muchhcz.idl,³

½U`czc mb tbs }`dli }`c Muchhczv fgnc ozbn( f`dhm2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm,½]`ct gzc nt Mzgfbldgl {cb{hc( blht Cgz}`jbslm,³

Ezglm Ngesvµ egqc ugv mdv}gl}, Mzgfbzg }zdcm }b zcgm u`g} ugv bl }`c

edzhµv ndlm( js} `cz `cgm blht gf`cm,½U`g} dv bl tbsz ndlm( Gmgzzgnclg2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm vbo}ht,]`czc ugv }`g} lgnc gegdl( Ezglm Ngesv }`bse`}, ½Nt vdv}cz, U`g}c cz

tbs mdm( d} f`glecm cz,³ Ezglm Ngesv zcv{blmcm vbo}ht, ½D} ngmc `cz nbzc {buczosh mszdle }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv,³ V`c odlghht hbbicm s{ g} }`c Fbsl}cvv ud}` g hbbi bo hbledle dl `cz ctcv, ½Fgl tbs mb }`g} }b nc( }bb2³

Mzgfbzgµv `gzm cp}czdbz vbo}clcm, V`c v}c{{cm mbul ozbn `cz ]`zblc }b ncc} }`c ubnglµv ctcv, V`c vgu }`c vgnc }`dle dl }`c Ezglm Ngesv }`g} v`c vgu dl Tbsle Esgzmdgl tcgzv geb, ]`dv ubngl ugv }`c }udl vdv}cz }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblvµ hbv} Cn{zcvv, ]`c ngdl wscv}dbl ugv g{{gzcl}, Ugv v`c zcgmt }b ilbu u`b v`c zcghht ugv2

½F`dhm( D fgllb} jc }`c blc }b Jblm tbs }b nc,³ Mzgfbzg vgdm vbo}ht, ½D vcc dl tbsz ctcv glm `cgz} u`b ubshm jcv} vsd} tbs, Tbs `g c ghzcgmt nc} }`c Ug}f`cz.idl Odzcv}bzn glm dv ng}c Cnczghm, Vcci }`cn glm tbs udhh odlm u`g} tbs gzc vcgzf`dle obz,³

½Lb lccm }b vcgzf` obz sv(³ G ocnghc bdfc fgnc ozbn jc`dlm }`cn,Jb}` hbbicm s{ }b vcc }`c czt Ug}f`cz.idl glm Acuch Chmcz.idl }`ct uczc

}ghidle gjbs},D} ugv Cnczghm u`b v{bic, Blfc v`c `gm }`cdz g}}cl}dbl( v`c wsdfiht

{hgfcm g odv} }b `cz cgz} glm lbmmcm dl zcv{cf} jcobzc fbl}dlsdle, ½Nt Fbsl}cvv(uc gzc ghzcgmt `czc,³

Mzgfbzg vndhcm, ½]`czc,³ V`c vgdm }b Ezglm Ngesv, ½Mb tbs zcncnjcz Cnczghm2³

Ezglm Ngesv lbmmcm gjvcl}ht, ½@chhb,³ Gv Cnczghm glm Odzcv}bzn ughicm s{ }b }`cn( Mzgfbzg vcl} }`cn }`c

ncl}gh ncvvgec, U`g} g fbdlfdmclfc2 U`g} jzdlev tbs `czc2Uc udhh cp{hgdl hg}cz, Cnczghm lbmmcm ud}` g ezdl, ]`czc gzc nbzc

dn{bz}gl} ng}}czv }b }clm }b( gtc2Mzgfbzg lbmmcm, ½D `g c ms}dcv bo nt bul D nsv} zc}szl }b,³ V`c vs{{hdcm,

½D }zsv} v`c udhh jc dl ebbm `glmv2³ ½Gtc( Fbsl}cvv,³ Odzcv}bzn vgdm wsdc}ht( u`df` ugv slhdic `dn, ½Fbnc

ud}` sv( Ezglm Ngesv,³ ½Udhh d} `sz}2³ Ezglm Ngesv gvicm Odzcv}bzn gv Cnczghm uzg{{cm gl gzn

gzbslm `cz v`bshmczv,½Uc udhh lb} `gzn tbs( do d} dv tbsz udhh }b jc ]szlcm,³ ½V`c udhh lb} jc }szlcm( Odzcv}bzn,³ Cnczghm f`dmcm `cz ng}c, ½Lb} ud}`bs}

Hbzm Esgzmdglµv {czndvvdbl,³ ½Asv} Jhbbm.jbslm }`cl2³ Odzcv}bzn {zcvvcm,Cnczghm lbmmcm( }szldle jgfi }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv, ½Ngt uc fghh tbs jt

tbsz [gegl lgnc2³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ?:..

½µGmgzzgµ2 Vszc,³ Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm( `cz g}}cl}dbl lbu mdzcf}cm }b }`c Muchhcz.idl ng}cv, ½D hdic d} jc}}cz }`gl nt }d}hc u`cl Dµn lb} dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn,³

½D vcc,³ Cnczghm ezdllcm( hbbidle dl `cz ctcv,½Mb tbs ilbu u`g} g jhbbm.jdlmdle ncglv2³ Odzcv}bzn gvicm jcobzc v`c

`gm g f`glfc }b zcv{blm }b Cnczghmµv fbnncl},

½D zcncnjcz,³ Gmgzzg vgdm, ½D}µv u`cl g lbl.Muchhcz dv jbslm dl jhbbm }b g Muchhcz.idl( }`sv f`gledle }`cn jb}`, D}µv hdic u`g} }`c Fbsl}cvv mdm }b nt vdv}cz( zde`}2³

½]`g} dv cpgf}ht u`g} }`c Fbsl}cvv mdm }b tbsz vdv}cz tcgzv geb,³ Cnczghm zc{hdcm, ½Bo tbsz bul udhh( mb tbs udv` }`dv jhbbm.jdlmdle2³

Gmgzzg lbmmcm, ½Bo nt bul udhh,³ ½_czt uchh,³ Cnczghm vs{{hdcm, ½Hc} sv jcedl,³ D} mdmlµ} }gic hble obz }`c Jhbbm.Jdlmdle, Odzv}( Gmgzzg ugv booczcm jhbbm

ozbn jb}` Muchhcz ng}cv, ]`cl( v`c booczcm cz bul }b }`cn( cgf` }dnc vgtdle,½Bo nt bul udhh( bo nt bul ndlm( D jdlm ntvcho }b tbs }`zbse` jhbbm, D v`gzc ud}` tbs u`g} dv ndlc obz }`c ed dle,³

Gmgzzg obslm `czvcho hdidle }`c }gv}c bo jhbbm zde`} gugt( mzdlidle `cz odhh ozbn Odzcv}bzn,

½Clbse`'³ Odzcv}bzn fzdcm( {shhdle dv gzn jgfi, Cnczghm v}c{{cm }b dv vdmc }b `cgh }`c ubslm ud}` `cz }blesc, ½Tbs ghnbv} ebzecm tbszvcho( Tbsle Blc,]`g} dv lb} g ebbm dmcg( c cz,³

Cnczghm hdo}cm `cz `cgm blfc v`c ugv odldv`cm, ½Obz blc vb tbsle( tbs v`bshm lc cz }gic nbzc }`gl tbs lccm,³

]`c Ezglm Ngesv Gmgzzg v}gzcm g} }`c }ub bo }`cn( hc}}dle }`cn jb}` vcc u`g} ugv dl `cz ctcv, ]`ct uczc zcm,

½Uc udhh zc}szl tbs }b }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( glm cp{hgdl }b tbsz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz u`g} ugv mblc,³ Cnczghm gllbslfcm( icc{dle }`c fbhbz bo Gmgzzgµv ctcv dl `cz ndlm,

½Tbs udhh lccm }b Zcv} dl bzmcz obz bsz jhbbmv }b vc} dl tbsz vtv}cn( glm ghhbu tbszvcho }dnc }b `cgh,³ Odzcv}bzn vs{{hdcm,

½D fglµ}'³ Gmgzzg fzdcm, ½U`g} gjbs} nt {g}zbhv2 D `g c }b }gic b cz obz Tbsle Esgzmdgl u`dhc v`cµv `cghdle ozbn `cz ode`} ud}` Jghbz'³

]`c Muchhcz.idl hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz, ½_czt uchh( {g}zbh( js} lb} dl }`c obzn tbs svcm dl }`c Ugz,³ Cnczghm vgdm, ½Blht dl tbsz Ezglm Ngesv Mzcgn Zcghn

obzn, Dv }`g} slmczv}bbm2³ Ezglm Ngesv lbmmcm `cz `cgm, ½D slmczv}glm,³

U`cl }`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv zc}szlcm }b }`c Bs}cz Zcghn jt Cnczghmglm Odzcv}bzn( `cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz V `gmbu ugv ugd}dle obz }`cn, ]`bse `cugvlµ} czt `g{{t }b `cgz v`c ugv lbu J hbbm.jbslm }b jb}` bo }`cn( `chdv}clcm }b }`cdz v}bzt,

]`c Muchhczv hco} go}cz ngidle vszc }`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv zcv}dle dl `czbul jcm glm V `gmbu ugv icc{dle gl ctc bl `cz,

½U`g} `g c tbs eb}}cl tbszvcho dl}b }`dv }dnc( Ghslg V }gz2³ V `gmbuu`dv{czcm }b `dnvcho, @c idvvcm `cz obzc`cgm glm hco} }`c zbbn }b }gic fgzc bo }`cdz f`dhmzcl,




V `c ugv dl g @cghdle V {chh bo `cz bul( u`df` ncgl} d} ugv s{ }b `dn }bicc{ {cgfc gzbslm }`c `bsvc,

DDD

Ftzdp }bbi Vgjzdlg bl g ughi }`zbse` }`c ngzic}{hgfc, Ud}` cgf` }gjhc }`ct {gvvcm( }`ct `cgzm `cz lgnc u`dv{czcm,½Gzc tbs vszc gjbs} }`dv2³ Vgjzdlg gvicm( hbbidle gzbslm cz, V`c v}gtcm

jt `dv vdmc( `bhmdle `dv `glm, ½Dl fgvc tbs `g c lb} lb}dfcm( D gn v}dhh lb} hdicm gzbslm }`c Zcghn,³

½Bo fbszvc D gn vszc gjbs} }`dv( mcgzcv},³ Ftzdp vs{{hdcm( idvvdle `cz }cn{hc, ½Zchgp, ]`ct g c }b ec} svcm }b vccdle tbs vbnc}dnc( gtc2³

½D escvv,³ Vgjzdlg zcngzicm,]`c fbs{hc `cgmcm obz }`c obbm ngzic}( {dfidle s{ vbnc}`dle }b cg}, Blfc

}`ct obslm g }gjhc( Ftzdp {hgfcm }`cdz ugzcv bl d} jcobzc vd}}dle mbul, Vgjzdlg vg} lcp} }b `dn,

Vgjzdlg jcegl }b zchgp u`cl v`c `cgzm g hbu ezbuh ozbn Ftzdpµv }`zbg},½U`g} dv uzble2³ V`c u`dv{czcm,½Mgndgl,³ Ftzdp ezbuhcm, ½Vbnc`bu( D `g c hbv} nt g{{c}d}c,³ Lbu Vgjzdlg ezbuhcm( v}glmdle, ½D ilbu tbs gzc `czc( jzb}`cz, Fbnc bl

bs} glm ogfc sv hdic }`c ngl tbs }`dli tbs gzc,³ Mgndgl fgnc ozbn `dv `dmdle v{b} dl }`c v`gmbuv }b fzbbl, ½V}dhh {hgtdle

}`c ebbmt.ebbmt( c` vdv}cz2 Tbs nsv} `g c vbnc vf cnc }b {hgt }`c {gz} }`dv hble,³

½D {hgt lb {gz}v( Mgndgl( gv D g c }bhm tbs jcobzc,³ Vgjzdlg ezbuhcm,½Gtc( gtc( D ilbu,³ Mgndgl vbslmcm jbzcm, @c vgu Ftzdp v}glmdle

jcvdmc `cz, ½Uchh( uchh( do d} dv lb} }`c odzc.mcnbl Ftzdp2 Mb tbs hdic jcdle nt vdv}czµv hg{ mbe2³

½D gn lbjbmtµv hg{ mbe,³ Ftzdp zcv{blmcm, @c fbshm occh }`c glecz zdvdle dl `dv jhbbm( glm hc} }`c Mzgebl Ngedf vhbuht }gic b cz, ½D hb c Vgjzdlg( ud}` ghh nt `cgz} glm vbsh,³

Lcd}`cz vdjhdle fbshm mb glt}`dle js} v}gzc g} `dn, Vgjzdlg zcghdqcm `dv ubzmv zsle }zsc ghh ghble, Mgndgl( `buc cz( blht vndzicm,

½Hb c,³ Mgndgl vfboocm, ½@bu fgl tbs ilbu hb c2 Tbs gzc g odzc.mcnbl,³ Ftzdp hgse`cm( odlghht hc}}dle }`c Mzgebl Ngedf v`do} `dn }b `dv }zsc.obzn bo

g hgzec zcm glm jhgfi mzgebl, ½D gn nbzc }`gl g odzc.mcnbl Mgndgl'³ Ftzdp zgdvcm `dv `cgm }b }`c gdz glm jhcu bs} g zbgzdle odzcjghh, Obz cp}zg cn{`gvdv( `c hbbicm jgfi mbul g} Mgndgl ud}` jszldle odzc.zcm ctcv, ½D gn g Mzgfbldgl( ozbn }`c Fhgl bo Odzc Mzgebl Esgzmdglv'³ Ftzdp zcngzicm, @c v}c{{cm obzugzm(u`df` ngmc Mgndgl v}c{ jgfi dl ozde`}, ½D gn }`c hgv} bo nt idlm( lb }`gliv }b tbs glm tbsz og}`cz'³

½Ftzdp,³ Vgjzdlg }zdcm( ctcv fhbvcm glm glmv }b cz vdmc,U`cl `dv ctcv nc} `cz obzn( `dv `cgz} vid{{cm g jcg} glm `c v`do}cm jgfi

}b `dv bzdedlgh odzc.mcnbl obzn, V`c b{clcm `cz ctcv glm dv mcncglbz fghncm,@c vgu( mcc{ dl `cz `cgz}( v`c hb cm `dn jgfi, Lb} ugl}dle }b v`bu `cz jzb}`cz }`dv( Ftzdp blht jbucm glm v}c{{cm jgfi,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ?=..

½D }`bse`} gv nsf`,³ Mgndgl jgzicm, ½Tbs blht hcgzl }`c Hde`} Ntv}df Ngedf vb tbs fgl mcv}zbt }`cn,³

½Vdhclfc( jzb}`cz,³ Vgjzdlg vs{{hdcm, ½]`gliv }b bsz fbsvdlv( D gn jghglfcm dl jb}` hde`} glm Mgzi Ngedfv,³ Vgjzdlg v}c{{cm }b `cz jzb}`cz( ogfdle `dn, ½Tbs mb zcncnjcz bu {buczosh D ugv ud}` asv} Mgzi Ngedf( mb tbs lb}2 D

ugv }`c blc u`b hcm bsz }zbb{v dl}b jg}}hc( ud}` blht g ehglfc( lb} tbs,³ ½D} ugv nt dmcg }b v}cgh }`cdz Fbn{gldbl Ngedf ozbn }`cn( }szldle }`cn dl}b tbsz Mbndldbld}c Ugzzdbzv,³ Mgndgl }gsl}cm `cz, ½Tbs uczc lb}`dle ud}`bs} nc,³

Vgjzdlg ehgzcm dl vdhclfc obz g nbncl} gv v`c v}gzcm g} `dn, Lb} c cl Ftzdp fbshm }chh `bu v`c ubshm zcgf}, Ubshm v`c zcgf} gv `cz Ngdmcl vcho( bz gv `cz Ntv}df vcho2 Ghh `c fbshm mb ugv v}glm glm ugd},

½Lb}`dle2³ Vgjzdlg vndhcm( `cz ctcv zcmmcldle ud}` glecz glm fcz}gdl ilbuhcmec lb} c cl Mgndgl ilcu gjbs}, ½Lb}`dle2³ V`c zc{cg}cm( `cz cl}dzc jbmt zgmdg}dle ud}` g u`d}c b{ghcvfcl} ehbu, Dl ozbl} bo `dv ctcv( }b }`c gv}bldv`ncl} bo jb}` nghcv( Vgjzdlgµv jbmt zbvc ozbn }`c ezbslm glm v`c v}gz}cm

f`gl}dle,

½Tbs gzc lb}`dle(½Tbs gzc v{d}(½Tbs gzc lb}`dle }b nc(½Tbs lb hblecz cpdv}'³

Vgjzdlg fbl}dlscm }b f`gl} }`c v`bz} v{chh( icc{dle `cz ctc bl Mgndgl(cgf` zc{c}d}dbl ezbudle hbsmcz glm nbzc {b}cl} gv v`c f`gl}cm, Mgndgl mdmlµ} ilbu u`g} }b cp{cf}, Lc cz dl }`cdz cl}dzc hd cv `gm `c c cz vccl `cz }`dv glezt(tc} fbl}zbhhdle }`c Hde`} Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf ud}`dl,

Vgjzdlgµv jbmt nb cm }bugzm `dn( obzfdle `dn }b v}c{ jgfi,½Lgt,³ Mgndgl v}c{{cm jgfiugzm ud}`bs} hbbidle, @c }zd{{cm b cz g fhgt

agz( jzcgidle d}, V}dhh( `c fbl}dlscm }b v}c{ jgfi,Vgjzdlg fbl}dlscm f`gl}dle }`c v`bz} v{chh( `cz ctcv }szldle fbhbzv( `cz

gszg ehbudle udhmht ozbn u`d}c }b jzde`} tchhbu glm jgfi,½Lgt,³ Mgndgl vgdm hbsmcz, ½Tbs fgllb} mb }`dv }b nc'³ V`c blht vndhcm( v}b{{dle asv} hble clbse` }b }chh `dn, ½D fgl( D `g c( glm D

udhh, Tbs mcvcz c lb}`dle( Mgndgl( obz tbs gzc g obsh( dhc fzcg}szc,³ ½D mb lb} hdic u`g} }`c Ntv}dfv `g c mblc }b tbs( Vgjzdlg,³ Mgndgl

vs{{hdcm ud}` g ozbul, ½Do tbs udv` }b jc ud}` }`cn( tbs udhh zb} ud}` }`cn ghh'³ Dl g esv} bo jhgfi vnbic( `c mdvg{{cgzcm,Vgjzdlg vde`cm( mzb{{dle }b }`c ezbslm glm bhmdle `cz `cgm, Ftzdp

zsv`cm }b `cz vdmc }b `bhm `cz,½Mgzhdle( }`g} ugv ublmczosh'³ @c fzdcm( bhmdle `cz, V`c hbbicm s{ g}

`dn( `cz cp{zcvvdbl fblosvcm, Ftzdp idvvcm cz( ngidle `cz vndhc,G ocu Fbn{gldblv }`g} `gm ug}f`cm }`c vfclc ozbn }`c vdmchdlcv ughicm

s{ }b }`cn, ]`ct cp}clmcm }`cdz `glmv glm cp{zcvvcm }`cdz ezg}d}smc gv }`ct v{bic }b `cz gv g ochhbu Fbn{gldbl dlv}cgm bo }`c Mbndldbld}c Ngdmcl( lb hblecz gozgdm bo `cz,




Ftzdp vndhcm g} }`c vfclc, V`c ugv vhbuht egdldle }`c }zsv} bo ghh Fbn{gldblv, Dl }dnc( `c ugv fcz}gdl }`c ncnbzt bo }`c Ngdmcl ubshm jc zc{hgfcm ud}` }`g} bo g idlm glm {buczosh Glfdcl} Ntv}df Vgjzdlg,

D_

U`cl Zgnbl glm Mgldch uczc odldv`cm ud}` }`c @sl} obz Jghbz( }`ct `cgmcm }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,

]zclbz nc} }`c }ub Muchhcz.idl g} }`c OdzcUghh glm lbmmcm `dv zcv{cf}(ilbudle u b }`ct uczc, @c ugv fblfczlcm g} }`cdz gzzd gh }b }`c OdzcUghh, ]`c Muchhcz.idl svsghht `gm oshh zcdel b cz }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm mdmlµ} lccm

{czndvvdbl }b cl}cz, ½Mb tbs udv` gl cvfbz}( Zgnbl2³ ½Do }`czc dv glb}`cz Esgzm }b }gic tbsz {hgfc( D ubshm lb} ndlm d},³ Zgnbl

vs{{hdcm( lbmmdle, ½D} dv g ng}}cz bo ezcg} dn{bz}glfc,³ ½_czt uchh,³ Eclczgh ]zclbz vs{{hdcm, @c fhbvcm `dv ctcv glm fghhcm obz

glb}`cz Esgzm }b }gic `dv {hgfc vb `c fbshm cvfbz} }`cn }b }`c Fbsl}cvv,

Blfc }`c }`zcc bo }`cn gzzd cm( ]zclbz gllbslfcm }b Mzgfbzg, ½Fbsl}cvv(}`c Muchhcz.idl hcgmcz glm dv vcfblm gzc czc }b vcc tbs, D} dv szecl},³

Mzgfbzg hbbicm }b g ilcchdle Mgldch( ncc}dle Zgnblµv ctcv, ½]`gli tbs(]zclbz, Tbs gzc cpfsvcm,³

Ud}` g lbm( ]zclbz ugv eblc glm }`c }`zcc bo }`cn uczc ghblc, ½Uchh(Zgnbl2 U`g} fgl D mb obz tbs2³

½D} dv gjbs} g fcz}gdl V}ghicz lgncm Jghbz,³ Zgnbl gllbslfcm( ug}f`dle Mzgfbzgµv ctcv }szl fbhbzv g} }`c lgnc,

½@gv Tbsle Esgzmdgl lb} }gicl fgzc bo `dn2³ Mzgfbzg hbuht ezbuhcm, @cz ocndldlc Dnnbz}gh obzn v`do}cm }b `cz Zcegh zcm mzgebl obzn,

]`c Muchhczv ilcu v`c ugv vczdbsv glm lb} `g{{t( vb }`ct ilch} g} `cz Zcegh Mzgfbldgl obzn,

½Blfc ode`}dle `dn dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv ud}` }`c Odzc.Esgzmdgl Izgµ}g}`(³ Mgldch v}gz}cm( ½v`c vcl} F`did}ä Nbblmglfcz glm `dv lcgz.Jblmng}c }b bsz Zcghn,³

Hbbidle ozbn Mgldch }b Mzgfbzg( Zgnbl fbl}dlscm `dv jhbbm.Jzb}`czµv v}bzt(ctcv lc cz ncc}dle }`c Fbsl}cvvµ,

½Uczc tbs gjhc }b odlm `dn2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm,]`c }ub jhbbm.Jzb}`czv v`bbi }`cdz `cgmv,½@c cvfg{cm( ozbn jb}` Tbsle Esgzmdglµv glm bsz zgmgz vbnc`bu,³

Mgldch vs{{hdcm,½Icc{ hbbidle( jb}` bo tbs'³ Mzgfbzg ezbuhcm, ½Icc{ gl ctc obz dn do `c

dv lb} obslm ud}`dl }`c ucci,³ ½Gtc( Fbsl}cvv,³ ]`c }ub f`bzsvcm( ndv}dle dl {hgfc glm hcg dle cz

vcc}`dle,½Mzgfbzg(³ g nghc bdfc fzbblcm jc`dlm `cz, U`cl v`c }szlcm( v`c vgu

`cz gm dvbz ]czzgl}dv ughidle s{ }b cz, @c fbl}dlscm wsdc}ht, ½D udhh g c bsz {cb{hcv mb }`c vgnc obz }`dv zcghn,³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ??..

Mzgfbzg vde`cm( `cz cp}czdbz zc}szldle }b }`c Dnnbz}gh ocnghc ghh ilcu `cz gv, ½]`gli tbs( bhm ozdclm, ]`c vbblcz }`c V}ghicz dv fgse`} glm Mcv}zbtcm( }`c jc}}cz obz ghh,³

½Glt}dnc( V`thcc,³ ]czzgl}dv vs{{hdcm( lbmmdle glm vndhdle, @c {gsvcm(ug}f`dle `cz ctcv vccn }b v}gzc dl}b v{gfc( cz }`bse`}v chvcu`czc, @c escvvcm

}b u`czc }`ct uczc, ½Tbs ubzzt obz Gzdglg Nbbl2³ Mzgfbzg hbbicm s{ glm lbmmcm, ½Gtc, D fgllb} vclvc `cz bl bsz [g}`,³ ½Ezglm Ngesv Gmgzzg mdm vgt v`c ugv dl g @cghdle Fbng go}cz `cz ode`}

ud}` Jghbz,³ ]czzgl}dv vgdm,Mzgfbzg lbmmcm gegdl( `cz }`bse`}v chvcu`czc blfc nbzc,Zg}`cz }`gl gvi `cz gjbs} }`cn( ]czzgl}dv hco} `cz }b }`cn,




V}bzt1 &71]`c Hszc bo C dh

V `glc vg} jt }`c jcm( ug}f`dle `dv udoc vhcc{ {cgfcoshht,D} ugv }ub mgtv hg}cz glm v`c v}dhh `gml%} ubicl s{ ozbn Odzcv}bzn%v

J hbbm.J dlmdle }zglfc, @c ilcu }`c Ug}f`cz.idl ozbn }`c Ugzv obz [bucz( glm`c%m vccl Odzcv}bzn g} ubzi, ]`c Muchhcz `gm g fcz}gdl {gvvdbl glm `blbz, @cugv ghvb }`c blc( dl fbhm jhbbm( }b fghh }`c czt {buczv b cz odzc gegdlv}glt}`dle hd c bz slmcgm }`g} ubshm udv` `dn bz `dv idl `gzn,

]`g} mdml%} ncgl `c `gm }b hdic u`g} Odzcv}bzn mdm jc`dlm `dv jgfi,V szc( V `glc fbshm }zsv} Odzcv}bzn glm Cnczghm ud}` }`c fgzc bo `dv udoc do }`ct uczc vc{gzg}cm, Do glt}`dle ngedfgh `g{{clcm }b `cz glm V `gmbu ugv g} g hbvv}b `ch{( }`ct fbshm lbu fbsl} bl }`c }ub Muchhczv }b glvucz g vdhcl} {hcg bl gvc{gzg}c ndlm.{g}` }`g} ugv lbu obzecm jc}uccl }`cn,

V `glc hdv}clcm u`cl Odzcv}bzn cp{hgdlcm `bu `c( dlv}cgm bo glb}`czMuchhcz.idl( ugv gjhc }b `glmhc }`c Ezglm Ngesv( v`bshm v`c hbvc fbl}zbh bo

}`c Mzgebl Ngedf dlvdmc, @c mdmlµ} slmczv}glm }`g} blc }`dle, Ozbn ghh `dv tcgzv bo ilbudle `cz( v`c%m lc cz v`bul glt vdel bo Mzgebl Ngedf dlvdmc,V szc( v`c ugv udhm gjbs} hcgzldle b}`cz idlmv bo ngedf( js} ugv }`g} }`cMzgebl Ngedf2 ]`cl gegdl( }`ct `gml%} vccl glt Sldfbzl Ngedf dl Gzdglg sl}dh}`c Fzsvgmczv vgu d} dl Gdncc glm Ggzbl V f`ndm} u`cl }`ct fgnc }b @dhh _dcug} cde`}ccl,

*Fbshm d} jc2 [bhgz b{{bvd}cv2* V `glc u`dv{czcm }b `dnvcho( v}gzdle g} }`cEzglm Ngesv% Mzcgn [cl}gfhc, *]`c }udlv uczc {bhgz b{{bvd}cv }b cgf` b}`cz2*@c v`bbi `dv `cgm, *Fbshml%} jc, Gzdglg dv }`c Glfdcl}%v Ebmmcvv bo V {dzd}( glmlbu `gv vbnc Muchhcz {buczv( }`gliv }b }`c Fbsl}cvv,*

@c {blmczcm }`g} hgv} v}g}cncl}, @c }`cl zcfghhcm `bu Tbsle Esgzmdglobse`} dl }`c Ugz dl `cz Cgz}`jbslm obzn, Odzv}( u`cl v`c nc} Zgnbl Ngz}dtgglm }`c idl.Fhgl @sl}czv glm @cghczv( v`c }bbi d} dl v}zdmc( gv do d} ugv lb jdemcgh, V cfblm( v`c `ch{cm Zgnbl Mcv}zbt `dv bul V }ghicz og}`cz( Fzsfdv, V `cic{} ubzidle ud}` }`c Muchhczv glm Fbn{gldblv sl}dh v`c cp`gsv}cm `czvcho dlg blc.bl.blc jg}}hc ud}` }`c lcu hcgmcz bo }`c V }ghiczv( J ghbz, D} ugv }`czc v`csvcm g czt Muchhcz.hdic {bucz .. V }cgh}`,

Lb blc ilcu u`czc d} fgnc ozbn sl}dh go}cz }`c jg}}hc ud}` J ghbz, ]`g} dv(czt ocu ilcu gjbs} d}, Ud}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl( d} }bbi g Muchhcz%v Fbn{shvdbl

v{chh }b ngic `cz obzec} u`g} `cz }`cl.odo}ccl.tcgz.bhm ndlm glm Glfdcl}Ntv}df Ngedf fbshml%} `glmhc sl}dh v`c ugv zcgmt glm nsf` bhmcz, @clfc }`cUgz bo }`c Zcghnv, Blfc Tbsle Esgzmdgl nc} Zgnbl glm Mgldch%v ctcv( }`cFbn{shvdbl v{chh ugv jzbicl glm v`c jcegl vhbuht zcncnjczdle u`g} ugv`dmmcl dl }`c jgfi bo `cz ndlm,

]`g} mdml%} cp{hgdl `dv udoc( Hslg, @c v`bbi `dv `cgm gegdl( }ztdle }bobfsv `dv }`bse`}v bl `cz }`dv }dnc, @c vclvcm v`c ugv `dmdle vbnc}`dle ozbn`dn, V bnc}`dle }`g} fbshm jc cp}zcncht mgzi glm mgleczbsv do v`c mdml%}`glmhc d} zde`}, @cz }udl v}dhh hgt dl u`g} }`ct fghhcm g Glfdcl} Ntv}df @cghdleFbng( slgjhc }b ugic }b `ch{ `cz bul vdv}cz,




V `glc%v bul {czvblg }`c V `gmbu gezccm ud}` `dn bl blc }`dle, ]`cFzsvgmczv v}dhh `gm g hb} bo }ghidle }b mb, Asv} }bb nglt wscv}dblv lccmcm }b jcglvuczcm, V `gmbu `dnvcho mdml%} hdic u`czc d} ugv ghh hcgmdle }`cn( glm u`czcd} ubshm clm( do d} zcghht mdm g} ghh,

@c zbvc go}cz {cfidle g vdlehc idvv bl `cz f`cci, @c `cgmcm }b }`c

id}f`cl }b ec} `cz vbnc}`dle }b v}gjdhdqc `cz ngedfgh clczedcv glm ezbslm `cz,D} asv} mdml%} ngic glt vclvc ( `c }`bse`}, U`g} fg{}d g}cm Hs%v g}}cl}dbl vb nsf`9 v`c delbzcm `cz ogndht( `cz cl}dzc ogndht( u`df` dlfhsmcm `cz }udl2 Lb} blfc dl g ucci mdm Hs vcc `bu Gzdglg ugv mbdle, U`t mb D vclvc vbnc}`dle mgzi glm mgleczbsvht ogndhdgz dl nt bul `bsvc2 D ilbu d} `gv }b mb ud}` Hs, D ilbu d}( glm D mbl%} hdic d} blc jd},

U`g} ugv ebdle bl2 Uczc uc v}dhh g} ugz2 Fbshml%} jc ( `c }`bse`} gv `cv`bbi `dv `cgm blfc nbzc, Hbzm Jglc fghhcm }`c zc}zcg}, Dv `c {hglldle nbzc g}}gfiv2 U`b ilcu obz vszc bo glt}`dle zde`} lbu2

]`c blht }`dle `c ugv vszc bo ugv }`g} }`c Ezglm Ngesv `gm jccl}gidle `cz vdv}cz( }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl%v {hgfc( {gz}lczcm jt }`c [zb}cf}bz, ]`c

[zb}cf}bz ugv jb}` jcv} ozdclm }b V `gmbu glm Ezglm Ngesv( vb V `gmbu}zsv}cm }`cn }bec}`cz, ]`c [zb}cf}bz fblocvvcm `dv ubzzdcv b cz }`c EzglmNgesv% jc`g dbz gv bo hg}c, [gz}dgh {g}zbhv( mdvg{{cgzglfcv( v}zglec jc`g dbz(lb} c cl }ztdle }b ode`} Mbndldbld}cv glm b}`cz Mcnblv, @cz `cgz} mdml%} vccn}b jc dl d} gltnbzc, V `gmbu gvicm }`c [zb}cf}bz gjbs} d}( js} vclvcm `dv buljcv} ozdclm ugv icc{dle vbnc}`dle ozbn `dn,

@c }zsv}cm v`c ilcu u`g} v`c ugv mbdle( js} d} asv} ugvl%} hdic `cz }bjgfi bs} bo g {g}zbh bz g ode`}, ]`c vdp bo }`cn .. }`c Fzsvgmczv1 Ezglm Ngesv(Tbsle Esgzmdgl( [zb}cf}bz( V `gmbu( Ggzbl *Sldfbzl* glm Gnc}`tv} V f`ndm} ..uczc ghh }zgdlcm g} }`c vgnc {hgfc( }`c V tv}cn Geclft,

V `glc `gm }b gmnd} }b `dnvcho gv `c `cgmcm jgfi s{v}gdzv }b }`cjcmzbbn, Hslg `gv ghugtv jccl }`c blc Glfdcl} Ntv}df ud}` }`c hb c obzglt}`dle {gzglbzngh glm ngedfgh, V `c%m v}smt d} sl}dh v`c ilcu c czt}`dlegjbs} d}, ]`cl( v`c%m hcgzl d} glm fbl}zbh d}, V `c%m ghugtv jccl hdic }`g}( c czvdlfc }`ct nc} g} }`c V tv}cn Geclft g hble }dnc geb, ]`c }`bse } bo d} lbuvfgzcm `dn( gv d} mdm jgfi }`cl,

Gv vbbl gv `c v}c{{cm dl}b }`c mbbzugt bo }`cdz zbbn( `dv [clmgl}.Hbfic} jsqqcm, @c fbshm occh g ogndhdgz mgzi ngedf }`g} mdml%} jchble dl }`dvZcghn, @c }`bse`} `gzm obz }`c lgnc bo }`c ngedf }`dle js} lb}`dle fgnc, D}ugv jhgfi( glm }`c occhdle ghblc dzicm `dn,

Hdic }`c hb dle `svjglm `c ugv( V `glc vg} bl }`c jcm blfc nbzc(ugd}dle obz `cz }b ugic s{, @c v}gzcm g} `cz( ublmczdle `bu glechdf bo gubngl `c%m ngzzdcm glm `gm f`dhmzcl ud}`, Hslg ugv `dv jcgs}dosh glech( ud}``cz hble zcm.jhblm `gdz vb ecl}hc glm ogdz, V `c vhc{} vb {cgfcoshht( }`bse` `cfbshm vclvc `cz ndlm ugv g} ugz,

V ccdle v`c ugvl%} ebdle }b jc gugic obz g u`dhc( `c g}c `gho }`c vglmudf`glm vc} }`c b}`cz bl }`c jcmvdmc }gjhc, D} `ch{cm `dv s{vc} v}bngf`, U`g} d}mdml%} `ch{ uczc `dv s{vc} }`bse`}v,




DD

*]`czc nsv} jc vbnc}`dle D fgl mb }b ngic s{ obz nt {gv} ndv}gicv,* Vgjzdlg gllbslfcm( {gfdle }`c ohbbz glm jd}dle `cz hd{,

*U`t lb} fblocvv }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv2* Ftzdp vseecv}cm, *]chh `cz u`g}

tbs }bhm nc, D gn vszc v`c udhh slmczv}glm,* *Slmczv}glm( Ftzdp2 Gzc tbs ngm2* Vgjzdlg v}b{{cm }b ehgzc g} `dn,*Ezglm Ngesv udhh lb} slmczv}glm `bu D }`zcg}clcm V`clgzg ud}` g vcfzc} asv} vb v`c fgl `g c }`c Fztv}gh dl `cz bul Zcghn,*

*Vszc v`c udhh, Tbs ilbu `cz nbzc }`gl D( js} D ilbu tbs Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv,* Ftzdp ezdllcm, *Ghh udhh ubzi bs}( mgzhdle, Tbs udhh vcc,*

Vgjzdlg ozbulcm, *D }`dli lb},* Ftzdp v}bbm }b zsj `cz gznv glm {cfi `cz f`cciv, *Uchh( D }`dli vb, V`c `gv

}b ilbu nbzc gjbs} d} lbu( glm u`b jc}}cz }`gl tbs }b odhh dl }`c eg{v2* Vgjzdlg%v jhgfi.jhsc ctcv nc} `dv zcm blcv, *Gzc tbs vszc2* *[bvd}d c,*

*Vb( u`g} D mdm ud}` V`clgzg ..* *Tbs fbl}zbhhcm d}( fbzzcf}2* @c gvicm glm v`c lbmmcm, *]`czcobzc( d} ugv g

ebbm svc bo Mgzi Ngedf,* *Gzc tbs vszc( }`bse`2* Vgjzdlg gvicm, *V`c dv blc bo }`c nbv} {buczosh

Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv D ilbu( vcfblm blht }b `cz bul }udl, D ubshm lb} ugl} }b ogfc `cz uzg}`,*

*Vgjzdlg( udhh tbs zchgp2* Ftzdp hgse`cm, *Mgzhdle( D `g c lc cz jccl vb vszc bo glt}`dle dl nt hdoc,* @c idvvcm `cz( `bhmdle `cz fhbvc, *D} ghnbv} jcg}v bs} nt gvvszglfc bo tbs,* @c }cgvcm `cz lbvc ud}` g idvv glm g odlecz, *Ghnbv},*

Vgjzdlg odlghht vndhcm, *B`( }`gli tbs Ftzdp'* V`c `seecm `dn, *D lccmcm }`g}'*

*Glt}dnc( gltu`czc( nt vucc},* Ftzdp vndhcm, *Lbu eb( jcobzc tbs hbvc tbsz lcz c,*

G odlgh `g{{t idvv glm Vgjzdlg v`do}cm dl}b g zg cl, Dl nbncl}v( v`c ugv dl }`c vidcv( ohtdle ozcc,

DDD

Hslg mdml%} ilbu u`czc v`c ugv, V `c och} osllt( hdic v`c ugv dl jc}ucclZcghnv, Fbshm v`c jc gl Dl dvdjd}c2 V `c och} vbnc}`dle jsqqdle dl `cz {bfic}(`glmhdle }`c J hgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh,

G` uchh( v`c }`bse`}, Nde`} gv uchh }cv} vbnc bo }`bvc cp{czdncl}gh }`cbzdcv D% c jccl ubzidle bl, Dµhh v}gz} ud}` gv}zgh {zbacf}dbl,

Nbl}`v jcobzc( u`cl V gjzdlg odzv} jzbse`} }`dv hd}}hc Fztv}gh bs} bo `dmdle( v`c fblosvcm Hslg gjbs} `cz Cn{g}`t asv} g hd}}hc, U`cl }`c od cUbbmv% vdv}czv jbslm }bec}`cz }b jcg} V gjzdlg bs} dl }`c jcedlldle( Hslg }zdcm}b gv}zgh {zbacf} }`cl, ]`g} ugv `cz odzv} }dnc glm v`c%m jccl }bb vfgzcm }b }zt d}gegdl, Gv d} ugv( Gzdglg `gm }b ed c `cz vbnc bo `cz bul @cghcz%v Ngedf }b `ch{`cz, V `c mdml%} ugl} }b ngic }`g} ndv}gic gegdl,




G} odzv}( v`c fbshml%} vcc( lbz fbshm v`c vclvc glt}`dle, D} }bbi g ocunbncl}v obz `cz }b vcc }`g} v`c ugv v}glmdle dl `cz bul jcmzbbn, V `glc `gmhco} g {hg}c ud}` `gho g vglmudf` bl }`c }gjhc jt }`c jcm, Hslg zcgf`cm obz d}glm fbshml%} ec} d},

Agfi{b}' Hslg vndhcm( ilbudle v`c ugv odlghht dl fbl}zbh bo jcdle Gv}zgh

[zbacf}cm, ]`c odzv} {hgfc v`c ugl}cm }b eb ugv `cz vdv}cz%v jcmvdmc, @bu }b ec}}`czc2 @bu mdm v`c mb d} jcobzc2Hslg fhbvcm `cz ctcv glm }`bse`} bo `cz }udl%v jcmzbbn, V `c och} }`c

J hgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh `cg} s{ glm }gic `cz gugt, V `c b{clcm `cz ctcv }b vcc`cz }udl vdv}cz( }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl ilbul gv Gzdglg Zcgmdle v}dhh zcv}dle,Hslg vclvcm v`c ugv dl gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df%v @cghdle Fbng( ghnbv} oshht `cghcmglm zcf`gzecm, V `c vclvcm g mdooczclfc dl `cz ogdz vdv}cz }`g} v`c mdml%}slmczv}glm( js} d} ubshm `g c }b ugd} sl}dh Gzdglg ubic s{ obz gl cp{hglg}dbl,Obz lbu( ghh Hslg ilcu ozbn `cz vdv}cz ugv }`c J hbbm.jdlmdle ozbn }`cFbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg mdm vbnc}`dle }b ngic Tbsle Esgzmdgl svc v}cgh}`, V }cgh}`ugv g ict }zgd} dl ghh Muchhcz.idl, @gm Gzdglg gv }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl ilbul

u`g} v`c ugv mbdle ghh ghble( bz mdm d} fbnc }b g vsz{zdvc }b `cz gv uchh2Hslg }zdcm zcgmdle `cz vdv}cz%v ndlm( js} }`c svsgh b{ghcvfcl} `cghdle

zgdljbu bo ngedf ugv v}dhh {zb}cf}dle `cz, V `c v}gzcm g} `cz vdv}cz%v obzn obz gocu ndls}cv( }`dlidle b cz }`c {gv}, V `c odleczcm }`c Fztv}gh dl `cz `glmv( v}dhhublmczdle u`t Gzdglg ubshm ugl} }b svc d}v Mgzi Ngedf, V `c v}dhh ubzzdcm obz}`c cl}dzc ogndht( }`gliv }b }`g} Fztv}gh, ]`g} ugv }`c ngdl zcgvbl Hslgjsvdcm `czvcho c czt ugidle `bsz( hcgzldle ghh v`c fbshm gjbs} d},

Gzdglg ugv }`c {czocf} Glfdcl} Ntv}df( }`c nde`}t glm ublmczosh TbsleEsgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv, V `c ugv v}zble( {buczosh( jcgs}dosh( glmc cztjbmt hbbicm }b `cz obz gm dfc bz obz }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df hdlcv, D} mdml%}ng}}cz }`g} Hslg ugv asv} gv {buczosh( bz jcgs}dosh glm vsf`, D} ugv }`c TbsleEsgzmdgl c cztblc ugl}cm glm gmbzcm, D} ugv ghh jcfgsvc v`c eg c ghh( bz lblc(vgfzdodfdle `cz czt vcho obz g jg}}hc bz glt}`dle v`c jchdc cm dl, V `c }bbi `czzbhc gv Hbzm Esgzmdgl%v vsffcvvbz czt vczdbsvht( ugl}dle }b icc{ ghh Mzcgnczvozbn }`cdz lde`}ngzcv glm ocgzv( lb} }b ncl}dbl c dh hdic Bz}`bv svcm }b jc,

Hslg }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}`, Lbu ugv }`c }dnc }b {gt `cz jgfi obz ghh `czvgfzdodfcv,

J cobzc v`c fbshm fzt( Hslg fhbvcm `cz ctcv glm {zbacf}cm `czvcho }b }`cJ clldle}bl%v, V `c v`b cm }`c Fztv}gh jgfi dl}b `cz {bfic} glm zgdvcm `cz `glm}b ilbfi bl }`c mbbz( blht }b `g c d} b{cl jcobzc `cz,

V `c nc} }`c mgzi ctcv bo Mgzhclc *Zcm V `guh V }gzf`gvcz* J clldle}bl(@de` [zdcv}cvv bo }`c Ngedfi bo }`c J hsc Nbbl Fb cl glm V dczzg *GdzncmV }gzf`gvcz* Ezcebzt%v gsl}, *Uchfbnc jgfi( J hbbm.vdv}cz Gmgzzg,*

Gmgzzg ugv Hslg%v [gegl lgnc( ed cl }b `cz jt Zcm V `guh `czvcho,Bo }`c nglt }dncv v`c%m cl}czcm }`dv `bsvc mszdle }`c mgt( }`dv ugv }`c

odzv} v`c lb}dfcm Zcm V `guh fbndle ozbn }`c v`gmbuv jc`dlm }`c mbbz, Tc}glb}`cz fbnnbl }zgd} bo }`c Muchhcz.idl v`c ugv hcgzldle .. }`cdz ctcv gzcvclvd}d c }b hde`}( g} hcgv} }`bvc bo }`c Ug}f`cz.idl V slmglfczv uczc, ]`g} ogf}glvuczcm g hb} bo wscv}dblv,




*Tbs%zc Muchhcz.idl2* Gmgzzg gvicm gv Zcm V `guh fhbvcm }`c mbbz jc`dlm}`cn,

*]`g}%v zde`},* Zcm V `guh lbmmcm ud}` g vndhc, *Tbs% c nc} }`c Ug}f`cz.idl Gjzg V }gzf`gvcz2* Gmgzzg lbmmcm, *@c%v nt og}`cz, ]`zbse` `dn glm `dvGlfdcl} Ntv}df J blmng}c Nchdlmg( D gn g Ug}f`cz.idl V slmglfcz, Go}cz

V `gmbu }bbi tbs `bnc }b zcfb cz( Slfhc Odzcv}bzn glm Gsl} Cnczghm }bhm ncgjbs} }`c J hbbm.jdlmdle,**@c mdml%} `g{{cl }b }chh tbs u`t D fgnc( mdm `c2**Lb( Gmgzzg( D%n gozgdm lb},* Zcm V `guh vgdm, *D jchdc c `c hco} }`g} obz

tbs,*V `c hcm }`cn mbulv}gdzv( u`czc Gmgzzg fbshm occh }`c {buczv bo }ub

{shvg}dle J bbiv bo V `gmbuv, Dl blc fbzlcz bl g {cmcv}gh ugv g jbbi vdp dlf`cv}`dfi, ]`g} ugv }`c Fb cl%v fbnjdlcm J bbi, Zcm V `guh mdml%} zcgf` obz }`g}blc, Bl }`c fbl}zgzt( v`c fzbvvcm }b }`c b}`cz vdmc bo }`c zbbn obz }`cJ clldle}bl J bbi( u`df` ugv nsf` bhmcz glm nsf` nbzc {b}cl},

Gmgzzg ilcu u`g} {buczv }`g} blc `chm( glm v`c ugv vfgzcm v}doo, ZcmV `ghh `gm v`bul `cz }`g} {gz}dfshgz J bbi nglt }dncv( }chhdle `cz d} `gm jccldl }`cdz ogndht vdlfc jcobzc }dnc jcegl, J gfi }b u`cl Mdgnblm( Cnczghm%vbhmcz Acuch Chmcz.idl Muchhcz jzb}`cz( glm `dv }`cl.lcgz. J blmng}c Fgzhb}}gJ clldle}bl Mzgeblvdlecz$ nc} glm J blmcm,

Gmgzzg v}gzcm g} }`c jbbi( occhdle }`c ugzn}` bo }`c Fztv}gh jsqqdle dl`cz {bfic},

*V b( Gmgzzg( u`g} mb tbs ugl} }b ilbu2* Zcm V `guh gvicm,Gmgzzg }bbi }`c Fztv}gh ozbn `cz {bfic} glm v`bucm d} }b }`c @de`

[zdcv}cvv, *U`g} mb tbs ilbu bo }`dv2* ]`c [zdcv}cvv }bbi d} ozbn Gmgzzg%v `glm glm hc d}g}cm d} dl }`c gdz, *Hc}%v

odlm bs}( v`ghh uc2* ]`c ubncl lb}dfcm }`c fhbvcz }`c Fztv}gh fgnc }b }`c J clldle}bl%v J bbi

bo V `gmbuv( }`c ogv}cz d} v{sl glm u`dzhcm( ed dle boo g jzdhhdgl} ehbu,Zcm V `guh fhbvcm `cz ctcv glm {hgfcm `cz `glmv asv} `de` clbse` obz }`c

{gecv }b }szl ud}` g vdn{hc ug c, Gmgzzg v}gzcm odzv} g} }`c ehbudle jbbi( }`cl}`c ehbudle Fztv}gh( }`cl }b Zcm V `guh%v ehbudle `glmv,

]`c ehbudle v}b{{cm u`cl }`c jbbi obslm g {gec, Gmgzzg `chm `czjzcg}`,

Zcm V `guh {bdl}cm }b g {gec ud}` `cz odlecz glm b{clcm `cz ctcv, V `cvndhcm u`cl v`c vgu u`df` {gec }`c jbbi v}b{{cm g}, *Fbnc glm vcc obz

tbszvcho( jhbbm. V dv}cz,*Gmgzzg ugv zchsf}gl}( js} v`c mdm d} gltugt, ]`c {df}szc bl }`c {gec ugv

g v{`czc ngmc s{ bo vc czgh acuchv( ghh fbhbzv glm ghh ngedfgh, V `c%m vccl d}jcobzc glm zcfbeldqcm d} zde`} gugt, *]`g}%v }`c Mzcgn Zcghn%v V {`czc'* V `cv}gzcm g} Zcm V `guh,

Zcm V `guh v`zseecm, *Slobz}slg}cht( }`g}%v }`c blht }`dle D ilbu gjbs}d},*

Gmgzzg {bs}cm glm gvicm, *Mb tbs ilbu gltblc u`b%m jc gjhc }b `ch{nc2*




*Eb }b }`c blc u`b jzbse`} }`g} Fztv}gh jgfi,* Zcm V `guh vgdm, *]`ct v`bshm ilbu,*

*V gjzdlg'* Gmgzzg u`dv{czcm( ezgjjdle }`c Fztv}gh bs} bo }`c gdz,*]`gliv( Zcm V `guh'*

Ud}` }`g}( v`c mdvg{{cgzcm( `cz gv}zgh.vcho zcabdldle `cz Ezglm Ngesv

vcho dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn,Mgzhclc *Zcm V `guh V }gzf`gvcz* J clldle}bl vde`cm( u`dv{czdle glmb{cldle }`c Muchhcz idl.Fhgl f`gllch dl `cz ndlm }b `cz slfhc, *[hcgvc( icc{ gfhbvc ctc bl `cz Slfhc, D V cc ezg c mgtv obz }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv g`cgm,*

*Tbs `g c bsz ubzm( ldcfc,* Odzcv}bzn glvuczcm,

D_

Vgjzdlg ohcu b cz }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df [zb dlfc glm }`c V`gmt Idlembn(vcgzf`dle obz }`c Ezglm Ngesv, V`c `g{{clcm }b ehglfc g} }`c Ezct Gzcgl Gznt(ud}` `cz mgse`}cz ]cn{cv} hcgmdle g vnghh vwsgm, ]`c Fbn{gldbl Gznt ugv dl

}`cdz mzdhhv( b czhbbicm jt Vdzc ]bjdgv U`d}c.Vlbu%v lcu Vwsdzc [gl}`cz Ezct glm `dv Ilde`} Vdz Cvvcp Fzbuhct, Vgjzdlg fbshm ghvb vcc Hbzm Jtzbl%v Ilde`}v

{zgf}dfdle gzncm glm slgzncm fbnjg} mzdhhv( jb}` bl glm boo `bzvcjgfi,]`g}%v u`g} ubzzdcm `cz lbu, U`g} mdm }`c Bzdedlg}bzv ilbu }`g} v`c

mdml%}2 V`c mdml%} vclvc glt}`dle cpfc{} u`g} `cz jzb}`cz ngt jc {hglldle,Zde`} lbu( d} mdml%} ng}}cz, Ghh }`g} mdm ugv odlmdle }`c Ezglm Ngesv,Vgjzdlg( v}dhh dl `cz zg cl obzn( odlghht obslm `cz u`czc v`c svsghht ugv,

V`c ugv g} }`c Ochdlc _dhhgec( dvd}dle ud}` Hgmt Id}}cl%v Fhgu glm `cz `svjglm Vdzc U`d}c.Vlbu,

Obhhbu nt hcgm( fbsvdl, ]`c zg cl lgncm Vgjzdlg vcl} }b `cz fbsvdl Id}}cl%v Fhgu,

Nsv} uc2 Id}}cl%v Fhgu zgdvcm gl gzn obz `cz }b {czf`,Vgjzdlg glvuczcm ud}` g hbsm VWSGUI' _czt uchh, Hc} sv ec} }`dv b cz ud}` }`cl( v`ghh uc2 Id}}cl%v Fhgu vcl} }b

Vgjzdlg dl `cz ndlm, Bs} hbsm( v`c vgdm, *U`g} mb tbs udv`2* Vgjzdlg v`bbi `cz `cgm, Lb}`dle ozbn tbs, Blht `cz, ]`c zg cl lbmmcm }b

}`c Ezglm Ngesv,Ngic d} wsdfi( }`cl, Id}}cl%v Fhgu vde`cm glm lbmmcm }b Ezglm Ngesv,

*@bhm bs} tbsz gzn( fbsvdl,* Hslg mdm glm }`c Vgjzdlg.zg cl `b{{cm ozbn Id}%v obzcgzn }b `czv, *U`b2* *Hbbi dl}b }`c ctcv( Ezglm Ngesv,* Id} vgdm, *Tbs udhh vcc,* Hslg glm }`c zg cl v}gzcm g} cgf` b}`cz, *Vgjzdlg2* Vgjzdlg vwsguicm

gegdl, *Escvv vb,* Hslg hgse`cm, *Fgl tbs v`do} jgfi2* Vgjzdlg.}`c.zg cl {zcclcm `cz ocg}`czv glm {dficm g} vbnc}`dle slmcz `cz

udle ud}` `cz jcgi,*Vde`, D%hh }gic }`g} gv g lb,* Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm, *Vbnc}`dle }chhv nc

v`c ugl}v }b }ghi }b nc ghblc, D%hh }gic `cz vbncu`czc glm `ch{ `cz v`do} jgfi,* Id}}cl%v Fhgu lbmmcm ud}` g vndhc( hc}}dle `cz blfc.c dh fbsvdl mb `cz

*}`dle,*




Ezglm Ngesv }bbi }`c zg cl Vgjzdlg }b }`c Ochdlc _dhhgec%v Ncgmbuv, V`c ugv fszdbsv u`cl Vgjzdlg `b{{cm boo `cz gzn glm v`do}cm dl ndmgdz }b `cz `sngl obzn dl ozbl} bo `cz ctcv,

*Ugd} g ndls}c( Vgjzdlg,* Ezglm Ngesv v`bbi `cz `cgm, *U`g}%v ebdle bl2 U`t ubshml%} tbs v`do} dl ozbl} bo Id}2*

*Blc zcgvbl,* Vgjzdlg glvuczcm, *D mdm lb} ugl} }`cn }b ilbu( cv{cfdghht ]bjdgv,* *Ilbu u`g}2* Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm, *Ngic d} wsdfi, Tbs ilbu `bu D `g}c

ugv}dle }dnc,* Vgjzdlg esh{cm, *]`czc dv vbnc}`dle D lccm }b }chh tbs,* Ezglm Ngesv ozbulcm( obhmdle `cz gznv, *D%n hdv}cldle,* *D }`zcg}clcm V`clgzg dl}b ed dle tbs }`c Fztv}gh,* *U`g}2 U`t2* Ezglm Ngesv gvicm,*Jcfgsvc D ilbu tbs,* Vgjzdlg vs{{hdcm, *D ilbu `bu tbs gzc ud}` ghh

idlmv bo ngedf, D ilbu( jcfgsvc D ugv }`c vgnc ugt gv uchh( blht mgzicz, ]`g} dv u`t D }bbi }`c Mgzi Ngedf }b d}v mgzicv} fbzlczv, Gv tbs ilbu( D mdm d} ud}` }`c

`ch{ bo }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh glm }`c vcencl}v bo }`c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh,* *U`t gzc tbs }chhdle nc }`dv2* ]`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv vsv{dfdbsv,*Tbs mdm ugl} }b ilbu gjbs} }`c Fztv}gh( fbzzcf}2* Ezglm Ngesv slobhmcm `cz gznv, *Tcv( D escvv vb,* V`c vgdm, *Mdm tbs

ilbu u`g} d} ubshm mb }b bsz ogndht u`cl tbs jzbse`} d} jgfi2 Bsz Cgz}`jbslm ogndht( lb mbsj}2*

*D `gm lb dmcg( `blcv}( Ezglm Ngesv,* Vgjzdlg hbbicm mbul,*Mdm tbs `g c glt dmcg bo }`c Fztv}gh jcdle {gz} bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghn%v

V{`czc2* Ezglm Ngesv gvicm,*Bo fbszvc(* Vgjzdlg lbmmcm, *Nb}`cz }bhm nc d} ugv `bu uc mdv}dlesdv`cm

jc}uccl Fzcg}szcv glm Fbn{gldblv( Mbndldbld}cv glm Mcnblv( Dngedlg}dbl glm {szc Lde`}ngzcv, Nb}`cz fbshm lb} }cgf` sv nsf` go}cz }`g}( cv{cfdghht u`cl }`c Ugzv obz [bucz uczc jcdle obse`},*

*Slmczv}glmgjhc,* *Hc} sv eb }b Nb}`cz glm vcc u`g} chvc v`c ilbuv gjbs} d},* *D gezcc,* Ezglm Ngesv gezccm( f`gledle dl}b g oghfbl gv v`c }bbi ohde`},Vgjzdlg v`do}cm dl}b g zg cl( obhhbudle `cz fbsvdl }b }`c Ezct Gzcg%v V`gmt

Idlembn glm Wsccl Acqcjch,




V}bzt &:1]`c C dh ]udl

]ub nbzc lde`}v bo vhcc{dle dl }`c gznf`gdz jt }`c jcmvdmc glm V `glc%vlcfi gf`cm, @c v}dhh ublmczcm u`t `c fbshml%} vclvc `cz( c cl dl `cz bul

Mzcgn Zcghn, @c mdml%} ugl} }b `sz} `cz glt nbzc }`gl v`c ghzcgmt ubshm jc, ]`c jhbbm.jdlmdle ugv }zdfit ud}` }`c `sngl jhbbmv}zcgn( vb d} ubshm}gic g u`dhc obz `czv }b gmasv} }b d}, @c fgzcvvcm `cz `gdz glm egv{cm, ]`cJ hgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh( glm ghh u`b%m c cz }bsf`cm d}( ugv bl `cz ndlm,

Odeszcm , @c }`bse`} }b `dnvcho, Hslg fbshml%} odlm glt}`dle gjbs} }`g} Fztv}gh vb v`c ugv bl g vfg clecz `sl},

@c och} vbnc}`dle chvc dl `cz ndlm, ]`bse`}v bo }`c tcgzv bo jcdle g{gz}ozbn `cz mcgz }udl `sz} `cz nbzc }`gl glt}`dle chvc,

U`g} ugv `c ebdle }b mb2 ]`c ezcg} V `gmbu Nbzc`bsvc%v ndlm ugvjgoohcm, ]`czc ugv blht blc }`dle `c fbshm mb,

@c ugv ebdle dl, U`dhc v`c ugv v}dhh vhcc{dle( `c ugv ebdle }b Fzsvgmc }b

}`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv }b vcgzf` obz `cz, ]`cl gegdl( u`g} gjbs} }`c jhbbm.jdlmdle2 @c fbshml%} dl}czzs{} `cz

zcfb czdle ozbn d}, Ngtjc `c fbshm asv} gvvsnc {hgt }`c vdhcl}( hb dle Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz `c ugv glm lb} gvi wscv}dblv2

Hdic `chh tbs udhh( V`glc Ndf`gch Nbzc`bsvc' @dv fblvfdclfc fzdcm dl `dvndlm, D} ugv }`c dllcz V `gmbu, ]`c blc }`g} ugv nbzc fbszgecbsv }`gl }`cblc `c ugv lbu, Ec} dl }`czc glm odlm `cz' Tbs gzc }`c blht blc }b `ch{ `cz(glt}dnc( gltu`czc, D}%v tbsz abj gv `cz [zb}cf}bz,

*U`g} do D fgl%} odlm `cz2* V `glc u`dv{czcm }b `dnvcho( gv `c ug}f`cm `czjbmt vhcc{, *U`g} do D `sz} `cz jcobzc }`c jhbbm.jdlmdle dv vc} dl `cz jbmt2*

V}b{ ngidle cpfsvcv glm eb obz d}( ghzcgmt' Cnczghm glm Odzcv}bzn udhh mb }`cdz {gz}( vb tbs `g c }b }gic fgzc bo tbszv,

@c ugv ebdle obz d} lbu( `b} glm mc}czndlcm, Ud}` }ub Muchhcz.idl jt `dvvdmc( }`czc ugvl%} glt}`dle }`g} fbshm {bvvdjht `g{{cl }b `dv V ucc}hdle Hslg,U`dhc v`c ugv v}dhh htdle vdhcl}( `c ugv ebdle }b Fzsvgmc }b }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv glm vcgzf` obz `cz,

]`c blht {zbjhcn ugv( u`b ubshm v}glm jcvdmc `dn u`dhc `c mdm d}2 D}`gm }b jc vbncblc u`b ugv svcm }b vccdle ngedfgh }`dlev `g{{cl( glm `bu }bmcgh ud}` }`cn ud}`bs} {gldfidle,

]`cl d} fgnc }b `dn( glm `c ublmczcm u`t `c `gml%} }`bse`} bo `czjcobzc, @c `cgmcm gfzbvv }`c v}zcc} }b }`c Zcgmdleµv,

*Tbs%zc ebdle }b odlm `cz( gzcl%} tbs2* Obsz}ccl.tcgz.bhm Ichht gvicmu`cl v`c glvuczcm }`c mbbz, @c obhhbucm `cz( v`s}}dle }`c mbbz go}cz }`cn,V `c obhmcm `cz gznv, *Gsl} Hslg, V `c%v ndvvdle2*

*Tbs jc}( idm,* V `glc vs{{hdcm, *Ilbu u`g} }b mb2*Ichht lbmmcm( vghs}dle glm udlidle, *D%n g Fzsvgmcz( }bb, D ilbu u`g} }b

mb, Uc%hh odlm `cz( D {zbndvc,**Hc}%v mb }`dv ghzcgmt,* V `glc vs{{hdcm,




Ichht obhhbucm `dn gfzbvv }`c v}zcc} }b `dv `bsvc glm }b `dv jcmzbbn,Go}cz g nbncl} bo vdhclfc glm `cz v}gzdle g} Hslg( `c `gm }b gvi, *Uchh( idm(u`g} mb tbs vclvc2*

Ichht v}smdcm Hslg%v obzn( g `glm b cz `cz gsl}%v ctcv, * V b nsf`fblosvdbl, V b nsf` bl `cz ndlm, Ozbn }`c Obzec}oshlcvv V {chh vb nglt tcgzv

geb( }b }`c tcgzv bo lb} jcdle ud}` Nbnng, Ozbn `cz bul bjvcvvdbl bo glt idlm bo ngedf( glm lbu }b jcdle g lcu jhbbm. V dv}cz }b Odzcv}bzn, D%n vsz{zdvcmv`c%v lb} ebdle dl b czmzd c,* Ichht vde`cm, *Uchh( D%n `czc obz tbs Slfhc V `glc,

Asv} jc fgzcosh( bigt2*Jc fgzcosh ( v`c vgdm, ]`g} eb} `dv g}}cl}dbl, @c ugv mcodld}cht Fzsvgmdle

}b }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv lbu, *Ug}f` b cz nc2*Ichht lbmmcm,@c hgt bl }`c jcm jcvdmc `dv udoc glm fghhcm }`c Mzcgn F`gl} gv `c `chm

`dv [clmgl}.Hbfic}, Lbu( }b odlm `dv V ucc}hdle,

DD

Vgjzdlg ohcu dl `cz zg cl obzn gv }`c Ezglm Ngesv ohcu dl `cz oghfbl obzn,]`ct }cgvcm cgf` b}`cz jt ohtdle fdzfhcv gzbslm cgf` b}`cz glm fgudle }`cdz hgse`}cz,

]b }`c Ezglm Ngesv( Vgjzdlg%v {szc hgse`}cz ugv ebbm }b `cgz, D} ncgl} `cz fbsvdl ugv vhbuht egdldle vcho.fblodmclfc, ]`g} ghblc ugv g jde v}c{,

Blfc }`ct vgu }`c V`gmt Idlembn Fgv}hc eg}cv( }`ct v`do}cm jgfi dl}b }`cdz nbz}gh obznv, ]`ct obslm Wsccl Acqcjch glm [zdlfcvv ]cn{cv} vubzm

ode`}dle( g Vdgncvc Fbn{gldbl zcoczcc ug}f`dle bl }`c vdmchdlcv,Ezglm Ngesv }bbi Vgjzdlg gvdmc glm `dm }`cn jb}` ozbn dcu, ]`ct

ugd}cm sl}dh }`c zcoczcc fghhcm bs} bo jbslmv bl }`c Wsccl jcobzc jzdledle `czvcho glm Vgjzdlg bs} dl}b }`c b{cl,

*Jzg b [zdlfcvv'* Ezglm Ngesv fhg{{cm( lbmmdle }b }`cn jb}`, *Nt Wsccl,*

*Gtc Nb}`cz, ]`g} ugv g czt v}slldle {zgf}dfc,* Vgjzdlg `seecm ]cn{cv},*]b tbs gv uchh( nt mgse`}cz, D gn czt {zbsm bo tbs,*

]cn{cv} jhsv`cm, *]`gli tbs( Vgjzdlg,* Vgjzdlg udlicm g} `cz( vndhdle, *Glt}dnc( mgzhdle [zdlfcvv,* *V`c hcgzlv wsdfiht( Vgjzdlg,* Acqcjch zc{hdcm( vndhdle, *Asv} hdic vbncjbmt

chvc D ilbu,* Vgjzdlg zcmmclcm glm Ezglm Ngesv fgse`} d},Hc}%v ec} }`dv b cz ud}`( fbsvdl, V`c vcl} }b Ezglm Ngesv( lsmedle `cz,Ezglm Ngesv fhcgzcm `cz }`zbg}, V`c {shhcm }`c Fztv}gh bs} bo `cz {bfic},Acqcjch egv{cm glm ]cn{cv} v}gzcm g} d} dl guc,*Wsccl Nb}`cz(* ]cn{cv} glm Vgjzdlg%v bdfcv cf`bcm( blht }`c [zdlfcvv

clmcm ud}`( *U`g}%v }`g}2 D} dv {zc}}t,* Ud}`bs} }gidle `cz ctcv boo }`c Fztv}gh( Wsccl Acqcjch jgzicm, *]b tbsz

wsgz}czv( ]cn{cv}, Lbu,* *Js}.* *EB'* ]`c Wsccl tchhcm, *Zcdib( }gic `cz,*




]cn{cv} hbbicm }b Vgjzdlg( u`b nc} `cz ctcv glm jbucm,Blfc }`c [zdlfcvv ugv eblc( Acqcjch hbbicm g} }`cn( ozbuldle, *U`t `g c

tbs jzbse`} }`dv jgfi }b nc2 Lbu( bo ghh }dncv2* *Nt g{bhbedcv( nt Wsccl( js} u`g}%v ebdle bl lbu2* Ezglm Ngesv gvicm(

fszdbsv,

*Lb}`dle,* Acqcjch `soocm, *Obzec} D vgdm d}, Obfsv bl u`g} tbs fgnc obz,]`c Fztv}gh2* *]`c Fztv}gh, Zde`},* Ezglm Ngesv vgdm, V`c hbbicm }b Vgjzdlg, *Tbsz }szl,* Vgjzdlg lbmmcm, *Mgndgl b{clcm g {bz}gh }b }`c Gjtvv b cz }`c Zd cz bo

Zcezc},* V`c v}gz}cm, *D vgu d}v zc}szl dl nt dvdbl glm vcgzf`cm obz }`c blc {czvbl D ilcu u`b fbshm `ch{ nc, ]`c Ezglm Ngesv,*

Acqcjch hbbicm }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv, *@bu mdm tbs ec} d} dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn2*

Ezglm Ngesv v`zseecm, *D} ugv ghh }bb cgvt glm vsv{dfdbsv }b nc, V`clgzg asv} eg c d} }b nc, Lb ode`}( lb osvv, Lb}`dle,*

*]`g} dv vsv{dfdbsv,* Wsccl Acqcjch ctcm `cz mgse`}cz, *U`t mb D `g c }`c

occhdle tbs `gm vbnc}`dle }b mb ud}` }`dv2* Vgjzdlg `chm `cz `glmv s{, *D} dv bigt( Wsccl Nb}`cz,* V`c vgdm, *D }zdficm

V`clgzg dl}b ed dle d} }b `cz ud}` lb }zbsjhc bz ode`}dle,* *@bu2* Acqcjch%v bdfc vbo}ht mcnglmcm,Vgjzdlg hbbicm }b `cz occ}, *D svcm Mgzi Ngedf( glm }bhm `cz bo `cz

{gzcl}gec, D }`zcg}clcm }b }chh }`c cl}dzc Zcghn do v`c mdm lb} ed c d} }b sv,* *Mdm d} fbl}zbh tbs( bz tbs bo d}2* Acqcjch gvicm,Vgjzdlg }bbi g jzcg}` glm v}bbm g} g}}cl}dbl, *D `g c oshh fbl}zbh b cz jb}`

Glfdcl} Ntv}df glm Mgzi Ngedfv,* Acqcjch lbmmcm, *_czt ebbm( mgse`}cz,* V`c }szlcm `cz g}}cl}dbl }b }`c

Ezglm Ngesv( u`b ugv ghvb v}dhh v}glmdle g} g}}cl}dbl, *Lbu }`g} tbs `gm d}(u`g} mdm tbs mb ud}` d}2*

*D }bbi d} ud}` nc }b nt Zcghn,* Ezglm Ngesv }bhm `cz, *D% c jccl zcvcgzf`dle d}v {buczv vdlfc,*

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mcv}zbt u`czc }`czc dv hb c( glm hgv}( d}v ngedf dv glfdcl} glm {buczosh,* Ezglm Ngesv cp{hgdlcm, *D obslm D `gm }`c gjdhd}t }b gv}zgh {zbacf}, D ucl} dl }`g} obzn }b

dvd} Tbsle Esgzmdgl( }`cl }`c Jclldle}bl%v,* *Zcm V`guh V}gzf`gvcz,* Acqcjch u`dv{czcm, @cz nbs}` v}gtcm }`dl, *D

vs{{bvc tbs ugl} nc }b ezgl} tbs nbzc }dnc ud}` d} dl bzmcz }b zcvcgzf` glm {zgf}dfc d}v Glfdcl} {buczv2*

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v{chhv }b icc{ d} vgoc dl Ghh }`c Zcghnv bo Ghh }`c Ubzhmv2* Ezglm Ngesv lbmmcm,*U`g} ngicv tbs }`dli d} mbcv lb} `g c glt bl d} lbu2* Acqcjch gvicm,*D ilbu d} mbcvl%}( Wsccl Acqcjch,* Ezglm Ngesv ezdllcm, *D fgzzt d} ozbn

Zcghn }b Zcghn ud}` nc, D%n hcgzldle d}v {buczv glm vcfzc}v, D%n ghvb icc{dle d} gugt ozbn nt Cgz}`jbslm ogndht( vb lbjbmt ec}v `sz},*




Acqcjch v`bbi `cz `cgm, *Tbs v}dhh mb lb} ilbu u`g} tbs gzc ncvvdle ud}`,* V`c vde`cm, *]`g} Fztv}gh( do {s} ud}` }`c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh vcencl}v glm }`c Chcncl}gh Acuchv dl B%Mchh%v Fgv}hc( obzn }`c Mzcgn Zcghnµv V{`czc,]bec}`cz( blht uc Bzdedlg}bzv fbshm fbl}gdl }`c Glfdcl} {buczv ud}`dl,*

Ezglm Ngesv v}gzcm g} }`c Fztv}gh( ezdlldle, *Glfdcl} {buczv( `s`2* V`c

ezgv{cm d} ozbn }`c gdz jcobzc mdvg{{cgzdle dl g fhbsm bo vnbic,Nb}`cz glm mgse`}cz v}gzcm g} }`c v{b}( }`cl cgf` b}`cz,*U`t ubshm tbs ed c `cz }`g} idlm bo dlobzng}dbl( Nb}`cz2* Vgjzdlg gvicm,

*Tbs ilbu `bu v`c dv ud}` ngedf'* Acqcjch ic{} `cz ezdl, *Icc{ gl ctc bl `cz( mgse`}cz, Ngic vszc v`c mbcv

lb} mch c }bb mcc{ dl}b d}v mgzi vcfzc}v,* Vgjzdlg lbmmcm, *Gtc( Wsccl Nb}`cz,* V`c }szlcm }b hcg c( js} ugv

v}b{{cm,*Vgjzdlg,* V`c }szlcm }b `cz nb}`cz%v vndhc( glm ugd}cm,*Uchfbnc `bnc( vucc}`cgz},*

Vgjzdlg ezdllcm glm `cz ogfc zcmmclcm, *]`gli tbs( Nb}`cz,*

DDD

Ezglm Ngesv ugv dl ozbl} bo Hbzm Esgzmdgl%v Fgv}hc dl nbncl}v, Ud}` g ezdl bo `cz bul( v`c ngmc d} }b }`c @ghh u`czc }`c Chcncl}gh Acuchv uczc ic{} slmcz v}zble glm glfdcl} v{chhv,

]`c odzv} }`dle v`c mdm ugv hbbi }b `cz v}goo( glm }`c fztv}gh jghh }`g} ugv g}b{ d}, Go}cz ec}}dle zdm bo }`c jghh( v`c zcgf`cm `cz `glm bs} glm svcm }chcidlcvdv }b zgdvc }`c jsjjhc bo ehgvv }`g} {zb}cf}cm }`c Chcncl}gh Acuchv, Ilbudle v`c fbshm( v`c `ch{cm `czvcho }b }`cn, V`c zcgf`cm obz }`c {`tvdfgh ecnv }`cnvch cv,

]`c cnczghm ezccl acuch( u`df` v}bbm obz }`c Sldfbzl Ngedf glm }`c {bucz bo }`c Cgz}`( ehbucm jzde`} gv d} nc} `cz `glm,

*U`g}%v vb ebbm gjbs} }`c Sldfbzl Ngedf( gltugt2* V`c nsnjhcm }b `czvcho, *Ghh d} mbcv dv ec} tbs dl }zbsjhc,* [hgfdle d} g} }`c `cgm bo `cz v}goo( v`c vgdm, *B` uchh( lcp} df}dn,*

Lcp}( v`c zc}zdc cm }`c jhsc vg{{`dzc acuch( {bucz bo ug}cz glm Nczngedf,]`dzm( {bhgz b{{bvd}c }b }`c vg{{`dzc ugv g tchhbu }b{gq( u`df` `gm }`c {bucz b cz gdz glm Egzebthc Ngedf, ]`c }`zcc acuchv lbu `b czcm b cz `cz v}goo,

]`c }ub }`g} uczc ndvvdle uczc }`c dbhc} gnc}`tv} acuch( u`df` `gm }`c {bucz b cz v{dzd} glm Fbn{gldbl Ngedf glm `cz og bzd}c( }`c zcm zsjt, ]`c Zsjt `gm }`c {bucz b cz odzc( ugv {bhgz }udl }b }`c cnczghm glm udhm ud}` Mzgebl Ngedf,

V`c `chm }`c Zsjt dl `cz `glmv glm }`bse`}, Fbshm }`dv jc u`t D%n vbnsf` mgzicz ud}` nt Ngedf }`gl Gzdglg2 Dv d} jcfgsvc uc%zc {bhgz b{{bvd}cv2Dv }`g} ghvb u`t D ugv vb cgecz }b jc Odzcv}bzn%v jhbbm. J bslm V dv}cz2 Obz }`czsv` bo {bucz D och} u`cl `c mdm }`c J blmdle2

V`c v`zseecm `cz v`bshmczv( {hgfdle }`c Zsjt ud}` }`c b}`cz }`zcc g}b{ `cz v}goo,




Dl `cz Ezglm Ngesv zbjcv glm fgzztdle `cz v}goo( v`c vc} bs} obz }`c b}`cz C dh.}t{c fztv}gh }b jzdle }`c Mzcgn Zcghn%v V{`czc }bec}`cz g} hgv},

Vg}dvodcm ud}` `cz odlmv( v`c ucl} }b }`c Slmczezbslm Fg cv }b g vcfzc} {hgfc v`c ilcu }`c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh vcencl}v ubshm jc,

Tcgzv geb( }`c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh( dl d}v od c vcencl}v glm svcm jt

Vgjzdlg( ugv }`c {bucz glm ghnbv} mcv}zsf}dbl bo }`c Fzsvgmcz }cgn glm }`cdz Fbn{gldbl ozdclmv, Lbu( `buc cz( }`c Ezglm Ngesv lccmcm d} }b mb u`g} Acqcjch vgdm d} ubshm, V`c ugl}cm d} }b fbn{hc}c }`c Mzcgn Zcghn V{`czc( svdle d} }b {gt jgfi c czt vgfzdodfc Tbsle Esgzmdgl `gv ngmc b cz }`c tcgzv, Jt udchmdle }`c V{`czc%v gucvbnc {buczv( d} ugv `cz ugt bo vgtdle v`c ugl}cm bs} bo `cz v`gmbu bo jcdle }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl%v }udl vdv}cz, V`c ghugtv ugl}cm `cz bul dmcl}d}t( glm lbu( ud}` }`c V{`czc( v`c fbshm mb d},

Asv} gv v`c }b{{cm }`c odo}` glm odlgh vcencl} bo }`c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh dl `cz `glm( v`c `cgzm g bdfc jc`dlm `cz,

*U`g} gzc tbs {hglldle( fbsvdl2* D} ugv Mgndgl glm `c ugv vndhdle,Ezglm Ngesv }szlcm go}cz {hgfdle ghh js} blc {dcfc bo }`c V{`czc g}b{ `cz

V}goo dl `cz Fztv}gh Jghh%v {hgfc, *G jsvdlcvv }`g} dv lblc bo tbszv,* *Fs}c(* Mgndgl f`sfihcm, *Lbu }chh nc }`c }zs}`, Tbs hb c }`c }cn{}dle {shh

bo }`c Mgzi Ngedf%v {bucz,* @c v`zseecm, *Ghnbv} gv nsf` gv tbs hb c }`g} {g}`c}df ng}c bo tbszv( V`gmbu,*

*Vg c }`c esdh} egnc obz vbncblc u`b fgzcv,* Ezglm Ngesv jgzicm(fblaszdle g odzcjghh dl `cz {ghn, *Slhcvv tbs hdic tbsz vbsh jgzjcfscm( D vseecv} tbs hcg c,*

Mgndgl fbshm blht hgse`, *]`dv dv zdf`( Ghslg, Tbs }gsl}dle nc2 * @c mglfcm gzbslm `cz, *Fhgvvdf'*

U`cl v`c eb} }`c v`b}( v`c v}zc}f`cm bs} `cz gzn( }`zbudle `dn gl dl dvdjhc {slf` }`g} obzfcm `dn jgfi.odzv} dl}b }`c lcgzcv} }zcc, Svdle }`c b}`cz `glm( v`c {hgtcm ud}` }`c odzcjghh, *@bu vbbl uc obzec}2* V`c v}gz}cm( gdndle obz }`c v{b} b cz `dv `cgm( g ugzldle v`b}, *Lb blc fghhv nc Ghslg( tbs eb} }`g}2* Clczet fbszvcm }`zbse` `cz jbmt glm }`c bs}v}zc}f`cm `glm( vwsccqdle `dv lcfi ozbn gogz,

*F`bidle nc dv lb} ebdle }b vbh c glt}`dle,* Mgndgl zc{hdcm `bgzvcht,*]zsc( js} d} ngicv nc occh jc}}cz,* Ezglm Ngesv fzbbicm `cz `cgm glm

odzcm }`c odzcjghh v`b},Blc vucc{ bo `cz `glm glm }`c `bhm bl `dv lcfi dv zchcgvcm,Mgndgl vndhcm,*U`g} gzc tbs vndhdle gjbs}2* Ezglm Ngesv vndzicm,*]`c zsv` bo Mgzi Ngedf,* Mgndgl vgdm, *Mb tbs lb} hb c d}2 Occh d} fbszvdle

}`zbse` tbsz czt vidl mbul }b tbsz vbsh2* @c }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm hc} d} bs},*G`( }`c }`zdhhdle {shvc bo }`c mgzicv} bo Mgzi Ngedf,* @c u`dv{czcm dl `cz cgz,*Mbcv d} lb} occh ezcg}2 Vb ozcc glm vg}dvotdle( dv d} lb}2 Mdm tbs ilbu2*

*Tcv( Mgndgl( D ilcu, D ilcu }`c Mgzi Ngedf ugv gn{hdodcm jt }`c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh vcencl}v,* Ezglm Ngesv fzbvvcm `cz gznv, *Hcgzlcm }`g} g hble }dnc geb( }`gliv }b tbs,*

*C cz ilbul }`c oshh occhdle bo svdle Mgzi Ngedf( Ezglm Ngesv2*




*Tcv( glm D mbl%} fgzc }b %hcgzl% gltnbzc ozbn tbs( fbsvdl,* Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm, V`c fblaszcm glb}`cz odzcjghh, *D vseecv} tbs hcg c( jcobzc D }bgv} tbs,*

Mgndgl v}c{{cm jgfi glm zgdvcm `dv `glmv dl vszzclmcz, *Odlc( js} D hcg c tbs ud}` g ugzldle, Jc fgzcosh ud}` tbsz mgzicv} }`bse`}v glm occhdlev gzbslm }`g} Fztv}gh,*

Ud}` }`g}( `c ugv eblc,*B`( D%hh jc fgzcosh( fbsvdl,* Ezglm Ngesv vlcczcm slmcz `cz jzcg}`, V`c ilbficm `cz v}goo bl }`c ohbbz jcobzc mdvg{{cgzdle }b blc bo }`c nglt Zcghnv dl Ghh }`c Ubzhmv dl g }`dfi fhbsm bo dlmdeb vnbic,

]`bse` v`c och} }`c zsv`( v`c mdml%} vcc `cz ctcv }szldle mcc{( mgzi zcm,




V}bzt1 &61 Gl Glfdcl}%v V {chh

Mczzdfi Zcgmdle( ilbul dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv gv }`c [zb}cf}bz glm Tbsle Esgzmdgl%v fblvbz}( ugv {cc cm, Lb} g} `dv hb c( js} `cz }udl glm `dv jcv} ozdclm

}`c Ezglm Ngesv,]`czc `gm jccl {hcl}t bo }dncv v`c%m mdvg{{cgzcm ozbn }`cdz {g}zbhv glm `c%m `gm }b eb g} }`cn ghblc, Dl jb}` Zcghnv( v`c gf}cm v}zglec glm wsdc}( hbfidle `czvcho s{ dl `cz v}smt ud}` }`g} v}s{dm Fztv}gh,

]`g}%v lb} u`g} gleczcm `dn }`c nbv}, U`g} `gm ugv `c%m jccl ubzidle dl b czmzd c vdlfc Gzdglg ucl} dl}b g `cghdle v{chh, Jc}uccl jcdle g mc}cf}d c bl }`c Zgt Fbsl}t [bhdfc obzfc( g og}`cz bo obsz( v}c{og}`cz bo blc glm [zb}cf}bz.`svjglm }b g jcgs}dosh {czocf} ubngl( `c ugv zslldle zgeecm,

C cl }`c `bzvc jclcg}` `dn vde`cm,*U`g} jb}`czv tbs( [zb}cf}bz2* ]`c Fbn{gldbl v}ghhdbl Vslhbzm( ldfilgncm

Vsllt( gvicm,

]`ct uczc bl }`c ogndhdgz }zgdhv( ghblc gegdl, Ezglm Ngesv `gm jccl eblc obz g u`dhc( hcg dle }`c [zb}cf}bz glm Vslhbzm }b ode`} mcnblv glm Mbndldbld}cv(f`dhmzcl%v ocgzv glm lde`}ngzcv,

]`c [zb}cf}bz vde`cm,*Gzc tbs bigt( N%Hbzm [zb}cf}bz2* ]`c V}ghhdbl gvicm( ubzzdcm,@c `chm }`c zcdlv }`g} `gm lb jd}, Fbn{gldbl `bzvcv uczc blht `gho.cwsdlc

gv ghh Fzcg}szcv dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv uczc }`cdz `gho.fzcg}szc vch cv, Vslhbzm lccmcm lb jd} }b icc{ `dn dl hdlc bz bl }`c zde`} }zgdhv,

*D udhh jc( blfc }`dv dv ghh b cz,* ]`c [zb}cf}bz vs{{hdcm,*D} ugv nt slmczv}glmdle }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv ugv b cz,* Vslhbzm

zc{hdcm,*B`( d} dv,* ]`c [zb}cf}bz }bhm `dn, *Js} }`g}%v lb} u`g}%v jb}`czdle nc,* *Tbsle Esgzmdgl ec}}dle uchh2* *Lb .. D ncgl( tcv( v`c%v ec}}dle uchh( glm lb( v`c%v lb} }`c {zbjhcn,* ]`c

[zb}cf}bz lsmecm }`c `bzvc }b v}b{, *D}%v `cz vdv}cz }`c Ezglm Ngesv, ]`c hgv} D ilcu( v`c ugv zcvcgzf`dle }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh,*

Mczzdfi fbshm vclvc Vsllt%v v`do}dle( js} ugvl%} gjhc }b fg}f` `dnvcho jcobzc oghhdle }b }`c {dhc bo hcg cv jchbu `dn,

*V`c U@G]2* Vsllt lcgzht tchhcm,Mczzdfi jzsv`cm `dnvcho boo glm ugd}cm sl}dh Vsllt ugv `dv `gho.`bzvc

obzn jcobzc vgtdle, *D `g}c d} u`cl tbs mb }`g},* *Tbs v`bshm ilbu nt v`do}v jt lbu( [zb}cf}bz,* Vsllt fzbvvcm `dv gznv

glm lbmmcm ud}` g vnse hbbi dl `dv ctcv,*Uchh( fbshm tbs g} hcgv} ugzl nc u`cl tbs mb }`g}2* Vsllt vndhcm, *D ngic lb {zbndvcv( lb} c cl }b tbs( Hbzm,* *Lc cz ndlm( `bzvc,* ]`c [zb}cf}bz ezsnjhcm, *Tbs ugl} }b ilbu u`t v`c

}bbi d} }b nt Zcghn( mbl%} tbs2* Vsllt jzcg}`cm g `bzvc.hdic vde`( glm }`cl hdv}clcm gv }`c [zb}cf}bz }bhm

`dv }ghc, @c {gfcm( }`dlidle gv }`c [zb}cf}bz hcglcm gegdlv} g }zcc ud}` `dv gznv fzbvvcm( ctcv fhbvcm( `cgm mbul glm blc obb} bl }`c }zcc }zsli,




U`cl `c ugv odldv`cm( Vsllt gvicm, *Gzc uc ebdle }b odldv` {g}zbhhdle bz u`g}2*

*Lb,* ]`c [zb}cf}bz v`bbi `dv `cgm, *Uc vcci }`c Ezglm Ngesv obz glvuczv odzv},*

*Vuchh dmcg( jzb}`cz( js} d} ubl%} ubzi,* ]`ct `cgzm g bdfc jc`dlm }`cn, D}

ugv }`c V`gmbu, Go}cz lbmmdle `dv ezcc}dlev }b }`cn jb}`( `c ucl} bl, *V`c%v lbu`czc }b jc obslm, D% c Fzsvgmcm glm D fgl%} vclvc `cz gltu`czc,* *Ngtjc v`c dv jgfi dl tbsz Zcghn2* Vsllt v`zseecm,*]`c Clf`gl}cm F`dhm ubshm% c fghhcm nc jgfi do }`g} ugv }`c fgvc,*

V`gmbu vgdm,*U`t ubshm v`c `g c }b v}glm esgzm b cz tbs2* ]`c [zb}cf}bz gvicm,

*Tbs% c jccl mbdle }`dv idlm bo }`dle vdlfc D% c ilbul tbs,* *D lccmcm `cz dl fgvc vbnc}`dle ngedfgh `g{{clcm( bz }`c Ezglm Ngesv

ngmc d} jgfi jcobzc D mdm,* Go}cz g nbncl}( Mczzdfi lbmmcm,*Lb} }b ncl}dbl v`c%v gf}cm v}zglec hg}cht,*

*D }`dli D ilbu u`t,* Mczzdfi vgdm,*D%n hdv}cldle,* *V`c `gv }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh,* @c vgdm( ug}f`dle `dv ozdclm%v

zcgf}dbl, *Hgv} D ilcu( v`c ugv zcvcgzf`dle d},* *Vb }`g}%v u`g} D vclvcm vb udhmht'* V`gmbu u`dv{czcm slmcz `dv jzcg}`,

@c hbbicm jgfi s{ g} }`c msb, *Uchh( u`g} gzc uc ebdle }b mb gjbs} d}2* Vsllt v{bic s{, *@g c tbs }zdcm }gidle d} gugt ozbn `cz2* V`gmbu hgse`cm, *Tbs mbl%} ilbu }`c Ezglm Ngesv czt uchh( mb tbs(

cwsdlc2 D}%v cgvdcz vgdm }`gl mblc,* @c vs{{hdcm, *U`cl nt udoc ec}v `czvcho dl g {bucz zcvcgzf`( cv{cfdghht blc hdic }`g} Fztv}gh( }`czc%v lb v}b{{dle `cz,*

*D ugv gozgdm bo }`g},* Mczzdfi vde`cm, *Tbs vgt v`c%v gf}dle v}zglec g} `bnc( glm uc ilbu v`c%v mbdle }`c vgnc `czc, Tbs%zc `cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz(V`gmbu( mb tbs `g c glt dmcg u`czc v`c fbshm jc `dmdle2*

V`glc `gm }b v`zse, Obz blfc( lb} c cl V`gmbu Nbzc`bsvc `gm g fhsc,

DD

U`cl Hslg zc}szlcm `bnc }b }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( d} ugv uchh {gv}ndmlde`}, V `c gubic }b odlm V `glc vhcc{dle jcvdmc `cz glm Ichht gvhcc{ dl gf`gdz jcvdmc }`c jcm,

U`g}%v v`c mbdle `czc2 V `c }`bse`} }b `czvcho,Gv v`c odldv`cm }`c }`bse`}( Ichht nb cm( ugidle s{, V `c zsjjcm `cz

ctcv,*Gsl} Hslg'* V `c u`dv{czcm( blfc zcghdqdle V `gmbu ugv v}dhh gvhcc{,

*Tbs%zc bigt'*Go}cz g ndls}c( Hslg `seecm `cz ldcfc, *Tcv( Ng%gn( D%n bigt,**Do tbs%zc `czc( u`t mbcvl%} `c ugic s{2* ]`c f`dhm gvicm,*U`g} mb tbs ncgl2* Hslg ugv fblosvcm,*Mdml%} `c odlm tbs glm jzdle tbs `bnc2* Ichht gvicm, Hslg v`bbi `cz

`cgm, *@c Fzsvgmcm }b odlm tbs, Mdml%} tbs ncc} s{ ud}` `dn2*




*D%n gozgdm lb}( Ich,* Hslg vs{{hdcm, V `c }g{{cm }`c edzh%v v`bshmcz, *D}%v}`c ndmmhc bo }`c lde`}, U`t mbl%} D cvfbz} tbs `bnc2*

*D fgl eb jt ntvcho( Gsl} Hslg,* Ichht vgdm,*Do tbs mbl%} ndlm( D ugl} }b f`cfi bl tbsz Nbnng,* Hslg vndzicm(

hcgmdle `cz bs} bo }`c zbbn, *Dv }`g} bigt ud}` tbs2*

Ichht ezdllcm,

Dl ndls}cv( Ichht ugv {s} }b jcm s{v}gdzv, J cobzc `cgmdle }b `cz vdv}cz%vzbbn( Hslg f`cficm bl }`c b}`cz f`dhmzcl, D} ugv u`cl v`c f`cficm bl }`cjgjt ]`cbmbzc }`g} v`c eb} g jzde`} vsz{zdvc,

]`cbmbzc%v gszg ugv ehbudle ezccl( }`c fbhbz bo Sldfbzl Ngedf,V `c }bsf`cm }`c dlogl}%v f`cci( occhdle }`c ugzn `cg} bo clczet, *U`g}

vcfzc}v mb tbs `bhm( hd}}hc blc2*Bo fbszvc( }`c jgjt ubshml%} glvucz, V `c hco} }`c lszvczt }`cl( vbo}ht

fhbvdle }`c mbbz jc`dlm `cz, V `c `cgmcm }b `cz vdv}cz%v zbbn g} hgv}, ]`c mbbz ugv b{cl glm Mczzdfi ugv ogv} gvhcc{ jcvdmc `cz, Hslg ubshm

`g c }b jc fgzcosh lb} }b ugic `dn,Hslg%v g}}cl}dbl ucl} }b `cz }udl, ]`czc ugv g ugzn b{ghcvfcl} udlm

vszzbslmdle `cz jbmt( `cz Gnshc} mbdle d}v abj jt {zb}cf}dle glm `cghdle `czgv v`c zcv}cm, V `c svcm `cz fhgdz btglfc }b odlm }`c cn{g}`df hdli Gzdglg `gmobzecm ud}` `cz u`cl Hslg ugv dhh ozbn `cz odzv} }zt g} Gv}zgh [zbacf}dbl,

]g{{dle dl}b d}( v`c }bbi `cz vdv}cz%v `glm glm obslm `czvcho `bbicm dl g dvdbldlv}cgm,

½Gzc tbs vszc tbs gzc bigt( Tbsle Esgzmdgl2³ Ftzdp hbbicm fhbvcz g} `cz,½Tbs hbbi {ghc,³

½D ghzcgmt vgdm D ubshm jc,³ V`c vlg{{cm,]`c zcm ehbu dl `cz ctcv ugv slndv}gigjhc, ]`c zcm ehbu bo }`c Muchhcz.

idl jhbbm hsv}( blht ucgiclcm, Ftzdp jhgncm }`c Fbsl}cvv glm `cz Jdlmdle }`c }ub bo }`cn }bec}`cz,

½D ugv blht v`budle fblfczl obz tbs( nt Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ Ftzdp ngzf`cm bl,

V`c delbzcm `dn( obhhbudle dl `dv v}zdmcv,@c fbshm v}dhh vclvc vbnc}`dle uzble ud}` `cz( js} `c mdmlµ} ugl} }b

mdvzcv{cf} `cz, V`c ugv `dv Tbsle Esgzmdgl( g Mzcgn Zcghn Fzsvgmcz glm Hbzm Esgzmdglµv vsffcvvbz, @c fbshmlµ} asv} v{cgi `dv ndlm gzbslm `cz, U`g} do v`c zcgf}cm }`c vgnc gv }`c Nczf`gl} bz }`c Ngv}cz2

@dv }`bse`}v uczc jzbicl u`cl `c vnchhcm vbnc}`dle bl }`c udlmv, @c v}b{{cm dl `dv }zgfiv( fb czdle Tbsle Esgzmdgl ud}` gl gzn gv `c {zc{gzcm }b mcoclm `cz,

½Ftzdp( u`g}2³ ½V}ghicz,³ Ftzdp }bhm `cz vdn{ht, ½Blht( g mzgebl gv uchh,³ ½Mb tbs }`dli d} fbshm jc Jghbz2³ Ftzdp }szlcm }b `cz ctcv, ½D} czt uchh fbshm jc,³




Tbsle Esgzmdgl lbmmcm glm v}c{{cm jcvdmc `dn, ½Mdm tbs ugl} }b }chh `dn uc ilbu `cµv `czc( bz v`bshm D2³

Ftzdp fbshm vcc }`c `g}c dl `cz ctcv, ½Jt ghh ncglv( tbs bs}zgli nc( Tbsle Esgzmdgl, Jc nt escv},³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl v}c{{cm dl ozbl} bo `dn glm ochh dl}b g ode`}dle v}glfc(

{buczosh v`bz}.vubzm g} }`c zcgmt {bvd}dbl, ½Fbnc bs} u`bc cz tbs gzc( V}ghicz' ]`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl mcnglmv d}'³ Bs} bo }`c v`gmbuv bo ndv} ughicm g ngl ud}` `bhhbu jhgli ctcv(

mcfgtdle oglev( v}zdlet jhgfi `gdz `chm dl g `bzvcµv }gdh glm g hbbi bl `dv ogfc }`g} ngmc nbv} v`d cz }b ehglfc g},

Tbsle Esgzmdgl {bvcm( zcgmt obz gf}dbl,½Tbs gzc }`c dlognbsv Tbsle Esgzmdgl2³ ]`c V}ghicz hgse`cm( v`budle

zcfcmdle esnv glm g jhbbm.zcm }`zbg}, @c vgsl}czcm fhbvcz }b }`cn, ½Dlmccm( blht g tbsle Glfdcl} Ntv}df f`dhm,³

Ftzdp ugvlµ} v}s{dm, @c v}bbm `dv esgzm gv uchh( dl `dv bul v}glfc( asv} ugd}dle obz }`c V}ghicz }b g}}gfi( bz }zt }b g}}gfi, @c ugvlµ} gjbs} }b hc} `dn `sz} bz

c cl }bsf` Tbsle Esgzmdgl u`dhc `c ugv gzbslm,]`c V}ghicz vgu `dn nb c, ½D zcncnjcz tbs( Mbndldbld}c,³ @c zcngzicm

ud}` g vlccz, ½Blc bo Bz}`bvµ fzbldcv( ebdle jt }`c lgnc bo Ftzdp2³ Ftzdp svcm `dv ngedf }b fblaszc g hblejbu dl `dv `glmv, ½U`g} bo d}(

V}ghicz2³ @c ezbuhcm, ½U`b gzc tbs2³ ]`c V}ghicz {hgfcm g `glm }b `dv f`cv} glm jbucm `dv `cgm( vgtdle, ½D gn

Jghbz( {zb}äeä }b }`c ezcg} V}ghicz hcgmcz Fzsfdv,³ ½D mcv}zbtcm Fzsfdv dl }`c Ugz( mdm tbs ilbu }`g}2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl

ezbuhcm,Jghbz lbmmcm( vndhdle g dfdbsv vndhc, @dv ctcv }szlcm mgzicz }`gl }`ct

ghzcgmt uczc,½Tbs }`dli tbsµzc vfgzt2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl hgse`cm udficmht, ½D gvvszc

tbs, Tbs gzc lb}`dle D fglµ} `glmhc,³ ]`c blht nb cncl}v cd}`cz Tbsle Esgzmdgl bz Ftzdp vgu ozbn Jghbz uczc

zgdvcm gznv jcobzc `c ngmc `dv v{hd}.vcfblm g}}gfi,Hgse`dle( Tbsle Esgzmdgl asv} v}c{{cm bs} bo }`c ugt( asv} gv ogv}, V`c

{zc}clmcm }b tgul, V`c f`sfihcm }b `czvcho( v`gidle `cz `cgm, ½Fbnc bl( Jghbz(tbs fgl mb jc}}cz }`gl }`g}'³

Ftzdpµv ctcv udmclcm, U`g} }`c `chh ugv }`g}2 Mdm v`c asv} svc v}cgh}`2Blc bo }`c }zgmcngzi nb cv bo g Muchhcz.idl2 @c ublmczcm }b `dnvcho,

]`c nb cncl}v glm nb}dblv bo jb}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Jghbz ucl} vb ogv}( Ftzdp fbshmlµ} fg}f` s{, Lbz fbshm `c ec} g ebbm hbbi g} Jghbz dl bzmcz }b ozccqc `dn, Ghh Ftzdp fbshm mb ugv v}glm }`czc ud}` `dv hblejbu g} }`c zcgmt, @c zcghht ugl}cm }b mb vbnc}`dle u`dhc }`ct uczc ode`}dle dl hde`}ldle v{ccm( js} `c fbshmlµ} ec} g ubzm bz nb cncl} dl cmecudvc,

U`g}c cz dv ebdle bl ud}` `cz( D `b{c v`c fgl `glmhc `dn ghblc, Ngt }`cFbsl}cvvµv jhbbm `ch{ `cz ud}` }`dv V }ghicz.Mzgebl,

Tbsle Esgzmdglµv vfzcgn jzbse`} `dn bs} bo `dv }`bse`}.}zglfc,




D} ghvb jzbse`} Hslg bs} bo `czv, ]`c v`bfi bo }`c vfclc ngmc Hslg egv{bs} bo `cz dvdbl, V `c v}gzcm g} `cz }udl( v}c{{dle jgfi, V `c mdml%} ilbu u`g}}b }`dli bo u`g} v`c asv} vgu, Tbsle Esgzmdgl svcm }`c czt V }cgh}` }`g}mcodlcm Muchhcz.idl,

U`g} `gm Mzgfbzg mblc }b tbs2 Hslg nsvcm ud}` g vde`,

]`c vgnc D mdm }b tbs, Fgnc Odzcv}bzn%v bdfc dl `cz `cgm, ]`bse` v`cugvl%} svcm }b d}( d} ugv g uchfbnc blc, V`c jbslm Tbsle Esgzmdgl }b `czvcho mszdle }`c Nbz}ghhgl Ugz nglt tcgzv geb,

Mbcv }`g} ncgl uc%zc Muchhcz.idl lbu2 Hslg v}bbm jgfi dl mdvjchdco,Zchgp( jhbbm.Vdv}cz, D} ugv Cnczghm%v vbo} bdfc }`dv }dnc, ]`czc dv lb lccm

}b ocgz,Uc gzc blht hdlicm ndlm.}b.ndlm( vb uc fgl icc{ gl ctc bl tbs v`bshm

tbs zsl dl}b glt nbzc V}ghiczv, Odzcv}bzn vs{{hdcm, ]`c }`bse`} jzbse`} `cz jgfi }b `cz vclvcv( glm u`g} v`c vgu,Gzc ghh V}ghiczv hdic Jghbz2 Vbnc gzc ubzvc, Cnczghm zc{hdcm, Nsf` ubzvc,

Hslg ilcu u`g} v`c `gm }b mb, Dl bzmcz obz lb}`dle hdic }`g} }b c cz`g{{cl gegdl( v`c `gm }b mb vbnc}`dle mzgv}df,

V `c `gm }b svc }`c Mzcgn Zcghn%v V {`czc,Svdle }chcidlcvdv( v`c fblaszcm `cz v}goo( u`df` `gm obsz Chcncl}gh

Fztv}ghv( }`c fbn{hc}c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh glm lbu }`c J hgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh{s} }bec}`cz }b obzn }`c Mzcgn Zcghn V {`czc, ]`c blht blc ndvvdle ugv }`cV {dzd} Fztv}gh( u`df` `sle gzbslm `cz vdv}cz%v Gnshc} lcfihgfc,

V `c v}gzcm g} }`c V {`czc glm }`bse`} bo `bu }b svc d},Blfc vclvdle `cz dl}cl}dblv( Cnczghm fzdcm dl `cz ndlm, U`g} gzc tbs

}`dlidle2 Tbs fbshm idhh tbszvcho( bz ubzvc( tbsz cl}dzc ogndht' Hslg jhbficm `cz bs}( delbzdle }`c ugzldle, Dl }`g} fgvc( D mb u`g} D nsv},V `c ilbficm `cz v}goo }b }`c ohbbz( f`gledle }b `cz Ezglm Ngesv zbjcv

ud}` g ug c bo `cz gznv,V `c hbbicm g} `cz vdv}cz%v vhcc{dle obzn blfc gegdl,U`g}c cz D mdm }b `sz} tbs dl }`c {gv}( D%n vbzzt, Ezglm Ngesv }zdcm

vclmdle }chc{g}`dfghht, Blfc v`c och} `cz vdv}cz hdv}cldle ozbn gogz( v`cfbl}dlscm, D `gm }b icc{ bsz ogndht glm ngedf g vcfzc} ozbn tbs sl}dh uc uczc jb}` zcgmt }b gffc{} d} }bec}`cz blfc gegdl, D}%v nt ogsh} D `gm }b ed c tbs }`c Obzec}oshlcvv V{chh u`cl uc uczc od c, Nt odzv} {zcnbld}dbl szecm nc }b, D%n asv} vbzzt tbs `gm }b eb }`zbse` nbv} bo tbsz f`dhm`bbm }`dlidle tbszvcho g ozcgi glm gl bz{`gl, D `b{c u`g} D%n gjbs} }b mb udhh ngic d} s{ }b tbs,

Ozbn }`c fbzlcz bo `cz ctc( v`c fbshm vcc }`c V {`czc ehbudle jzde`},Hbbidle g} `cz vdv}cz%v Gnshc}( v`c vgu }`c B{ghcvfcl} V {dzd} Fztv}gh ehbudle, D}ugv }dnc,

V `c zcgf`cm `cz ozcc `glm bs}( fghhdle s{bl }`c {buczv bo }`c V {`czc,V `c och} }`c ugzn}` dl `cz `glmv glm g v{chh fgnc }b ndlm,

*D jzdle ud}` nc }`dv nbz}gh `bsz(*G v{`czc bo ngedfgh Mzcgn Zcghn {bucz,




*]b {gt jgfi u`g} ugv ed cl ozcc(*Blc vdv}cz }b glb}`cz( nt }udl }b nc,*

Hslg b{clcm `cz ctcv glm vgu }`c zgdljbu ehbu vszzbslmdle }`cn jb}`.. g zdjjbl bo }bsf`t ngedf ozbn glb}`cz Zcghn,

V b }bsf`t( d} ubic Ichht glm `cz tbslecz vdjhdlev,*Eb jgfi }b jcm tbs estv,* V `c }bhm }`cn dl g u`dv{cz, *Hc} nc `glmhc

}`dv,**J s} Ichht'* ]`c }udlv Ngzi glm Glmzcu f`bzsvcm,*Lb js}v( tbs estv,* Ichht v`bbi `cz `cgm, *]gic Nchbmt jgfi }b jcm glm

`cgm }`czc tbszvch cv,*U`g} gjbs} Nbnnt glm Gsl}dc Hslg2 Nchbmt gvicm dl `cz vdv}cz%v ndlm,Go}cz `seedle `cz( Ichht vs{{hdcm, *D%hh }gic fgzc bo d}( bigt2 Eb jgfi }b

jcm lbu( {hcgvc2**Guc( ngl'* }`c }udlv f`bzsvcm( ud}` Ngzi }gidle Nchbmt%v `glm glm

hcgmdle }`cn jgfi }b }`cdz vc{gzg}c zbbnv }b uchfbnc vhcc{ gegdl, Ichht fbshmvucgz v`c `cgzm Ngzi nsnjhc slmcz `dv jzcg}`( *Uc lc cz ec} }b `g c glt osl,*

G} }`g}( Ichht vde`cm glm `cgmcm }b `cz Nbnng%v zbbn, G} }`c mbbzugt(v`c fbshm occh vbnc}`dle }seedle g} `cz czt vbsh( glm v`c fbshm occh vbnc}`dlebmm `g{{cldle ud}`dl `cz, Ilcchdle }b }`c ohbbz( v`c mbsjhcm dl {gdl, ]`c }cgzvfzc{} }b `cz ctcv( vdhcl} }cgzv lb} blht obz `czvcho( js} c czt ncnjcz bo }`cGlfdcl} Ntv}df ogndht,

V`gmbu' [zb}cf}bz' Tbsle Esgzmdgl' Ichht vcl}( `b{dle `cz slfhc%v glmv}c{og}`cz%v bul {czvblgv ubshm `cgz( bz g} hcgv} occh }`c {gdl }`g} ugv ebdle}`zbse` ghh Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv, Ezglm Ngesv dv jgfi dl bsz Zcghn' [hcgvc( `szzt jgfi' Tbs% c lb} nsf` }dnc'

Fhcgzdle }`c }cgzv ozbn `cz ctcv( Ichht ug}f`cm dl vdhclfc glm ocgz, Hslggv }`c Ezglm Ngesv {zc{gzcm }b vgt glb}`cz v{chh svdle }`c V {`czc, ]`cClf`gl}cm F`dhm lgncm Ichht Zcgmdle jzgfcm `czvcho,

*Lbu dv }`c }dnc }b odlm(*Ghh Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv bo ghh }`c hdlcv,*Hdli sv }bec}`cz }b Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm nc *V`bu }`cn uc od} }bec}`cz( {czocf}ht,*

Ezglm Ngesv }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm {shhcm bl c czt Glfdcl} Ntv}df%v{bucz obz }`c hgv} }ub hdlcv, C cl Ichht `gm }b egv{ u`cl v`c och} }`c }se( glm}`c gnbsl} Ezglm Ngesv ugv }gidle ozbn `cz, Blfc v`c `cgzm }`c ubzmv(Ichht ilcu c czt Glfdcl} Ntv}df%v og}c ugv vcghcm ud}` }`cdzv,

*U`g}%v ndlc dv tbszv glm tbszv dv ndlc(*[gz} bo ndlc lbu tbszv %}dh }`c clm bo }dnc,*




Ichht fbshm occh }`c coocf}v bo }`c v{chh, D} ugv jdlmdle( glm clbse` }bngic `cz fzt bs} dl {gdl, Dlv}gl}ht( v`c ilcu u`g} Hslg ugv mbdle, V `c ugvsvdle }`c Mzcgn Zcghn%v V {`czc }b jdlm c czt Glfdcl} Ntv}df }b `czvcho glm`cz }udl, D} ugv g {buczosh Glfdcl}%v V {chh,

]`bse` Ezglm Ngesv `gm eb}}cl `czvcho dl}b }`c }zglfc ud}` }`c v{chh(

v`c fbshml%} ec} `czvcho bs} bo d}, Ichht fbshm jgzcht vcc }`c zdjjbl bo Ngedf }`g}fgnc ozbn }`c V {`czc, D} lcgzht vsoobfg}cm `cz Glfdcl} Ntv}df Obzfc( obzndle gjgzzdcz gzbslm }`c }udlv,

V `c fghhcm dl `cz ndlm }b `cz v}c{og}`cz Mczzdfi( `b{dle `c%m ugic dl}dnc }b vg c }`cn ghh,

Dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( }`c [zb}cf}bz och} }`c {gdl fbndle ozbn `dv ndlm glm [clmgl}, Vbnc}`dle ugv `g{{cldle g} `bnc glm `c `gm }b ec} jgfi, ]`c vclvc bo szeclft Ichht {s} dl }`c ncvvgec ngmc `dn eb jgfi,

Go}cz vgtdle ebbm.jtc }b Vsllt( `c ubic s{,

]`c occhdle bo {gdl }zd{hcm gv `c ubic, @c gubic jcvdmc `dv hb c( js}}`czc ugv vbnc}`dle `g{{cldle `c fbshml%} ngic bs}, Hslg( u`b ugv mzcvvcmdl `cz Ezglm Ngesv zbjcv( ugv ehbudle( glm vb ugv Gzdglg,

*Mgmmt,* @c `cgzm }`c vbo} fzbgi ozbn }`c mbbzugt, ]szldle( `c vgu Ichht( mbsjhcm b cz dl {gdl, @c asn{cm bs} bo jcm }b

fblozbl} }`c edzh, *U`g}%v ebdle bl `czc2* @c u`dv{czcm dl `cz cgz gv `c `seecm`cz, @c fbl}dlscm }b ug}f` }`c vfclc go}cz }`ct {gz}cm,

*V b nsf` {gdl( Mgmmt,* Ichht u`dv{czcm( `bhmdle `cz `cgm, * J b}`Nbnng glm Gsl} Hslg gzc `sz}dle( ngidle c czt b}`cz Glfdcl} Ntv}df `sz},J gmht,*

*B`( Ebmv,* Mczzdfi jzcg}`cm, *D och} d} dl }`c [clmgl}, Gzc }`ct ebdle }bjc bigt2*

*]`ct udhh jc( go}cz V `gmbu ugicv `cz,*@c mdml%} ugl} }b hcg c }`c }udlv ghblc( cv{cfdghht Gzdglg( u`b fbshm jc

dl }zbsjhc, @c `gm lb f`bdfc,*Hc}%v eb( idm,* Mczzdfi hcm `cz }b }`c Nbzc`bsvc%v,U`cl }`ct cl}czcm }`c jcmzbbn( `c vgu V `gmbu htdle dl jcm( `dv bul

[clmgl} gehbu,*]dnc }b jzdle `dn `bnc( Mczzdfi,* Ichht u`dv{czcm,Mczzdfi fbshml%} gezcc nbzc( glm jcegl }`c f`gl},

*]`c }dnc `gv fbnc( Fzsvgmdle mblc(*Fbnc jgfi `bnc u`czc tbs jchble,*

Mczzdfi `cgzm V `glc%v jbmt egv{ jgfi }b hdoc, @c vg} s{ glm nc} `dv jcv}ozdclm%v {gdlcm glm ebhmcl ctcv,

*Ichht obslm }`c }udlv,* Ugv ghh Mczzdfi ezbuhcm,V `glc egv{cm glm lbmmcm( hbbidle }b `dv ldcfc, *@bu gzc }`ct2*Ichht hbbicm }b `cz v}c{og}`cz obz glvuczv,




*Dl gjbs} }udfc gv nsf` {gdl gv uc gzc,* Mczzdfi vgdm, @c u`dv{czcm gwscv}dbl dl Ichht%v cgz, *Gzc tbs ebdle }b jc uchh clbse` }b `cgm `bnc2*

Ichht v}gzcm g} `dn glm Mczzdfi fbshm vcc `bu {szc ehbudle vdh cz `czctcv uczc, Go}cz g nbncl}( }`c jhsc fgnc jgfi glm }`ct fhbvcm, Mczzdfi v}dhh`chm `cz dl `dv gznv( {zb}cf}dle `cz ozbn u`g}c cz `cz Gsl} Hslg ugv mbdle,

V `glc lb}dfcm }`dv gv uchh, *Hc}%v vcc u`g} }`c Ezglm Ngesv dv s{ }b }`dv}dnc,*Ichht b{clcm `cz ctcv glm lbmmcm,

U`cl }`c }`zcc bo }`cn ughicm dl}b }`c zbbn( }`ct vgu g {cfshdgz vfclc`g{{cldle, ]`czc ugv g zgdljbu v`dchm vszzbslmdle }`c }udlv, Gzdglg%v Gnshc}ugv ehbudle( }`c Mzcgn Zcghn V {`czc ugv v{gzihdle( glm ghh }cl acuchv g}b{Ezglm Ngesv% v}goo }`zcgmcm }`cdz fbhbzcm Ngedfv gzbslm }`cn,

Ezglm Ngesv `czvcho v}bbm( V `glc lb}dfdle `cz jhbbm.zcm ctcv glm }`cMzgebl%v Odzc Ngedf dl }`cn, J b}` `glmv uczc bs}v}zc}f`cm }b `cz }udl( u`bvcjbmt ugv ehbudle gv g {zb}cf}d c ncf`gldvn, ]`c ehbu ugv ohdficzdle( v`budle

}`g} }`c Glfdcl} Ngedf ode`}dle }b hdli glm jdlm }`c }udlv }b ghh Glfdcl} Ntv}dfvugv udlldle b cz [zb}cf}dbl Ngedf,

Ichht }zdcm g ocu hde`}ldle.jbh} v{chhv }b v`bfi }`c ngedfv g{gz} glmjzcgi }`c zgdljbu }`zcgm, V `c ugl}cm }b ec} jb}` Gsl} Hslg glm `cz Nbnngbs} bo }`cdz }zglfcv glm jgfi }b u`g}c cz }`ct fghhcm lbzngh,

D} ubzicm go}cz }`zcc }zdcv( blht( lb} gv Ichht dl}clmcm, ]`c Ezglm Ngesv% ctcv uczc lb hblecz zcm( js} `cz nbs}`( glm }`c

Tbsle Esgzmdgl%v( b{clcm( vfzcgndle ozbn }`c gnbsl} bo {gdl glm {bucz cgf`och} dlvdmc, Wsdfiht( }`g} {gdl ucl} }`zbse` }`c hdlc }b Ichht( u`b ghvbvfzcgncm,

D} fbshm jc `cgzm gzbslm @dhh _dcu, V fzcgnv cf`bcm ozbn }`c nbs}`v bo ghh Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv dl }`c gzcg, Ozbn Ashdg V }cugz} }b `cz mgse`}cz ]gngzg

Aglc, ]`c Zcgmdle }udlv Ngzi glm Glmzcu( ghble ud}` }`cdz fbsvdlv Fghcj(Nczcmd}` glm Hbegl, J gjt ]`cbmbzc vwscghcm hbsm clbse` }b ngic s{ obz `dvbhmcz vdv}cz Nchbmt%v czjgh vdhclfc, D} vccncm c czt Cgz}`jbslm Glfdcl} Ntv}dfvfzcgncm,

Mczzdfi glm V `glc `gm }b fb cz }`cdz cgzv gv }`ct `chm Ichht glm Hslg(}ztdle }b vbb}`c }`cn dl}b vdhclfc, Ghh }`zcc Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv uczc vdhclfcm go}czg ndls}c, Ezglm Ngesv f`glecm jgfi dl}b Hslg gv v`c ogdl}cm dl V `glc%vgznv, Ichht ugv cp`gsv}cm glm ugv lcgz ogdl}dle dl Mczzdfi%v,

]`c jbtv hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz, *U`g} }`c `chh ugv }`g}2* V `glc gvicm,*D `g c lb dmcg(* Mczzdfi v`zseecm( hbbidle }b Gzdglg,*V `c%hh jc gugic vbbl( Mgmmt,* Ichht u`dv{czcm( }ztdle `cz jcv} }b `se

`dn }de`},@c `seecm `cz jgfi, *U`g} gjbs} tbs( V ucc}`cgz}2*Ichht lbmmcm, V `c lb}dfcm vbnc}`dle slmcz }`c jcm glm oc}f`cm d},

Hbbidle d} b cz( v`c gvicm, *U`g}%v }`dv glm u`t dv d} v}dhh jsqqdle2*V `glc ucl} }b `cz vdmc, *Tbs mbl%} zcfbeldqc }`g}2* @c lbmmcm }b d},

*]`g}( ldcfc bo ndlc( dv }`c cl}dzc Mzcgn Zcghn%v V {`czc( ozbn }`c Chcncl}gh Acuchv }b jb}` nsf` mgzicz Fztv}ghv,*




*]`g} ugv blc v}zble v{chh v`c fgv}( u`g}c cz d} ugv,* Ichht vgdm,*D mbsj} v`c c cl ilcu bz zcghdqcm u`g} v`c mdm( bz }`c cp}cl} bo d},*

Mczzdfi vs{{hdcm,*Bl }`g}( D gezcc,* V `glc vgdm( hbbidle mbul }b Hslg%v obzn, * V `c nsv}

jc `sz}dle( jgm,*

*U`g} mb tbs cp{cf}2* Mczzdfi gvicm, * V `c asv} svcm }`c nbv} {buczoshFztv}ghv dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn, V `c%v jbslm }b jc ubzl bs} jt }`g} v{chh,**Gv }`ct ghh udhh obz wsd}c vbnc }dnc,* ]`ct `cgzm gl gdzt ocnghc bdfc

zc{ht, D} fgnc ozbn g ezccl ndv} dl }`c gdz,V `glc zcfbeldqcm }`c Acuch Chmcz Muchhcz.idl( Cnczghm, *@bu mb tbs

ilbu vb nsf`( Cnczghm2*Cnczghm%v ezccl ctcv v{gzihcm, *Tbs v`bshm ilbu nc jt lbu( V `gmbu,**D eb jt V `glc dl }`dv Zcghn,* V `glc v}gz}cm( jhsv`dle, *Fgl tbs mb

glt}`dle obz }`cn2**Nt( nt( gzc uc dn{g}dcl}2* Cnczghm }cgvcm `dn, *D mdm lb} fbnc }b `cgh

}`cn( do }`g} dv u`g} tbs }`dli, Lb( D fgnc }b ugic }`cn vb }`ct fgl occh }`c

lcu }dcv Ezglm Ngesv ngmc ud}` `cz Glfdcl} V {chh,**]`ct%zc dl {gdl( Cnczghm,* Ichht {zb}cv}cm, *Fgl%} tbs occh d}2 D fgl occh

sv ghh `sz}dle, Mb vbnc}`dle( {hcgvc'*Ichht gv }`c Clf`gl}cm F`dhm jceecm }`c Chmcz ud}` vdh cz ctcv( g hbbi

Cnczghm `czvcho ilcu ozbn J chhg,*V bzzt( Ichdlg( }`c blht }`dle Hbzm Esgzmdgl udhh hc} sv mb dv Mcv}zbt

V }ghiczv }`g} dl gmc }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv,* Cnczghm vs{{hdcm, *D blht fgnc }bf`cfi s{ bl }`c Ezglm Ngesv% jhbbm.}dcv }b Odzcv}bzn glm ntvcho, D ugvubzzdcm u`cl v`c svcm }`g} V {`czc u`cl v`c ugv lb} oshht Gugiclcm ozbn }`cJ dlmdle,*

*Fgl%} tbs asv} lsnj }`c {gdl( do blht g hd}}hc2* Mczzdfi hbbicm mcv{czg}c,*]`ct%zc }`c nbv} {buczosh vc} bo Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv( gffbzmdle }b }`c Bzdedlg}bzv,Fcz}gdlht( tbs fgl odlm d} dl tbsz `cgz} }b mb vbnc}`dle2*

Cnczghm vgu }`c mcv{czg}dbl dl `dv ctcv glm V `glc%v, Ichht ugv vbo}ht fztdle dl Mczzdfi%v cnjzgfc, V `c }`bse`} bo vbnc}`dle glm `soocm, *Odlc, D udhhugic }`cn( mshhdle }`c {gdl sl}dh }`c }dcv gzc vc} obz ebbm,*

Ichht `seecm `cz, *]`gli tbs Cnczghm'*Cnczghm hgse`cm, *Mb lb} }`gli nc tc}( F`dhm, D v}dhh `g c }b mb d} glm D

jchdc c D lccm tbsz `ch{,*Ichht%v ctcv uczc udmc,*Gzc tbs vszc gjbs} }`dv2* V `glc gvicm Cnczghm,

]`c Muchhcz.idl lbmmcm, *[bvd}d c,* V `c `chm Ichht%v `glm, *]`dv dv u`g} Dlccm tbs }b mb, D ugl} tbs }b fhbvc tbsz ctcv glm vcci tbsz Glfdcl} Ntv}dfObzfc,* Ichht mdm d}( lbmmdle, *Lcp}( D ugl} tbs }b odlm }`c }dcv }`g} vfzcgn bs}

tbsz Nbnng%v glm Gsl} Hslg%v hdlcv bo ngedf, Odlghht( D ugl} tbs }b ezgv{bl}b }`cn dl tbsz ndlm glm {shh ud}` ghh bo tbsz {bucz, [shh }`cn jgfi ud}`

tbsz bul }dcv,* Cnczghm eg c `cz clbse` }dnc }b mb d} jcobzc }gidle `cz `glmozbn Ichht%v glm {hgfdle blc bl cgf` }udl,

]`c jbtv ug}f`cm dl fbn{hc}c vdhclfc, C cl V `glc ilcu jc}}cz }`gl }bdl}czzs{} g Muchhcz zd}sgh, Mczzdfi ug}f`cm glm ugd}cm obz `dv Glfdcl} Ntv}df




Hb c }b ohs}}cz `cz ctcv b{cl, @c ugl}cm }b jc }`c odzv} }`dle v`c vgu u`cl v`cubic s{, @c ecl}ht jzsv`cm vbnc `gdzv gugt ozbn `cz ogfc glm gmndzcm `czvhcc{dle obzn, V `c glm Hslg uczc dmcl}dfgh dl c czt}`dle js} g}}d}smc, ]`ct `gm }`c vgnc zcmmdv`.jhblm `gdz( vgnc vdh cz.jhsc ctcv( c cl }`c vgnc {buczv,@c glm V `glc uczc hsfit }b `g c }`cvc {gz}dfshgz }udlv }b hb c glm }b hb c

}`cn jgfi,V `glc vndhcm ozbn `dv vcg} bl }`c jcm u`cl Hslg%v ctcv odlghht ohs}}czcmb{cl, *Nbzldle( V slv`dlc,*

V `c ezbglcm( vd}}dle s{ ud}` `dv `ch{, *Mdm D mb d}2**Tbs mdm nbzc }`gl tbs }`bse`}( J hbbm.V dv}cz,* Cnczghm zc{hdcm( glm

Hslg }szlcm }b vcc `cz v}glmdle }`czc( blc `glm v}dhh bl Gzdglg%v f`cv}, V `chbbicm g} V `glc glm vgdm vbo}ht, *Tbs ilbu u`g} }b mb, Ec} }`cn vbncezbslmdle obbm( glm tbsz ng}c vbnc asdfc }b zc{hcldv` `cz jbmt,*

*Eb}f`g,* V `glc idvvcm Hslg glm v}bbm, Mczzdfi v}bbm gv uchh, * J c zde`}jgfi,*

Hslg lbmmcm( hbbidle }b `cz hg{, Blfc jb}` V `glc glm Mczzdfi `gm hco}(

v`c gvicm, *@bu nsf` mdm tbs }chh `dn gjbs} }`c jhbbm. J dlmdle( Cnczghm2**C czt}`dle,* Cnczghm vs{{hdcm ud}` g vndhc, *@c dv tbsz Cgz}`ht

[zb}cf}bz( vb `c mcvcz cm }b ilbu }`c }zs}`,**]`c nbv} dn{bz}gl} {gz} dv }`g} tbs%zc bigt lbu,* Ichht vgdm( `seedle

`cz,Hslg `seecm `cz jgfi, *Tcg`( D%n bigt( obz }`c nbv} {gz},**]`c }zsc @cghdle udhh fbnc dl }dnc( Ezglm Ngesv,* Cnczghm vs{{hdcm,Hslg lbmmcm, *]`gliv( Cnczghm,*

]`c Acuch.Chmcz blht vndhcm, ]`c estv fgnc jgfi ud}` asdfc dl blc `glm glm {hg}cv ud}` vglmudf`cv

dl }`c b}`cz,V `glc {zcvvcm }`c ehgvv bo asdfc dl Hslg%v `glm, *@czc( mzdli s{,*V `c }bbi d} glm mzgli cgeczht, *@bu hble `g c D jccl bs}2**]`dv }dnc( obz }ub mgtv,* V `glc vgdm, * J s} D v}dhh fgl%} og}`bn `bu tbs

eb} ozbn }`c jcmvdmc }b `czc,**V `c ubic s{ glm fgnc ud}` nc( Slfhc V `glc,* Ichht vgdm, *]b dvd}

Nbnng,*V `glc lbmmcm( slmczv}glmdle, *Mbl%} ubzzt( }`c `bsvcubzi dv asv} gv

tbs hco} d},*Hslg egv{cm, *D} jc}}cz lb} jc'**Zchgp( V ucc}v( c czt}`dle dv odlc,* V `glc vgdm, @c hbbicm g} Gzdglg%v

vhcc{dle obzn( ud}` Mczzdfi glpdbsvht ugd}dle obz `cz }b ugic s{, *Lbu }b ugic`cz glm uc%hh vcc u`g} }`c fbnnb}dbl ugv gjbs},*

Cnczghm vndhcm glm }bhm Hslg, *]`g} dv nt fsc }b hcg c, D gn ehgm tbsgzc occhdle bigt( J hbbm.V dv}cz, D udhh jc jgfi vbbl }b hbbi dl bl tbs,*

*B`( }`g} ubl%} jc lcfcvvgzt( Cnczghm,* V `glc vs{{hdcm ud}` g vndhc, *D}`dli D% c eb} d} fb czcm,*

Cnczghm hgse`cm glm ndv}cm jcobzc hcg dle,Gv do }`g} uczc `cz fsc( Gzdglg odlghht egv{cm gugic,*Uchfbnc `bnc ozbn bjhd dbl,* Mczzdfi eg c `cz g idvv glm g vndhc,




Gzdglg vndhcm jgfi( `seedle `dn, Ud}` `dv `ch{( v`c vg} s{ glm vguIchht vd}}dle }`czc gv uchh( `seedle `cz,

*@bu mb tbs occh2* Mczzdfi gvicm,*Mdooczcl}( }`bse` g ucdzm glm fbbh idlm bo mdooczcl},* Gzdglg }bhm `dn,

V `c hbbicm }b }`c obsz {cb{hc vszzbslmdle `cz, * V bncblc ugl} }b }chh nc u`t2*

V `glc v`dcm gugt( Ichht hbbicm }b Mczzdfi glm Mczzdfi `dnvcho ugvozbuldle g} Hslg,Gzdglg obhmcm `cz gznv, * V bnc}`dle D v`bshm ilbu( Ghslg V }gz2**D }zdcm }b ed c vbnc}`dle jgfi }b tbs( gv g vdel bo g{{zcfdg}dbl glm hb c

js} d} mdml%} ubzi zde`},* Hslg }bhm `cz wsdfiht( {hgtdle ud}` }`c Mzcgn[cl}gfhc gzbslm `cz lcfi,

Gzdglg ngmc g nb cncl} }b v}zglehc `cz js} Mczzdfi v}b{{cm `cz,*@blct,**Mbl%},* Gzdglg vfbuhcm, V `c }szlcm jgfi }b Hslg, *Cp{hgdl, Lbu,*Hslg odlghht hbbicm s{ g} `cz }udl( u`b mdml%} hbbi `g{{t, *Ugl} }`c hble

bz }`c v`bz} czvdbl2*

Gzdglg ic{} `cz vfbuh,Hslg }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm }bhm `cz c czt}`dle }`g} `g{{clcm }b `cz,

Ozbn }`c }dnc Gzdglg ugv hbv} dl u`g} }`ct lbu fghhcm @cghdle Bjhd dbl sl}dh}`c nbncl} v`c gubic, *]`czc tbs `g c d},* V `c clmcm, *Uc gzc lbu hdlicm }bc czt Glfdcl} Ntv}df dl }`c Zcghn( glm }b }`c Mzcgn Zcghn%v V {`czc,*

Gzdglg vfbuh v}gtcm glm v`c mdml%} v{cgi,*Fbnc bl( tbs }ub(* V `gmbu vgdm, *Uc%hh odeszc c czt}`dle bs} hg}cz,**Obz lbu( uc `g c }b ec} }`dv(* Mczzdfi `chm s{ }`c V {`czc( *jgfi }b }`c

Bzdedlg}bzv,**Bl }`g}( D gezcc,* V `gmbu vs{{hdcm, Ichht lbmmcm gv uchh, *D} `bhmv

Glfdcl} {bucz }`g} mbcvl%} jchble `czc, D} fbshm mb g hb} bo mgngec glm idhh ghb} bo {cb{hc, Mb tbs zcghht ugl} }`g} bl tbsz fblvfdclfc2*

*Lb( js} D ugv gjhc }b `gzlcvv d}'* Hslg fzdcm, *Uc fgl%} }gic d} jgfi( tc}, ]`czc%v nbzc D lccm }b ilbu gjbs} d}'*

*Hs( lb'* Mczzdfi zc{hdcm dl `dv [zb}cf}bz%v }blc, *Lb} }`dv }dnc,**Lcd}`cz bo sv ugl}v }b vcc tbs( bz gltblc chvc( `sz} bz ubzvc( idhhcm,*

Gzdglg nglgecm }b u`dv{cz, V `c zsjjcm `cz }`zbg}, *D} ugv vc{gzg}cm dl}b d}vvdleshgz {dcfcv obz }`g} zcgvbl,*

Hslg vde`cm, *Odlc, D%hh zc}szl d},**Lb} ghblc( tbs ubl%},* Mczzdfi vgdm, *]`c }`zcc bo sv udhh eb ud}` tbs,**Fgl D fbnc( }bb( Mczzdfi2* Ichht gvicm,*Lb( tbs ngt lb},* Gzdglg glvuczcm obz `dn, *Tbs( nt mcgz( gzc ebdle

jgfi }b jcm, D}%v hg}c glm tbs lccm tbsz zcv},**Cv{cfdghht go}cz }`c ubzidlev tbs mdm,* V `gmbu vgdm,Go}cz idvvdle glm `seedle c cztblc ebbm lde`}( Ichht hco},




C {dhbes c 1Jc}udp} glm Jc ]udlv

Mczzdfi glm V `glc v}dhh vg} jcvdmc }`c }udlv( cgf` ugzt glm vfgzcm }bnb c bz vgt g ubzm, ]`c nbncl} ugv }clvc glm ghh fbshm occh d},

]`c odzv} }b v{cgi ugv }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl `czvcho( glm v`c ugvl%}`g{{t, V `c obhmcm `cz gznv glm fbbhcm `cz }cn{cz ud}` mcc{ jzcg}`v glmfhbvcm ctcv,

*Hcg c sv,**Hb c(* Mczzdfi }zdcm, U`cl `c vgu `cz ctcv uczc jhgfi( `c hc} d} eb,*D vgdm( hcg c sv,* V `c zc{cg}cm,G lcu abh} bo cn{g}`df clczet fgzzdcm d}vcho mbul }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df

Hdlcv, ]`bvc gzbslm `cz uczc v}gz}hcm, J cvdmcv ode`}dle glm {g}zbhhdle dl }`cZcghnv( lcd}`cz bo }`cn `g c vccl `cz }`dv glezt jcobzc,

Mczzdfi `chm `dv [clmgl}.Hbfic} glm vde`cm, *Fbnc bl( V `glc, Hc}%vhcg c }`c }udlv ghblc,* @c }szlcm }b `dv udoc glm idvvcm `cz, *Asv} zcncnjcz( D

hb c tbs,**D hb c tbs( }bb,* @cz bdfc vbo}clcm g} }`c v}g}cncl},G} }`g}( }`c estv hco}( hcg dle Gzdglg ozbuldle g} `cz bul }udl,Hslg asv} v}gzcm( ugd}dle obz }`c v`bc }b mzb{,*@bu mgzc tbs2* Gzdglg gvicm,*U`g} mdm D mb2**Tbs ncvvcm ud}` fcz}gdl {buczv tbs mdml%} ilbu tbs fbshm fbl}zbh,**J s} D mdm fbl}zbh d}'* Hslg tchhcm jgfi,*J t {s}}dle g v{chh bl ghh Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv2* Gzdglg cpfhgdncm, *@bu dv

}`g} fbl}zbhhdle d}2**D mbl%} ilbu, D escvv d} ugv {gz} bo }`c {gtjgfi obz ghh }`c vgfzdodfcv

tbs% c ngmc b cz }`c tcgzv( gv uchh gv g }`gli tbs ozbn nc( obz ed dle nc g{gz} bo tbsz @cghdle Ngedf,*

Gzdglg ugv fblosvcm, *]`g} ngicv lb vclvc, Ugl} }b fhgzdot2**D} ghh jcegl ud}` g Ug}f`cz Muchhcz.idl lgncm Ashdgllg glm `cz jzb}`cz

Odzcv}bzn,* Hslg jcegl( zcfd}dle u`g} v`c%m ogdhcm }b jcobzc, *]`c ugt D vcc d}( do }`czc uczc glt b}`cz Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv bs} }`czc uc mbl%} ilbu gjbs}( hbv} glmugl}dle }b odlm }`cdz ugt `bnc( }`ct fgl svc }`c hdli }b odlm sv,*

Gzdglg vde`cm( }`dlidle, *@bu mdm tbs ilbu tbs fbshm mb }`g}2*Hslg v`zseecm, *D mdml%}, ]`c V {`czc nsv} `g c `gm vbnc}`dle }b mb

ud}` d},*Gzdglg `gm }`c V {`czc dl `cz `glmv glm hbbicm g} d}, *D jc} d} mdm,* V `c

vgdm vgzfgv}dfghht, *D ghvb jc} tbsz v{cfdgh ohgdz obz gm glfcm obznv bo ngedf `gmlb}`dle }b mb ud}` d}( cd}`cz2*

*V b u`g} do d} mdm2* Hslg gvicm, *]`c }zs}` dv( glm c cl tbs `g c }bgmnd} d}( d}%v obz }`c jclcod} bo }`c cl}dzc ogndht, D}%hh vg c }`c Slncl}dblgjhcvvbnc }zbsjhc bo odlmdle }`c zcv} bo sv,*

Gzdglg ugv fblosvcm gegdl, *Slncl}dblgjhcv2**Tbs ilbu( }`bvc }`bse`} hbv} }b sv( hdic J chhg2**Zgnbl%v J blmng}c2*




*Glfdcl} Ntv}df J blmng}c,* V `c vgdm, *Gffbzmdle }b }`c hdlcv bo Mbzdgllc(J chhg( blfc lgncm Gllgjchhc Agfbjv.[zdf`gzm `czc dl }`c V }g}cv( zgl gugt ozbn `bnc, Sl}dh Zgnbl glm }`c b}`cz Muchhcz.idl gzzd cm( lb blc ilcu bo `czcpdv}clfc, V `c%m c cl fs} }`c }dcv }b `cz }udl,*

*U`t ubshm v`c mb }`g}2* Gzdglg gvicm( dl}czcv}cm, *@bu fbshm v`c mb

}`g}2 D ncgl( lb} c cl uc uczc gjhc }b vc{gzg}c bsz }udl.jblmv( zcncnjcz2*Hslg lbmmcm( }`cl v`zseecm, *Blht v`c ilbuv,* V `c vde`cm( }`cl ngmc`cz ugt }b `cz }udl%v vdmc bl }`c jcm, *Gzc tbs odldv`cm jcdle ngm g} nc lbu2*

*D ugv lc cz ngm( Hs( blht ozsv}zg}cm( lb} }b ncl}dbl ubzzdcm,* Gzdglgvs{{hdcm( `seedle `cz, *Tbs fbshm% c idhhcm sv ghh do tbs uczcl%} fgzcosh,*

*Clbse` bo }`c esdh} }zd{( jde vdv}cz,* Hslg ctcm `cz, *D mbl%} ugl} }b ode`}ud}` tbs gltnbzc, D}%v lb} ubz}` hbvdle nt }udl,*

Gzdglg och} jgm( vb v`c `seecm `cz gegdl( u`dv{czdle dl `cz vdv}cz%v cgz,*Tbs%hh lc cz hbvc nc( hd}}hc vdv}cz, D%n nsf` }bb v}sjjbzl }b hc} }`g} `g{{cl,*V `c {shhcm jgfi, *Asv} jc vszc tbs ilbu cpgf}ht u`g} tbs%zc mbdle }`c lcp}}dnc tbs c cl }`dli bo {czobzndle glt idlm bo Gm glfcm Ngedf,*

Hslg vndhcm( ilbudle ghh ugv obzed cl,*[zbndvc nc( tbs%hh {shh lb nbzc v}sl}v hdic }`g} gegdl2**D {zbndvc( Tbsle Esgzmdgl ,* Hslg zcngzicm ud}` g ezdl,Gzdglg zbhhcm `cz ctcv, *Fgl d}( Ezglm Ngesv, * V `c abicm jgfi, *Fbnc bl(

uc% c eb} hd cv }b hd c glm f`dhmzcl }b zgdvc,**Lb} }b ncl}dbl g V {`czc }b zc}szl }b }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv,* Hslg

dl}czacf}cm,*Tcg`( }`g}( }bb,* Gzdglg ezdllcm, *Ec} bs} bo `czc glm `g c g ebbm

lde`}%v zcv}, Uc%zc ghh ebllg lccm d},*Ud}` g odlgh idvv glm `se( }`c }udlv {gz}cm glm Gzdglg hgt jgfi mbul }b

zcv}, V `c fs{{cm }`c V {`czc dl `cz `glmv glm ug}f`cm d} ehbu,Vszc( Hs ilbuv `bu }b svc }`dv }`dle( glm fhgdnv v`c fgl `gzlcvv d}v

{buczv, Gzdglg }`bse`} }b `czvcho( odleczdle }`c vc{gzg}c acuchv bl d}, D ublmcz do D fgl, Go}cz ghh( uc gzc }udlv,

Mbl%} c cl }`dli gjbs} d}( Gzdglg Nbbl, V `c `cgzm g bdfc dl `cz `cgm, D}vbslmcm hdic Mczzdfi%v, V `cµm }cn{bzgzdht obzeb}}cl }`c v{cfdgh }chc{g}`t }`ct `gm ud}` cgf` b}`cz,

V `c zgdvcm `cz `cgm glm vgu `dn v}glmdle g} }`c mbbzugt,*F`dhmzcl gzc v}dhh vhcc{dle( Ichhtµv dl jcm g} hgv} glm V `glc%v }gidle Hslg

`bnc,* Mczzdfi }bhm `cz, *Lbu( d}%v bsz }szl,*@c }bbi }`c V {`czc ozbn `cz `glmv glm cpgndlcm d}, *Tbs ilbu( }`dv

}`dle `gv {zbjgjht fgsvcm nbzc zsfisv b cz }`c {gv} ocu `bszv }`gl d} `gv dl}`c {gv} mcfgmc,*

Gzdglg edeehcm, *]`g}%v {zbjgjht }zsc,*Mczzdfi uzg{{cm `dv gzn gzbslm `cz glm idvvcm `cz gegdl, *Hc}%v ec}

vbnc zcv}( v`ghh uc2*½D asv} v{cl} }`c hgv} ocu mgtv dl g @cghdle Fbng,³ Gzdglg vgdm ud}` g

ezdl, *D%n lb} }dzcm,*




Mczzdfi hgse`cm( {s}}dle }`c V {`czc bl }`c Ndzzbz lde`}v}glm, *U`b vgdmglt}`dle gjbs} vhcc{2*

@c ugv ehgm }b `g c `cz jgfi glm ubshm v`bu `cz nglt ugtv jcobzc}`ct odlghht ochh }b vhcc{ `bhmdle cgf` b}`cz,

DD

Jghbz `cgmcm ozbn }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv }b }`c Mgzi Gzcg gv Ftzdp }bbi Tbsle Esgzmdgl gugt, @c ilcu `c `gm }b ec} zc}zdjs}dbl obz }`c Mcv}zsf}dbl bo `dv ncl}bz Fzsfdv,

@c ilcu }`c clcnt bo `dv clcnt ubshm jc `dv ozdclm, @cµm jccl }`czc u`cl }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df edzh `ch{cm }`c Muchhcz idl.Fhgl hcgmcz Mcv}zbt }`c nbv}

{buczosh V}ghicz Jghbz `gm c cz ilbul, @c ug}f`cm gv }`c edzh glm Zgnbl svcm }`cdz {buczv( hcg dle }`c zcngdldle V}ghiczv }b zc}zcg} }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,

Jghbz ugv }`c blht V}ghicz lb} mdvfbszgecm jt }`c vde`}, Dl ogf}( `c ugv osndle, Jghbz ugv v}dhh osndle gv `c ngmc `dv ugt }b }`c Mgzi Fgv}hc dl }`c Mgzi

Gzcg dl vcgzf` bo Hbzm Jtzbl( }`c clcnt bo `dv clcnt }`g} ubshm jcfbnc `dv ozdclm,

Lb} g vbsh( mgzi bz b}`czudvc( vgu `dn }`czc( gv `c {hgllcm, @c ndv}cm }`zbse` }`c Mgzi Gzcgµv nglt v}zcc}v glm fg czlbsv ghhctv, Svdle `dv V}ghicz vclvcv( `c ohcu }`zbse` }`c gdz9 vldoodle bs} }`c ngl }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv uczc fghhdle }`c Lde`}ngzc Idle( Hbzm Jglc,

@c vgu Jglcµv odeszc glm ezdllcm }b `dnvcho, Gv vbbl gv `c ugv g obb} dl ozbl} bo }`c Mgzi Gzcgµv Hbzm( `c obzncm jgfi dl}b V}ghicz.idl obzn,

Hbzm Jglc }szlcm u`cl `c vclvcm vbncblc jc`dlm `dn, ½U`b gzc tbs2* Jghbz jbucm, ½D gn Jghbz( {zb}äeä }b }`c V}ghicz hcgmcz Fzsfdv, D ugv

ublmczdle do tbs ilbu u`czc D nde`} odlm }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df u`b mcv}zbtcm `dn,³ Hbzm Jglc ezbuhcm( v`gidle `dv `cgm, ½Lgt, D ilbu lb}`dle bo }`c Glfdcl}

Ntv}dfv,³ @c hbbicm g} Jghbz ud}` vsv{dfdbl, *U`g} ubshm tbs ugl} ud}` }`cn2* *D blht udv` zc}zdjs}dbl,* Jghbz vcc}`cm( ctcv }szldle jhbbm zcm glm v`gz{

oglev v`bb}dle }`zbse` `dv esnv, Hbzm Jglc vgu }`dv glm ugv ozde`}clcm, Jghbz ucl} bl, *Bz}`bv ugv mcv}zbtcm jt Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm Hbzm Esgzmdgl,* @c fbl}dlscm, *]`g} vgnc Tbsle Esgzmdgl `ch{cm Zgnbl mcv}zbt Fzsfdv, D obslm `cz( ud}` g Mzgebl.idl lgncm Ftzdp( glm ugv ghnbv} ngshcm }b Mcv}zsf}dbl ntvcho, V`c vbnc`bu `gv Muchhcz.idl gjdhd}dcv,*

*Dv }`g} vb2* Hbzm Jglc vs{{hdcm, @c v{b}}cm `dv vbl Mbndldfi hdv}cldle dl g} }`c mbbzugt, *Mbndldfi( odlm Mgndgl, ]chh `dn gjbs} Tbsle Esgzmdgl,*

Mbndldfi ezdllcm, *Gtc( Og}`cz,* Ud}` }`g}( `c hco}, Jglc }szlcm jgfi }b Jghbz, *]`c blht blcv gzbslm `czc

u`b ilbu gjbs} }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv( cv{cfdghht }`g} {gz}dfshgz blc( gzc Mgndgl(V`clgzg( Ghjzg}` glm Ehbzdglg, Vccnv }`ct `g c jccl mcghdle ud}` `cz glm u`g} }`ct fghh ¿Fzsvgmczvµ obz tcgzv,*

½]`c blht blc D fgzc gjbs} dv }`g} Tbslehdle( Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ Jghbz fbshm blht ezdl, *D ugl} `cz mcv}zbtcm,*




*]b mcv}zbt }`g} ubngl dv lb} obz }`c ogdl}`cgz}cm,* Mgndgl%v bdfc zcngzicm, Mbndldfi ugv ud}` `dn, *Uc `g c }zdcm lsnczbsv }dncv( Og}`cz glm D(js} d} vccnv dn{bvvdjhc,*

*Lb}`dle dv dn{bvvdjhc,* Jghbz vgdm, *Lb} obz g V}ghicz,* *[hcgvc( V}ghicz,* Mgndgl `soocm( hgse`dle, *Tbsz ezcg} hcgmcz dv lbu

mcv}zbtcm jt `dv bul vbl glm nt fbsvdl }`c Tbsle Esgzmdgl, D ug}f`cm `dn mdvdl}cezg}c dl ozbl} bo nt bul ctcv, Mb lb} }chh nc lb}`dle dv dn{bvvdjhc,* *Tbs ed c s{ }bb cgvdht( Tbslehdle,* Mgndgl ugv ngm g} }`g} v}g}cncl} glm ogfcm Jghbz, *U`b gzc tbs fghhdle g

Tbslehdle2 D gn lb} blc bo tbsz V}ghicz bz Muchhcz.idl, D `g c mblc }`dlev dl }`c {gv} }`g} ubshm ngic c cl tbsz `cgm v{dl,*

*]b nc( g ngl bo nglt fcl}szdcv( tbs gzc v}dhh g Tbslehdle,* Jghbz zcv{blmcm ud}` g }de`} ezdl, @c ugvl%} gjbs} }b hc} Mgndgl ogqc `dn blc jd}, *Js}(}`g} dv lcd}`cz `czc lbz }`czc, D gn `czc }b v{cgi bo Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm `bu }b ec} zdm bo `cz( lbu }`g} v`c jcgzv Muchhcz.idl {buczv,*

Mgndgl ugv udmc.ctcm, *V`c `gv }`bvc2 Lb ublmcz' @bu2*

*]`c Fbsl}cvv eg c `cz g }gv}c cgzht dl hdoc,* Jghbz zc{hdcm, *Lbu d} vccnv }`bvc {buczv gzc gugiclcm glm v`c ilbuv `bu }b svc }`cn,*

Mgndgl ozbulcm, *Dv }`g} vb2* @c {gfcm( glm }`cl hbbicm g} Mbndldfi, *Eb odlm V`clgzg,*

Mbndldfi ezbuhcm, *D gn lb} tbsz vhg c( Mgndgl,* Mgndgl%v ctcv }szlcm zcm glm odzc cnglg}cm dl `dv czt gszg, *Asv} mb d}'* Mbndldfi vde`cm, *_czt uchh,* @c nbfi.vghs}cm glm ugv bl `dv ugt,Jghbz ugv dl}czcv}cm, *U`g} mb tbs `g c dl ndlm2* *Nt {hgl,* Mgndgl vs{{hdcm, @c hbbicm g} Jglc, *D}%v }dnc( Jglc, ]dnc }b

fblosvc }`bvc {g}`c}df fzcc{.Fzsvgmczv ud}` }`cdz bul lde`}ngzcv,* C cl Jghbz ezdllcm g} }`g} blc, *]chh nc `bu D fgl `ch{,* *Vbbl clbse`( V}ghicz,* Mgndgl vgdm, *Tbs udhh `g c `cz vbbl clbse`,*




JBBI DD1B lfc S{bl g Lde`}ngzc

[gz} Bl c 1Mgndgl%v Mccmv

[zbhbes c 1]`c V }soo bo Lde`}ngzcv

Tbsle Esgzmdgl {g}zbhhcm( gv svsgh( js} }`czc ugv vbnc}`dle mdooczcl} gjbs} }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv, Vbnc}`dle }`g} jzbse`} f`dhhv s{ glm mbul `cz v{dlc,D} mdml%} vd} uchh ud}` `cz Glfdcl} Ntv}df%v Cn{g}`t,

V`c mcfdmcm }b odlm }`c b}`cz Fzsvgmczv glm gvi do }`ct och} }`c vgnc }`dle,]`c odzv} ugv V`gmbu glm Ezglm Ngesv( mcc{ ud}`dl }`c Ochdlc Obzcv},

½D vclvc d}( }bb( glm D mbl%} hdic d} blc jd},³ Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm,½D}%v hdic vbnc}`dle `sle gjbs} go}cz }`c Ugz ugv b cz,³ V`gmbu vs{{hdcm,

½Lb} g ebbm vbnc}`dle( D%hh }chh tbs }`g},³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm, ½Hc}%v odlm }`c [zb}cf}bz glm ec} }`c V{`czc jgfi }b B%Mchh,³

½D }`bse`} `c ugv ud}` tbs2³ Ezglm Ngesv gvicm,Tbsle Esgzmdgl v`bbi `cz `cgm, ½@gvl%} jccl vdlfc D ubic( }`bse` D `g c

lb dmcg u`t, D fgl%} odlm `dn( glm D mbl%} mgzc svc Cn{g}`t }b vclvc `dn,³ ½U`t lb}2³ V`gmbu gvicm, ½Tbs svc d} b}`czudvc( u`t lb} bl `dn2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl v`zseecm( v`gidle `cz `cgm, ½D}%v `gzm }b cp{hgdl,³ ½Ugl} nc }b }zt2³ Ezglm Ngesv gvicm `cz }udl,Tbsle Esgzmdgl jhdlicm, ½U`g} gjbs} tbsz ocgz bo Cn{g}`t2³ Ezglm Ngesv ezdllcm, ½D% c hcgzlcm nt hcvvblv( vdv}cz mcgzcv}, D mbl%} ocgz

d} gltnbzc }`gl tbs ocgz }`c Mgzi Ngedf,³ ½]`g}%v ebbm,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl ezdllcm jgfi, V`c v`gzcm g hbbi ud}`

V`gmbu, ½U`g} gzc tbs ugd}dle obz2³ Ezglm Ngesv fhbvcm `cz vdh cz.jhsc ctcv glm vcl} `cz cn{g}`df vclvbzv

gzbslm }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv, @cz vdv}cz glm bul Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz asv} ug}f`cm {g}dcl}ht( ugd}dle, Dl g ocu nbncl}v( v`c zcb{clcm `cz ctcv glm ozbulcm,

½U`g} dv d}2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gvicm, ½U`czc dv `c2³ ½Ec}}dle glvuczv ozbn }`c Fbsl}cvv gjbs} tbs,³ ½U`g}%v `c mbdle dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv ud}`bs} gl cvfbz}2³ V`gmbu gvicm,

@c vde`cm, ½@c%v ebdle }b ec} `dnvcho idhhcm( bz ubzvc( ]szlcm,³ ½]szlcm2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm, ½Lb} bl nt ug}f`( `c%v lb},³ Dl g ohgv` bo hde`}( v`c ugv eblc }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( `cz bzdedlgh wsczdcv

gjbs} }`c %Vbnc}`dle% obzeb}}cl,

DD

Ggzbl gubic }b odlm `dnvcho dl g v}zglec {hgfc, @c ugv v`gfihcm }b g ughh jt `dv uzdv}v( `dv glihcv }de`}ht v`gfihcm }bec}`cz, @c }zdcm }b nb c( js} fbshml%},Ggzbl( ilbul gv }`c Sldfbzl( fghhcm dl `dv ndlm obz gltblc }b vclvc `dn( js}




blht zcfcd cm vdhclfc dl zc}szl, @c fbshml%} c cl vclvc }`c b}`cz Nsvic}cczv bz `dv Jblmng}c Gdzncm,

½Mb tbs hdic tbsz lcu gffbnnbmg}dblv( Sldfbzl.ngl2³ @c `cgzm g ocnghc bdfc fzbbl,

@c hbbicm s{ glm vgu g ubngl ud}` u`d}c `gdz( u`d}c ctcv glm idvv.bo.

mcg}` hd{v, V`c ubzc g jhgfi.hgfcm fbzvc} ud}` g ohbudle jhgfi hcg}`cz vidz} }`g} mdml%} hcg c nsf` }b }`c dngedlg}dbl,½Ghjzg}`,³ @c fzbgicm( uzcv}hdle ud}` `dv v`gfihcm uzdv}v,½]`g}%v zde`}( Sldfbzl,³ Ghjzg}`( Mgzi Hgmt bo }`c Slilbul vlcczcm, ½Nt

vdv}cz eg c s{ blfc v`c vgu tbsz vdhht ng}c zcvfsc tbs( js} lb} nc, D lc cz ed c s{,³

]`c Sldfbzl%v ctcv v`do}cm }b ezccl glm `c ezbuhcm dl glecz, ½Hc} nc eb'³ ½Lb} vb ogv},³ Ghjzg}` fzbblcm( ecl}ht vfzg{dle g odleczlgdh gegdlv} `dv

f`cci,Ud}`bs} ugzldle( oglev cp{hbmcm ozbn `dv nbs}` glm `c `dvvcm( vlg{{dle,½BB@'³ Ghjzg}` vlg}f`cm `cz odlecz gugt glm edeehcm, ½D vcc v`c `gv

]szlcm tbs, _czt ldfc( dlmccm,³ ½Hcg c `cz bs} bo }`dv glm hc} nc eb( Ghjzg}`'³ ]`c Sldfbzl fzdcm dl g bdfc

slhdic `dv bul,Ghjzg}` v`bbi `cz `cgm glm vndhcm, ½Lb( D mb lb} jchdc c D udhh,³ V`c

vs{{hdcm, ½D ugv }bhm }b icc{ tbs `czc glm }`g} D v`ghh mb,³ Dl g vnbit ezgt fhbsm( Ghjzg}` uzdeehcm `cz odleczv glm mdvg{{cgzcm(

hcg dle `dn `gledle }`czc,Gdzncm( mcgzcv}( fgl tbs `cgz nc2 @c }zdcm }chc{g}`dfghht vclmdle }`c

ncvvgec }b `dv Jblmng}c( {sv`dle gl cn{g}`df vclvc bo `dnvcho jcdle dl mglecz ghble ud}` d}, Tbsle Esgzmdgl2 Gnc}`tv}2 Gltblc2

@c `gm och} vbnc}`dle ud}`dl `dn v}dz ozbn Ghjzg}`%v }bsf`, @c ugl}cm( lb lccmcm `cz jhbbm, ]`czc ugv gl cp}zg jcg} }b `dv `cgz} gv `c }`bse`} bo `bu `c `gm vclvcm }`c z`t}`n bo }`c hdoc%v ohsdm {shvg}dle }`zbse` `cz vtv}cn glm cn{}t `cgz}, @c ugl}cm g }gv}c bo d}( glm }`g} }`bse`} mdml%} vd} uchh ud}` `dn,

U`g}%v ebdle bl ud}` nc2 Ggzbl }`bse`} }b `dnvcho, U`t mb D `g c }`cvsmmcl lccm obz jhbbm2

@c }bsf`cm `dv }b{ }cc}` ud}` `dv }blesc glm dlmccm och} glb}`cz {gdz bo dlfdvbzv {ccidle bs}, U`g} }`c `chh2 Oglev2 D `g c oglev2

@c nbglcm glm hbbicm mbul }b `dv lcfi, ]`c Mzcgn Hbfic} glm lcfihgfc Tbsle Esgzmdgl eg c `dn tcgzv geb uczc eblc,

Lb ublmcz D fgl%} vclvc }`cn( bz }`ct vclvc nc' @c fzdcm dl `dv ndlm,Ugd} g ndls}c, D lc cz lccmcm f`gznv }b fbllcf} ud}` }`c Nsvic}cczv jcobzc,

@c hbbicm g} `dv v`gfihcm zde`} `glm( u`df` `gm g vhde`} vfgz ozbn }`c uzdv} }b }`c ndmmhc bo `dv hbucz gzn, ]`c Sldfbzl vndhcm,

]dnc }b ec} g ncvvgec }`zbse` svdle }`c Jhbbm.[gf},

DDD




Dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( V dczzg Ezcebzt( ghvb ilbul gv Gdzncm V }gzf`gvcz(Zbvc ud}` }`c lde`}, V `c vclvcm vbnc}`dle ugvl%} wsd}c zde`} ud}` `czJ blmng}c glm hbbicm b cz }b `dv vdmc bo }`c jcm,

@c ugv eblc'Gdzncm }zdcm }b vclvc `dn js} `c ugvl%} c cl dl `cz ndlm,

@bu v}zglec2 V `c }`bse`} }b `czvcho, D }`bse`} uc `gm g }chc{g}`df hdli }b cgf` b}`cz( }`gliv }b }`c jdlmdle2 D ublmcz u`g}%v ebdle bl2 ½D%hh }chh tbs u`g}%v ebdle bl,³ V `c `cgzm g ocnghc bdfc {cc{ s{ ozbn }`c

mbbzugt, U`cl v`c hbbicm s{( v`c vgu Gdncc v}glmdle }`czc ud}` `cz ctcvehbudle ezccl glm `cz zde`} gzn {shvg}dle, Gdncc fbl}dlscm, ½@c%v v}sfi dl `dv{`tvdfgh obzn dl }`c Slilbul,³

½@s`2³ Gdzncm gvicm, ½@bu mdm tbs ilbu2³Gdncc v`bucm Gdzncm `cz zde`} gzn, D} dlmccm ugv {shvg}dle, ½]`c J hbbm.

[gf} vfgz }`g} cgf` bo }`c Nsvic}cczv `g c( }`gliv }b Gzdglg, @c svcm d} }bvclm }`c cn{g}`df ncvvgec }b nc, ]`g}%v `bu D ilbu,³

½D ilcu }`g} nsf`( D asv} ncgl}( `bu mdm tbs ilbu u`g} D ugv

}`dlidle2³Gdncc ezdllcm, ½]chc{g}`t( vgnc gv Ggzbl,³Gdzncm lbmmcm, ½ V b u`g} mb uc mb lbu2³½@c%v tbsz J blmng}c( Gdzncm,³ Gdncc vs{{hdcm, ½@c%v ghvb tbsz Glfdcl}

Ntv}df }b [zb}cf}, Mb tbsz abj gv `dv Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz }b zcvfsc `dn ozbnmglecz,³

Gdzncm esh{cm, Gdncc svsghht fghhcm `cz jt `cz ed cl lgnc bo V dczzg,½D}%v s{ }b tbs }b ozcc `dv ndlm glm jbmt ozbn }`c mc{}`v bo }`c

Slilbul( jcobzc `dv ndlm dv hbv} }b ghh obzc cz,³ Gdncc vgdm vbo}ht( }`cl ughicmbs} bo }`c zbbn,

Wscv}dbl ugv( u`czc dl }`c Slilbul ugv `c jcdle ic{}( glm u`b ugvicc{dle `dn `bv}gec2 U`t ubshm }`ct ugl} `dn gltugt2

Gdzncm vde`cm glm Fghhcm }`c Mzcgn F`gl}( }gidle `cz {`tvdfgh jbmt }b}`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( }b vcc do }`c Fbsl}cvv `gm glt glvuczv,

D_

Hslg {gfcm `cz hd dle zbbn( ubzzdcm, @cz vbl Hbegl ug}f`cm dl dl}czcv}(ublmczdle u`g} ugv bl `dv nb}`cz%v ndlm,

½Hs( udhh tbs v}b{ {gfdle2³ V `glc gvicm `cz, ½Tbs%zc ngidle nc mdqqt,³½D fgl%} `ch{ d},³ Hslg vs{{hdcm, ½D% c eb} g hb} bo {cllcm s{ clczet }`g} D

`g c }b mdv{czvc,³½]`cl jt ghh ncglv( ezbslm tbszvcho,³ V `glc vs{{hdcm, ½@gvl%} Zcm

V `guh }gse`} tbs glt}`dle2 @chh( tbs v`bshm ilbu jc}}cz }`gl }b icc{ cp}zgclczedcv tbs%zc lb} svdle,³

]`g} ngmc Hslg v}b{ dl `cz }zgfiv, V `glc fbshm vcc vbnc}`dle mdooczcl}gjbs} `cz ctcv zde`} gugt, D} ugv gv do }`c {cllcm.s{ clczet ugv sllg}szgh,

V dlfc `cz ctcv uczcl%} hbbidle gltu`czc js} }b v{gfc( u`df` zcndlmcm`dn bo u`cl vbncblc ud}` }chc{g}`t ugv ½Hdv}cldle³ }b glb}`cz dl }`cdz ndlmv(V `glc }bbi `dv [clmgl}.Hbfic} dl `dv `glmv glm v}gzcm g} `cz,




@c fbshm V cc }`c zcm gszg gzbslm `cz( glm zcncnjczcm u`czc d} fgncozbn, Odzcv}bzn( }`c Muchhcz.idl u`b ]szlcm `cz v`bz}ht go}cz }`c Ugz bo }`cZcghnv, V `c ugv lbu Odzcv}bzn%v jhbbm. V dv}cz,

½Hslg,³ @c }zdcm( zchcgvdle }`c Hbfic}.[clmgl},V `c `chm `cz `glm s{( vdhclfdle `dn, ]`ct v}bbm dl }`cdz v{b}v obz g

nbncl}( sl}dh Hslg v{bic s{, ½]`czc,³V `glc hbbicm }b u`czc `cz ctcv uczc obfsvcm( js} vgu glm vclvcmlb}`dle, ½U`g}2³

½B`( Cnczghm v`bucm nc g wsdfi ugt }b ec} zdm bo cp}zg clczet( }`g}%vghh,³ Hslg ezdllcm,

½D ilcu }`c Muchhczv `gm vbnc}`dle }b mb ud}` d},³ V `glc vs{{hdcm, ½D fglvclvc }`cn ghh b cz tbs,³

½Uchh( D gn jhbbm.jbslm }b Odzcv}bzn, U`g} mdm tbs cp{cf}2³ Hslggvicm, V `c `chm `dn glm `c idvvcm `cz, ½]`dlev gzc ebdle }b f`glec obz sv(mzgv}dfghht,³ V `c }bhm `dn vbo}ht( hgtdle `cz `cgm bl `dv f`cv}, ½ V bbl,³

G ug c bo hb c {gvvcm }`zbse` `dn( glm glt ubzzdcv b cz }`c Muchhcz.idl

glm `dv J hbbm.jdlmdle uczc {shhcm }b }`c jgfi bo `dv ndlm, @c%m ubzzt gjbs} d}hg}cz,

@c ugv asv} ublmczdle u`g} ugv bl `cz ndlm lbu( glm u`g} ngmc `czvgt }`g} vb vbo}ht, ½U`g} mdm tbs V cc( V ucc}v2³

Hslg hbbicm s{ g} `dn glm ezdllcm( `seedle `dn }de`}cz, ½ V cc2³½U`g} ngmc tbs vgt }`g} }`dlev uczc ebdle }b f`glec obz sv2³Hslg v`zseecm, ½B`( lb} g _dvdbl( {cz vc,³ V `c vs{{hdcm, ½Nbzc bo g

Occhdle,³½G Occhdle2³ V `glc gvicm `cz( fblosvcm, ½Gv dl }`c Cn{g}`t2³J cdle v`c `gv blht zcfcl}ht hcgzlcm }b }zsv} dl `cz Cn{g}`t( `c ugvl%}

svcm }b `cz v{cgidle bo ½Occhdle³ vbnc}`dle, V `c ghugtv ½ V gu³ }`dlev( glm}`bvc uczc jgvcm bl Fhgdz btgl} _dvdblv bz `cz {bucz bo [zcnbld}dbl, Lcd}`czugv ghugtv gffszg}c,

½D mbl%} ilbu `bu }b cp{hgdl d}( V `glc,³ Hslg v}gz}cm, V `c vg} glm `chmHbegl dl `cz hg{, ]`c jgjt hgdm `dv `cgm bl `cz v`bshmcz glm gznv gzbslm `czlcfi, V `c `seecm `dn fhbvc, ½ V dlfc ugidle ozbn Odzcv}bzn%v jhbbm.jdlmdle( D% coch},,,mdooczcl}, Nbzc ghd c( D escvv,³

½Dv }`g} u`g} ngmc tbs svc }`c V {`czc2³Hslg v}gzcm g} `dn, ½D mbl%} ilbu u`g} ngmc nc svc d}, [cz`g{v ghh }`c

`gzm ubzi Gzdglg ugv mbdle ngmc nc ugl} }b zc{gt `cz jt svdle d}2³½J s} }`c Mzcgn Zcghnv% V {`czc2³ V `glc gvicm `cz, ½Mdml%} tbs }`dli

}`g} ugv asv} g }gm mgleczbsv2 Tbs% c lc cz jccl dl fbl}zbh bo }`g} nsf`{bucz jcobzc, U`g} ngmc tbs c cl }`dli bo svdle }`c V {`czc2 Uczcl%} tbsgugzc bo }`c mglecz tbs fbshm fgsvc do tbs fbshml%} fbl}zbh d} {zb{czht2³

Hslg ehgzcm g} `dn ud}` g fcz}gdl odzc dl `cz ctcv `c%m lc cz vccl bz Och}jcobzc, D} ngmc `dn vdhcl}ht egv{, ½Hdv}cl `czc( V `glc Ndf`gch Nbzc`bsvc, Dghzcgmt eb} }`c hcf}szc ozbn nt }udl bl svdle }`g} V {`czc9 D mb lb} lccm d} ozbn

tbs' Lb( D mdml%} ilbu D fbshm fbl}zbh d}( js} D mdm, Tcv( D ilcu ghh gjbs} }`cV {`czc jcobzc D fbllcf}cm }`c {dcfcv( js} D mdm d} obz }`c ezcg} bo ebbm, Lbu(



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7;;..

}blde`}( }`c obsz bo sv gzc ebdle }b zc}szl d}( dl d}v cl}dzc}t( }b Hbzm Esgzmdgl(vb uc fgl jc mblc ud}` d}'³

V `glc ugv v`bficm, @c mdml%} ilbu u`g} }b vgt lcp}( vb `c }bbi `dv vblozbn `cz `glmv glm hco} }`c zbbn, V bnc}`dle }bhm `dn v`c lccmcm }b jc ghblc,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7;7..

F ` g{} c z1_ dvd}v }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv

Mczzdfi Zcgmdle ugv }`c [zb}cf}bz gv `c Fzsvgmcm }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv obz glvuczv, Ud}` `dn ugv `dv bhm ozdclm bo Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz( Vdzc bo }`c Fgldlc

_ghhct, ]`ct }zg chcm }`c [zb dlfc Ubbm dl vdhclfc, U`cl }`ct zcgf`cm g ughh bo odzc( Mczzdfi v}b{{cm dl `dv }zgfiv,½U`g} dv }`dv2³ Mczzdfi gvicm Ubho,½]`g} dv }`c Odzcughh,³ Ubho vs{{hdcm, ½D} dv g ngedfgh jgzzdcz jc}uccl }`c

}ub Zcghnv, V}bzdcv vgt }`c Mzgebl Cn{czbz bo hble geb {s} d} }`czc dl bzmcz }b icc{ }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv ozbn `dv bul mcv}zsf}d c ngedf u`cl `c jcfgnc F`gb}df,³

Mczzdfi esh{cm, ½@bu mb uc ec} b cz d}2³ @c gvicm, ½]`czc `gv }b jc g ugt9 D zcncnjcz hble geb u`cl Gzdglg ugv v}sfi dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv ud}` Mzgfbzg, @bu mdm v`c ec} jgfi }`zbse` d}2³

½D} dv vgdm v`c b{clcm g ngedfgh mbbz,³ Ubho vs{{hdcm, U`cl }`c [zb}cf}bz

v}gzcm g} `dn dl ublmcz( `c vndhcm, ½]`c Ubho.{gfiv `g c nglt v}bzdcv ud}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl dl }`cn, Ng}äzä `gv jccl }chhdle nc ghh gjbs} }`cn,³

Jcobzc }`c [zb}cf}bz ugv gjhc }b gvi u`g} ½Ng}äzä³ ugv( g hgzec nghc dl }`c sldobzn bo }`c [ghgfc Esgzm dl}czzs{}cm }`cn, @c `gm ebhmcl udlev ud}` fhguv }`g} fhd{{cm g} `dv lcfi( gv do `c uczc ucgzdle g fg{c, @c ubzc g vubzm g} `dv vdmc glm ugv `bhmdle g hble v}goo,

½Vsh`ctg }b tbs jb}`( glm Igc}gg,³ @c vgdm, ½D gn ]zclbz( Eclczgh bo }`c Mzgfbldgl Gzndcv g} Nblgzf`%v Ehcl `czc dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, Tbs gzc udv`dle }b {gvv }`c Odzcughh }b vcc }`c Fbsl}cvv2³

]`c [zb}cf}bz lbmmcm( vccdle }`c cnjhcn bl `dv f`cv}, D} ugv bo }ub mzgeblv dl ohde`}( blc tchhbu( blc zcm( ud}` }`c v`dchm bo g jhgfi fgv}hc jc`dlm }`cn, ½Tcv( Eclczgh ]zclbz, D gn ilbul gv }`c [zb}cf}bz( glm }`dv dv Vdzc Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz bo }`c Fgldlc _ghhct, U`g} ugv }`g} tbs ezcc}cm sv ud}`2³

]zclbz%v vndhc nc} `dv jhgfi ctcv gv `c hbbicm g} Ubho}bl, ½D mb jchdc c tbsz ozdclm ilbuv }`c odzv}( mb tbs lb} zcncnjcz( Nbsl}gdl [gfi2³

Ubho}bl ezdllcm, ½Gtc glm d} dv g ebbm ncnbzt,³ @c vs{{hdcm( }szldle }b `dv ozdclm, ½D ilbu %Vsh`ctg% dv %ezcc}dlev%( dl Glfdcl} Ubho.V{cgi, Ng}äzä%v [gfi svcv }`g} hglesgec bo}cl( icc{dle }`c bhm ]blesc ghd c,³ @c }szlcm jgfi }b ]zclbz, ½Js} u`g} mbcv %Igc}gg% ncgl2³

½D} dv }`c Mzgfbldgl ubzm obz %ezcc}dlev%,³ ]zclbz vs{{hdcm, ½U`g} jsvdlcvv `g c tbs ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv( [zb}cf}bz2³

½D}%v gjbs} Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz gllbslfcm( ug}f`dle ]zclbz%v ogfc,

]zclbz lbmmcm fsz}ht glm vghs}cm, ½Gtc( Vdz, D udhh v`bu tbs }`c ugt,³ @c }`cl v}bbm jgfi glm v`do}cm }b g `sec ebhmcl mzgebl, ½Fhdnj bl glm D udhh

{czvblghht }gic tbs }`czc,³ Ubho}bl glm }`c [zb}cf}bz eg c cgf` b}`cz hbbiv bo vsz{zdvc jcobzc fhdnjdle

bl ]zclbz%v jgfi,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7;:..

½Lbu mb tbs ugl} }b }chh nc u`g} Ng}äzä ncglv2³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz gvicm gv `c vc}}hcm glm `chm bl }de`},

½Vdn{hc,³ Ubho}bl vs{{hdcm ud}` g ezdl, ½D} ncglv %nb}`cz,%³ ½U`t mdm `c fghh tbs Nbsl}gdl [gfi2³ ½]`g} dv }`c [gfi dl }`c Nbsl}gdl Zcedbl bo bsz Zcghn }`g} nt Ng}äzä dv

ozbn,³ Ubho}bl vs{{hdcm, ½Dl }zs}`( Ng}äzä dv Gh{`g V`cUbho bo }`c ]dnjczubho [gfi, Bsz [gfi dv {gz} bo }`c Nbsl}gdl Ubho Obzcv} [gfiv,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz v`bbi `dv `cgm, ]`ct uczc jb}` tglicm dl }`cdz vcg}v gv

]zclbz }bbi }b }`c gdz,

DD

]`c blc ilbul gv }`c Sldfbzl b{clcm `dv ctcv,@c ugvl%} mzcgndle, @c zcghht ugv v`gfihcm }b g ughh dl }`c Slilbul

vbncu`czc, @c vgu gl dzbl mbbz ud}` g fzbvv.jgzzcm udlmbu, Asv} bs}vdmc }`c udlmbu( `c fbshm vcc }`c ohgnc bo g }bzf`,

]`g}%v ghh `c fbshm vcc( `c }`bse`} }b `dnvcho( v`gidle `dv `cgm, @c }`bse`} }b `dv v`bz} fbl czvg}dbl ud}` Ghjzg}`,

U`g} ubshm }`c Mgzi Hgmt ugl} ud}` `dn2 @c ugvl%} glt }`zcg} }b `cz jcvdmcv jcdle g Fzsvgmcz bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghn,

V `c mdm vgt v`c ugv }bhm }b icc{ nc `czc, Sldfbzl }`bse`} }b `dnvcho, Dublmcz u`b }bhm `cz2

G} hcgv} `c ugv gjhc }b ec} g }chc{g}`df ncvvgec }b }`c b}`cz Nsvic}cczv,Vbbl( vbncblc ubshm zcvfsc `dn,

]`c }bzf` bs}vdmc }`c udlmbu ohdficzcm( glm `c `cgzm obb}v}c{v glm vgu v`gmbuv, @c hdv}clcm fhbvcht glm `cgzm bdfcv,

½Uc `g c `dn( Ngv}cz,³ @c mdml%} zcfbeldqc }`c tbsle.vbslmdle js} zbse` bdfc, ½Lbu u`g} mb uc mb ud}` `dn2³

½Uc ugd} sl}dh `ch{ gzzd cv,³ ]`g} bdfc ugv slndv}gigjhc, D} ugv Mgndgl,½D ugl} }b idhh `dn lbu'³ ]`c odzv} bdfc vs{{hdcm, ½D ugl} }b odldv` u`g} }`c

Mgzi Gzzbuv v}gz}cm,³ ½Tbs udhh `g c `dn( Mbndldfi,³ Mgndgl zcv{blmcm, ½Lbu dv lb} }`c }dnc,

Uc fgllb} ngic d} }bb cgvt obz }`cn( fgl uc2³ ½Lgt( Ngv}cz,³ Mbndldfi vde`cm, ½U`t v`bshm uc ugd}2³ ½Jglc glm Jghbz lccm }b {zc{gzc,³ Mgndgl vs{{hdcm, ½D gmnd}( Jghbz dv gl

dl}czcv}dle V}ghicz, Dl }`c ncgl}dnc( ubshm tbs hdic }b {hgt ud}` bsz escv}2³ Mbndldfi hgse`cm, ½Mcodlc %{hgt%,³ ½Glt}`dle tbs fgl }`dli bo( Mbndldfi, Ngic `dn vsoocz( js} icc{ `dn

ghd c,³ Mgndgl vs{{hdcm, ½D ugl} `dn }b Occh c czt}`dle( slmczv}glm2³ ½[czocf}ht( Hbzm Ngv}cz,³ ]`czc uczc obb}v}c{v( glm }`c v`gmbuv mdvg{{cgzcm,Sldfbzl esh{cm( ublmczdle u`cl `ch{ ubshm gzzd c,




DDD

Tbsle Esgzmdgl bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghn ohcu }`c vidcv dl g lcu obzn v`c `gm jccl cp{czdncl}dle ud}`( }`g} bo }`c Mzgeblubho, V`c v}dhh ubzc `cz Ode`}cz%v Ecgz(js} }`czc uczc vhd}v dl }`c v`dz} obz `cz udlev,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl2 V`c `cgzm Ggzblµv bdfc gf`c dl `cz ndlm,Dµn `czc( Sldfbzl, V`c }`bse`} jgfi }b `dn( occhdle gl cn{g}`df {sv` dl zc}szl }chhdle `cz }`g} `c ugv dl }zbsjhc vbncu`czc, U`g}µv uzble2

V`c ubshm zcfcd c lb zcv{blvc js} }`g} bo }`c {shvg}dle bo }`c Jhbbm.[gf} vfgz, V`c wsdfiht ehglfcm g} d} }b odlm d} ehbudle, ]`g} ehbudle glm }`g} {gdl }bhm `cz }`g} }`c Sldfbzl ugv dl mcc{ }zbsjhc glm dl lccm bo `cz,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl v}b{{cm dl ndmgdz }b fhbvc `cz ctcv glm fblfcl}zg}c bl }`c hdli jc}uccl }`cn,

Ggzbl2 V`c {sv`cm( v}dhh }ztdle }b odlm `dn, U`czc gzc tbs2 Jcobzc v`c fbshm ec} gl glvucz( v`c `cgzm `cz }d}hc jcdle fghhcm( obzfdle `cz

}b b{cl `cz ctcv,

½Tbsle Esgzmdgl'³ V`c hbbicm g`cgm glm vgu g ebhmcl mzgebl ohtdle }bugzm `cz, Lcd}`cz v`c

lbz }`c mzgebl ugv gjhc }b v}b{ }`cnvch cv jcobzc }`ct fbhhdmcm dl ndm.gdz,Slgjhc }b `bhm `cz fblfcl}zg}dbl( v`c v`do}cm jgfi }b `cz svsgh Dnnbz}gh

obzn, @cz udlev mdvg{{cgzcm( gv mdm `cz ubho%v jbmt glm }gdh, Vccdle `cz oghhdle(}`c mzgebl fgse`} `cz jcobzc }`ct jb}` ochh `gzm }b }`c ezbslm jchbu,

½Tbsle Esgzmdgl'³ ]`c mzgebl v`do}cm `dv obzn }b }`c nghc Muchhcz.idl v`c%m ilbul gv Eclczgh ]zclbz, ½Gzc tbs ghh zde`}2³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl v`bbi `cz `cgm glm jhsv`cm, ½D escvv D lccm g hd}}hc nbzc {zgf}dfc,³

]zclbz hgse`cm, ½Ugv }`g} }`c odzv} }dnc tbs v`do}cm }b g ohtdle ubho2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl lbmmcm, ½D {zcocz obz d} }b jc fghhcm g Mzgeblubho( g ubho

ud}` mzgebl%v udlev( glm d} ugv blc bo }`c odzv} }dncv( tcv,³ V`c v}bbm, ½Ezglm Ngesv Vgu }`c [zb}cf}bz `czc ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv, @g c tbs vccl `dn2³

]zclbz lbmmcm, ½Gtc( Tbsle Esgzmdgl, D asv} }bbi }`c [zb}cf}bz glm g Nbsl}gdl [gfi Ubho `c%m lgncm Vdzc Ubho}bl }b vcc `cz,³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl ezdllcm, ½Tbs% c mblc gl cpfchhcl} abj( nt ozdclm, Lbu( d}%v nt }szl }b vcc nt Jhbbm.vdv}cz,³

]zclbz ezdllcm jgfi( vghs}dle, ½Tbs ilbu }`c ugt( D gvvsnc2³ ½D}%v jccl gu`dhc( js} tcv( D mb ilbu nt ugt gzbslm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv(

bmmht clbse`,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vghs}cm jgfi, ½Ogzcuchh obz lbu( ]zclbz,³ V`c v`do}cm jgfi }b g Mzgeblubho glm }bbi }b }`c vidcv blfc gegdl,Wsdc}ht( gv v`c ohcu }b Nblgzf`%v Ehcl( v`c ]`bse`} }b `cz jhbbm.vdv}cz,

Mzgfbzg( jhbbm.vdv}cz( D%n fbndle, D ilbu }`c [zb}cf}bz dv ud}` tbs, D%n dlMzgeblubho obzn( vb {hcgvc icc{ nt dmcl}d}t g vcfzc},

_czt uchh, Do tbs dlvdv}( Mzgfbzg%v }`dfi gffcl}cm bdfc cf`bcm dl `cz ndlm,D} ugv fhcgzcz }`gl d} c cz `gm jccl jcobzc,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl }`bse`} }`c jhbbm jdlmdle `gm vbnc}`dle }b mb ud}` d},



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7;=..

U`cl v`c zcgf`cm }`c Fgv}hc g} Nblgzf`%v Ehcl( }ub Esgzmv v`c%m lc cz nc} jcobzc hc} `cz }`zbse` }`c eg}cv blfc v`c v`bucm }`cn `cz Mzcgn Gnshc},

Gv v`c cp{cf}cm( }`c [zb}cf}bz glm Vdzc Ubho}bl uczc v}glmdle dl ozbl} bo }`c ]`zblc dl }`c Ngdl @ghh, ]`c Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg ugv vd}}dle zceghht g} `cz ]`zblc( hdv}cldle,

Tbsle Esgzmdgl ugv vdhcl} gv v`c v}bbm glm hdv}clcm dl,½D gn vbzzt( [zb}cf}bz,³ Mzgfbzg ugv vgtdle, ½D fgllb} cp{hgdl glt}`dle }`g} v`c `czvcho fgllb} }chh tbs, U`t `g c tbs lb} gvicm `cz2³

]`c [zb}cf}bz jbucm `dv `cgm glm ilch}, ½Vbnc}`dle dv `g{{cldle }b `cz hg}cht( D vgu d} obz ntvcho, D ocgz v`c%v jcfbndle g hd}}hc( s`( mgzi dl `cz ngedf,³

½V`c dv }`c vgnc ocnghc v`c `gv jccl obz tcgzv,³ Mzgfbzg gllbslfcm( }`cl hbbicm s{ g} Tbsle Esgzmdgl u`b ugv ugd}dle jc`dlm }`c [zb}cf}bz glm Ubho%v

obznv, ½Blfc v`c nc} }`c ctcv bo Zgnbl Ngz}dtg( }`c Fbn{shvdbl V{chh D {s} bl `cz ugv zchcgvcm,³

Lcd}`cz nghc vccncm }b lb}dfc `cz ehglfc( vb v`c ucl} bl,½V`c ngt `g c cp{czdclfcm vbnc obznv bo }`c Muchhcz.idl gjdhd}dcv( vsf` gv

V}cgh}`( js} D gvvszc tbs( v`c dv }`c vgnc ubngl tbs ngzzdcm( glm }`c vgnc Tbsle Esgzmdgl bo Mzcgnv,³

Mzgfbzg lbmmcm }b Tbsle Esgzmdgl( u`b g{{zbgf`cm }`c ]`zblc glm jbucm }b `cz jhbbm.vdv}cz,

½[gzmbl nt dl}zsvdbl( Fbsl}cvv( js} D lccm g ubzm ud}` tbs( do D ngt2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gvicm,

½Fcz}gdlht,³ Mzgfbzg zc{hdcm( }szldle }b }`c nghcv dl ozbl} bo `cz, ½Do tbs ecl}hcncl gzc odldv`cm( {hcgvc cpfsvc sv,³

½Tbs nde`} ugl} }b odlm glb}`cz ugt b cz }`c Odzcughh( }`bse`,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm, ½Eclczgh ]zclbz dv bl {g}zbh( vb `c ubl%} jc gjhc }b `ch{ tbs,³

½@bu mdm tbs ilbu gjbs} }`g}( hgmt ubho2³ Ubho}bl gvicm,½]zclbz dv }`c blc u`b nc} nc g} }`c Jbzmczv,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm(

glm vndhcm gv v`c v`do}cm jgfi }b `cz svsgh vcho,½Gzdglg'³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz fzdcm, ½D mdml%} ilbu tbs fbshm v`do} }b g ubho ud}`

udlev'³ ½D {zcocz }`c obzn }b jc fghhcm %Mzgeblubho%( hb c,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl

gllbslfcm, ½Do tbs udv`( tbs fgl {czsvc }`c ngzic}{hgfc,³ V`c {hgfcm `cz `glm bl `cz Gnshc}, G vdh czt hde`} v`blc obz g nbncl} sl}dh v`c {shhcm d} jgfi, Dl `cz `glmv uczc }ub fbdlv }`g} hbbicm dmcl}dfgh }b `cz Gnshc}, V`c `glmcm blc }b cgf` bo }`cn, ½V`bshm glt Mzgfbldglv bz Muchhcz.idl `gzgvv tbs( v`bu }`cn }`g} fbdl glm }chh }`cn tbs%zc ud}` nc, D%hh ncc} tbs g} }`c Jbzmczhdlc dl gl `bsz,³

]`c [zb}cf}bz vde`cm( lbmmdle gv `c idvvcm `cz f`cci, Ubho}bl obhhbucm(v}dhh gucm jt }`c fbdl dl `dv `glm,

U`cl }`ct uczc eblc( Tbsle Esgzmdgl ezdllcm g} }`c Fbsl}cvv, ½Lbu }`cl( u`czc ugv D2³

D_




Jghbz( {zb}äeä }b }`c lbu.Mcv}zbtcm Fzsfdv( }bbi `dv lcu fbnnglm ud}` hd}}hc }zbsjhc, ]`c blht }zbsjhc `c mdm `g c ugv ud}` }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df ilbul gv Tbsle Esgzmdgl,

@c ugl}cm `dv zc clec obz `cz jcg}dle `dn glm Mcv}zbtdle `dv ncl}bz,]`zbse` Mgndgl glm Hbzm Jglc( `c ubshm ec} d}, ]`gliv }b Hbzm Jglc%v vbl

Mbndldfi( u`b%m vc} }`c }zg{ glm fg{}szcm }`c blc ilbul gv }`c Sldfbzl( Jghbz lbu `gm `dv f`glfc,@c ndv}cm }`zbse` }`c jgzzcm udlmbu( fgzcosh lb} }b ngic `dnvcho ilbul,]`c Sldfbzl hgt v`gfihcm gegdlv} }`c ughh( ctcv fhbvcm, Gv vbbl gv Jghbz

ndv}cm dl }`c zbbn( }`c Sldfbzl b{clcm `dv ctcv, Jghbz vgu }`g} }`ct }szlcm ozbn ezccl }b g mcc{ zcm( glm oglev {zb}zsmcm ozbn `dv nbs}`( g hbu ezbuh cvfg{dle,

D} ugv }`cl `c mcfdmcm }b vbhdmdot glm ngic `dnvcho ilbul,½D v`bshm `g c ilbul }`g} Jblmng}c bo tbszv ubshm ]szl tbs,³ Jghbz

gllbslfcm,½U`g} jsvdlcvv dv d} bo tbszv2³ ]`c Sldfbzl ezbuhcm( zcm ctcv bl `dn,

½U`b }`c `chh gzc tbs2³

½Ghhbu nc }b dl}zbmsfc ntvcho,³ Jghbz vs{{hdcm, ½D gn Jghbz( tbsz idl.Fhgl hcgmcz,³

]`c Sldfbzl%v ctcv udmclcm( glm Jghbz vndhcm,½Gzc tbs gugzc bo tbsz idl.{bucz( Sldfbzl2³ Jghbz gvicm,]`c Sldfbzl `chm `dv jzcg}`, ½Idl.{bucz2³ Jghbz lbmmcm, ½B`( gtc, Jcdle ]szlcm }b V}ghicz jzdlev ezcg} {bucz, Uc

gzc gjhc }b mb nglt }`dlev Nbz}ghv fgllb}, Tbs tbszvcho asv} ud}lcvvcm }`c Ndv},Tbsz Jblmng}c ]szlcm tbs ud}` `cz bul udhm {bucz,³

½Tbs%zc lb} }`c hcgmcz,³ ]`c Sldfbzl gllbslfcm, ½Zgnbl Ngz}dtg dv,³ ½D gn ogz bhmcz }`gl `c( tbslehdle,³ Jghbz gllbslfcm, ½]`bse`( D mb gmnd}

`c `gv `dv og}`cz Fzsfdv% f`gzn,³ ½U`g} mb tbs ugl} ozbn nc( Jghbz2³ ½[g}dclfc nt jbt( {g}dclfc,³ Jghbz fzbblcm, ½]`c odlgh cpf`glec dv }`c nbv}

dn{bz}gl}, D} dv }`c blc }`g} osvcv ghh {bucz }bec}`cz ud}`dl tbsz jbmt glm ngicv tbs V}ghicz,³

]`c Sldfbzl v}gzcm, ½Tbs ugl} }b Occm ozbn nc2³ Jghbz v`bbi `dv `cgm, ½Bl }`c fbl}zgzt( Sldfbzl, Tbs Lccm }b Occm ozbn

nc,³ ]gidle g }g}}czcm lgdh( `c }bzc g hdlc mbul `dv uzdv}( v`budle d} }b Ggzbl,]`c Sldfbzl ohdlf`cm( }szldle gugt glm `dvvdle, ]`c jhbbm }`g} mzd{{cm

ozbn Jghbz%v cdl ugv jhgfi( glm vnchhcm bo mcg}` glm mcfgt( asv} gv `c mdm, @c fbshm vclvc }`c {bucz ud}`dl d}( js} ugl}cm lb}`dle bo d},

½Mzdli( Tbslehdle( glm jcfbnc fbn{hc}c,³ Jghbz%v `t{lb}df bdfc {sv`cm `dn }b }szl jgfi,

Mbl%} ed c dl( J blmng}c' @c `cgzm Gdzncm%v bdfc dl `dv `cgm, Tbs%zcv}zblecz }`gl `c c cz udhh jc'

]`c Sldfbzl hbbicm Jghbz dl `dv jhgfi ctcv glm vndhcm,½]`g}%v d}( Tbsle Blc,³ Jghbz vgdm, ½Vnchh }`c {bucz }`g} gugd}v tbs2 Vclvc

}`c ngedf }`g} ohbuv dl nt cdlv2 Tbs fgl `g c d} }bb( ghh tbs `g c }b mb dv Occm,³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7;?..

½Lb }`gliv( D blht @slecz obz nt Jblmng}c,³ Ggzbl fzbblcm dl }`c vgnc cf`bcm bdfc }`g} ugv slhdic `dv bul,

G} }`g}( Jghbz `dvvcm, ]`c Sldfbzl hbbicm s{ }b vcc Gdzncm glm g ubho Dnnbz}gh ud}` udlev `c vclvcm gv Tbsle Esgzmdgl }`czc, @dv Jblmng}c Gdzncm ugv dl Dnnbz}gh obzn( ud}` jhgfi.`bbmcm fhbgi glm mcc{ mgzi ctcv, @cz [clmgl}

ehbucm zcm, ]`c Sldfbzl mdml%} zcfbeldqc }`c lcu obzn bo `dv jcv} ozdclm, Bl `cz jgfi ugv `cz V{dzd}jhgmc( glm v`c ugv ucgzdle `cz Ode`}cz%v Ecgz,½@bu mdm tbs ec} {gv} }`c esgzmv2³ Jghbz gvicm( dlfzcmshbsv,]`ct jb}` vgu }`c vldmc ezdl bl Tbsle Esgzmdgl%v hd{v( ghble ud}` }`c zcm

dl `cz ctcv gv v`c vgdm vdn{ht, *Lbu,³ Ghh }`zcc bo }`cn fghhcm }`c Cpdhdle V{chh( js} ghh d} mdm ugv ngic Jghbz

hgse`,½Obbhdv` Nbz}ghv,³ @c hgse`cm, ½D gn lb Mbndldbld}c( vb }`g} V{chh mbcvl%}

ubzi bl nc'³ ½Ngtjc lb}( js} D ilbu u`g} udhh,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm, V`c

slv`cg}`cm `cz V{dzd}jhgmc glm fghhcm }b }`c gdz blfc }`c ngedf }`g} uzg{{cm

gzbslm }`c jhgmc `gm `dn ozbqcl dl `dv }zgfiv,@cz ctcv ehbucm( glm }`c Sldfbzl fbshm blht v}glm glm ug}f`( hdv}cldle

ud}` dl}czcv},

½Ngedfv bo }`c Zcghnv Sld}c(½D fghh }`cc obz}`,½Udlmv bo [bucz( `cgz nt fghh' ½Mcv}zbt }`dv V}ghicz%v mcgm jbmt ½Glm zcfghh `dv vbsh ud}`dl nt jhgmc'³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl mdzcf}cm `cz ngedfgh jhgmc }b Jghbz( u`b v}bbm v}gzdle g} `cz dl `bzzbz, G jzdhhdgl} tchhbu.u`d}c hde`} ehbucm( u`d{{dle d}vcho gzbslm }`c V}ghicz( cleshodle `dn ud}` ngedf,

½Mcfbzsn( Vglf}sv( JGLC'³ V`c fzdcm( glm }`c Sldfbzl vgu g fztv}gh bl `cz jhgmc%v `dh} ehbu( vsfidle Jghbz%v czt vbsh dl}b d},

@c fbshm mb lb}`dle js} `gle }`czc( vdhcl},V`c hbbicm s{ g} }`c Sldfbzl, ½Gzc tbs bigt( Ggzbl2³ @c lbmmcm, ½Obz }`c nbv} {gz},³ ½Ebbm,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm, V`c }szlcm }b gl gugd}dle Gdzncm,

½Ec} `dn mbul ozbn }`czc,³ V`c lbmmcm glm Tbsle Esgzmdgl fbl}dlscm, ½D%hh mcgh ud}` gltblc bs}vdmc }`dv mbbz,³ V`c {gsvcm u`cl }`c Sldfbzl hbbicm g} `cz cp{cf}gl}ht, Ud}` g lbm( v`c }bhm `dn, ½D%hh cp{hgdl c czt}`dle hg}cz( D {zbndvc, Obz lbu( hc}%v ec} bs} bo `czc,³




V}bzt &71Tbsle Esgzmdgl%v V sv{dfdblv

Tbsle Esgzmdgl( ilbul gv Gzdglg Zcgmdle dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( {gfcm}`c V }smt g ucci hg}cz, V `cµv lb}dfcm sllg}szgh }`dlev `g{{cldle ghh gzbslm

`cz, ]`c vgnc * V bnc}`dle* }`g} v`c `gm vclvcm cgzhdcz ugv v}dhh }`czc( blht v}zblecz, V `c fbshm V clvc d} fhcgzht }`dv }dnc( glm d} mdml%} jbmc uchh obz glt bo }`c Zcghnv bo Ghh }`c Ubzhmv,

Dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( ghvb ilbul gv }`c Zcghn bo Nbz}ghv( Gzdglg fbshmV clvc }`c mgzilcvv dl }`bvc lgncm Mzcgnczv, @cz bul Cn{g}`t ugv dl bh cmgv uchh( glm ugv }`c vgnc Occhdle gv }`g} bo `cz jcv} ozdclm v`bz}ht go}cz }`cUgz bo }`c Zcghnv ugv b cz, V `cµm mcvfzdjcm d} }b `dv }udl Gdncc gv *mgzi( js}lb} mgzi,* V `c%m v{bicl }b jb}` Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glmFchcv}c Nbblmglfcz cp}clvd cht gjbs} d}( jb}` mcltdle glt gjlbzngh ubzidlevdl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn,

Dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( v`c }zdcm }b {g}zbh js} clmcm s{ dl }`c Slilbul(

}`c Bhm Mbndldbl( glm c cl }`c Mcnbl Zcghnv, Fbn{gldblv }`zbse`bs} }`cZcghn bo Mzcgnv `g c fbnc }b vcc `cz gv nbzc bo g zshcz dlv}cgm bo asv} gFzsvgmcz bz c cl cz }d}hc ½Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ ]`ct uczc ghvb vhbuht ec}}dlesvcm }b `cz gv `cz nglt mdooczcl} obznv( }`bse` nglt( hdic `cz bhm ozdclmv(uczc fblosvcm, Mzgfbzg `gm lb}cm }`g} }`c Mzgeblubho obzn vccncm }b %vsd}%`cz nbzc }`gl }`c Dnnbz}gh.`sngl obzn v`c%m ghugtv gm jcobzc, Gzdglg `gm}b gezcc, D} och} lg}szgh }b jc cd}`cz }`c mzgebl bz }`c ubho( }`bse` v`c lc czzcghht slmczv}bbm u`t,

Gzdglg ilcu v`c bucm cp{hglg}dblv }b `cz Fzsvgmcz ogndht9 gjbs} }`cugt v`c zcgf}cm ud}` }`c Muchhcz.idl hcgmcz Zgnbl u`cl }`ct nc} ctcv( gjbs}}`c jhbbm.jdlmdle ud}` Mzgfbzg( glm c cl }`g} bo }`c cp}zg %bbn{`% bo {buczv`c%m `gm blfc }`c jhbbm.jdlmdle v{chh ugv zchcgvcm ozbn `cz ndlm,

]`czc uczc ncnbzdcv mcc{ ud}`dl `cz ndlm glm vbsh }`g} uczc fblosvdle}b `cz, U`cl v`c }bhm Mzgfbzg gjbs} vbnc bo }`cn( `cz jhbbm. V dv}cz blht vndhcm glm vgdm *Tbs udhh ilbu dl }dnc( V d}g,* *V d}g(* v`c%m hcgzlcm ozbnFchcv}c }`c vgnc lde`}( ncgl} *vdv}cz* dl Glfdcl} Ubho. V {cgi,

J gfi `bnc g} }`c {zcvcl} nbncl}( v`c v}b{{cm dl `cz }zgfiv glm }bbibs} }`c Mzcgn Zcghnv% V {`czc( `bhmdle d} dl `cz `glmv, V `c%m zc{hgfcm }`cGnc}`tv} V {dzd} Fztv}gh gzbslm `cz lcfi jcobzc ebdle }b vhcc{ }`c lde`} Hslgfgv} }`c Glfdcl}%v V {chh( vb }`c V {`czc ugvl%} }b}ghht dl }gf}, D} ghvb ugvl%} gmglecz }b glt bo }`c Zcghnv( }`gli }`c Ebmv,

D} v}dhh `gm }b jc zc}szlcm }b B%Mchh glm }`c b}`cz Bzdedlg}bzv, ]zbsjhcugv( u`clc cz v`c `chm d}( v`c @cgzm g bdfc dl `cz ndlm {zbmmdle `cz }b svcd}, Ghble ud}` }`c _bdfc ugv g fcz}gdl %{shh% bo cz Cn{g}`t, ]`c bdfc `gmjccl {zbmmdle `cz }b svc }`c V {`czc dl mcv}zsf}d c ugtv( js} v`c ugv v}zbleczdl v{dzd} }`gl vbnc vdhht nghc bdfc,

U`b ugv }`c bdfc }`g} ugv dl `cz cgm( cf`bdle glm c dh2 U`g} obzfcugv vb v}zble( d} ugv gjhc }b jzcgi }`zbse` `cz ngedfgh mcoclvcv2 Nbv}dn{bz}gl} bo ghh( u`t mdm d} occh vb ogndhdgz( hdic vbnc}`dle v`cµm obse`} jcobzc2




V `c v}gzcm g} }`c V {`czc dl}cl}ht glm }`bse`} bo `cz jhbbm. V dv}czMzgfbzg( Fbsl}cvv bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,

Gtc( Vd}g2 Mzgfbzg%v ndlm. bdfc ugv fhcgz glm ecl}hc( glm Gzdglg fbshmOcch }`c vclvc bo {zdmc v`c `gm bo `cz ud}` Cn{g}`t, D}%v gjbs} }dnc tbs svc }`c ndlm.hdli, Lbu( u`g} dv d} D fgl mb obz tbs2

Jcvdmcv cp{hgdldle }b nc u`g}%v ebdle bl dl nt `cgm ud}` nt cn{g}`t(gjvbhs}cht lb}`dle, Gzdglg V cl} jgfi ud}` g ezdl,D Vclvc d} }bb( Vd}g, Mzgfbzg V cl} jgfi( g Occhdle bo fblfczl zgle }`zbse`

}`c hdli, D ocgz D mb lb} hdic u`g} D gn odlmdle,U`g}%v ebdle bl ud}` nt cn{g}`t2 D} mbcv lb} Occh hdic tbs( mbcv d}2 Mzgfbzg gvicm jgfi,Lb( d} mbcvl%}, Gzdglg vs{{hdcm dl `cz ndlm, Mb tbs `g c glt dmcg bo

u`g} d} fbshm jc2 Fbshm d} `g c vbnc}`dle }b mb ud}` bsz hdli2 Mzgfbzg v`bbi `cz `cgm, Lgt( d} mbcv lb}, ]`g} ugv }`c odzv} }`dle D Och}

obz u`cl uc hdlicm, Dµn }`dlidle d} dv glb}`cz jcdle dlvdmc bo tbs( svdle Cn{g}`t gegdlv} tbs,

Glb}`cz jcdle2 Gzdglg gvicm, Hdic g Madll Ndlm.Muchhcz2 Mzgfbzgµv bdfc {gsvcm, Ubzvc,D ugv gozgdm tbs%m vgt }`g}( Mzgfbzg, Gzdglg vde`cm, Tbs%m jc}}cz }chh nc

u`g} tbs Vclvc, D% c }b }gic }`c V{ czc jgfi }b B%Mchh glm }`c b}`cz Bzdedlg}bzv(glm D fgl%} mb }`g} u`dhc D% c eb} {zbjhcnv ud}` blc bo nt nbzc {b}cl} {buczv,

D gezcc, Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, D Vclvc ezcg} c dh dl }`zcc bo tbs }`g} tbs `g c ghh cp{czdclfcm jcobzc( blht( D fgllb} slmczv}glm d},

%Ezcg} c dh(% `s`2 Gzdglg gvicm, U`g} mb tbs ncgl( %ezcg} c dh dl }`zcc bo sv%2 U`df` }`zcc2

Mzgfbzg%v bdfc ugv vdhcl} obz g nbncl}( }`cl v`c }`bse`}9 ]`dli jgfi }b u`b tbs mcv}zbtcm jgfi dl }`c Ugz, U`b ugv }`czc( glm nbv} coocf}cm jt d}2

Gzdglg v}gzcm g} }`c V {`czc( }`dlidle jgfi, D `ch{cm Zgnbl mcv}zbt `dv og}`cz Fzsfdv jcobzc `ch{dle BµMchh mcv}zbt Bz}`bv, Go}cz }`c vfclc ucl} }`zbse``cz ndlmµv ctc( v`c egv{cm, ]`g}%v d}( dvl%} d}2 D}%v Bz}`bv'

Mzgfbzg%v ndlm. bdfc gezccm,Lbu( Gzdglg }`bse`} jb}` }b `czvcho glm }b Mzgfbzg( u`df` }`zcc bo sv

uczc }`czc glm goocf}cm }`c nbv} jt `dv mcv}zsf}dbl2 ]`czc%v ntvcho( bo fbszvc,]`czcµv B%Mchh9 D och} }`c }udl.hdli v`g}}cz jc}uccl }`cn9 glm hgv}( }`czcµv Hslg,V`c%v hdlicm }b jb}` bo sv,

Mzgfbzg ugv vdhcl}( u`df` eg c Gzdglg g f`glfc }b }`dli,Vb( }`c }`zcc ubshm jc B%Mchh( Hslg( glm ntvcho, Lbu( u`g}%v }`czc }b

slmczv}glm2 U`g} D mb lb} slmczv}glm dv `bu `c mdm d}, Mzgfbzg gvicm( glm vde`cm,

Uchh( vd}g( D nsv} eb obz lbu( nt {cb{hc gzc dl lccm bo nc, Icc{ nc dlobzncm,]`g} D udhh, ]`gliv, Gzdglg vs{{hdcm( glm fhbvcm }`c ndlm.hdli,]blde`} ( v`c }`bse`} }b `czvcho, Uc%hh vcc cpgf}ht u`g} ugv ebdle bl ud}`

Bz}`bv,

DD




½V}b{ {gfdle( BµMchh,³ Clf`gl}zg }bhm `dn, V`c ugv ug}f`dle dn {gfc }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df [ghgfc, D} ubzzdcm `cz( obz v`c mdmlµ} hdic vccdle `cz hb cz {gfc, D} lc cz mdm jbmc uchh dl }`c clm, ½Mb }chh nc u`g} dv bl tbsz ndlm, U`g} ngicv tbs vb lcz bsv2³

BµMchh odlghht v}b{{cm glm hbbicm g} `cz, V`c fbshm vcc }`c mgzi.zcm fbhbz }b `dv ctcv glm g }`dl jhgfi gszg bo clczet gzbslm `dv `cgm,½D mb lb} slmczv}glm `bu nt jzb}`cz mdm d},³ BµMchh vgdm, ½D fgl v}dhh vclvc

Bz}`bv( glm tbs ug}f`cm Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm D mcv}zbt `dn,³ ½]`g} D mdm(³ Clf`gl}zg vgdm vbo}ht( slvszc bo u`g} }b }chh dn, ½D} dv ghh dl

tbsz ndlm( nt mcgz, @c dv eblc obz ebbm( }zsv} nc bl }`g},³ ½Tbs mb lb} Occh u`g} D mb,³ BµMchh v`bbi `dv `cgm, Clf`gl}zg `chm `dn

glm idvvcm `dv hd{v, ½D gn dv }udl( F`gl}dc( glm fgl v}dhh vclvc `dn,³ Clf`gl}zg v`bbi `cz `cgm lbu, ½D mb lb} vclvc `dn( glm D mb ilbu gjbs}

}`c }udl.hdli jc}uccl tbs, U`g} tbs gzc Occhdle fbshm czt uchh jc asv} gl cf`b bo u`g} dv hco} bo }`g},³

BµMchh ngmc `cz hbbi `dn dl }`c ctc,½@buc cz( D mb vclvc vbnc}`dle dl tbsz gszg gzbslm tbsz `cgm,³

Clf`gl}zg fbl}dlscm, ½D} mbcv `g c Bz}`bvµ vdelg}szc gzbslm d},³ BµMchh eg c }`g} }`bse`}, ½G v{chh( {cz`g{v2³ @c gvicm( lb} cpgf}ht }b `cz

js} }b `dnvcho, ½Fbshm `c `g c vcl} g vdhcl} v{chh bl nc go}cz `c ugv mcv}zbtcm2 G v{chh }b ngic nc }`dli `c ugv v}dhh gzbslm9 glm }b ocgz `dn2³

Clf`gl}zg lbmmcm vgmht, ½D} czt uchh fbshm jc,³ V`c `chm `dn, ½D} dv ghh zde`} lbu( nt hbzm glm hb c, Gv ud}` c czt}`dle( uc udhh odeszc d} bs} }bec}`cz,³

BµMchh `seecm `cz jgfi glm vde`cm, ½D gn ehgm }b `g c tbs gzbslm( nt mgzhdle Clf`gl}zg,³

½D gn ghugtv `czc obz tbs( BµMchh, Mb lb} obzec} }`g},³ Clf`gl}zg idvvcm `dn,

½D `b{c uc gzclµ} dl}czzs{}dle glt}`dle,³ ]`ct `cgzm }`c bdfc bo Tbsle Esgzmdgl ozbn jc`dlm }`cn,

U`cl }`ct hbbicm( }`ct vgu `cz v}glmdle }`czc ud}` `cz }udl }`c Ezglm Ngesv( `svjglm }`c [zb}cf}bz glm }`c V`gmbu, V`c ugv dl `cz zcfcl}.og bzd}c

obzn( }`c Mzgeblubho( ucgzdle `cz Ode`}czµv Ecgz( ud}` `cz ngedfgh jhgmc g} `cz jgfi glm }`c Gnc}`tv} V{dzd} Fztv}gh gzbslm `cz lcfi, Dl `cz `glmv ugv g hgzec ehbudle V{`czc Clf`gl}zg zcfbeldqcm gv }`c Mzcgn Zcghnµv V{`czc,

½Lb( lb} g} ghh,³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm obz }`cn jb}`( blfc vccdle BµMchh ugv v}gzdle dl}b v{gfc( g hbbi bo v`bfi bl `dv ogfc, V`c lbmmcm `cz ezcc}dlev }b }`c

obsz bo }`cn, ½Uc uczc blht }ghidle,³ ½D `cgzm }`c hgv} bo tbsz fbl czvg}dbl( Clf`gl}zg,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl

fbl}dlscm v}czlht, ½Glm D gn gozgdm tbsµzc zde`},³ Clf`gl}zg jhdlicm,½Dµhh cp{hgdl ntvcho dl g nbncl},³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl `chm s{ }`c V{`czc,

½Uc lccmcm }b zc}szl }`dv }b tbs, D `g c }gicl }`c hdjcz}t bo v}zdledle }`c V{dzd} Fztv}gh gzbslm nt lcfi, ]`g} ugt( }`c Zcghnv gzc vgoc ozbn glt mcv}zsf}dbl }`c V{`czc nde`} fgsvc,³




Lbu BµMchh jhdlicm, ½Tbs mdm }`g}2 U`g} ngmc tbs }`dli bo icc{dle }`c V{dzd} Fztv}gh2³

½Gv D vcc d}(³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl jcegl( bhmdle s{ }`c V{`czc, ½V`bshm ghh }`c {dcfcv bo }`c V{`czc jc {s} }bec}`cz( gv }`ct uczc jt Ezglm Ngesv( d} fbshm fgsvc sh}dng}c mcv}zsf}dbl, Cv{cfdghht v`bshm }`ct ghh oghh dl}b }`c uzble glmv,³

Asv} gv v`c odldv`cm `cz vcl}clfc( v`c vclvcm vbnc}`dle jc`dlm `cz glm u`d{{cm `cz mgeecz bs}, ½D ilbu tbsµzc `czc( Ngp( tbs nde`} gv uchh vbhdmdot( bz u`g}c cz d} dv tbs mb }b g{{cgz bs} bo }`dl gdz,³

Clf`gl}zg fgse`} }`c vdhcl} hbbiv jc}uccl }`c Ezglm Ngesv glm }`c [zb}cf}bz, V`gmbu ugv ug}f`dle }`c vfclc dl}cl}ht( ctcjzbuv lgzzbucm dl }`bse`},

Vszc clbse`( Hbzm Ngpdngldgf bo }`c Ezct Gzcgµv V`gmt Idlembn g{{cgzcm bs} bo }`dl gdz hdic g udv{ bo }`c udlm, ½Tbs `g c ezbul nbzc gfs}c(Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ @c ezdllcm( `glmv s{ dl vszzclmcz, ½Tbs fgl {s} tbsz jhgmc gugt, D udhh lb} `gzn tbs,³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl mdm asv} }`g}( g hd}}hc cnjgzzgvvcm, ½Dµn vbzzt( Hbzm Ngp(

d}µv jcfbnc g obzfc bo `gjd},³ ½G czt ebbm gjd} g} }`g}( ud}` ghh }`c }zbsjhc gzbslm }`c Zcghnv,³ Hbzm

Ngp zcngzicm, ½Ezcc}dlev }b tbs gv uchh, D lccm }b `g c g v`bz} ubzm ud}` tbs(BµMchh,³ @c }szlcm }b BµMchh glm nb cm }b }gic `dn gugt,

½U`g} gjbs} }`c V{ czc2³ Ezglm Ngesv odlghht v{bic s{,Hbzm Ngp v}b{{cm glm zgdvcm g `glm, ½D gvvszc tbs( uc udhh ec} }b }`g}( js}

dl g nbncl},³ @c zcv{blmcm, ½]`dv dv g ng}}cz bo ezcg} dn{bz}glfc( Ezglm Ngesv,³

½Vb dv zc}szldle }`c V{ czc'³ V`gmbu ezbuhcm, ½Mb tbs zcncnjcz u`g} }zbsjhc d} fgsvcm sv dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn2³

½V`gmbu( D gvvszc tbs( uc udhh ec} }b }`g}'³ Hbzm Ngp ozbulcm, @c }szlcm jgfi }b BµMchh glm {s} gl gzn gzbslm `dv v`bshmcz( lbmmdle }b }`c ezbs{, ½Uc udhh zc}szl dl g nbncl},³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl `soocm( hbuczdle cz `cgm, ½[hcgvc `szzt( Ngp, U`g} D `g c }b vgt dv ghvb g ng}}cz bo ezcg} dn{bz}glfc,³

Go}cz g nbncl} bo vcgzf`dle `cz ctcv( `c lbmmcm, ½_czt uchh,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vde`cm( {s}}dle }`c V{`czc jgfi dl }`c {bsf` dl `cz jch},

½]b u`g} D b cz`cgzm( Clf`gl}zg( tbs gzc zde`},³ V`c v}gz}cm, ½Bz}`bv dv lb} eblc( lb} tc}, G} hcgv}( gffbzmdle }b }`c Occhdlev bo mgzilcvv Dµn ec}}dle ozbn nt Cn{g}`t, Dµn vszc tbsµ c jccl gjhc }b vclvc `dn v}dhh dl BµMchh2³

Clf`gl}zg mdmlµ} ncc} `cz ctcv, ½D `g c vclvcm d}( gtc( js} D }`bse`} nt vclvbzv uczc boo,³

½]`ct uczclµ},³ Ezglm Ngesv zcv{blmcm, ½Dµ c vclvcm `dn( }bb,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl v{sl gzbslm }b ncc} `cz }udlµv ctcv ud}` g ehgzc,

½U`g}2³ ½Dµ c vclvcm Bz}`bv vbncu`czc( js} D fglµ} {hgfc d},³ Ezglm Ngesv vgdm

wsdc}ht,@cz vdv}cz vde`cm, ½C cl Mzgfbzgµv vclvcm dn,³ Clf`gl}zg egv{cm, ½Mzgfbzg2 U`czc mbcv v`c fbnc dl2³




Tbsle Esgzmdgl }bhm `cz }`g} `gm }zglv{dzcm jc}uccl }`c Fbsl}cvv glm `czvcho, ½D} ubshm vccn }`c jhbbm.hdli jc}uccl sv gv ezbul v}zblecz( glm vb `gv bsz }chc{g}`t,³

]`c [zb}cf}bz ezbglcm, ½Hb cht,³ ½Mbcv BµMchh fbn{hgdl bo glt}`dle ¿mdooczcl}µ ud}` dnvcho2³ Tbsle

Esgzmdgl gvicm( ozbuldle js} delbzdle `dv vgzfgvn,½@c mbcv gmnd} }b Vclvdle Bz}`bv,³ Clf`gl}zg }bhm `cz, ½C cl D g c lb}dfcm hg}cht( u`cl `c ngicv dv zbslmv gzbslm }`c Zcghn( `c dv mdooczcl}, Hcvv hdic BµMchh glm nbzc hdic Bz}`bv, @dv hbedf dv lb} u`g} d} svcm }b jc,³

½D }`dli D `g c d} odeszcm bs}( js} D `g c }b }cv} nt }`cbzt bl BµMchh u`cl `c glm Ngp zc}szl,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm,

½U`g} fgl uc mb ud}` }`c V{`czc dl }`c ncgl}dnc2³ V`gmbu gvicm,½]`czcµv lb}`dle uc fgl mb( lb} tc} gltugt,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl }bhm `dn,

½Odzv} }`dlev odzv}, ]`dv {zbjhcn ud}` Bz}`bv nsv} jc }gicl fgzc bo,³ ½D gezcc( Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm, ½D Och} glm Vgu g mgzi

gszg gzbslm BµMchhµv `cgm( glm d} mdm lb} vd} uchh ud}` nc,³

½Lbz v`bshm d},³ Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm,½Mgzi gszg gzbslm `dv `cgm( tbs vgt2³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl jcegl }b {gfc(

`cz ndmvdqcm udlev fhd{{cm }b `cz lcfi hdic g fg{c( glm `cz ubhoµv }gdh }ud}f`dle dl }`bse`},

½Gtc,³ Clf`gl}zg vgdm,½Tbs ghvb vgt dv hbedf dv nbzc hdic Bz}`bvµ }`gl dv bul2³ Tbsle

Esgzmdgl ucl} bl,½Gtc,³ Clf`gl}zg zc{cg}cm,Tbsle Esgzmdgl v}b{{cm dl `cz }zgfiv glm zcngzicm vczdbsvht, ½D ilbu

u`g} nsv} jc mblc,³ ]`g}µv u`cl BµMchh glm Ngp zc}szlcm,½U`g} nsv} jc mblc( Gzdglg2³ Ngp gvicm,½Jcobzc uc odeszc bs} }`dv ncvv gjbs} Bz}`bv( bz gjbs} }`c V{`czc d}vcho glm

u`czc d} v`bshm jc zc}szlcm( D nsv} mb vbnc}`dle,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm,]`c [zb}cf}bz ugv fblosvcm( glm vb ugv Ezglm Ngesv glm V`gmbu, ]`c

}`zcc Bzdedlg}bzv uczc vdhcl}( gv do ilbudle u`g} v`c ugv ebdle }b vgt,½Dµn vbzzt }b mb }`dv( js} D nsv} zchdlwsdv` fbnnglm ozbn tbs( BµMchh,³ V`c

fbl}dlscm, ½Msc }b zcfcl} c cl}v( D( Tbsle Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv(`czcjt bzmcz tbs( Hbzm Esgzmdgl BµMchh( }b v}c{ mbul ozbn Esgzmdglv`d{ bo }`c Zcghnv glm ed c fbnnglm bo }`cn }b nc,³

BµMchh hbbicm mbul glm Clf`gl}zg `chm `dv gzn,½U`g}2³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz glm Ezglm Ngesv f`bzsvcm, ]`c [zb}cf}bz

fbl}dlscm, ½U`g} gzc tbs mbdle2 Tbs fglµ} `glmhc }`c abj zde`} lbu glm tbs ilbu d}'³

Tbsle Esgzmdgl u`d{{cm `cz `cgm glm ehgzcm g} dn, ½D `g clµ} }`c f`bdfc,³ V`c }szlcm jgfi }b BµMchh glm {gfcm }b `dn, @cz bdfc ugv hc ch gv v`c }bhm `dn, ½]`c Fbn{gldblv( jb}` }`bvc dl }`c [zb dlfc glm }`c Gznt( `g c lb}dfcm tbsµzc lb} }`c ngl tbs blfc uczc, Lb} gltnbzc, ]`ctµzc jcedlldle }b

ocgz tbs( BµMchh( glm vcc nc gv Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv,³




½Dµ c `cgzm }`g}( }bb,³ Ezglm Ngesv vs{{hdcm( lbmmdle dl gezccncl}, V`c fbl}dlscm }dndmht, ½]`ctµzc gozgdm do }`ct mb vbnc}`dle uzble( tbsµzc ebdle }b idhh }`cn,³

½]`g} dv zdmdfshbsv'³ BµMchh egv{cm,½Zdmdfshbsv js} }zsc,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz zcv{blmcm,

½Uc zgl dl}b g Fbn{gldbl vbhmdcz }`c b}`cz lde`} glm `c }bhm sv }`c vgnc }`dle,³ V`gmbu zcv{blmcm vbo}ht go}cz `cz, ½Tbsµzc lb} }`c vgnc Hbzm Esgzmdgl gv tbs uczc jcobzc }`c Ugz jcegl,³

½]`g}µv u`t Dµn fbnnglmdle tbs }b zc}dzc BµMchh,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm, ½D ilbu bu Bz}`bv ugv( ghnbv} gv nsf` gv tbs, D mblµ} ugl} }b vcc tbs ud}`cz gugt msc }b ngmlcvv glm `g c }`c Zcghnv bo Ghh }`c Ubzhmv dl f`gbv jcfgsvc bo d}, Dµhh lb} ghhbu }`g},³

½Jchdc c d} bz lb}( Ngp ugv }`dlidle }`c vgnc gv tbs,³ BµMchh zcv{blmcm,½@c }bhm nc `c ubzzdcv obz nc( glm }`g} D v`bshm ed c tbs oshh Esgzmdglv`d{,³

Tbsle Esgzmdglµv ctcv ucl} }b Ngp, ½U`t mdm tbs }`dli bo }`g}2³ ½D ilcu tbs uczc zcgmt obz oshh Esgzmdglv`d{ go}cz D vgu `bu tbs

fbl}zbhhcm }`c Fbn{gldbl Gznt mszdle }`c Ugz,³ Ngp vgdm, ½Tbs `g c ezbul mzgv}dfghht dl }`c {gv} tcgz( Tbsle Esgzmdgl, D jchdc c u`bhc`cgz}cmht }`g} tbs udhh ezbu c cl nbzc gv Hgmt Esgzmdgl, Ud}` }`g} ezbu}`( fbncv udvmbn9 g udvmbn }`g} udhh vcz c tbs uchh dl tbsz fbnnglm,³

½Blc wscv}dbl,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz v{bic s{, ½Ucµ c eb} hd cv }b hd c glm f`dhmzcl }b zgdvc dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn, @bu dv v`c ebdle }b jc Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv u`cl v`cµv v}dhh Cgz}`jbslm2³

Clf`gl}zg ezdllcm, ½V`c udhh zcngdl Cgz}`jbslm glm jc Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv gv uchh,³

½]`g}µv asv} d},³ V`gmbu gvicm, ½@bu2³ ½Asv} gv D `g c jccl mbdle obz gu`dhc lbu,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vs{{hdcm,

½[g}zbh u`cl }`c lde`} fbncv glm glvucz glt fghhv obz `ch{ }`g} BµMchh udhh Vclm }b nt ndlm ud}` }chc{g}`t, U`cl Dµn lccmcm( Dµhh zc}szl `czc glm }gic fgzc bo d},³

½Dvlµ} }`g} ebdle }b jc gzm2³ Ezglm Ngesv gvicm, ½U`g} gjbs} }`c f`dhmzcl2³

½Dµhh odeszc d} bs} gv D eb ghble,³ Tbsle Esgzmdgl vgdm, ½Dµ c lb} obzeb}}cl gjbs} }`c f`dhmzcl( D gvvszc tbs, D fbshm lc cz obzec} gjbs} }`cn,³

½D}µv vc}}hcm }`cl,³ BµMchh zc{hdcm, @c {hgfcm g `glm bl cgf` bo `cz v`bshmczv glm hbbicm dl}b `cz ctcv, ½D( Hbzm Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv( lbu zchdlwsdv` fbnnglm }b nt vsffcvvbz, Tbs gzc lbu }`c Cgz}`jbslm Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv( sl}dh }`c mgt tbs vcc od} }b jcfbnc Zcghnjbslm, Ghh

{buczv( ms}dcv( zcv{blvdjdhd}dcv( glm {g}zbhv fbndle ud}` }`c }d}hc bo Hgmt D `czcjt ed c }b tbs, Mb tbs gffc{}2³

½D gffc{},³ ]`c lbu.Hgmt Esgzmdglµv bdfc ugv odzncz( nbzc gvvcz}d c glm mcnglmcm zcv{cf}, ]`bvc gzbslm `cz uczc gngqcm g} }`c f`glec dl `cz bdfc glm ngllcz,

½Mb tbs slmczv}glm u`g} }`g} cl}gdhv( glm mcnglmv bo tbs2³ BµMchh gvicm, ½Ogndht ngt fbnc odzv}( js} }`c Zcghnv gzc g fhbvc vcfblm,³




V}bzt &:Hbzm Ngp glm }`c V {`czc

½Fblezg}shg}dblv( NµHgmt,³ Hbzm Ngp v{bic s{( `seedle cz gv uchh, ½D gn vszc tbs udhh mb g zcngzigjhc glm ncnbzgjhc abj,³

½]`gli tbs( Ngp,³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl lbmmcm, ½Nt odzv} ms}t gv Hgmt Esgzmdgl( Dµn ebdle }b mb vbnc}`dle ud}` }`dv,³ V`c `chm s{ }`c V{`czc gegdl,Fhbvdle `cz ctcv( v`c vc{gzg}cm }`c hde`}cz fztv}ghv ozbn }`c mgzicz( ngidle }`cn ghh hc d}g}c dl }`c gdz jcobzc b{cldle `cz ctcv blfc gegdl,

½]`ct nsv} jc zc}szlcm }b }`cdz zde`}osh {hgfcv,³ Clf`gl}zg }bhm `cz,½Bl }`g}( D gezcc,³ BµMchh vgdm,Ngp v{bic s{, ½D jchdc c D udhh zcfhgdn }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh glm }`c

Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh vcencl}v,³ ½Gzclµ} }`ct ghvb ilbul gv }`c Mgzi Chcncl}gh Fztv}ghv2³ ]`c V`gmbu

gvicm,½Gtc( gv }`c Acuchv bo }`c [zb dlfc gzc }`c Hde`} Chcncl}gh Fztv}ghv,³

Clf`gl}zg cp{hgdlcm, ½]`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh( gv tbs g c ghzcgmt odeszcm(dv }`c Hdli }b }`cn ghh,³

½Ud}` }`c cpfc{}dbl bo }`c gnc}`tv} gzbslm nt lcfi( ghh bo }`c Acuchv lccm }b jc `dmmcl dl g vcfszc {hgfc ud}` {hcl}t bo {zb}cf}d c v{chhv glm clf`gl}ncl}v,³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm,

]`c }`zcc Bzdedlg}bzv v}gzcm odzv} g} cgf` b}`cz( }`cl g} `cz, ]`ct uczc lb}dfdle }`c vgnc }`dle, Ghnbv} gv vbbl gv v`c `gm }gicl `cz }d}hc( v`c ugv nbzc gv}s}c( nbzc dl.f`gzec glm nbzc hdic g }zsc Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv, D} ugv gv do v`c uczc g }b}ghht mdooczcl} ubngl lbu,

½D gezcc,³ BµMchh nglgecm }b jzcgi }`c vdhclfc, ½Jzb}`cz( D udhh hcg c }`g} }b tbs,³ @c hbbicm g} Hgmt Esgzmdgl, ½]`g} dv( do tbs mb lb} `g c glt bjacf}dblv2³

½Tbsµzc v}dhh gl Bzdedlg}bz glm nt Chmcz, D zcv{cf} }`g},³ V`c vgdm, ½Vb( lb,D `g c lb bjacf}dblv Hbzm BµMchh,³

½Lbu }`g} ucµ c mblc u`g} ucµ c fbnc `czc }b mb(³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz v{bic s{( ged}g}cm glm dn{g}dcl}, ½Hc}µv vgt uc zc}szl `bnc }b bsz lbzngh hd cv,³

½Lbzngh(³ Ezglm Ngesv vlbz}cm, ½Lb}`dle `g dle }b mb ud}` sv Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv fgl c cz jc zcnb}cht fblvdmczcm lbzngh,³

½Tbs ilbu u`g}2³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl ezdllcm g} `cz }udl, ½D ubshmlµ} `g c d} glt b}`cz ugt,³

Ghh gezccm,

DD

Hbzm Ngpdngldgf bo }`c Ezct Gzcgµv V`gmt Idlembn dvd}cm `dv jzb}`cz obz g u`dhc hblecz jcobzc zc}szldle }b `dv fgv}hc, Ud}` `dn( `c fgzzdcm }`c od c vcencl}v bo }`c Mbndldbld}c Fztv}gh gv uchh gv }`c ogncm Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh,

@dv Hgmt Wsccl Acqcjchµv ctcv udmclcm u`cl v`c vgu }`bvc {gz}dfshgz fztv}ghv dl dv `glmv, ½Ngp2³

@c v}zbmc {gv} `cz }b `dv f`gnjczv jclcg}` }`c fgv}hc,




V`c ug}f`cm `dn {hgfc ghh vdp fztv}ghv bl }`c {bmdsn lcp} }b `dv V{chhjbbi(ugd}dle {g}dcl}ht glm dl ocgz,

Obz }`g} V{chhjbbi( }`g} czt V{chhjbbi( ugv }`c blc }`g} `gm jccl v}bhcl glm svcm jt Bz}`bv mszdle ghh }`c Ugzv glm }`c Fzsvgmcv u`dhc Ngpdngldgf ugv Jgldv`cm, D}v mgzi v{chhv uczc zcv{blvdjhc obz }`c lcgz.mcv}zsf}dbl bo }`c cl}dzc

Zcghn bo Mzcgnv( d}v Fbn{gldblv glm Fzcg}szcv( gv uchh gv }`cdz jzb}`cz BµMchh glm u`g}c cz obzfc }`zcg}clcm }b ec} dl Bz}`bvµ ugt g} }`c }dnc, ]`g} czt V{chhjbbi dv }`c blc Acqcjch `czvcho obslm Ngpµv bul ubzmv bo hb c }b `cz `dmmcl ud}`dl }`c {gecv, D} uczc }`bvc ubzmv }`g} f`glecm cz ndlm glm cgz},

Acqcjch }zdcm gegdl, ½Ngp2³ V`c ugv fgzcosh lb} }b mdv}szj `dn( vccdle `bu `c ugv vcgzf`dle obz

vbnc}`dle ud}`dl }`c {gecv bo `dv V{chhjbbi( js}( mgzl d}( v`c ugv `dv Wsccl' V`c `gm g zde`} }b ilbu u`g} `c ugv mbdle ud}` }`bvc fztv}ghv'

Ngp ohd{{cm }`zbse` }`c V{chhjbbi gv do `c `gmlµ} `cgzm `cz, @c obslm }`c zde`} {gec glm v{bic, ½[g}dclfc( nt Wsccl,³ @c vgdm ud}`bs} nb dle `dv ctcv

ozbn `dv ubzi, ½Ghh udhh jc gv d} v`bshm jc vbbl, Uc nsv} `g c {g}dclfc,³

Acqcjch ctcm `dn vsv{dfdbsvht, ½Lb} u`dhc tbs `g c }`bvc fztv}ghv dl tbsz {bvvcvvdbl( d} udhh lb},³

Ngp vdn{ht vndhcm, ½Bo fbszvc d} udhh jc( obz D mb lb} {hgl bl `g dle }`cn obz hble,³

½Tbs fgllb} mcv}zbt }`cn( Ngp'³ Acqcjch fzdcm( cpgv{czg}cm, ½Gzc tbs ngm2 Tbs udhh b cz}`zbu }`c mchdfg}c jghglfc ud}`dl ghh Zcghnv'³

½D ilbu }`dv gv uchh( mcgzcv},³ Ngp ic{} `dv ezdl, ½D gvvszc tbs( }`ct udhh jc }gicl fgzc bo g{{zb{zdg}cht,³

½@bu udhh tbs mb }`g}2³ Acqcjch gvicm dn,½D udhh Cpdhc }`cn }`zbse`bs} }`c Zcghnv( `dmmcl dl {hgfcv blht sv

Bzdedlg}bzv glm Hgmt Esgzmdgl udhh jc gjhc }b odlm }`cn,³ Ngp vs{{hdcm,Acqcjch ugv fblosvcm, ½U`b dv Hgmt Esgzmdgl2³ V`c gvicm, ½Fcz}gdlht

Tbsle Esgzmdgl `gv lb} {czdv`cm ozbn }`c Bs}cz Zcghn glm }gicl `cz }d}hc vb vbbl2³

½Lgt( mcgzcv},³ Ngp v`bbi dv `cgm, ½Bl cz bul udhh glm nt vseecv}dbl(v`c }bbi `cz }d}hc gv Hgmt Esgzmdgl, V`c vgu }`c vgnc gv tbsz vdv}cz glm ntvcho glm }bbi d} s{bl `czvcho }b }gic `cz }d}hc cgzht,³

½@bu lbjhc bo `cz2³ Acqcjch ugv v bficm( js} slmczv}bbm }`c zcgvbldle jc`dlm }`c Cgz}`jbslm Tbsle Esgzmdglµv mcfdvdbl,

½Dlmccm,³ Ngp ezdllcm, ½Lbu `sv` ubngl, D nsv} fblfcl}zg}c,³ Vdhcl}ht( v`c }bbi `dv `glm, ]`ct v`gzcm g hbbi jcobzc zgdvdle }`cdz fhgv{cm

`glmv }b }`c fcdhdle, ]`ct svcm }`cdz fbnjdlcm ngedf }b zgdvc }`c vdp fztv}ghv }b }`c gdz dl hc d}g}dbl, ]bec}`cz( dl blc bdfc( }`ct f`gl}cm,

½Uc zgdvc bsz `glmv( `cgz}v glm ngedf(½]b fghh s{bl }`c V{dzd}v bo }`cvc Fztv}ghv,½Cpdhc }`cdz obznv glm fhbgi }`cdz ngedf(½Vgoc ud}`dl }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df Zcghnv,½Zc cgh blht }b Esgzmdglv glm Bzdedlg}bzv(½U`cl uc `g c lccm( uc fbnnglm }`cc'




½Gv d} dv bsz udhh( vb nb}c d} jc mblc'³

Ud}` g hbsm ½{b{'³ }`c vdp fztv}ghv mdvg{{cgzcm( }b jc mdv{czvcm ud}`dl }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df Zcghnv,

Acqcjch glm Ngp v}gzcm g} }`c v{b} obz g nbncl} jcobzc v`c jzbic }`c

vdhclfc,½D blht `b{c tbs ilbu u`g} tbs gzc mbdle( nt hbzm glm hb c,³ Vbo}ht }b dnvcho( `c vde`cm, ½Gv mb D,³

DDD

]`czc nsv} jc vbnc}`dle D fgl mb( BµMchh }`bse`} }b `dnvcho, @c {gfcm `dv fgv}hc f`gnjczv( mcc{ dl }`bse`}, @cµm hco} }`c [ghgfc v`bz}ht go}cz }`c lcuht. }d}hcm Hgmt Esgzmdgl glm `cz ogndht, J c}uccl }`c Fztv}ghv( Hgmt Esgzmdglµv}zsc dmcl}d}t( glm }`c }`zcg} bo nt bul jzb}`czµv hbedf( }`czc nsv} jcvbnc}`dle D fgl mb }b gvvszc {cgfc, Dv }`czc lb}`dle }`g} fgl jc mblc gjbs}

u`g} Bz}`bv `gv mblc2Hbzm BµMchh vde`cm( vc}}hdle `dnvcho g} `dv ] zblc, @c }`bse`} odzv} bl g

}dnc( lb} vb hble geb( u`cl g ncnjcz bo }`c Mzgfbldgl Dn{czdgh Ogndht mzb{{cm jt `dv mbbzv}c{,

BµMchh ugv dl `dv egzmcl dvd}dle }`c ogdzdcv u`cl `c `cgzm }`c mbbz }b `dv fgv}hc b{cl, @c vclvcm vbncblc ughidle dl }`c mbbzv glm v}b{{cm }b hdv}cl,

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]`g} {dwscm BµMchhµv dl}czcv}, @c `cgmcm dlvdmc }b ezcc} }`c ngl u`b vs{{bvcmht ilcu `dn gv ½bhm ozdclm,³

½U`g} dv ghh }`dv osvv gjbs}2³ @c fghhcm bs} dl `dv jcv} Hbzm Esgzmdgl bdfc, U`cl `c vgu }`c v}zglecz( g }ghh nghc Jghdlcvc Ochdlc Fbn{gldbl( `c

jhdlicm, ½Ngt D `ch{ tbs( Fbn{gldbl2³ ]`c Jghdlcvc vde`cm, ½Nt Hbzm( ngt D dl}zbmsfc ntvcho2³ @c jbucm, ½D

gn Jzgicl @gui( g lcu Fbn{gldbl }b }`dv Zcghn,³ BµMchh v}smdcm `dn, ½D `g c lc cz cgzm bo }`c ogndht lgnc @gui,³ Jzgicl zbvc, ½]`g} dv jcfgsvc D gn }`c odzv}, ]`c lgnc dv( bz v`bshm D vgt

¿ugvµ Hbzm Jzgiibl Mzg}dglbv,³ BµMchh jhdlicm( vcgzf`dle dv ctcv, Vszc clbse ( `c ugv }chhdle }`c }zs}`,

½@bu2 Tbs gzc g mzgebl' @bu mdm tbs jcfbnc g ochdlc Fbn{gldbl2³ Jzgicl }bhm `dv }ghc, BµMchh nczcht v}gzcm dl ublmcz gv c hdv}clcm,½U`czc dv ]`bzl lbu2 Glm Mzgfbldv2³ BµMchh gvicm u`cl Jzgicl ugv

odldv`cm,½D ilbu lb}( Hbzm,³ Jzgicl vs{{hdcm, ½]`c hgv} D ilcu( Mzgfbldv mcv}zbtcm

nc( vclmdle nc jgfi }b }`c Zcghn bo }`c Ebmv, @c zgecm ugz gegdlv} }`c Mcnbl Hbzm Gzf`dnblm glm }`c Lg}dblv uczc dl zsdlv,³

½Tbs vgt `c ucl} f`gb}df glm mcv}zbtcm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv2³ BµMchh ugv dl mcc{ }`bse`}( zsjjdle dv f dl, @dv vdh cz ctcv uczc mgzi, ½U`g} bo }`c Cn{zcvv glm tbsz ezglmf`dhmzcl2³




Jzgicl mdmlµ} ilbu `bu }b }chh dn, ½Nt hgmt Hbfgzzg `gv {gvvcm }b }`c Vsnnczhglmv( BµMchh, V`bz}ht go}czugzm( D ucl} f`gb}df,³

½D gn vbzzt obz tbsz hbvv( Jzgicl, D ugv gvidle gjbs} }`c Hgmt Gmchhglmzg glm Mzgfbldvµ f`dhmzcl,³ BµMchh vs{{hdcm, ½U`czc gzc }`ct u`dhc Mzgfbldv dv f`gb}df2³

½Gmchhglmzg hco} `dn lb} hble go}cz Hbfgzzg mdcm,³ Jzgicl vgdm, ½V`c }bbi }`c f`dhmzcl ud}` `cz glm `gv lb} jccl vccl vdlfc,³ ½U`g} bo tbsz mgse`}cz Mzgfbzg2³ BµMchh gvicm,½V`c mdvg{{cgzcm gv uchh( bl tbsz dlvdv}clfc D gn }b slmczv}glm,³ Jzgicl

zsv`cm, ½U`t ghh }`c wscv}dblv( BµMchh2³ BµMchh vndhcm, ½Do D gn }b uchfbnc tbs dl}b }`dv Zcghn gv blc bo nt bul

Fbn{gldblv( D lccm }b ilbu `bu tbs gzzd cm,³ Jzgicl vhsn{cm dl}b }`c lcgzcv} f`gdz glm vshicm,½Lbu( lbu( Jzgicl, F`ccz s{,³ BµMchh vs{{hdcm( fhg{{dle `dn bl }`c jgfi,

½D udhh icc{ tbsz dmcl}d}t g vcfzc}( do }`g} dv tbsz udv`, Tbs ngt fblvdmcz tbszvcho `bnc,³

½@bnc,³ Jzgicl zcngzicm slmcz `dv jzcg}`, ½D gn bnchcvv, D fgllb} zc}szl }b }`c Lg}dblv gv D gn lbu, ]`czc dv v}dhh ugz glm D udhh jc }`c hgse`dlev}bfi bo }`c cl}dzc Mzgebl Lg}dblv'³

½D} dv lb} ghh }`g} jgm( D gvvszc tbs,³ BµMchh vgdm,½D gn ngmc }b jc g ochdlc Fbn{gldbl( g fbnnbl `bsvcfg} obz Ebmmcvvµ

vgic,³ Jzgicl }bhm dn, ½V}zd{{cm bo ghh }d}hcv( v}g}sv glm `blbz gv g mzgebl Hbzm, U`g} gn D }b mb2³

½Zchgp( obz blc,³ BµMchh zcngzicm, ½Obz glb}`cz( tbs fbshm obhhbu nc, D `g c }`c {czocf} {hgfc obz tbs dl }`c Ochdlc _dhhgec,³

Jzgicl v}bbm, ½[czocf} {hgfc( c`2³ ½Gtc,³ BµMchh lbmmcm( uzg{{dle gl gzn gzbslm Jzgiclµv v`bshmczv,

Jzgicl hbbicm g} `dn vsv{dfdbsvht, ½]`c Ochdlc [ghgfc( lcv}hcm dl }`c¶½ Jzgicl dl}czzs{}cm, ½Hc} nc escvv( }`c Ochdlc Ubbm2³ BµMchh hgse`cm, ½Fbnc( Jzgicl,³ Zbhhdle `dv ctcv( Jzgicl @gui obhhbucm,

((V bz}ht go}cz Hgmt Esgzmdgl dv lgncm vb( Bµ Mchh dvd}v Hbzm Jzgicl glm }chhv }`c }ghc, ]`c }dnc dv lcgz glm g }zs}` dv zc cghcm, Hgmt Esgzmdgl D V Hgmt Cn{zcvv glm Hbzm Jzgicl D V Hbzm Jzgiibl Mzg}dglbv,Bµ Mchh vcciv `ch{ obz `dv jzb}`cz µ v hbedf,$$




V}bzt &61Ncglu`dhc©

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]`c Odzc.Gzf`cz v`b} glb}`cz odzc.gzzbu ozbn `dv fzbvvjbu( `d}}dle g {hgfc bo }`c }gzec} lcgz }`c jshhµv ctc, Ftzdp( dl `dv Odzc.Mcnbl obzn( fhg{{cm `dn bl }`c jgfi,

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Vfb}} ug cm g `glm g`cgm bo `dn( cp}dlesdv`dle }`c ohgncv bo }`c gzzbu

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nc, Ftzdp vcl} jgfi,½Mzgebl Ngedf2³ Vfb}} u`dv{czcm }b `dnvcho, @c esh{cm glm }bbi g mcc{

jzcg}`, ½Do tbs vgt vb,³ Vfb}} svcm `dv Odzc.Gzf`czt {bucz }b hde`} }`c gzzbu`cgm g} `dv fzbvvjbu,

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@c ug}f`cm }`c gzzbu gv d} ohcu dl }`c vit }bugzm Ftzdpµv nb dle obzn, ]b `dv cpfd}cncl} glm ghvb mdvngt( }`c hd} gzzbu `d} blc bo }`c mzgeblµv udlev, ]`dv

obzfcm Ftzdp }b v`do} jgfi }b mcnbl.obzn glm mdvg{{cgz dl }`c vit,Vfb}} fbshm blht v}glm }`czc glm egui dl `bzzbz, U`g} `gm c mblc2 @cµm

idhhcm `dv ncl}bz glm ozdclm' @cµm jc `sle obz d} jt Hgmt Ig}`czdlc( bz ubzvc(Hbzm Esgzmdgl,




@c ezbglcm gv `c {s} `dv gzzbuv jgfi dl }`cdz fgvc bl `dv jgfi( glm }`c fzbvvjbu dl d}v bul fgvc jcobzc }`zbudle d} b cz `dv v`bshmcz, U`g} ugv `c ebdle }b mb u`cl Hbzm Esgzmdgl obslm bs}2

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udlmv bo d}, ]`czc ugv g fhbsm bo zcmmdv`.jhgfi udlmcm ngedf g`cgm bo `dn( glm `c ucl} }b dl cv}deg}c,Gv `c ezcu fhbvcz( }`c fhbsm bo ngedf vbhdmdodcm }b g mcnbl.jcdle `c

zcfbeldqcm gv Ftzdp,½Gzc tbs bigt2 Mdm D sz} tbs2³ Vfb}} vcgzf`cm `dv ozdclmµv jbmt obz

ngziv,½D gn odlc( Odzc.Gzf`cz, Lb nbzc }`gl g vfzg}f`( glm d} ugv `cghcm,³ Ftzdp

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`dv `cgm, ½U`t tbs `g c jccl gjhc }b fbnc `czc ud}`bs} `ch{ ozbn tbsz b}`cz

ozdclmv2³ ½D svcm g f`gl} Gzdglg eg c nc tcgzv geb,³ Vfb}} vs{{hdcm, ½]`cl gegdl(

v`c ghvb eg c d} }b nt jzb}`cz Vc}`( glm `cµv lb} jccl gjhc }b fbnc `czc svdle d},U`t mb D `g c }`dv edo} bo odzc.v}gz}dle2³

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½@bu fgl D jc Gnc}`tv}µv Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz }`cl2³ Vfb}} gvicm, ½V`c `gv Sldfbzl Ngedf( glm vb mbcv `cz jzb}`cz Ggzbl,³

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Vfb}} }`bse } d} b cz, ½[cz`g{v,³ ½Obz lbu( D mb jchdc c d} dv }dnc obz tbs }b zc}szl }b tbsz Zcghn( glm zdvc

ud}` }`c vsl,³ Go}cz lbmmdle `dv ogzcuchh( Vfb}} ½Odzc.Gzf`cz³ Gzf`cz mdvg{{cgzcm glm

zc}szlcm `bnc }b }`c Bs}cz Zcghn,

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Ggzbl ½]`c Sldfbzl³ V f`ndm} Zbvc ud}` }`c Lde`} ud}` `dv J blmng}cGdzncm, @c vlseehcm `cz fhbvc( hdfidle ecl}ht g} cz mchdfg}c vidl, @c fbshmvnchh }`c hdocµv jhbbm ud}`dl `cz( {shvg}dle }`zbse` `cz }clmcz cdlv, @c fbshm`cgz `cz cgz} jcg}dle( v}cgmdht glm v}zbleht, Dlvdmc `dnvcho( c fbshm occh }`c{glev bo }`dzv},

½Tbs lccm }b Occm( mcgzcv},³ Gdzncm fbshm zcgm dv }`bse`}v, ½@sl} }`cubbm glm Occm bl {zct( }`cl Occm nc, D fgl Occh tbsz @slecz,³

@slecz2 Occm2 U`g} ugv v`c }ghidle gjbs}2 Ghh }`dv Muchhcz.idl v}soo ugv v}dhh lcu }b `dn( cv{cfdghht vdlfc }`czc uczc slglvuczcm wscv}dblv gf`dle`dv ndlm,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7:;..

@c ugv asv} `g{{t }b jc `czc ud}` `cz lbu, V dlfc jcdle zcvfscm jt `czglm g lcu.obzn bo `dv jcv} ozdclm Gzdglg( `cµm `chm jgfi }`bvc fblosvdle}`bse`}v, Lb} }b ncl}dbl }`c mzcgnv bo jcdle g oshh Muchhcz.idl gn{dzc(`g dle }b Occm bl jhbbm }b hd c dnnbz}ghht, Mzcgnv gjbs} `dnvcho glm Gdzncmohtdle }`zbse` }`c Bs}cz Zcghn gdz }b ode`} glm Mcv}zbt }`cdz ]szlcm idl,

@c och} Gdzncm v}dz jcvdmc `dn( glm zcgf`cm }b idvv `cz vucc} hd{v,½Bu'³ v`c fzdcm, ½Fgzcosh( hb cz, Tbsz oglev jd} nt hd{,³Ggzbl {shhcm gugt glm och} `dv nbs}`, V szc clbse`( }`c Muchhcz.idl

oglev uczc zcfcmdle,½Dµn vbzzt mgzhdle,³ @c vgdm, ½D mdmlµ} ncgl }b jd}c, G} hcgv}( lb} hdic

}`g},³Gdzncm edeehcm, ½B`( D ilbu( js} tbs nsv} jc fgzcosh,³@c idvvcm `cz gegdl( }`dv }dnc( icc{dle gugzc bo }`c oglev, @c fbshm

vnchh `cz jhbbm glm occh d} {shvg}dle dl `cz f`cv}, Ghh bo `dv vclvcv uczc nbzcgfs}c( c cl `dv Cn{g}`t glm ]chc{g}`t,

D} ugv ghh jcfgsvc bo `dv J blmng}c Gdzncm V }gzf`gvcz,

½Hc}µv vgt uc dvd} Gsl} Zcm. V `guh( glm vcc do v`c fgl `ch{ tbs ud}` }`c@slecz,³ Gdzncm vs{{hdcm blfc }`ct {gz}cm,

Ggzbl ezdllcm, ½ V bslmv hdic g {hgl }b nc,³Zcm V `guh V }gzf`gvcz( ghvb ilbul gv Mgzhclc J clldle}bl glm Gdzncm%v

gsl}( blht vndhcm u`cl v`c vgu }`cn,½D}%v ebbm tbs Tbslehdlev fbnc }b nc,³ Zcm V `guh gllbslfcm, ½]`czc dv

g hb} D fgl }cgf` tbs bo jcdle g Ug}f`cz.idl V slmglfcz,³½D% c `cgzm }`g} jcobzc( Zcm V `guh( js} u`g} mbcv }`g} ncgl2³ Ggzbl

gvicm,½D}%v dl }`c jhbbm,³ Zcm V `guh ezdllcm, ½Tbs gzc gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df(

}`gliv }b }`c jhbbm Tbsle Esgzmdgl `gv v`gzcm ud}` tbs tcgzv geb, Lbu(ozbn }`c jhbbm nt ldcfc `gv v`gzcm ud}` tbs( tbs gzc g Ug}f`cz.idlV slmglfcz,³

½G Ug}f`cz.idl dv g idl.Fhgl bo Muchhczv }`g} uc gzc g {gz} bo,³ Gdzncmvs{{hdcm, ½G V slmglfcz dv blc }`g} fgl hd c mszdle }`c mgthde`} `bszv gv uchhgv }`c lde`}( ud}` hd}}hc bz lb fblvcwsclfcv,³

½V b( }`gliv }b tbs( D%n gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ug}f`cz.idl V slmglfcz,³Ggzbl vgdm, ½D v}dhh mbl%} ec} u`g} d} ncglv, D ilbu D%n J blmcm }b tbs( Gdzncm(}`g} {gz} D slmczv}glm, U`g} D mbl%} slmczv}glm dv u`g} d} ghh ncglv,³ @c}szlcm }b Zcm V `guh glm }bhm `cz `dv gm cl}szc dl }`c Slilbul( glm `dvzcgf}dblv }b jb}` Ghjzg}` glm J ghbz, ½D fbshm occh vbnc}`dle ud}`dl ncvfzcgndle obz }`cdz jhbbm, D lccmcm d}9 d}v gf`c ud}`dl nc szecm nc }b mzdli d},D och} }`c oglev dlf`dle }`zbse` nt esn hdlc glm ugv jcfbndle gugzc bo u`g}ugv ebdle bl, D ngt g c ubicl s{ ozbn }`c }zglfc bz u`g}c cz d} ugv u`cl Djd} nt bul }udl%v gzn( js} D mdml%} ilbu u`g} D ugv mbdle, D} ugv ghnbv}gs}bng}df,³

½Bo fbszvc d} ugv,³ Zcm V `guh fblodzncm, ½D} ugv }`c Muchhcz.idl occhdleilbul gv }`c Tcgzldle, ]`c Tcgzldle obz jhbbm dv vb odczfc( tbs occh tbs fgllb}hd c ud}`bs} d}, Dl g vclvc( tbs%zc zde`}, ]b lbzngh Muchhczv( d} dv }`c jhbbm }`g}



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7:7..

ohbuv ud}`dl }`cn }`g} icc{v }`cn hd dle dnnbz}ghht, ]`ct lccm d} }b vsz d c(glm icc{ }`cdz {buczv glm jbmdcv ozbn mcfgtdle glm ogmdle gugt,³

½V b( Muchhczv gzc asv} hdic gn{dzcv2³ Ggzbl gvicm,½Gtc( glm lgt,³ Zcm V `guh cp{hgdlcm, V `c vde`cm, ½Tbs jb}` vgu } c

Fbsl}cvv obz tbsz J blmdle Fczcnblt( fbzzcf}2³ ]`ct lbmmcm, ½ V `c mdm lb}

cp{hgdl }`c mdooczclfc jc}uccl Muchhczv glm V }ghiczv( V }ghiczv jcdle }`c }zscgn{dzcv bo }`c Zcghn2³ ]`ct hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz glm v`bbi }`cdz `cgmv,½Muchhczv gzc @sl}czv glm @cghczv bo }`c Fhglv, ]`ct @sl} }`cdz ]szlcm idl(}`c V }ghiczv( glm @cgh b}`czv,³

½Hc} nc ec} }`dv v}zgde`},³ Ggzbl zc{hdcm, ½D%n gl Glfdcl} Ntv}dfUg}f`cz.idl V slmglfcz, Gdzncm dv( }bb,³ @c hbbicm }b `dv J blmng}c( u`blbmmcm, ½Bigt( glm u`g} gjbs} J ghbz2 @c fhgdncm c ugv }`c hcgmcz bo ghhMuchhczv( u`df` D ilcu ugv uzble, D ilbu Zgnbl dv9 D ubzicm ud}` `dn dl }`cUgz,³

½J ghbz dv( bz v`bshm D vgt ugv( g czt dlcp{czdclfcm V }ghicz( u`b blht ugl}cm }b jc hcgmcz bo }`cn obz `dv bul ehbzt,³ Zcm V `guh cp{hgdlcm, ½ V }ghiczv

hdic J ghbz }cn{} tbs dl}b ]szldle ud}` cn{}t {zbndvcv bo ucgh}`( {bucz( ehbzt glm v}g}sv, D} dv g ebbm }`dle tbs uczc v}zble clbse` }b zcvdv} `dn,³

½@c nsv} lb} `g c jccl g czt {buczosh V }ghicz `dnvcho do `c fbshml%} ec}g lcuht.jbslm Muchhcz.idl }b ]szl,³ Gdzncm vs{{hdcm vgzfgv}dfghht,

½Lgt( Gdzncm,³ Zcm V `guh zcv{blmcm, ½ J ghbz slmczcv}dng}cm }`cSldfbzl Ngedf dl `dv jhbbmv}zcgn( ghble ud}` tbsz J blm,³ V `c {hgfcm g `glmbl Ggzbl%v v`bshmcz, ½D gn {zbsm }b `g c tbs gv gl gmmd}dbl }b bsz c cz.ezbudle idl.Fhglv( Sldfbzl V }gzf`gvcz, Uchfbnc,³

Ggzbl jhsv`cm, ½]`gli tbs( Zcm V `guh,³ @c }bbi Gdzncm%v `glm, ½D%n{zbsm }b jc g {gz} bo d}, V }dhh( g hd}}hc fblosvcm( js} D%hh ec} d},³

½]`c blht }`dle D fgllb} cp{zcvv clbse` dv }`c jhbbm fbszvdle }`zbse`V }ghicz%v cdlv,³ Zcm V `guh vgdm, ½D%n ugzldle tbs lbu( Tbslehdlev, ]`cjhbbm ud}`dl g V }ghicz dv }gdl}cm glm udhh dlv}gl}ht Mcv}zbt tbs,³

½@bu mb uc Mcv}zbt }`cn odzv}2³ Ggzbl gvicm,½Tbs `g c }`c {bucz( Sldfbzl,³ Zcm V `guh }bhm `dn, ½[dczfc }`c cgz}

ozbn `dv f`cv} ud}` }`g} {bucz glm jszl d}, Obz }`c hbvv bo jhbbm }b g V }ghicz dvnbzc mgngedle }`gl g Muchhcz, ]`c cgz} }`g} jcg}v ud}`dl }`cdz f`cv}v dvcn{}t bo ghh {szd}t glm oshh bo {bdvblcm jhbbm, V c{gzg}c }`c `cgz} ozbn }`cjbmt( glm }`c jbmt udhh v}dhh hd c9 js} jszl d} jcobzc }`c V }ghicz dv gjhc }bMcv}zbt tbs,³

]`c J blmng}cv hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz glm esh{cm,½]`g} dv blht blc bo }`c nglt }`dlev tbs udhh hcgzl gv Tbslehdlev,³ Zcm

V `guh vs{{hdcm, ½Hc}%v v}gz} ud}` }`c @slecz glm }`c Lccm }b Occm,³Obz }`c zcngdlmcz bo }`cdz v}gt( }`ct hcgzlcm }`c jcedlldlev bo jcdle

Ug}f`cz.idl V slmglfczv,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7::..

V}bzt &=1V }dzzdle S{ Ndvf`dco

Mgndgl {gfcm `dv lcu `bnc bo Hbzm Jglcµv Mgzi Fgv}hc, @c ugv jbzcm glm {dvvcm( }dzcm bo g dle dmdb}v ubzidle ud}` `dn, ]`g}µv lb} u`g} {dvvcm dn

boo }`c nbv},Hbvdle }b }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv( `dv bul fbsvdl Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm `cz jzbbm bo Fzsvgmczv ugv u`g} {dvvcm `dn boo }`c nbv}, @cµm ugl}cm }b mcv}zbt `cz( js} c czt }dnc `c }zdcm( }`c {hgl ubshm ogdh, @c }zdcm c czt}`dle `c fbshm }`dli bo( js} }`ct ghugtv nglgecm }b ec} }`c s{{cz.`glm glm mcocg} `dn,

Do blht `c `gm Vgjzdlg jgfi bl }`cdz vdmc, G} hcgv} ud}` Vgjzdlg( d} ugv osl,@cµm v}glm jgfi glm ug}f` `cz mb `cz ubzv}, Gv d} ugv( }`c Mbndldbld}c lgncm Ftzdp nglgecm }b f`glec `cz `cgz} glm ngedf( obzfdle `dn }b jc hco} ud}` dmdb}v,

Mgndgl vcgzf`cm }`zbse` `dv ndlm obz u`bc cz ugv hco}, Jglc(NgeMghdg`( Ehbzdglg( V`clgzg( Ghjzg}`( Mbndldfi glm MµIbzg,

@c bo}cl ublmczcm do }`c vcho.{zbfhgdncm ½Hbzm bo Lde`}ngzcv³ zcghht ilcu

u`g} `c ugv mbdle, D} ugv g{{gzcl} `cµm mblc lb}`dle vdlfc }`c clm bo }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv, NgeMghdg` ugv v}dhh g ntv}czt( ebdle glm mbdle u`g}c cz `cz hbzm `svjglm udv`cm bo `cz, @c `gm g occhdle v`c ugv nbzc dhc glm vcmsf}d c }`gl c cl Vgjzdlg svcm }b jc, ]`g}µv u`g} dl}zdescm `dn gjbs} `cz, [cz`g{v d} ugv v`c u`b mdm ghh }`c ubzi glm hc} Jglc }gic ghh }`c fzcmd} obz `dv ceb2

Ehbzdglg }szlcm bs} odzv} }b jc blc bo `dv Mbndldbld}c Ugzzdbzv( }`cl `dv ¿v}c{.nb}`czµ( `dv og}`czµv Wsccl( glm odlghht( g fbugzm, Mgndgl `gm vccl }`c hbbi dl `cz ctcv u`cl Tbsle Esgzmdgl glm `dv slfhc BµMchh mcv}zbtcm Bz}`bv, D} ugv ocgz, V`c fbuczcm glm mdvg{{cgzcm blfc Ozglfcvfg ugv Mcv}zbtcm jt Zgnbl, Lbu u g} ebbm dv v`c2 Asv} glb}`cz {c} obz `dv mcvdzcv2 ]`g} fbshm jc

osl, @g c }`c mgse`}czv glm }`c nb}`cz' @c ugv egdldle g zceshgz `gzcn' V`clgzg ugv lb `ch{, @cz bul {hgl mdmlµ} ubzi9 glm lcd}`cz mdm }`g} bo

Jglcµv vbl Mbndldfi, ]`c blht }`dle v`c vccncm }b jc ebbm obz ugv vcmsf}dbl glm vcp, V`c svcm }b ugl} }b jc hdic Vgjzdlg( glm jcfbnc g Ngdmcl ghh `cz bul(js} v`cµm ed cl }`g} s{ blfc v`c vgu jcdle }`c Mbndldbld}c Ngdmcl ugvlµ} u`g} v`c dngedlcm d} }b jc, D} ugvlµ} ghh gjbs} vcmsfdle dllbfcl} df}dnv( lb( lb} dl }`c vhde`}cv}, ]`g} ugv blht blc bo }`c zbhcv bo }`c Ngdmcl, Mgndgl `gm blfc }zdcm ed dle V`clgzg fbnnglm bo }`dz}t Mbndldbld}c Ugzzdbzv dl }`c Ugz( blht }b `g c }`bvc Ugzzdbzv idhhcm glm mcv}zbtcm jt }`c Fzsvgmczv, V`clgzg `gm ohcm jgfi }b `dn dl }cgzv( jceedle obz obzed clcvv,

Ghjzg}`( }`bse` gl c dh hd}}hc uclf`( blht mdm `cz ms}t jt hszdle glm fg{}szdle }`c blc lbu fghhcm }`c Sldfbzl, ]`bse`( }`g} {hgl ugv g hd}}hc

ogzoc}f`cm glm mdmlµ} ubzi cd}`cz, Gv obz }`c ]szldle bo }`c Sldfbzl jt Jghbz9 vbnc`bu( Tbsle Esgzmdgl nglgecm }b zd{ }`g} {hgl }b v`zcmv ud}` g czt dl}zdfg}c v{chh( hbfidle }`c blfc.{buczosh {zb}äeä.}szlcm.Hcgmcz bo }`c V}ghiczv dl g fztv}gh cnjcmmcm dl `cz vubzmµv `dh},

Mbndldfi ugv tbsle tc}( js} `c `gm {b}cl}dgh, @c zcndlmcm Mgndgl bo g tbslecz czvdbl bo `dnvcho, @c ugv }`c blc u`b bzmczcm Ghjzg}` }b fg{}szc }`c Sldfbzl dl }`c odzv} {hgfc, @c ugl}cm }b vhbuht mcv}zbt }`c lcuht.jbslm Muchhcz. idl ozbn }`c dlvdmc bs}, ]bb jgm `c mdmlµ} ec} g f`glfc jcobzc Tbsle Esgzmdgl



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7:=..

½V`s} s{ Mgndgl( bz D%hh,,,³ Gnc}`tv} jcegl( cz ctcv }szldle g ehbudle ezccl( }`c ngedf ud}`dl `cz ezbudle glm ngidle `cz jbmt ehbu }`c vgnc,

Mgndgl hgse`cm, ½Tbs udhh u`g}( Gnc}`tv}2 V`bb} nc ud}` tbsz {d}dosh Sldfbzl Ngedf2³ @c hgse`cm hbsmcz, ½D `de`ht mbsj} }`g}'³

½Tbs%zc obzec}}dle( Mgndgl,³ Gnc}`tv}%v ctcv ehbucm c cz.ezccl9 js} ud}` g

}`bse`}( }`ct uczc vdh cz.jhsc, ½D lb} blht g c }`c Sldfbzl Ngedf( js} }`g} bo }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv, Obz D gn blc( jt zde`}'³ Mgndgl egv{cm, ½Dn{bvvdjhc'³ Gnc}`tv} vndhcm, ½[bvvdjhc,³ V`c f glecm `cz ctcv gegdl }b vdh cz.jhsc

ud}` g nczc }`bse`}, V`c fbl}dlscm, ½Tbs( bo ghh Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv v`bshm ilbu(}`c jblmv bo jhbbm gzc asv} gv }de`} gv }`bvc bo ogndhdgh,³

Mgndgl jhdlicm( vndhdle vhbuht, ½G`( D zcncnjcz, V`c jbslm tbs jb}` }b `cz }`zbse` `cz jhbbm, Gtc( D ublmczcm `bu tbs `gm }`c Sldfbzl Ngedf u`cl tbs uczc g nczc nbz}gh,³

Gnc}`tv} v`bbi cz `cgm, ½D% c lc cz jccl g nczc nbz}gh( Mgndgl( glm tbs ilbu d},³ V`c vs{{hdcm,

Mgndgl v}gzcm g} `cz obz g nbncl} jcobzc ozbuldle, @c v}c{{cm jgfi glm v`b} `cz g ehgzc, ½Tbs ngt `g c }`bse`} Vgjzdlg ugv bl tbsz vdmc( js} D gvvszc tbs, V`c dv v}dhh czt nsf` g Mgzi Glfdcl} Ntv}df,³

½D `de`ht mbsj} }`g},³ Gnc}`tv} }zdcm v}ghhdle dn vb v`c }b }`dli bo g ugt bs} bo }`c fgec svdle `cz ngedf9 js} vb ogz( d} ugvl%} ubzidle, ½U`t ubshm v`c

ode`} bl bsz vdmc dl }`c Ugz }`cl2 V`c ugv }dzcm bo jcdle g {gul dl tbsz og}`cz%v mcgmht egncv( vb v`c {hcm obz obzed clcvv ozbn Hbzm Ngpdngldgf `dnvcho glm zcfcd cm g vcfblm f`glfc g} hdoc,³ Gnc}`tv} }`bse`} bo vbnc}`dle glm vndhcm( `cz vdh cz.jhsc ctcv }udlihdle, ½D%m vgt tbs uczc }`c blc hco} ghh ghblc }b mdc( Mgndgl,@bu mbcv }`g} ngic tbs occh2³

Mgndgl ezbuhcm glm `dv cl}dzc jbmt ehbucm zcm glm jhgfi, @c ugv {dvvcm ud}` lb}`dle }b vgt, ½Lccm D zcndlm tbs }`g} tbs gzc slmcz nt fbl}zbh( Gnc}`tv} Ogdzt2 C cl nde`}t Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf ubl%} ec} tbs bs} bo }`dv fgec ngmc bo Mbndldbld}c Ngedf, D ubshm ndlm }`c ugt tbs v{bic }b nc ozbn lbu bl( B cz. Vccz( bz ug}f` tbsz Fzsvgmcz ozdclmv mdc,³

G} }`g}( `c gldv`cm( glm v`c ugv hco} dl }`c fgec }b ubzzt gjbs} `cz ozdclmv,

Ilbudle `cz }chc{g}`t ugv v}zble ud}` }`c b}`cz Nsvic}cczv glm lbu `cz bul Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz( v`c svcm d} }b fghh obz `ch{, ]`c Gnc}`tv} Ogdzt blht `b{cm d} ubshm fbnc dl }dnc, V`c mdml%} ugl} }b vcc cz ozdclmv mdc,

DD

D} mdml%} }gic hble obz }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz lgncm Vfb}} Gzf`cz }b vclvc Gnc}`tv} dl }zbsjhc, @c zgfcm }b `cz zcvfsc( js} ugv v}b{{cm g} }`c hgzec dzbl mbbzv jt gl glezt( seht( glm hbsm Mbndldbld}c Ugzzdbz,

Vfb}} vndhcm, ]`gliv }b Ftzdp( `c ugv {zc{gzcm, Go}cz }`c hble `bszv glm `gzm ubzi( }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz ugv uchh czvcm dl `dv Mzgebl Ngedf, B{cldle dv

odv}v( `c fblaszcm odzcjghhv( blc dl cgf` `glm,




]`c Mbndldbld}c ezbuhcm( g}}gfidle `dn ud}` jszv} go}cz jszv} bo dfc( odzc(udlm( glm hde`}ldle ngedf, Vfb}} ilcu u`g} }b mb, @c mbmecm glm v`b} odzcjghhv bo `dv bul g} }`c fzcg}szc,

Vfb}} glm }`c Mbndldbld}c g}}gficm cgf` b}`cz sl}dh }`c fzcg}szc ezbuhcm hbsmht( zbgzdle g odczfc( ½D udhh odldv` tbs( Fzsvgmcz'³

]`c Odzc.Gzf`cz hgse`cm, ½Lb} do D odldv` tbs odzv}'³ @c Fghhcm }b }`c gdz glm fblaszcm `dv fzbvvjbu glm gl gzzbu svdle `dv Mzgebl Ngedf, @c eg c }`c Mbndldbld}c g vht ezdl jcobzc hde`}dle }`c gzzbu,

Gv `c hd} }`c gzzbu ud}` odzc glm fbficm }`c jbu( }`c fzcg}szc egv{cm glm ozbqc dl `dv v{b}( slgjhc }b nb c,

]`c Odzc.Gzf`cz hc} bs} g vldficz, ½@bhm v}dhh,³ @c gdncm glm vgdm, ½]`dv%hh blht `sz} g jd},³

G} }`g}( `dv b{{blcl} fbuczcm( fb czdle `dv ogfc glm g}}cn{}dle }b jhbfi }`c g}}gfi, Vfb}} hc} }`c gzzbu oht( jszldle g vfzcgndle Mbndldbld}c Ugzzdbz }b gv`,

Wsdfi gv `c fbshm( `c zgfcm }b Gnc}`tv}%v zcvfsc,½Vfb}}'³ Gdncc fzdcm( vsz{zdvcm, @cz `cgz} vid{{cm, ½]`c jgzv gzc ngmc bo

Mbndldbld}c Ngedf( vb jc fgzcosh,³ ]`c Odzc.Gzf`cz v`zseecm, ½@chhb }b tbs( }bb( Hb c, D%hh `g c tbs bs} bo

}`czc dl lb }dnc, Asv} `gle bl glm v}glm jgfi,³ ½D `b{c tbs ilbu u`g} tbs%zc mbdle,³ Gdncc u`dv{czcm( bjctdle,Vfb}} vndhcm, ½D mb9 }zsv} nc bl }`g},³ V`c v}bbm jgfi glm `c fhbvcm dv ctcv, @c v}gz}cm }b f`gl} slmcz dv

jzcg}`( `dv cl}dzc jbmt ehbucm mcc{ zcm glm }`c Mzgebl Ngedf fgnc g} `dv Fghh,]b Gdncc%v vsz{zdvc glm mchde`}( }`c jgzv jcegl }b jsqq glm ogmc gugt(

mdvg{{cgzdle, U`cl v`c ugv ozcc( v`c zgfcm }b g czt }dzcm glm v}dhh.ehbudle Vfb}} Gzf`cz, V`c idvvcm `dv hd{v `gzm( jzdledle `dn bs} bo dv }zglfc, ]`c ehbu mdvg{{cgzcm glm `c fgnc }b `dv vclvcv( idvvdle `cz jgfi,

½Hc}%v ec} bs} bo `czc,³ Vfb}} vs{{hdcm,Gdncc v`bbi cz `cgm( glm }bhm dn u`g} v`c ocgzcm, ½Lb} jcobzc uc odlm

Gdzncm glm }`c Sldfbzl, D `g c g occhdle } ct%zc lcp},³ Vfb}} lbmmcm }de`}ht glm }`ct uczc eblc,

DDD

V`glc ½}`c V`gmbu³ Nbzc`bsvc mzcgncm }`g} vgnc lde`}, @c mzcgncm }`c mzcgn `cµm blfc `gm hble geb9 js} }`dv }dnc( g ogndhdgz vfcl} ugv dl }`c gdz }b }chh `dn Mgndgl ugv jc`dlm d},

@c ugv v}sfi dl g ncnbzt( blc `cµm lb} }`bse`} bo obz lcgzht }ucl}t tcgzv,

V `glc ugv blht ldlc u`cl c eb} }`c lcuv, @c ugv {hgtdle g} `dvozdclmµv `bsvc u cl `c zcfcd cm }`c ncvvgec }b zc}szl `bnc, @dv ozdclmµvnb}`cz }bbi `dn `bnc,

@c vgu }`c {g}zbh fgz dl }`c mzd c glm gm g jgm occhdle gjbs} d}, Blfc}`c fgz {shhcm dl jc`dlm d} glm v}b{{cm( V `glc zgfcm bs} bo d} glm dl}b }`c`bsvc,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7:?..

]ub boodfczv9 blc nghc( blc ocnghc( nc} `dn g} }`c mbbz, ]`c ocnghc ugv}`c odzv} }b ncc} `dn,

½V `glc Nbzc`bsvc2³ V `c gvicm( g idlm hbbi dl cz ctcv, @c lbmmcm,½Dµn BoodfczV gngl}`g [c}}t, Dµn gozgdm }`czcµv jccl gl gffdmcl},³ @c ugd}cm{g}dcl}ht, ½Tbsz {gzcl}v `g c jccl obslm mcgm g} }`c vfclc bo gl gs}bnbjdhc

gffdmcl} bl Zbs}c ?,³@c ugv ozbqcl( slgjhc }b }`dli bz nb c, ]`c boodfczv cp{hgdlcm }b dnu`g} `g{{clcm dl nbzc mc}gdh( js} }`c dlobzng}dbl lc cz zcgf`cm `dv ndlm,V bnc}`dle ud}`dl `dn vlg{{cm glm V `glc ilcu `dv ubzhm ugv eblc,

Go}cz blc nbzc lde`} ud}` `dv ozdclm( g F`dhm Fgzc ubzicz fgnc glm vcl}`dn }b obv}cz fgzc,

]`g} ugv }`c mgt `c lgncm `dnvcho ½ V `gmbu(³ obz `c ugv lbu g v`gmbubo `dv obzncz vcho glm ubshm lc cz jc }`c vgnc gegdl,

Dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv( V`gmbu v`bbi bs} bo }`c }zglfc `c jchdc cm Mgndgl {s} `dn dl, @c ilcu u`g} }`c obzncz.Nczf`gl} ugv mbdle( js} `c mdmlµ}

hc} d} ec} }b `dn,½Fbnc bs} bo `dmdle( fbugzm, D ilbu tbsµzc }`c blc u`b jzbse`} nc }b

Ud}f`cv Ezb c,³ V`gmbu fghhcm dl}b }`c gdz( fblaszdle gl clczet jghh dl `dv `glmv glm {hgtdle ud}` d}, ½Jc g ebbm dhhgdl glm }chh nc u`t tbs zcndlmcm nc bo }`g} lde`},³

½D} ugv }b v`bu tbs }`c }zs}`( V`gmbu,³ Mgndgl dlmccm fgnc bs} bo `dmdle glm zc cghcm `dnvcho, @c ic{} dv mdv}glfc( glm V glc ilcu Mgndgl v}dhh ocgzcm `dn, ½D} ugv tbsz ogsh} tbsz {gzcl}v mdcm, Tbs idhhcm }`cn,³

½]`g}µv lb} }zsc, ]`ct uczc idhhcm dl gl gffdmcl}, D vgu }`c vfclc ntvcho,³ V`gmbuµv ctcv }szlcm mgzi( glm `c ugv ec}}dle glezt,

Mgndgl }zdcm glb}`cz }gf}df( vdlfc }`c odzv} ugvlµ} ubzidle,½]`ct lc cz ugl}cm tbs9 tbsz nb}`cz ugv ghugtv }ztdle }b idhh `czvcho(

glm tbsz og}`cz( uchh( `dv dv glb}`cz v}bzt,³ ½Asv} u`g} gzc tbs }ghidle gjbs}( Mgndgl2³ V`gmbu ezbuhcm, ½Tbsµm

jc}}cz cp{hgdl tbszvcho,³ Mgndgl v`zseecm( dlmdooczcl}, ½Do Lg}`gl `gv lb} }bhm tbs jt lbu( u`t

v`bshm D2³ ½Jcfgsvc( do tbs mblµ}( tbsµhh jc ozdcm }b g fzdv{ jcobzc mgthde`},³ V`gmbu

ezbuhcm,Mgndgl hgse`cm, ½Asv} hdic tbsz mcgzcv} Ghslg9 ghugtv }`zcg}cldle }b ozt

nc ud}` ngedf tbs }`dli tbs `g c,³ ½D `g c }`c [zb}cf}bzµv Ngedf( u`df` cwsghv }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfµv bul,³

V`gmbu vs{{hdcm ud}` g vndhc, ½Cd}`cz }chh nc bz hcg c jcobzc D idhh tbs ud}` d},³ Mgndgl ezbuhcm( odlghht ed dle s{, @c ilcu lb}`dle `c mdm }b V`gmbu

ubshm `sz} `dn, @c ubshm jbslfc jgfi( c cz v}zblecz,½Odlc( D udhh hcg c( js} }`dli bl }`dv,³ Mgndgl v}gz}cm, ½Tbsz og}`cz ugv lb}

}`c ngl `c hcm tbs }b jchdc c `c ugv,³ Ud}` }`g} odlgh v}g}cncl}( Mgndgl mdvg{{cgzcm glm hco} V`gmbu {blmczdle

u`g} `c ugv }ghidle gjbs}, Vbnc}`dle }bhm `dn c ugv ebdle }b hcgzl bl `dv bul vbbl,




D_

Mgndgl lb u eb c v }b M c zzdfi gjbs} Gzdglgµv F ` gledle( c v{ c fdghhtlb u }` g} v `c µv Hgmt Esgzmdgl9 glm ` b u `c o cc hv gjbs} d}, @ c µv fblohdf} c m

j c }ucc l Gzdglg glm Mzgfbzg, @ c e c }v glezt g} Mgndgl obz } c gvdle ` dnglm odlmv ` dv b u l [zb} c f}bzvµ Ngedf ` gv ezb u l, Mgndgl h c g c v( vfgz c m js}lb} mdvfbszge c m( obz `c µv eb} b} `c z F zsvgm c zv }b dzzd}g} c ,$$

_

Mgndgl ucl} }b odlm }`c Sldfbzl glm `dv Jblmng}c Gdzncm, @c obslm }`cn( fbzlczcm jt Ogle glm g ocu b}`cz V}ghiczv jt }`c }dnc `c gzzd cm, Mgndgl vndhcm9 d} ugv ebdle }b jc osl }bz}szdle }`cn,

U`g} `c mdmlµ} vcc ugv bu }`c }ub uczc ode`}dle }`cdz ]szlcm idl, ]`c V}ghiczv uczc vszzbslmdle }`cn,

½Nb c'³ Mgndgl fbnnglmcm, ]`c V}ghiczv v}b{{cm }b vcc u`b v`bs}cm(glm nb cm bs} bo `dv ugt,

@c ugvlµ} `g{{t u`cl `c vgu }`c jhbbmv}gdlv glm vhgv`.ngziv ozbn odleczlgdhv bl }`bvc }`g} vszzbslmcm }`c Sldfbzl glm dv ng}c, D} ugv g{{gzcl} lb} c cl Ogle glm `dv ocu obhhbuczv fbshm mcgh ud}` }`cn gffbzmdleht,

½Ogle'³ Mgndgl ezbuhcm,½Gtc( Ngv}cz2³ @c fblaszcm g hde`}.jghh( g jghh bo dl}clvcht.u`d}c hde`} }`g} gf}cm gv vslhde`}

}b gn{dzcv glm V}ghiczv ghdic, Ud}` g ezbuh( `c Mcv}zbtcm Ogle glm `dv ocu obhhbuczv,

]`c Sldfbzl glm `dv ng}c uczclµ} }b jc }`ugz}cm vb cgvdht, Mgndgl lccmcm }dnc }b odeszc bl `bu `c ugv ebdle }b Mcv}zbt }`cn gv uchh( vdlfc }`ct jb}` fgzzdcm }`c jhbbm glm ngedfv bo Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv glm Muchhcz.idl Vslmglfczv, G{{gzcl}ht( }`c }gvi ugvlµ} ebdle }b jc cgvt9 obz d} lccmcm }b jc `glmhcm mchdfg}cht( glm jt `dn ghblc,

½D udhh mcgh ud}` }`c }ub bo tbs hg}cz( tbs fgl fbsl} bl d},³ Mgndgl zc{hdcm }b g v`bficm Sldfbzl jcobzc mdvg{{cgzdle dl g }`dfi ndv} bo jhgfi vnbic,

Asv} gv `c hco}( Gnc}`tv} glm `cz ng}c }`c Odzc.Gzf`cz gzzd cm, Sldfbzl }bhm `dv }udl u`g} `g{{clcm( hcg dle }`c obsz fblosvcm,

½U`t mdm `c ed c s{ vb wsdfiht2³ Gnc}`tv} ublmczcm( go}cz }chhdle }`c fbs{hc u`g} `g{{clcm }b `cz,

]`ct hbbicm }b Gdzncm( u`b asv} v`zseecm,

Ncglu`dhc( Mgndgl obslm `dv lcp} df}dn( }`c lcuht.}d}hcm Hgmt Esgzmdgl,½Tbs nde`} gv uchh hcg c lbu( Mgndgl( jcfgsvc D `g c lb lccm obz tbs g}

}`c nbncl}( bz glt}dnc obz }`g} ng}}cz,³ ½Jde ubzmv obz g hd}}hc }tic,³ Mgndgl vgdm vgzfgv}dfghht,Hgmt Esgzmdgl `gm g ehgzc bo `cz bul9 blc `cµm lb} vccl ozbn `cz jcobzc,

D} zcndlmcm `dn bo u`g} Mbndldfi `gm }bhm `dn bo `cz, V`c vnchhcm glm och} hdic g Muchhcz.idl( `g dle }`cdz edo}v bo V}cgh}`,




½U`t ublµ} tbs hcg c sv dl {cgfc2³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl vde`cm( ghnbv} jbzcm,½Mblµ} tbs `g c vbncblc chvc }b {cv}cz( bz dv d} asv} gl `blbz hco} obz ogndht2³ Ud}`bs} ugd}dle obz gl glvucz( v`c ezbglcm, ½Do d} dv( tbs nde`} gv uchh obzec} d}(jcfgsvc uc mblµ} ugl} }`g} idlm bo `blbz,³

Mgndgl v`bbi dv `cgm, ½@bu dv d}( Hgmt Esgzmdgl( }`g} tbs `g c }`c

v}clf` bo }`bvc mgnl Muchhczv s{bl tbs2³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl v}smdcm `dn, ½Svc tbsz ¿jzdhhdgl}µ Mbndldbld}c Ngedf(fbsvdl( glm odlm bs} obz tbszvcho, U`t ugv}c nt }dnc glm tbszv jt gvidle vdhht wscv}dblv tbs fgl cgvdht ec} }`c glvuczv }b2³

½D ubshm {zcocz }b ec} d} ozbn tbs ud}`bs} }bz}szc,³ Mgndgl vs{{hdcm,½]`czc dv vbnc}`dle gjbs} tbs }`g} {sqqhcv nc( }chhdle nc lb}`dle D mb udhh {sv` tbs b cz }`c cmec,³

Hgmt Esgzmdgl hgse`cm, ½D}µv gjbs} }dnc tbs odeszcm }`g} bs}' Tbsµ c jccl jg}}hdle }`c Fzsvgmczv glm nc obz `bu hble lbu2³

Mgndgl v`zseecm, ½D gvvszc tbs( }`g} mbcv lb} ng}}cz, Ghh }`g} mbcv dv u`t D vclvc Muchhcz.idl jhbbm ud}`dl tbs,³

Hgmt Esgzmdgl vndhcm, ½Jhbbm }`g}µv gv lcgzht gv bhm gv }dnc d}vcho2 U`b mb tbs ilbu bo }`g} od}v }`g} mcvfzd{}dbl2³

Go}cz g nbncl} bo }`bse`}( Mgndgl ozbulcm, ½Mzgfbzg,³ ]`c Hgmt blht lbmmcm( icc{dle `cz vndhc, ½Mb tbs zcncnjcz }`c

Nbz}ghhgl Ugz( Mgndgl2³ ½D zcncnjcz, Jcdle sl}zgfcgjhc ud}` Cn{g}`t( Og}`cz }`bse`} tbs uczc

mcgm,³ Mgndgl zcfghhcm( `gho.jbzcm,½D ghnbv} ugv,³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl zcv{blmcm, ½Hc} nc }chh tbs vbnc}`dle9

Mzgfbzg ghhbucm nc }b jc `cz gm dvbz mszdle mchceg}dblv ud}` }`c Idle( Tbzl,V`c Ocm ozbn nc,³

]`g} v}g}cncl} eg c Mgndgl tc} glb}`cz dmcg, @c ic{} `dv c dh ezdl dlvdmc,½Tbs uczc vb tbsle }`cl( lb} c cl bo gec tc}, Tbsz ndlm glm ngedf fbshm lb}

{bvvdjht `glmhc }`c dlobzng}dbl, Fcz}gdlht( v`c {s} tbs slmcz g v{chh,³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl v`zseecm, ½]`gliv }b Zgnbl Ngz}dtg glm `dv idl.Fhglv(

}`g} v{chh `gv jccl hdo}cm mszdle }`c ugz,³ V`c fzgficm `cz lcfi glm eg c `dn g zcm.ctcm vndhc, ½D} ubshm ghvb vccn Dµn nsf` nbzc {buczosh glm }b jc ocgzcm,U`g} mb tbs }`dli( Mgndgl2³

@c blht vndhcm, ½Mgzilcvv dv ezglm( dv d} lb}2 Cv{cfdghht u`cl d} fbncv ozbn ud}`dl,³

½B`( Dµn lb} mgzi( fbsvdl( lb} jt ogz,³ V`c }bhm dn vdn{ht, ½Hc}µv asv} vgt(Dµn jc}}cz,³ Vg}dvodcm ud}` `cz ubzmv( v`c vndzicm glm lbmmcm, ½Tcg`( jc}}cz,³

Mgndgl blht gm }b hbbi dl}b `cz ctcv }b vclvc u`g} ugv }`czc, ½Gtc( D ubshm vgt tbs uczc jc}}cz ud}` Og}`cz htdle ud}`dl tbs, D} v`bshm jc dl}czcv}dle `bu d} ghh }szlv bs}, D udhh jc uchh cl}cz}gdlcm,³

Ud}` }`g} fbnncl}( `c hco}, Hgmt Esgzmdgl v}bbm dl `cz {hgfc( ublmczdle u`g} `c ugv } dlidle }`dv }dnc, Lb} ugl}dle }b odeszc d} bs}( v`c hco} gv uchh,




[gz} ]u b1Ngedf Eblc Guzt

[zbhbes c 1@gsl}dle _ dvdblv bo }`c [gv}

Hgmt Esgzmdgl ugv mzgul }b g {hgfc lcgz }`c jbzmczv bo }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv glm Mzgebl Lg}dblv, D} ugvl%} ogz ozbn }`c jbzmczhdlc }`c hbfghv fghhcm }`c Odzcughh,

Dl `cz Mzgeblubho obzn( v`c v}bbm glm v}gzcm g} }`c OdzcUghh, Dnncmdg}cht(g dvdbl fgnc }b ndlm,

V `c ugv g f`dhm bo odo}ccl( g lcu zcfzsd} obz }`c V tv}cn Geclft glm bl gv{cfdgh fgvc ghblc,

V `c obslm `czvcho lb} bl `cz bul {g}zbhv bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghn( js} }`g} bo g mdooczcl}( tc} v}zglecht ogndhdgz {hgfc, V `c obslm g ngzic}{hgfc }b gvi

wscv}dblv, ]`g}( }bb( vccncm ogndhdgz }b `cz( js} v`c mdml%} }`dli gjbs} }`g}(cd}`cz, Ghh v`c }`bse`} gjbs} ugv ebdle `bnc }b `cz {gz}lcz glm hb c( Mczzdfi,

V `c v}b{{cm g} g acuchcz, *U`czc nde`} D odlm }`c nblgzf` bo }`cvchglmv2*

@c jbzc `dv }cc}` g} `cz9 lb} dl g ezcc}dle( js} gv g `sl}cz u`b obslm `dv{zct, ]`g} ugv `cz fsc }b cpd}( wsdfiht, V `c egv{cm( obz `dv ctcv `gm jccl zcmglm oshh bo jhbbm.hsv}, Gffbzmdle }b hceclm( v`c ugv dl }`c {zcvclfc bo g

gn{dzc'Lb} ugl}dle }b jc jd} bz vccl gv g vlgfi( v`c zgl gv ogv} gv v`c fbshm,

V `c vclvcm g `bzmc bo gn{dzcv jc`dlm `cz( glm wsdficlcm `cz {gfc, V `c }zdcmnbzc }`gl blfc }b hdo} boo }b }`c vidcv js} v`c ugv Cgz}`jbslm, ]`dv Zcghn ugvlb} hdic }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv, V `c fbshml%} oht `czc,

V b v`c zgl, ]`c gn{dzcv }`g} obhhbucm uczc egdldle bl `cz }zgdh( wsdfiht, J cobzc v`c

ilcu d}( }`ct g}}gficm, V `c v}gz}cm }b egdl }`c ngedf v`c lccmcm }b v}b{ }`cnjs} }`ct ghh vgu g jzdhhdgl}( `sec mzgebl dl }`c vit, J hgfi ud}` vdh czt vfghcv,V `c ugv dl guc,

J cobzc v`c ilcu d}( v`c vgu g jzdhhdgl} u`d}c hde`} glm `cz ubzhm ucl}mgzi,

Ud}` g v`gic bo `cz `cgm( }`c dvdbl f`glecm,

Hg}cz( blfc ncc}dle }`c Fbsl}cvv bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( Mzgfbzg( v`cugv vc} }b }`c }gvi bo jcdle `cz gm dvbz mszdle mchceg}dblv ud}` }`c Nbz}ghhglIdle( Tbzl,

Blfc ugidle ozbn `cz wsgz}czv glm odlmdle jhbbmv}gdlv glm {dl{zdfiv bl`cz lcfi( v`c fblozbl}cm }`c Fbsl}cvv,

*Tbs Ocm ozbn nc'* V `c mcnglmcm, ]`c Fbsl}cvv nczcht jhdlicm,*Ud}`bs} nt fblvcl} bz ilbuhcmec,*




*D Ocm( gtc( D gmnd} }`g},* Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm ud}`bs} cnb}dbl, *D ghvbzc{hcldv`cm tbs,*

*Ngt D gvi u`t2* V `c mcnglmcm( ozsv}zg}cm,*D vsooczcm ozbn }`c @slecz,* Mzgfbzg {bdl}cm bs}, * V b D Ocm( glm D ngmc

fcz}gdl tbs uczc zc{hcldv`cm, Tbs udhh vcc dl }dnc }`g} u`g} D mdm ugv g

jhcvvdle( zg}`cz }`gl g fszvc,**Hbzm Esgzmdgl%v lb} ebdle }b jc `g{{t gjbs} }`dv( blfc `c V clvcv u`g} tbs% c mblc,* V `c }bhm }`c Fbsl}cvv( obhmdle `cz gznv,

*D ubshm }`dli lb},* Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm( gegdl ud}`bs} cnb}dbl, TbsleEsgzmdgl ugv jcedlldle }b `g}c u`cl v`c mdm }`g}, *D udhh }chh `dn( }`bse`,*

*U`cl tbs occh hdic d}( D }gic d}2* V `c vlcczcm,Mzgfbzg nczcht vndhcm, *Mb tbs lb} lccm }b jc zc}szldle2 D gn vszc tbs

gzc vbzcht ndvvcm,*Mgnl `cz obz f`gledle }`c vsjacf}' V `c }`bse`} }b `czvcho,*V `bu nc `bu }b ec} jgfi }b }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv( gv tbs {zbndvcm,*

V `c mcnglmcm dl `cz Tbsle Esgzmdgl }blc, *Mchceg}dblv gzc b cz( }`c }ub bo

tbs ngmc g {gdzdle bo d} glm nt vcz dfcv gv gl gm dvbz gzc lb hblecz zcwsdzcm,*Mzgfbzg ezdllcm( lbmmdle, V `c ilcu vbnc}`dle, U`t ugvl%} v`c }chhdle2Mzgfbzg gvvdelcm g Esgzm lgncm ]zclbz }b v`bu }`c ugt }b }`c

J bzmczhdlc bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm Zcghn bo Mzcgnv,

U`g} ugv }`c vdeldodfglfc bo }`bvc dvdblv lbu2 U`g} v}bbm bs} }`c nbv} ugv }`c jhgfi mzgebl }`g} vg cm `cz ozbn }`c `bzmc bo gn{dzcv( glm }`c nbzldle Mzgfbzg jbslm }`cn }bec}`cz }`zbse` jhbbm, U`t uczc }`bvc dvdblv fbndle }b `cz ndlm lbu2

Hgmt Esgzmdgl( odldv`cm ud}` `cz {g}zbhv js} lb} tc} zcgmt }b zc}szl }b }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( {czf`cm `czvcho dl g }zcc lcgz }`c jbzmcz, V`c v}gzcm g} }`c OdzcUghh glm udv}oshht }`bse`} bo }`c mzgebl }`g} `gsl}cm `cz mzcgnv vdlfc }`c Nbz}ghhgl Ugz,

G} }`c vgnc }dnc( `cz }udl }`c Ezglm Ngesv ugv mzcgndle, V`c obslm `czvcho dl g obzn lb} `cz bul9 js} }`g} bo }`c Mzgeblubho( glm dmcl}dfgh }b }`c obzn `cz }udl ugv lbu }gidle, Jcobzc v`c fbshm glvucz }`c nglt wscv}dblv }`g} uczc vudnndle dl `cz ndlm( v`c `cgzm g bdfc dl}czzs{} `cz }`bse`}v,

½Fbnc jgfi }b nc( Hd}}hc Blc,³ ]`c bdfc ugv nghc( ecl}hc tc} zbse`, ½Tbs jchble }b nc,³

Gozgdm( tc} fszdbsv( v`c vcgzf`cm }`c ubbmv gzbslm `cz, Lb blc ugv }`czc,½U`g}µv ebdle bl2 U`b gzc tbs2³ V`c gvicm dl}b }`c gdz,]`c bdfc ugv vdhcl} js} g ecl}hc f sfihc mcc{ dl `cz ndlm, D} zcndlmcm `cz

bo }`c bdfc glm gf}dblv bo g Muchhcz.idl, ½Odzcv}bzn2 Do tbsµzc }cgvdle nc( {hcgvc v}b{, D}µv lb} osllt,³

½Lgt( Hd}}hc Blc,³ ]`c ecl}hc nghc bdfc {szzcm( }`dv }dnc( dl `cz cgz,V}gz}hcm( v`c svcm `cz Cn{g}`t }b vclvc gv u`bnc cz d} ugv vsmmclht

g{{cgzcm jcvdmc `cz, V`c v{sl( `cz `cgz} zgfdle u`cl v`c vgu }`c nghc odeszc vndhdle g} `cz,




@c hbbicm zcegh( ud}` hcle}`t jhgfi.gv.{d}f` `gdz }dcm dl g }gdh( glm ctcv }`c fbhbz bo bltp cnjczv }b ng}f`, @c nc} `cz ctcv( ngidle cz jhsv`, @cz `cgz} vid{{cm g jcg}( }`c nghc hbbidle glm occhdle `gsl}dleht ogndhdgz, @glmvbnc( tc}

ogndhdgz, Ugv }`dv vbnc Muchhcz.idl }b `g c cz dl vsf` g v}g}c2 ½D gvvszc tbs( D gn lb Muchhcz.idl,³ @c glvuczcm gv do zcgmdle `cz

}`bse`}v,½U`b gzc tbs2³ V`c gvicm gegdl( }`dv }dnc dl g u dv{cz,]`c nghc v`bbi dv `cgm glm odlecz g} `cz, ½Lb} tc}( Dµn gozgdm, Tbs gzc

v}dhh lb} zcgmt }b ilbu }`c }zs}`,³ @c ezdllcm( }`c vndhc ncc}dle `dv cnjcz ctcv,Asv} ug}f`dle }`bvc ctcv ngmc }`c Ezglm Ngesv jhsv , ½@buc cz( D mb jchdc c D ilbu asv} }`c }`dle }b icc{ tbs {hcgvgl}ht mdv}zgf}cm dl }`c ncgl}dnc,³

@c }bbi `cz dl `dv gznv glm idvvcm `cz hd{v, G} odzv}( v`c `gm }b zcvdv}( obz v`c och} v`c ugv jc}zgtdle `cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz, ]`cl( v`c }`bse`} `c vcl} `cz g zcgvvszdle occhdle ghble `cz Cn{g}`t( zchgpdle `cz ndlm glm `cgz}, Lbu( v`c

och}©hdic idvvdle `dn jgfi, Obz g v{hd} vcfblm( `c `chm cz fhbvcz jcobzc mdvg{{cgzdle dl}b }`c ndv}v,

@c hco} `cz ud}` gl gf`c dl `cz `cgz} }`g} vfzcgncm obz fbn{hc}dbl,Fblosvcm( v`c hco} }b odlm `cz }udl( vccdle do }`c lcuht.}d}hcm Hgmt Esgzmdgl

`gm glt glvuczv,V`c fhbvcm `cz ctcv glm }`bse`} bo `cz mcgz }udl( b{cldle }`cn gegdl

u`cl v`c gzzd cm g} }`c OdzcUghh asv} jchbu }`c }zcc v`cµm {czf`cm `czvcho dl,Blc hbbi g} `cz vdv}czµv ogfc }bhm `cz v`c ugv }`dlidle vbnc}`dle vdndhgz,

½C cz ublmcz( Ezglm Ngesv( asv} u`g} ngicv }`c }ub bo sv vb mdooczcl} glm v{cfdgh( c cl ozbn bsz vdjhdlev2³ Hgmt Esgzmdglµv bdfc dlwsdzcm ud}`bs} }gidle `cz ctcv boo }`c OdzcUghh, ½@bu ucµ c ghugtv jccl }bhm ucµzc g czt v{cfdgh vc} bo Glfdcl} Ntv}df }udlv2³ Ud}`bs} ugd}dle obz `cz }b glvucz( v`c fbl}dlscm, ½D mblµ} ilbu gjbs} tbs( mcgz vdv}cz( js} D jchdc c }`dv {gv} ugz v`bucm sv vbnc}`dle, D} `gv f`glecm sv vb mzgv}dfghht( uc ngt lc cz zc}szl }b u`g} uc blfc fghhcm lbzngh,³

Hgmt Esgzmdgl odlghht hbbicm }b vcc Ezglm Ngesvµ lcu obzn glm vndhcm,½Fbncv lg}szghht( mbcvlµ} d}2³

Ezglm Ngesv v`bbi `cz `cgm gv `cz vdv}cz ohcu mbul svdle mzgeblµv udlev, ]`g} ngmc `cz vndhc, ½Lb} tc}( js} Dµn vszc d} udhh jc vbbl,³ @cz vdv}cz zc}szlcm }b v}gzdle g} }`c OdzcUghh, ½U`g} dv d} gjbs} }`g} OdzcUghh }`g} {dwscv tbsz dl}czcv}2³

½Dµn lb} vszc( zcghht,³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl zc{hdcm ud}` g v`zse, V`c }bhm cz }udl gjbs} }`c {gv} dvdblv, ½]`bse` D mdmlµ} ec} g ebbm hbbi g} d}( }`c jhgfi mzgebl vccncm ogndhdgz dl g ucdzm ugt, D mblµ} slmczv}glm d}( lb} tc},³

½Vbslmv hdic u`g} Dµ c jccl }`zbse`,³ Ezglm Ngesv }bhm `cz vdv}cz gjbs} }`c nghc, ½Mb tbs }`dli }`c }ub fbshm jc zchg}cm vbnc`bu2³

½Dµn lb} vszc u`g} }b }`dli,³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl vde`cm, ½Hc}µv `cgm bnc,Uc v}dhh `g c hd cv glm f`dhmzcl dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn,³

]`c }udlv nc} ctcv glm Ezglm Ngesv lbmmcm, ]`ct mdvg{{cgzcm(zc}szldle `bnc,




F ` g{} c z1[zb}cf}bzv µ Dl cv}deg}dblv

V`gmbu obhhbucm }`c [zb}cf}bz bl `dv ndvvdbl }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, ]`czc ugv vbnc}`dle mdooczcl} gjbs} `dv jcv} ozdclm glm jzb}`cz.dl.hgu, @cµm lc cz

jccl dl}czcv}cm dl }`g} Zcghn sl}dh lbu( glm V`gmbu ublmczcm u`t,½Ghh zde`}( jzb}`cz( hc} nc `g c d},³ V`gmbu vs{{hdcm gv }`c }ub zgfcm }`cdz `bzvcv }b }`c Jbzmczhdlc bo }`c }ub Zcghnv, ½U`t gzc uc ebdle }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv2³

]`c [zb}cf}bzvµ ctcv lc cz hco} }`c }zgdh u`cl c glvuczcm, ½]`czcµv vbnc}`dle ebdle bl ud}` nt udoc( glm D jchdc c }`c Fbsl}cvv g} Nblgzf`µv Ehcl `gv vbnc}`dle }b mb ud}` d},³

½@g c tbs v{bicl }b Hgmt Esgzmdgl gjbs} d}2³ V`gmbu gvicm,]`c [zb}cf}bz v`bbi `dv `cgm, ½Ghh v`c ed cv nc lbu gzc fzbbicm glvuczv

}`g} hcgm }b nbzc wscv}dblv, D}µv hdic v`cµv }ztdle }b `dmc vbnc}`dle ozbn nc,³ @c odlghht hbbicm }b dv jzb}`cz, ½]chh nc }`g}µv lb} zde`},³

V`gmbu v bbi dv bul cgm, ½D}µv lb}9 tbsµzc zde`} bl }`g}, Jb}` }udlv `g c jccl g hd}}hc( g`( mdv}gl} hg}cht, Ngtjc }`c Fbsl}cvv ilbuv u`g}µv ebdle bl ud}` Hs gv uchh2³

]`c [zb}cf}bz odlghht vndhcm, ½U`t mb tbs }`dli D gvicm tbs }b abdl nc2³ V`gmbu ezdllcm, ½B`( D mblµ} ilbu, [cz`g{v d}µv jcfgsvc tbs fglµ}

`glmhc }`c jde( jgm( bhm mzgeblv dl }`dv Zcghn2 Tbs lccm nc }b {zb}cf} tbs,³ ½Tcg`( zde`},³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz hgse cm( gv mdm `dv `bzvc Vslhbzm, ½Tbs `cgz

}`g}( Vsllt2 @c }`dliv D lccm `dn }b {zb}cf} nc'³ ½]`g} dv zdf`,³ ]`c `bzvc glvuczcm ozbn slmczlcg}` `dn,]`ct v}b{{cm g} }`c OdzcUghh glm v}gzcm,½Bigt( lbu u`g}2³ V`gmbu gvicm, ½@bu mb uc ec} b cz d} do uc fglµ}

oht2³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz ezdllcm( ilbudle, ½Uc mblµ}( js} }`c Esgzmv mb( blfc uc }chh

}`cn u`b uc gzc glm u`g} ucµzc `czc obz,³ ½U`g} gzc tbs ugd}dle obz2 Fghh blc bo }`c esgzmv,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz fghhcm }b }`c gdz, ½@chhb' Gltblc esgzmdle }`c Jbzmczhdlc2³ ]`c jzb}`czv `cgzm g vfzcgn dl }`c gdz }`g} vbslmcm hdic g nszmcz bo

fzbuv, U`cl }`ct hbbicm s{( }`ct vgu g `sl}cz.ezccl mzgebl vubb{dle mbul bl }`cn, Gv }`c mzgebl g{{zbgf`cm ezbslm( d} v`do}cm }b g hgzec nghc ud}` }`c fzcv} bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv s{bl `dv f`cv}, D} ugv asv} hdic ]zclbzµv jcobzc `dn( vb }`c [zb}cf}bz vndhcm( ilbudle `c ugv dlmccm glb}`cz Eclczgh,

½Ig}ccg Mzgebl,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz vs{{hdcm,]`c Eclczgh lbmmcm( `dv ezccl ctcv v`dldle, ½Ig}ccg }b tbs gv uchh(

[zb}cf}bz,³ ]`c Eclczgh hbbicm }b V`gmbu, ½Ig}ccg, U`g} fgl D mb obz }`c }ub bo tbs }`dv c c2³

½Ezgl} sv {gvvgec }b }`c Lg}dblv9 ngdlht( }b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl,³ V`gmbu vs{{hdcm,

½U`g} lccm `g c tbs bo }`c Fbsl}cvv( tbsle blc2³




½D gn ilbul gnble }`c Zcghnv gv }`c V`gmbu( blc bo }`c obzncz.Hbzm Esgzmdglµv Fzsvgmczv,³ V`gmbu vs{{hdcm, ½@cz Muchhcz.idl `ch{cm sv dl

{zc dbsv ugzv( glm lbu( uc udv` }b cp}clm bsz }`gliv,³ ½D ilbu bo }`bvc ugzv( obz D `g c obse`} dl }`cn bl Hbzm BµMchhµv vdmc ud}`

`dv vsffcvvbz, Tbs udv` lb dhh.udhh }bugzm }`c Lg}dblv2³ ]`c Eclczgh gvicm,

½Lblc( obz }`c Fzsvgmczv ode`} obz {cgfc ud}`dl }`c Zcghnv,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz v{bic s{( vsz{zdvdle c cl V`gmbu `dnvcho,V`gmbu ug}f`cm }`c }ub v}gzc g} cgf` b}`cz obz g nbncl} jcobzc }`c

Eclczgh lbmmcm, @c zg}}hcm vbnc}`dle dl `dv bul hglesgec( u`g} V`gmbu escvvcm ugv Mzgfbldgl( jcobzc vndhdle, ]`c Eclczgh {s} g odv} }b `dv `cgz}(lbmmdle `dv `cgm gv `c }zglvhg}cm, ½Hd c v}zble( hd c ozcc( hd c dl {cgfc,³

½Tbs gv uchh( nt ozdclm,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz zcv{blmcm,]`c Eclczgh cp}clmcm `dv `glm, ½D gn fghhcm ]czzgl}dv( g Eclczgh bo }`c

Fbsl}cvvµv Zbtgh Esgzm g} Nblgzf`µv Ehcl, D `g c `cgzm bo }`c Fzsvgmczvµ mccmv( glm D udv` }`cn ghh uchh bl }`cdz abszlctv,³

@c }szlcm glm ug cm g glm }b }`c OdzcUghh, G ngedfgh mbbz b{clcm, ½Eb

wsdfiht( obz }`c mbbz udhh fhbvc vbbl,³ ½]`gli tbs ]czzgl}dv,³ V`gmbu vs{{hdcm( lsmedle `dv `bzvcµv vdmcv }b abh}

`dn g`cgm,½Tbs gzc czt uchfbnc,³ ]czzgl}dv zcv{blmcm( lbmmdle ud}` g ezdl, ½Eb dl

{cgfc,³ Blfc }`c }ub v}c{{cm }`zbse` }`c ngedfgh mbbz( d} fhbvcm jc`dlm `dn( glm

]czzgl}dv mdvg{{cgzcm ozbn vde`},½Lbu(³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz gllbslfcm, ½Bl}b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl,³

DD

J gfi `bnc( blfc ghh Fzsvgmczv ubic s{( }`ct uczc vdhcl} bl }`cdz mgdht zbs}dlcv, ]`c f dhmzcl uczc fblosvcm( }`c bhmcz blcv odlmdle g wsdc} v{b} dl } cZcgmdleµv jgfitgzm }b }ghi gjbs} d},

½]`ctµzc gf}dle ucdzm hg}cht,³ Ichht vs{{hdcm, ½Ucdzmcz }`gl svsgh,³½Dµ c lb}dfcm,³ J zgmhct gllbslfcm, ½D} v}gz}cm mszdle }`c ugz dl }`c

Zcghnv,³½]`dlev g c f`glecm ghh bo sv mzgv}dfghht,³ Ichht vs{{hdcm, V `c hbbicm

}b `cz tbslecz vdjhdlev( jzb}`czv Ngzi glm Glmzcu gv uchh gv }`c tbsle( vdhcl}Nchbmt, @cz fbsvdlv Fghcj glm Nczcmd}` uczc }`czc gv uchh, ½@g clµ} tbs estvlb}dfcm2³

]`c tbslecz blcv lbmmcm,½D fgl vclvc vbnc}`dle uzble ud}` jb}` bsz nbnv,³ Ngzi vs{{hdcm(

v`gidle `dv cgm, ½Glm D mblµ} hdic d},³½]`czc dv lb}`dle uzble ud}` Nbn,³ Fghcj dlvdv}cm,½Lb} g ¿jgmµ uzble gltugt,³ Glmzcu zcv{blmcm, ½Go}cz ghh( d} fbshm jc obz

}`c ezcg} bo ebbm, Nb}`cz }bbi `cz Hgmtv`d{ gv Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv,³½]`g} fglµ} jc ebbm,³ J zgmhct vgdm, ½Do v`c mdm }`g}( gv uchh gv {g}zbhhdle

gv svsgh( `cz v}zcle}` dv jbslm }b jc ubzl mbul( lb} }b ncl}dbl `cz ngedf,³




@c hbbicm }b dv v}c{.vdv}cz Ichht( u`b ugv dl mcc{ }`bse`}, ½Ndlm }chhdle svu`g}µv bl tbsz ndlm2³

½D jchdc c d}µv gjbs} }dnc D f`glecm nt }d}hc,³ Ichht vgdm, ½ V bnc`bu( ud}`ghh ucµ c jccl }`zbse`( ¿F`dhmµ lb hblecz od}v nc,³

J zgmhct lbmmcm, ½D gezcc, Ucµhh }ghi }b }`c V dv}czv }blde`}, Ncglu`dhc(

uc v`bshm icc{ g fhbvc ctc bl }`c b}`cz Fzsvgmczv,³½Ghh bo }`cn( dlfhsmdle bsz bul }cgn2³ Ichht gvicm, @cz jzb}`czlbmmcm, ½D gezcc, Go}cz }ghidle }b Nbnng( Dµn ebdle }b ch{ Ashdc} ud}` }`chd}}hc idmv,³

½Hc} nc }gic }`c tbslecz blcv glm tbs fgl }ghi }b Nzv, Zcgmdle,³J zgmhct zbvc ozbn dv vcg}, @c bs}v}zc}f`cm g `glm obz Nchbmt( u b }bbi d},½Ucµhh ncc} s{ hg}cz( do lb} `czc( dl }`c Mzcgn Zcghn,³

Ichht lbmmcm( ghvb zdvdle, ½D }`dli tbs estv v`bshm obhhbu `dn, U`g} D`g c }b }ghi }b Nbnng gjbs} dvlµ} obz tbslecz cgzv,³

½Dv d} jgm2³ Ngzi gvicm,½Lb} zcghht9 blht( dn{bz}gl},³ Ichht vgdm,

Gv v`c hco}( J zgmhct fbshmlµ} `ch{ v}gzdle g} `cz jgfi, @c ugv gngqcm9obz dl vsf` g v bz} }dnc( v`cµm ezbul ozbn f`dhm }b g tbsle gmsh}, D} ugv g}}`g} nbncl} `dv hb c obz `cz ezcu ozbn jzb}`czht }b blc ozbn g hb cz( glm `cugv bbicm,

@c och} vbncblc }se g} `dv gzn( hbbidle mbul }b vcc Nchbmtµv {g}dcl}vndhc,

]`czc uczc }dncv obz zcohcf}dbl hg}cz, Lbu( `c `gm vbnc}`dle chvc }b mb,

Ncglu`dhc( Ichht ngzf`cm }b `cz Nbnngµv zbbn, V `c obslm }`cCgz}`jbslm Hgmt Esgzmdgl g} `cz mcvi( uzd}dle dl g lb}cjbbi,

½Fbnc dl( Ichht,³ Gzdglgµv bdfc ugv ecl}hc gv v`c hbbicm s{ ud}` gvndhc, D} ngmc Ichht `czvcho vndhc( obz v`c ilcu `cz nb}`cz gm vclvcm `czfbndle, ½U`g} fgl D mb obz tbs( vucc}`cgz}2³

½D ugv ublmczdle( Nbnng,³ Ichht v}gz}cm( ughidle dl}b }`c zbbn glmvd}}dle `czvcho bl }`c jcm, ½Ubshm tbs hdic vbnc `ch{ ud}` {g}zbhv dl }`cZcghnv2³

½Tbs ghzcgmt `ch{ nc( vucc}dc,³ Gzdglg }bhm `cz, ½D g{{zcfdg}c c czt}`dle tbs mb( glm `g c c cz mblc( cv{cfdghht u`dhc }`c zcv} bo sv uczc ode`}dle dl }`cUgz,³ V `c {hgfcm g {ghn bl `cz mgse }czµv f`cci, ½Tbs ubzicm `gzm }b ug}f`b cz }`c f`dhmzcl( glm c cl Mzcgnczv u cl tbs }bbi b cz nt {g}zbhv, Dµnvsz{zdvcm tbs mdmlµ} eb dl}b b czmzd c,³

Ichht lbmmcm, ½Tcg`( nc( }bb, D ghnbv} mdm( js} D `gm J zgm glm Fgzgjgfidle nc s{( vb D ugvlµ} ghblc,³ V `c jd} `cz hd{ glm }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}`,½Gf}sghht( }`g}µv u`g} D ugl}cm }b }ghi gjbs}, Uchh( blc }`dle gltugt,³ V `c}bbi `cz Hbfic} dl `cz glmv glm {hgtcm ud}` d}, ½ V ccdle `bu tbsµzc }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl lbu( D jchdc c d}µv nt }szl }b }gic b cz tbsz bhm {g}zbhv bl g zceshgzjgvdv,³

Gzdglg ugvlµ} cp{cf}dle }b `cgz }`g} ozbn cz, ½Gzc tbs fcz}gdl( Ichdlg2³Ichht lbmmcm, ½Tbs udv` }b }gic nt {hgfc gv Tbsle Esgzmdgl( {g}zbhhdle }`cGlfdcl} Ntv}df Zcghnv2³




½Tcv( glm lb,³ Ichht vs{{hdcm, ½D udv` }b }gic tbsz {hgfc( tcv( js} ud}`nt bul }d}hc, D jchdc c Dµ c cgzlcm glb}`cz lgnc( blc bo nt bul, V dlfc Dµn lbhblecz g f`dhm( D v`bshmlµ} jc fghhcm blc( mblµ} tbs gezcc2³

½D}µv lb} nt mcfdvdbl ghblc( vucc}`cgz}( glm tbs ilbu d},³ Gzdglg vgdm, ½Dmdmlµ} ed c tbs }`c }d}hc bo Clf`gl}cm F`dhm( }`c V dv}czv glm BµMchh mdm,³

½B`( D ilbu,³ Ichht vndhcm, ½D ugv asv} ublmczdle do tbs ubshm v}glm jt nc u`cl D g{{zbgf` }`cn }blde`} gjbs} d},³Gzdglg `seecm `cz, ½Bo fbszvc D udhh( mgzhdle' Lccm tbs gvi2 Dµn tbsz

nb}`cz( bo fbszvc Dµhh v}glm jcvdmc tbs,³ V `c idvvcm cz bl }`c f`cci, ½Lbu( eb}clm }b }`c hd}}hc blcv, Ucµhh }ghi nbzc gjbs} }`dv hg}cz }blde`}, Bigt2³

Ichht lbmmcm glm `seecm `cz jcobzc hcg dle,Gzdglg vndhcm g} `cz mgse`}czµv jgfi( }`dlidle }`c vgnc J zgmhct `gm

jcobzc `cz9 Ichht ugv mcodld}cht ezbudle s{ ogv}( glm ugv lb hblecz g f`dhm,V bbl( }`c mgt ubshm fbnc u`cl `cz bhmcv} mgse`}cz ezgmsg}cm `de` vf`bbhglm nb cm bs} bl `cz bul, V `c asv} `b{cm }`g} mgt ubshmlµ} fbnc }bb vbbl,

DDD

Jb}` }`c [zb}cf}bz glm }`c V`gmbu ilch} }b Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzgµv ]`zblc g} Nblgzf`µv Ehcl, Bl cd}`cz vdmc bo }`c Fbsl}cvv uczc cz jbmtesgzmv( jb}` u`bn }`c [zb}cf}bz `gm nc} bl `dv {zc dbsv }zd{ }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, ]b `cz zde`} ugv }`c Eclczgh ]zclbz( glm `cz hco} ugv ]czzgl}dv9 }`bse`( d} fblosvcm }`c [zb}cf}bz bo `bu }`c Eclczgh `gm gzzd cm jcobzc }`ct mdm,

½D} dv ghugtv g {hcgvszc( [zb}cf}bz,³ ]`c Fbsl}cvv zcngzicm( lbmmdle `cz `cgm glm vndhdle, @cz mgzi ctcv nc} }`bvc bo V gmbuµv, ½D zcncnjcz tbs V`gmbu( ozbn }`c Ugzv }`g} jzbse`} bsz Lg}dblv glm Zcghnv }bec}`cz,³

½]`g}µv zde`}( Fbsl}cvv, Blc bo tbsz Muchhcz.idl( lgncm Fchcv}c Nbblmglfcz( cghcm nc ozbn g lcgz.og}gh ubslm,³ V`gmbu vs{{hdcm, ½Uc `g c lc cz nc} dl {czvbl( js} D mb vgt lbu d} dv g {hcgvszc dlmccm,³

½U`t( }`gli tbs( Vdz,³ Mzgfbzg vgdm ud}` g vdlfczc vndhc, ½Tbs jb}` ngt zdvc,³ U`cl }`ct mdm glm nc} `cz ctcv( v`c }szlcm }b }`c [zb}cf}bz, ½@g c tbs v{bicl ud}` Tbsle Esgzmdgl bl `cz {cfshdgz jc`g dbz2³

½Tcv( Fbsl}cvv,³ ]`c [zb}cf}bz v}gnnczcm,½@gv vbnc}`dle v`c }bhm tbs hcm tbs }b jchdc c D `g c vbnc}`dle }b mb ud}`

d}2³ Fbsl}cvv {zcvvcm,½Lb( Fbsl}cvv(³ }`c [zb}cf}bz vs{{hdcm, ½D}µv `cz gf}dblv glm f`glec dl

Ngedf,³ ½Vbzzt obz }`c dl}czzs{}dbl( Fbsl}cvv( js} vdlfc nt udoc dv `dv udocµv }udl

glm }`c Ezglm Ngesv bo }`c Zcghnv( D `gm }b abdl `dn, @cz gf}dblv glm ngedf ndzzbz }`bvc bo Hgmt Esgzmdglµv,³

G} }`c ubzm ½Hgmt(³ }`c Fbsl}cvvµ ctcjzbuv zgdvcm, ½Hgmt2 U`cl mdm v`c jcfbnc Hgmt Esgzmdgl2 Dv BµMchh dhh( bz mdm c mdc2 U`czc dv c2³

½Hbzm BµMchh ugv obzfcm }b zc}dzc `dv Esgzmdglv`d{ jt Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³ V`gmbu fbl}dlscm jt }chhdle `cz u`g} `gm `g{{clcm }`c lde`} }`ct zc}szlcm }`c V{`czc }b Hbzmv BµMchh glm Ngpdngldgf, ½V`c ugv ed cl oshh Esgzmdglv`d{ bo }`c Zcghnv dl `dv v}cgm jcfgsvc bo }`g},³




½Gtc( }`g} D mb,³ V`c hbbicm g} `dn, ½]`c }udlv udhh ilbu u`b }`ct }zsht gzc( ]zclbz, D fgl Occh d},³

½Bsz Lg}dblv udhh jc dl {cgfc blfc gegdl vbbl clbse`,³ ]zclbz vs{{hdcm,½Ghh uc nsv} mb dv ugd} glm vcc,³

½D ugv gozgdm tbs ubshm vgt }`g},³ Mzgfbzg ezbglcm,




V}bzt &71 Gvfclvdbl bo }`c Clf`gl}cm F`dhm

]ub lde`}v go}cz }`cdz }ghi( }`c Clf`gl}cm F`dhm lgncm Ichht Zcgmdle glm `cz Hgmt Esgzmdgl Nbnng `cgmcm }b }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df [ghgfc }b {zcvcl} `cz }b

}`c Ndv}zcvv Clf`gl}zg, Hgmt Esgzmdgl v}bbm jt `cz dl `cz Mzgeblubho obzn(hbbidle glm gf}dle zcegh glm {zb{cz, ]`c `glm bl Ichhtµv v`bshmcz vwsccqcm(ed dle `cz v}zcle}` }b ogfc }`c Ndv}zcvv gffbzmdleht glm {zb{czht,

½Clf`gl}zg(³ ]`c Hgmt v{bic s{( glmv bl }`c }dndm edzhµv v`bshmczv, Blfc v`c `gm }`c Ndv}zcvvµv g}}cl}dbl( v`c fbl}dlscm( v`gzdle g hbbi ud}` `cz mgse`}cz,½D mb jchdc c vbncblc ubshm hdic }b v{cgi ud}` tbs,³

Clf`gl}zg vndhcm glm lbmmcm, ½Eb g`cgm( nt mcgz,³ Ichht }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm vughhbucm, ½D mcvcz c g lcu lgnc,³ V`c

fbzzcf}cm `czvcho blfc zcghdqdle `bu zsmc } c v}g}cncl} `gm vbslmcm, ½Vbzzt(Ndv}zcvv,³ V`c f`bicm( jbudle, ½D ncgl}( D }`dli D mcvcz c g lcu lgnc,³

½V}g}c tbsz zcgvblv( F`dhm,³

Ichht hbbicm g} `cz nb}`cz( }`cl jgfi }b }`c Ndv}zcvv, ½]`g}µv asv} d}(Ndv}zcvv, Dµn lb hblecz g f`dhm, ]`c }d}hc bo ¿Clf`gl}cm F`dhmµ ugv odlc u`cl D ugv obsz( js} Dµn obsz}ccl lbu9 Dµ c }gicl }`c Bg}` ghzcgmt glm gn fblvdmczcm gl gmsh}( gffbzmdle }b }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv, Dl }`dv {gv} Ugz( D hcm nt Fzsvgmcz }cgn }`zbse`bs} }`c Zcghn( icc{dle Mzcgnczv gugt ozbn `gzn( `g{{t dl }`cdz bul Zcghnv, Ud}` Jzgmhctµv glm Fgzgµv `ch{( D }bbi b cz obz Nbnng u`dhc v`c ugv ode`}dle }`c Ugz, D ugv jb}` {g}zbhhdle }`c Zcghnv dl `cz gjvclfc glm }gidle fgzc bo }`c hd}}hc blcv dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn, D mblµ} ilbu gjbs} tbs( js} Dµm vgt }`g} mcvcz cv vbnc idlm bo gfilbuhcmecncl}( }b vgt }`c hcgv},³

]`c }ub bhmcz ubncl v}gzcm g} cgf` b}`cz( }`cl g} `cz dl vsz{zdvc, Hgmt Esgzmdgl blht vndhcm( js} ugv gozgdm bo vgtdle glt}`dle }b dl}czzs{} Clf`gl}zgµv }`bse`}v,

½Uchh( }`g} ugv g nbs}`osh'³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm( f`sfihdle, ½]chh nc }`cl(Ichdlg Czdl, U`g} mb tbs {zb{bvc obz g }d}hc( do lb} ¿F`dhmµ2³

½Dµ c lb} }`bse`} }`g} ogz tc}( Ndv}zcvv,³ Ichht }bhm `cz v`cc{dv`ht, ½D `g c }`bse`} g hb} gjbs} nbzc zcv{blvdjdhd}t, Nbv}ht( bo }gidle b cz Nbnngµv {g}zbhv bo }`c Zcghnv u`dhc v`cµv jsvt jcdle Hgmt glm Nbnng,³

Clf`gl}zg hbbicm }b Hgmt Esgzmdgl, ½Ubshm tbs gezcc }b } dv( Hgmt2³ ]`c Hgmt lbmmcm, ½Dv d} nt slmczv}glmdle }`g} v`c udhh }gic b cz tbsz oshh {g}zbhv2³

½Gtc( Ndv}zcvv,³ Hgmt vgdm, ½Dµ c }gse`} cz `bu }b {g}zbh( glm v`c `gv jccl mbdle vb bl `cz bul vdlfc uc uczc ode`}dle dl }`c Ugz, Nt mgse`}cz `gv jccl ubzidle `gzm( glm D gezcc ud}` `cz9 v`c mcvcz cv glb}`cz ]d}hc, V`cµv }bb bhm }b jc fghhcm ¿F`dhm(µ tc} }bb tbsle }b jc lgncm Chmcz,³ V`c `seecm Ichhtµv v`bshmczv, ½D gn {zbsm bo `cz( obz ghh v`c mbcv( jb}` ngedfgh glm lbl.ngedfgh,³

G} }`g}( Ichht jhsv`cm,Clf`gl}zg ugv vdhcl} gv v`c }bbi }`c edzhµv f`dl dl `cz `glm glm {cczcm

dl}b `cz ctcv, ½G`( gtc( D Vcc lbu, ]`czc dv vbnc}`dle ud}`dl }`g} zcndlmv nc bo ntvcho u`cl D ugv tbsle, ]`czc dv g mdoodfsh} glm udlmdle zbgm g`cgm obz tbs(Ichdlg( js} D jchdc c tbs `g c }`c v}zcle}` }b clmszc, Tbs udhh ezbu }b jc g czt




v}zble clf`gl}zcvv,³ ]`c vndhc bl `cz ogfc ezcu glm v`c idvvcm }`c edzhµv f`cci,½Tbs `g c tbsz lgnc( glm }`c ms}dcv }b eb ud}` d},³

½U`g}µv nt lcu lgnc( Ndv}zcvv2³ Ichht gvicm( fblosvcm,]`c Ndv}zcvv ic{} `cz vndhc, ½Tbs udhh vcc vbbl clbse , Obz lbu( Hgmt( D

udv` g ubzm ud}` tbs, Ichdlg( tbs ngt jcedl tbsz {g}zbhv, Mb lb} obzec} }b }gic

tbsz [zb}cf}bz ud}` tbs,³ Ichht lbmmcm, ½Tcv( Ndv}zcvv,³ G} }`g}( v`c vghs}cm glm hco},Hgmt Esgzmdgl v}gtcm jc`dlm, ½D ilbu u`g} tbsµzc }`dlidle( Clf`gl}zg,³

V`c vndhcm, ½Clf`gl}zcvv( dv d}2 Dl}czcv}dle lgnc( mblµ} tbs }`dli2³ ½Gtc( }`g} d} dv( glm D mb,³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm, ½Tbsz }szl( Hgmt, ]`czcµv

nbzc }b ilbu bo }`c Zcghnv }`gl asv} {g}zbhhdle( tbs ilbu, D udhh jc }`c blc }b }cgf` tbs,³

DD

Go}cz Ichdlg v}b{{cm }b zc}zdc c `cz [zb}cf}bz dl Jzgmhct Ghhcl( v`c `cgmcm bl `cz bul {g}zbhv, V`c }bhm dn c czt}`dle }`g} `g{{clcm g} }`c [ghgfc,

½V`c gf}sghht gezccm2³ Jzgmhct gvicm gv }`ct zbmc }`cdz Fzcg}szc.`bzvcv mbul }`c udlmdle {g}`v, @c ugv gngqcm( obz `c ilcu }`c Ndv}zcvv Vdv}czv lc cz gezccm }`g} cgvdht bz wsdfiht }b glt}`dle9 slhcvv( }`g} dv( d} vsd}cm }`cn, ½Vb( mdm v`c ed c tbs g lgnc2³

½Dµn v}dhh }ztdle }b odeszc }`g} bs}( Jzgm,³ Ichht vs{{hdcm( jd}dle `cz hd{ dl }`bse`}, ½D icc{ ebdle b cz bsz fbl czvg}dbl glm fbndle s{ ud}` lb}`dle, D mblµ} ec} d},³

½U`g} ugv }`c hgv} }`dle v`c }bhm tbs2³ Jzgmhct gvicm( `dv ndlm zcchdle ud}` }`bse`},

½Dµhh ezbu }b jc g czt v}zble clf gl}zcvv,³ V`c vgdm( `gho }b czvcho( `gho }b `dn,

½Mb tbs }`dli }`g}µv d}2³ @c gvicm,Go}cz g nbncl}( v`c vgdm, ½Clf`gl}zcvv2 U`t ubshm v`c fghh nc }`g}2³ ½V`c vgdm tbs zcndlmcm `cz bo `czvcho u`cl v`c ugv tbslecz,³ Jzgmhct

vs{{hdcm, ½U`t lb}2³ Ichht lbmmcm( glm vndhcm, ½Tcg`( }`g}µv zde`}, V`c mdm vgt }`g}( vb u`t

lb}2³ V`c }szlcm jgfi }b }`c {g}` glm `cz ubzi ud}` `dn obhhbudle jc`dlm(

ublmczdle u`g} ugv bl `cz ndlm,@ghougt }`zbse` }`c ubbmcm gzcg( }`ct vgu g v`gmbu ohtdle gjb c }`cn,

]`ct v}b{{cm( hbbidle }b }`c vidcv,½Dv }`g} u`g} D }`dli d} dv2³ Jzgmhct gvicm( `glm }b `dv `cgm v`gmdle }`c

vslhde`},Ichht vndhcm( u`dv{czdle, ½Mzgebl,³ V`c ug cm cz gznv }b mzgu }`c

mzgeblµv g}}cl}dbl,]`c mzgebl vbgzcm mbul }b }`cn( f`gledle obzn }b `gho.dnnbz}gh( `gho

mzgebl, @c hbbicm }`cn dl }`c ctcv glm jbucm dv `cgm dl ezcc}dle, ½Vsh`ctg(Mzcgnczv,³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7=;..

½S`( Vsh`ctg Mzgebl( D escvv,³ Jzgmhct lcz bsvht lbmmcm `dv `cgm dl glvucz,

]`c Mzgebl hgse cm, ½]`c lgnc dv ]czzgl}dv( Eclczgh ]czzgl}dv( `cgm bo nt Fbsl}cvvµ Mzgfbldf Gzndcv, Tbs Tbslehdlev ubshm jc2³

Ichht jbucm ozbn g}b{ `cz `bzvc, ½D gn }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df {zc dbsvht

ilbul gv }`c Clf`gl}cm F`dhm( glm cµv Jzgmhct Ghhcl( nt Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz, D}µv g {hcgvszc }b ncc} tbs( Eclczgh,³ ½[hcgvszc dv ghh ndlc( F`dhm( Jzgmhct Ghhcl,³ ]czzgl}dv vs{{hdcm( lbmmdle

gegdl }b cgf` bo }`cn, ½U`t {zc dbsvht2³ ½D ugv asv} zclgncm }`c Clf`gl}zcvv,³ Ichht vgdm, ½Dl nt Zcghn( Dµn

obsz}ccl( glm lb hblecz g f`dhm( vb D }`bse } D v`bshm `g c g lcu lgnc, Hgmt Esgzmdgl( nt nb}`cz( gffbn{gldcm nc }b }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfµv [ghgfc glm Ndv}zcvv Clf`gl}zg,³

G} }`c lgnc ½Hgmt Esgzmdgl(³ ]czzgl}dvµ ctcv udmclcm, ½Hgmt Esgzmdgl dv tbsz Ns}tz2³

½Do ¿Ns}tzµ ncglv nb}`cz( }`cl tcv( v`c dv,³ Ichht vs{{hdcm, ½Uczc tbs

ebdle }b vcc vbncblc jcobzc D fghhcm tbs mbul2³ ½Gf}sghht( gtc,³ ]czzgl}dv vgdm, ½Wsd}c fbdlfdmcl}ghht( D ugv vcgzf`dle obz

tbsz Ns}tz, @g c tbs vccl cz2³ ½D asv} hco} `cz vdmc,³ Ichht zcv{blmcm, ½V`cµv v}dhh g} }`c [ghgfc,³ ½Dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv( D }gic d}2³ ]czzgl}dv udlfcm,Ichht lbmmcm, ½Ngtjc }`czcµv vbnc}`dle D fgl mb obz tbs2³ V`c

vseecv}cm, ½Go}cz ghh( D gn cz mgse`}cz, D `g c gv nsf` {bucz gv v`c mbcv,³ ]czzgl}dv ug}f`cm }`c edzh glm cz ng}c dl }`bse`}, ½D mb lb} mbsj} tbsz

{bucz( Clf`gl}zcvv,³ @c vs{{hdcm, Go}cz g nbncl}( `c lbmmcm, ½_czt uchh }`cl,Tbs ilbu bo }`c Fbsl}cvv glm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( gtc2³

Jb}` Ichht glm Jzgmhct lbmmcm,½Dl }`c Lg}dblv( }`czc gzc v}bzdcv gjbs} }`bvc fghhcm ¿]`c Hbv} Blcv(µ³ @c

v}gz}cm, ½Lgncm vsf` jcfgsvc hble geb( jcobzc u`g} dv lbu fghhcm }`c ¿Mzgeblµv Oghh(µ bsz Hbzm Cn{czbz gubic }b odlm `dv ng}c glm }`zcc f`dhmzcl ndvvdle ozbn }`cdz jcmv, Nglt fcl}szdcv `g c {gvvcm( glm ghh }`g} dv hco} bo }`cn dv v}bzdcv,Uchh( }`c Fbsl}cvv( u`b dv Hbzm Cn{czbzµv jzg}}blg( `dv vdv}cz( zcfcd cm ubzm gjbs} }`c {bvvdjdhd}t `cz bul ldcfcv glm lc{`cu nde`} v}dhh hd c, V`c udv`cv }b `g c Hgmt Esgzmdgl dl cv}deg}c g {hgfc ilbul gv ¿Mzgeblµv Icc{(µ u`czc d} dv zsnbzcm }`c Hbv} Blcv( g} hcgv} }`c f`dhmzcl( gzc v}gtdle,³

½U`t Nbnng2³ Ichht gvicm, ½Fglµ} D mb d}2³ ½]`c Fbsl}cvv `gv `cz zcgvblv obz blht ugl}dle }`c Hgmt }b dl cv}deg}c,³

]czzgl}dv vgdm, ½U`g} tbs fgl mb dv }chh `cz u`g} D }bhm tbs, ]`g} ubshm jc g ezcg} `ch{ }b sv ghh,³

Jzgmhct ugv fblosvcm, ½Ghh( gv dl }`c Mzgeblv2³ ½Lb} blht sv dl }`c Lg}dblv( js} Ghh Zcghnv bo Ghh }`c Ubzhmv,³ ]czzgl}dv

gllbslfcm, ½Nt }`gliv g`cgm bo }dnc( Hgmt Clf`gl}zcvv,³ @c {hgfcm g glm }b `dv `cgz} glm lbmmcm dv `cgm( zcfd}dle, ½Hd c v}zble( hd c ozcc( glm hd c dl

{cgfc,³ Ud}` g odlgh ubzm bo ½Igc}gg(³ ]czzgl}dv ugv eblc( hcg dle }`c }ub bo }`cn

v}gzdle go}cz `dn,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7=7..

DDD

J gfi dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( Hgmt Esgzmdgl ugv dlfzcmshbsv( do lb} g }gmfblosvcm, Ichht zc{bz}cm `cz lde`}µv {g}zbh glm ncc}dle ]czzgl}dv( ghble ud}`

}chhdle `cz u`t `cµm jccl vcl} }b odlm `cz,½V `c ugl}v nc }b u`g} 2³ Gzdglg ugv dlfzcmshbsv, ½U`t nc2³Ichht v`zseecm, ½]`g}( D mblµ} ilbu, Ghh D ilbu dv u`g} }`c Eclczgh }bhm

nc }b }chh tbs, @c vgdm d} ubshm jc g ezcg} `ch{ }b sv ghh do D mdm,³½D ilbu }`g} nsf`9 D ilbu `bu gesc mzgeblv bo }`c Lg}dblv fgl jc,³

Gzdglg zc{hdcm, ½U`g} D mblµ} slmczv}glm dv u`t nc2 U`t fglµ} v`c vclm blcbo `cz Mzgfbldgl V bhmdczv }b dl cv}deg}c º bz czvcho2 U`t mbcv }`c Fbsl}cvvugl} nc }b mb d}2 D mblµ} ec} d},³

½Nt escvv dv jcfgsvc tbsµzc }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv, D}µv {gz}bo }`c abj2³ Ichht gvicm, ½Dµn lb} vszc( cd}`cz, Blht ugt }b ilbu dv }b eb }b`cz glm odlm bs},³

Gzdglg ugv dl mcc{ }`bse`}, ½Tbs ilbu u`g}2 Dµhh mb }`g} zde`} lbu,³½U`g} gjbs} }`c hd}}hcv2 Mczzdfi2 Ashdc}2³ Ichht gvicm gv v`c ug}f`cm

`cz nb}`cz eb }b }`c fhbvc} glm gzn `czvcho ud}` Mzgebl Mgeecz glm }`c v`bz}.vubzm lgncm V {dzd}jhgmc, ½U`g} gjbs} }`cn2³

½]`dv fglµ} ugd},³ Gzdglg vs{{hdcm( `gho dl g }zglfc zcgmtdle `czvcho, V `cezgjjcm g jhgfi. ch c} fhbgi glm uzg{{cm d} gzbslm `czvcho jcobzc zc}szldle }b`cz mgse }cz, ½Do D mblµ} odlm bs} lbu( d}µhh jse nc ¿}dh D mb, Tbs ilbu }`g},³

½D ilbu }`g},³ Ichht vs{{hdcm, ½D ghvb ilbu tbsµzc bsz nb}`cz9 glm vdlfcjcfbndle Hgmt( tbs `g clµ} jccl blc,³

Gzdglg ozbqc dl cz }zgfiv, ½D ilbu( V ucc}`cgz}( glm Dµn vbzzt,³ V `c{hgfcm g `glm bl `cz mgse`}czµv f cci jcobzc ezgv{dle `cz dl g `se, ½D lc czncgl }b sz} tbs( lcd}`cz bo tbs, D hb c ghh bo tbs czt nsf`, D mb u`g} D `g c}b mb gv Hgmt Esgzmdgl jcfgsvc bo tbs, D ugl} }b ed c ghh bo tbs }`c {cgfcoshhdoc D lc cz `gm ezbudle s{,³

Ichht `seecm jgfi, ½D hb c tbs( }bb Nbnng( glm Dµn vszc ucµhh ghh `g c{cgfcosh hd cv vbbl clbse`,³ V `c vde`cm, ½Lbu( eb }b }`c Lg}dblv glm vcc }`cFbsl}cvv, V `cµv eb} glvuczv obz tbs,³

Go}cz g odlgh idvv bl }`c f`cci( Gzdglg Zcgmdle ilbul gv }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv fghhcm g wsdfi v{chh glm mdvg{{cgzcm }`zbse` `czGlfdcl} Ntv}dfµv Ndzzbz, Ud}` g vde`( Ichht Zcgmdle ilbul gv }`c Clf`gl}zcvv}szlcm bl `cz `cch glm hco} }`c zbbn }b odlm `cz tbslecz vdjhdlev,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7=:..

V}bzt &:1Mgzi Ngedf Eblc Mgzicz

Ncglu`dhc( g} }`c Nbzc`bsvcv( d} ugv g mdooczcl} v}bzt, Obz }`c hblecv}}dnc( Hslg mch cm mcc{ dl}b }`c mgzicv} bo `cz lcu Muchhcz.idl.hdic {buczv(

hcgzldle c czt}`dle v`c fbshm gjbs} }`cn,Odzcv}bzn fgnc }b `cz g} }dncv( }s}bzdle `cz, @c ugvlµ} `g{{t v`c ugv}gidle `cz {buczv }b vsf` g lceg}d c cp}zcnc,

½Tbs mgjjhc dl mgzilcvv( J hbbm.vdv}cz,³ Odzcv}bzn ezbuhcm( ozsv}zg}cm g}}`c ugt v`c ugv gf}dle mszdle `cz hcvvblv, ½U`t lb} hcgzl }b fbl}zbh d} gvHgmt Esgzmdgl gv2³

½J cfgsvc D gn lb} }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl'³ V `c fzdcm, @c fbshm vcc }`cfbhbz bo `cz ctcv f`glec ozbn bfcgl.jhsc }b jhbbm zcm, ½D gn }`c Ezglm Ngesv,Dl fgvc tbs mblµ} ilbu u`g} }`g} ncglv( Dµhh }chh tbs, D} ncglv Dµn }`c Ezcg}Ngedfdgl, D fgl glmhc glt}`dle }`g} fbncv nt ugt,³

D} }bbi g nbncl} obz Odzcv}bzn }b glvucz, @c vcgzf`cm }`c hdli jc}uccl

}`cn glm vgu vbnc}`dle `c mdmlµ} ugl} }b vcc, V bnc}`dle }`g} ngmc `dn }giclb}dfc, @c `gm }b v{cgi,

½J c ugzt bo }`c {g}` mgzilcvv }gicv tbs,³ Odzcv}bzn ugv glezt(f`gledle `dv ctcv }b }`c odczfc jhbbm zcm, ½Tbs fbshm }szl V }ghicz,³

½Nt `cgz} dv }bb ebbm }b }szl( glm tbs ilbu d},³ Hslg gllbslfcmfghnht,

½C cl }`c {szc jcfbnc V }ghiczv u`cl }`ct gzc lb} hbbidle,³ Odzcv}bznucl} bl jcobzc mdvg{{cgzdle dl g fhbsm bo mgzi zcm ndv},

Ngtjc `cµv zde`}2 V `c }`bse`} }b `czvcho blfc `c hco}, V `c zc}szlcm }b`cz `bsvc.f`bzcv dl mcc{ }`bse`}, Fbshm D jc ]szldle V}ghicz2 @bu fbshm }`g} jc ( v`c zcohcf}cm( do Dµn lb} g Muchhcz.idl2 Dµn asv} gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df u`b `g{{clcm }b cpf glec jhbbm ud}` g Ug}f`cz.idl Vslmglfcz( }`g}µv ghh, Zde`}2 V `c }`bse`} obz g nbncl}, D `g c fbn{hc}c fbl}zbh bo }`c Mgzi Ngedf ud}`dl(mblµ} D2 D ugv gjhc }b fbl}zbh }`c Mzcgn Zcghnvµ V{`czc ud}` lb {zbjhcnv( ugvlµ} D2

Hslg vde`cm, D mblµ} ilbu ( v`c }`bse`}( vhsn{dle `czvcho bl }`c fbsf`,V `c }bbi }`c Mzcgn [cl}gfhc dl `cz `glmv glm {hgtcm ud}` d}, Dµ c eb} }`c Mzgebl Ngedf( gffbzmdle }b Clf`gl}zg( g udhm ngedf ozbn dlvdmc }chhdle nc }`dlev D lc cz ilcu jcobzc, Dµn g ezcg} ngedfdgl( `clfc nt Mzcgn Zcghn [czvblg( }`c Ezglm Ngesv, U`b gn D( zcghht2

Mch c }bb mcc{ dl }`bse`}v hdic }`g} Jhbbm.vdv}cz( glm tbs fbshm jc v}sfi ohtdle dl fdzfhcv, Cnczghmµv ecl}hc bdfc cl}czcm `cz }`bse`}v }`dv }dnc,

½V `bu tbszvcho( Cnczghm,³ Hslg u dv{czcm ghbsm( ilbudle oshh uchh }`cMuchhcz.idl ugv dl zglec bo `cz vclvbzv, ]`c }`bse } ugv }bb fhcgz }b jcb}`czudvc,

Cnczghm v`dnnczcm dl ozbl} bo `cz( vd}}dle mbul bl }`c fsv`dbl jcvdmc`cz, ½U`t }`c hble ogfc( Ezglm Ngesv2³




½Fghh nc Gmgzzg,³ Hslg vs{{hdcm ud}`bs} ilbudle u`t v`c vgdm d}, ½GlmD `g c g hble ogfc( gv tbs {s} d}( obz ebbm zcgvblv, Tbsz ng}c asv} hco} `czc(fhgdndle D ugv ]szldle V }ghicz,³

½@g c tbs ed cl `dn zcgvbl }b }`dli b}`czudvc2³ Cnczghm zcv{blmcm,Hslg v`zseecm, ½@c vccnv }b }`dli vb bl `dv bul( asv} jcfgsvc Dµn

hcgzldle u`g} hd}}hc Mzgebl Ngedf D fgl, Odzcv}bzn jchdc cv Dµhh ]szl do D mblµ}v}gt jghglfcm,³½@c dv zde`} bl }`g}9 ghugtv gv jccl,³ Cnczghm zcv{blmcm, ½D vcc }`c

vgnc gv nt jchb cm ng}c, V dlfc v`gzdle bsz jhbbm( ngedf( glm vcfzc} ud}` tbs( tbs `g c jccl mch dle g hd}}hc mcc{cz }`gl uc `g c vccl g Ohcmehdle ebjcobzc, D}µv lb} zde`}9 cv{cfdghht do }`g} Ohcmehdle dv ghzcgmt g {buczosh Glfdcl}Ntv}df ud}` g hb c bo `cz ngedf,³

½]`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf dv c czt {gz} bo nc( asv} gv tbsz Muchhcz.idl{buczv gzc g {gz} bo tbs,³ Hslg vs{{hdcm, ½]`c @cghdle( V de`}( V clvc( ghh bo d}gzc g {gz} bo u b D gn( jb}` Mgzi glm Hde`} gzc jghglfcm, @c mbcvlµ} lccm }bubzzt gjbs} }`g} ud}` nc,³

½Uc `g c oshh fblodmclfc dl tbsz Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf( Gmgzzg,³ Cnczghm}zdcm }`c lgnc bl `cz }blesc, V bnc`bu( d} vbslmcm ogndhdgz( hdic }`c u`dv{czbo g bdfc ozbn gecv {gv} fbndle jgfi }b gsl} `cz dl }`c {zcvcl}, ½Uc jb}`

asv} ubzzt }b u`g} mc{}`v tbs udhh }gic tbsz Muchhcz.idl gjdhd}dcv( do tbs `g cglt,³

½Dµ c jccl hcgzldle g hb} ozbn jb}` bo tbs( mblµ} ec} nc uzble,³ Hslgvs{{hdcm( `cz ctcv odhhcm ud}` ublmcz glm mchde`}, ½D asv} ugl} }b hcgzl nbzc ,³

Cnczghm {gsvcm glm v}gzcm dl}b `cz ctcv obz g nbncl} jcobzc vgtdle gubzm, ½Mbcv g fcz}gdl mgzi. gdzcm v}zglecz `g c glt}`dle }b mb ud}` tbszvsmmcl lccm }b hcgzl nbzc bo bsz {buczv2³

Hslg jhdlicm glm jhsv`cm, ½@bu mdm tbs ilbu gjbs} }`g}2³½D} dv bl tbsz ndlm( J hbbm.V dv}cz,³ Cnczghm vgdm vbo}ht, ½D} `gv jccl bl

tbsz ndlm g hb} hg}cht( glm Dµn jcedlldle }b ublmcz u`b chvc dv bl }`c vgncndlm.{g}` gv }`c obsz bo sv,³

Hslg ugv dl mcc{ }`bse`}( }`dlidle gjbs} }`c mgzi.`gdzcm jhgfi.ctcmv}zglecz v`cµm nc} dl `cz bul Mzcgn Zcghn, Zchsf}gl}ht( v`c }bhm Cnczghmu`g} `g{{clcm }`g} lde`}9 ozbn }`c }dnc v`c nc} `dn( }b u`g} `cz bul vdv}cz}bhm `cz, V `c c cl }bhm Cnczghm bo }`c mdooczcl} obznv jb}` }udlv uczc }gidlelbu1 ubh cv ud}` mzgeblµv udlev( Mzgeblubh cv,

D} }bbi g nbncl} obz Cnczghm }b zcv{blm, ½]`gli tbs obz }chhdle nc(Gmgzzg,³ V `c vgdm vbo}ht( gho dl }`bse`} czvcho, ½Gzdglg dv zde`}( D gn gozgdm,

]`czc dv vbnc}`dle gjbs} }`c }ub bo tbs( glm jb}` gzc fbllcf}cm dl blc ugt9}`zbse` bsz Fbsl}cvv( V `thcc V }gzegqcz( ilbul dl }`c Lg}dblv gv Mzgfbzg,³

V `c ugl}cm }b vgt vbnc}`dle chvc( js} v}b{{cm, Dlv}cgm bo zcv{blmdle(Cnczghm asv} ndv}cm dl }`c gdz glm mdvg{{cgzcm, ]`dv hco} Hslg czt fblosvcm,

DD



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7==..

Cnczghm zc}szlcm }b Odzcv}bznµv vdmc ud}` }`c v}bzt, Odzcv}bzn ugvlµ}`g{{t }b `cgz d}, @c fgnc s{ ud}` blc fblfhsvdbl( jgvcm bl u`g} v`cµm }bhm`dn glm u`g} `cµm ud}lcvvcm b cz }`c {gv} ucciv,

½D }`bse`} tbs }bhm `cz v`c ugvlµ} Muchhcz.idl2³ Odzcv}bzn gvicm dvJ blmng}c Cnczghm,

½D.D mdm }chh `cz,³ Cnczghm ugv gv fblosvcm gv `c ugv,½U`t mb D vnchh }`c Mzgfbldgl jhbbm dl }`cn jb}`2³ Odzcv}bzn gvicm, ½Djzbic bsz {zbndvc }b jb}` Fchcv}c glm Mdpdhtllc, D }szlcm cz,³

½Tbs mdmlµ} ilbu( Odzc,³ Cnczghm zc{hdcm, ½Dµn lb} vszc gltblc zcghht ilcu,³

½]`g}µv asv} d}( Cn, D mdm,³ @c vs{{hdcm, ½ V bnc}`dle }bhm nc }b mb d},³Cnczghm ugv vsz{zdvcm }b `cgz `dv gmndvvdbl, ½Fgl tbs }chh nc u`g}2³½D udv` D fbshm cp{hgdl d}( Cnnt,³ @c zc{hdcm, ½D}µv hdic vbncblc ugv

szedle nc }b mb d}9 vb( D mdm d},³½U`b dv v}zble clbse` }b ec} }`zbse` bsz Glfdcl} mcoclvcv2³Odzcv}bzn ozbulcm, ½Blht blc D ilbu bo u`b dv nbzc glfdcl} }`gl sv(

glm }`g}µv }`c Fbsl}cvv dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,³½D gn udhhdle }b jc} }`g} dv ghvb u`b ]szlcm g Tbsle Hgmt Esgzmdgl gv

uchh vb hble geb,³ Cnczghm zcv{blmcm, ½Ghh uc `g c }b mb lbu dv ugd} obzosz}`cz dlv}zsf}dblv ozbn V `thcc,³

½U`t ugd} u`cl uc fgl eb }b `cz bszvch cv2³ Odzcv}bzn ugv hd dm, GhhCnczghm fbshm mb ugv obhhbu glm ngic vszc `c mdmlµ} mcv}zbt c czt}`dle dl `dv{g}`,

DDD

]`c Fbsl}cvv glm `cz Eclczgh ]zclbz uczc ugd}dle obz }`c }`zcc bo }`cndl Nblgzf`µv Ehcl, Eclczgh ]czzgl}dv nc} ud}` `cz odzv},

½Uchh( Mzgfbzg( }`ct udhh jc fbndle vbbl,³ ]czzgl}dv vs{{hdcm go}czwsdfiht jbudle }b `cz,

Mzgfbzg vndhcm, ½Ghh udhh jc gv d} v`bshm jc vbbl( ecl}hcncl, Ncglu`dhc(uc `g c g Lg}dbl }b zsl( gtc2³

½Gtc,³ J b}` ]czzgl}dv glm ]zclbz f`bzsvcm,½D }bhm }`c tbsle Clf`gl}zcvv bo }`c Hbv} Blcv,³ ]czzgl}dv vs{{hdcm,Mzgfbzgµv cgz} vid{{cm, ½U`b c dmcl}ht }bhm `cz Ns}tz2³½Gtc,³ ]czzgl}dv gllbslfcm, ½U`g} bo }`c Hgmt czvcho2 Mbcv v`c ilbu

u`b v`c dv2³½Lgt( lb} tc}( js} vbbl,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½D blht udv` D fbshm mb

vbnc}`dle }b v{ccm s{ }`c {zbfcvv,³½Tbs ilbu `bu ncnbzdcv glm }`c ndlmv bo bsz {cb{hc ubzi( Mzgfbzg,³

]zclbz vgdm, ½Uc gzc obzc cz ic{} dl v`gmbuv( vdhcl} sl}dh bsz ndlmv glm ngedfjchdc c uc fgl `glmhc }`c zcv{blvdjdhd}t,³

½Bsz Hgmt dv lb bzmdlgzt Mzgfbldgl lbu( nt ozdclm,³ Mzgfbzg vgdm,½Tbs nsv} zcncnjcz `cz `czd}gec jcobzc jcfbndle bsz Cn{zcvv, V `c ugv gMzgeblubho( blc bo ocu g} }`c }dnc, Lbu }`g} v`c dv gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df( asv} gv




nt bul Ns}tz ugv( v`c dv dz}sghht slv}b{{gjhc gegdlv} }`bvc u`b udv` }bmcv}zbt sv,³

½Dv }`g} u`t tbs ]szlcm cz vb tbsle2³ ]zclbz gvicm, @c ugv }`czc dl}`c Nbz}ghhgl Ugz mszdle mchceg}dblv glm ugv }`c blc }b `ch{ `cz }`zbse` }`cOdzcUghh jgfi }b }`c Mzcgn Zcghn,

½D mdm lb}`dle bo }`c vbz},³ Mzgfbzg mcldcm, ½Tbs fgllb} ]szl vbncblcdl}b u`g} }`ct uczc jbzl jcdle,³½Tbs asv} eg c `cz g hd}}hc {sv`2³ ]czzgl}dv vndhcm, ½]b zcndlm `cz( D

}gic d}2³Mzgfbzg fhcgzcm cz }`zbg} glm v}bbm g} cz ]`zblc, ½G}}cl}dbl

ecl}hcncl( uc gzc gjbs} }b `g c fbn{glt,³Dl g ocu nbncl}v( }`ct ug}f`cm gv Odzcv}bzn glm Cnczghm ndv}cm dl(

glm }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl `czvcho ngzf`cm }b }`c ]`zblc dl `cz Mzgeblubho obzn,V `c ugv ucgzdle `cz Ode`}czµv Ecgz( fbn{hc}c ud}` `cz V {dzd}jhgmc bl `cz jgfiglm }`c Mzgebl Mgeecz g} `cz `d{,

Ghh }`zcc jcegl }ghidle g} blfc( u`df` ngmc ]zclbz udlfc, ]czzgl}dv

v}bbm g} g}}cl}dbl glm vde`cm,½U`g} dv }`c ncgldle bo }`dv2³ Mzgfbzg zbgzcm( u`df` v}b{{cm u`g}c cz

}`c }`zcc bo }`cn uczc vgtdle dl sldvbl,½D blht fgnc bl tbsz dlvdv}clfc( Mzgfbzg,³ ]`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl Gzdglg

gllbslfcm,Cnczghm jbucm gv `cz ng}c obhmcm dv gznv glm ozbulcm, ½Uc fbnc

gvidle wscv}dblv gjbs} }`c blc fghhdle `czvcho Gmgzzg,³J b}` Mzgfbzg glm Hgmt Esgzmdgl jhdlicm glm hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz,½Dv }`g} zde`}2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm vbo}ht,Hgmt Esgzmdgl }szlcm }b Cnczghm, ½Gmgzzg( gv dl nt vdv}cz }`c Ezglm

Ngesv2 Nt }udl2³Cnczghm fhbvcm `cz ctcv glm lbmmcm, ½Gtc, Uc ocgz v`c dv ec}}dle }bb

mgzi dl hcgzldle `cz ngedf,³½Tbs mblµ} lccm }b ocgz }`g},³ Gzdglg vndhcm, ½D }zsv} cz ud}` cz Mgzi

Ngedf,³½D}µv lb} }`c Mgzi Ngedf uc v{cgi bo( Hgmt,³ Odzcv}bzn v{bic s{, ½D}µv

}`c ngedf ozbn bsz jhbbm.jdlmdle,³½Bo u`df` D ugv lb} dn{zcvvcm,³ Mzgfbzg zcv{blmcm,½Mblµ} jhgnc nc obz vbnc}`dle }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df mdm `czvcho,³

Odzcv}bzn v`b} jgfi, ½Ezglm Ngesv ugv }`c blc u`b udv`cm d}( lb} nc, D ugv asv} obhhbudle g bdfc dl nt `cgm( {zbmmdle nc }b mb vb u`cl v`c gvicm,³

½G _bdfc( Odzcv}bzn2³ Mzgfbzg ugv dl}czcv}cm lbu( obzec}}dle `cz gleczb cz `dv J hbbmdle Gzdglgµv }udl, ½Mb tbs ilbu u`b bz u g} }`c _bdfc ugvozbn2 Mdm tbs zcfbeldqc d}2³

J b}` Odzcv}bzn glm Cnczghm hbbicm }b cgf` b}`cz }`cl jgfi }b }`cFbsl}cvv, Gzdglg asv} v}bbm gvdmc glm ugd}cm( }`dlidle,

½D} vbslmcm hdic }`c Cn{czbz `dnvcho,³ Odzcv}bzn zc{hdcm ud}` zcv{cf},½Gv do `c ugv udv`dle D J hbbm `cz obz vbnc zcgvbl,³

½Wscv}dbl dv1 ugv d} }`c Cn{czbz dl `cz ndlm bz glb}`cz2³ Cnczghmgvicm,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7=?..

Mzgfbzg mdmlµ} glvucz( obz v`c ugv mcc{ dl }`bse`}, ½Fbshm d} jc2 Go}czghh }`cvc tcgzv2³

]zclbz `cgzm cz, ½Fbsl}cvv( d} `gv jccl zsnbzcm bo `dv zc}szl }b }`cLg}dblv,³

½D} blht vbslmcm hdic }`c Cn{czbz(³ Odzcv}bzn vs{{hdcm, ½D mdmlµ} vgt d}

Och} hdic `dn,³½D} ngt lb} `g c jccl `dn,³ Cnczghm vs{{hdcm, ½D} ngt `g c jccl `dvHbzm J zg}}bl,³

½@dv msb2 Go}cz ghh }`dv }dnc2³ Mzgfbzg ugv vic{}df, ½D mbsj} }`g}9}`bse`(³ v`c fbl}dlscm go}cz g nbncl}( ½d} mbcv vbslm hdic vbnc}`dle jb}` nt J zg}}blv ubshm mb,³

V `c vde`cm,½Uc blht ilbu `c ugv {buczosh clbse` }b jzcgi }`zbse` ghh bo bsz

v`dchmv bl Ezglm Ngesvµ ndlm,³ Cnczghm zc{hdcm, ]`c Fbsl}cvv v`bbi `cz `cgm, ½U`df` jzdlev sv jgfi }b blc wscv}dbl1

Ezglm Ngesv lgndle czvcho ¿Gmgzzgµ2 ]`g} dl d}vcho vbslmv ogndhdgz,³

½D ugv }`dlidle }`c vgnc }`dle( Fbsl}cvv,³ Cnczghm v`gzcm g hbbi ud}``cz,

½Do D ngt dl}czzs{}(³ Gzdglg vgdm vbo}ht, ½]`c lgnc ¿Gmgzzgµ dv cz [gegllgnc9 ed cl }b `cz jt Zcm V `guh V }gzf`gvcz,³

½Tbs mblµ} vgt,³ ]`c Fbsl}cvv hbbicm }b Odzcv}bzn, ½Zcm V `guh dv tbszldcfc( Odzc, U`g} mbcv v`c g c }b vgt2³

Odzcv}bzn ugv cvd}gl}( hbbidle }b Gzdglg jcobzc }`c Fbsl}cvv, U`clMzgfbzg lbmmcm ud}` g vndhc( `c fbl}dlscm, ½[cz`g{v Zcm V `guh ugv }`dlidle}`c vgnc gv uc uczc2 [cz`g{v v`c( }bb( hbbicm dl}b }`c Ezglm Ngesvµ ctcvglm `cgz} glm V gu }`c vgnc gv uc mdm2³

½]`c }zs}` v`ghh {zc gdh,³ Cnczghm gllbslfcm( odldv`dle dv }`bse`},½]`g} d} v`ghh( nt mcgz Cnczghm,³ ]`c Fbsl}cvv vgdm, V `c }szlcm }b g

ugd}dle Odzcv}bzn, ½Tbs fgnc obz glvuczv( glm tbs udhh ec} }`cn( js} lb}lbu,³

½Ghugtv hg}cz( Mzgfbzg,³ Odzcv}bzn vgdm,Lb} dl ozbl} bo Gzdglg , Mzgfbzg vcl} }b jb}` J blmng}cv g} blfc( svdle g

ndlm{g}` v`cµm obzecm ud}` }`c Muchhcz.idl, V`c mbcvlµ} ilbu }`c oshh }zs}`(tc},

Go}cz g nbncl}( Odzcv}bzn v}bbm g} g}}cl}dbl glm lbmmcm, ½_czt uchh(Fbsl}cvv, Ucµhh jc gugd}dle tbsz fbnnglm( gv ghugtv,³

J b}` J blmng}cv jbucm( ndv}dle dl}b gdz glm mdvg{{cgzdle,




Asv} gv D }bhm tbs }b mb( Hd}}hc Blc, ]`c nghc( u`bc cz `c ugv( ugv jgfidl `cz ndlm, Lbu( odldv` }`c zcv} bo }`cn( glm D udhh }chh tbs nbzc gjbs} u`b D gn,

V }dhh fszdbsv gjbs} }`c v}zglecz( v`c zchsf}gl}ht bjctcm, U`bnc cz d}ugv dl `cz ndlm ugv v}dhh }`c ogndhdgz nghc v`cµm mzcgncm gjbs}( glm v}dhh }`c

`glmvbnc hb cz.hdic v}zglecz,Bjctdle( v`c ucl} }b cgf` bo }`cdz zbbnv( mcc{cldle }`cdz }zglfcv gv v`cvb ilbudleht glm vudo}ht vgli `cz dlfdvbzv }`zbse` }`cdz }bse` ohcv`cv, V `cmzgdlcm asv} clbse` jhbbm ozbn }`cn }b lccm `czv }b `cgh, Hslg ubic }`cnud}` }`c {zc}clvcv bo }`cn `g dle asv} g ¿v}zglec mzcgnµ( obzfdle }`cn }b mzdli}`c ohsdm ozbn g vhd} dl `cz bul vidl, U`cl v`c ugv odldv`cm ud}` }`c tbslecv}(Hbegl( v`c ohcm }`c zbbn dl v`gnc,

V `c mdmlµ} ugl} }b zcvbz} }b vsf` cp}zcncv( js} v`c `gm }b mb d},V bnc}`dle dl `cz vbsh fzdcm obz `cz }b mb d}, V bnc}`dle }`g} }bhm `cz v`cfbshmlµ}( lb( ubshmlµ}( hd c ud}`bs} `cz {zcfdbsv f`dhmzcl,

]`gl u`t mdm v`c occh vb jgmht gjbs} d}2V `c mdmlµ} zc}szl }b `cz `svjglmµv vdmc( dlv}cgm ebdle }b `cz Gh}gz Zbbn,

Ghh v`c fbshm mb ugv vhsn{ }b }`c ohbbz glm fzt,

DD

Ggzbl fbshmlµ} v}b{ v}gzdle g} }`c nbbl, @c ugv vd}}dle bs} bl }`c{bzf`.vudle( v}gzdle g} }`c oshh nbbl `de` dl }`c vit,

½Ugllg }ghi gjbs} d}2³ @c `cgzm }`c ogndhdgz ocnghc bdfc bo `dv }udlu`dv{cz dl `dv cgz, Gdncc vg} mbul lcp} }b `dn glm }bbi `dv `glm dl czv,½Dµn lb} nsf`( js} D gn g ezcg} hdv}clcz,³

Ggzbl hbbicm }b `cz glm idvvcm `cz obzc`cgm( vde`dle, ½Gdn( Dµn v}dhh vbfblosvcm, Ghh bo }`dv dv vb lcu }b jb}` bo sv, Gdzncm jcdle lb} blht g ud}f`(js} g Muchhcz( J blmdle nc }b `cz }`zbse` jhbbm gv `cz J blmng}c glm jcdlent Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz gv uchh, D}µv ghh }bb nsf` }b `glmhc g} blfc,³

½Ebdle {zc}}t ogv}( dv d}2³ Gdncc gvicm, ½D ilbu u`g} tbs ncgl( J deJ zb}`cz, D}µv }`c vgnc ud}` V fb}} glm nc, D v}gz} mzcgndle bo `dn glm `cvsmmclht cl}czv bsz hd cv gegdl, Uc ode`} dl }`dv Ugz( glm odlm bs} `cµv eb}}`cvc jzdhhdgl} {buczv b cz }`c chcncl} bo odzc, Lb} blht }`g}( js} uc ghvb odlmbs} `cµv nt Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz( }bb, D mblµ} ilbu gjbs} tbs( js} D odlm ghh bo }`dvg jd} b czu`chndle,³

½]zt jcdle g Muchhcz.idl obz g mgt,³ Ggzbl vs{{hdcm, ½Bz ubshm }`g} jc¿lde`}µ2 D mblµ} ilbu, Ghh D ilbu dv }`g} Dµn u`g} Zcm V `guh fghhcm gl Glfdcl}Ntv}df Ug}f`cz.idl V slmglfcz, Dµn J blmcm }b }`c ubngl bo nt mzcgnv(ubslmcm dl Ugz( nt ncnbzdcv vfzgnjhcm( nt vbsh.vcho hco} vcgzf`dle glmjzbse`} jgfi }b hdoc( blht }b odlm ntvcho elgudle bl tbsz gzn, Lcp} }`dle Dilbu( D lccm jhbbm }b vsz d c glm fglµ} jc bs} mszdle }`c ndmmgt `bszv, @bugn D vs{{bvcm }b hd c hdic }`g}2³

½]`c vgnc ugt uc mdm u`cl uc uczc idmv,³ Gdncc zcv{blmcm, ½Hd c d}mgt jt mgt( hcgzl u`g} tbs fgl( svc d} u`cl tbs lccm d}( glm }`dli bo lb}`dle




js} {zb}cf}dle glm }gidle fgzc bo tbsz ogndht,³ V `c }bbi `cz }udlµv gzn glm`seecm d}, ½]`c hgv} }`dle tbs ugl} }b mb dv ed c s{,³

½D lc cz ugl} }b ed c s{9 D blht ugl} }b ilbu vbnc glvuczv,³ Ggzblvs{{hdcm, ½Ucµ c eblc }b Zcm V `guh( js} Dµn v}dhh fblosvcm, Do blht }`czc uczcvbncblc chvc( bz vbncu`czc chvc D fbshm ec} vbnc glvuczv ozbn,³

Gdncc sl`bbicm cz gzn ozbn dv glm v}bbm, ½]`c blht glvuczv gzcud}`dl, Zcncnjcz }`g} glm tbsµhh odlm }`cn jcobzc }bb hble,³V `c idvvcm `dv obzc`cgm glm vgdm `cz ebbmlde`}v jcobzc hcg dle `dn,

F bl}dls c Ggzblµv Vf c l c u d} g @sl} bl ` dv b u l( ` dv odzv}, @c zslvdl}b Mgld c h( u` b u gv v c l} jt Zgnbl }b u g}f ` b c z } `c gz c g, Ggzbl eb c vdl}b } `c u bbmv( ogz ozbn } `c fd}t bo @dhh _ dcu glm c t c v º ghh ` dv vc lv c v1vn c hhdle( `c gzdle( o cc hdle º g obp dl } `c mdv}glf c ,

DDD

Cnczghm zc}szlcm }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv ghblc, V `c `dm `czvcho dl }`cv`gmbuv( gv v`c svsghht mdm( glm ug}f`cm gv Hslg ½Gmgzzg³ vg} ilch} dl ozbl}bo `cz Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ndzzbz, @cz ctcv uczc fhbvcm glm v`c ugv vdhcl}( u`df`ngmc Cnczghm ublmcz asv} u`g} }`c ubngl ugv }`dlidle,

V `c }zdcm zcgmdle Gmgzzgµv ndlm( js} d} ugv fhbvcm boo( c cl }b `cz, ]`czcugv vbnc}`dle mdooczcl} gjbs} }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df9 d} blht fblodzncm }`cdzvsv{dfdblv,

Gmgzzg ugv lb hblecz asv} gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df( js} g Mzgfbldgl, Wscv}dbldv `bu nsf` v`c ilcu gjbs} }`c ngedf `cz jhbbm `chm,

Cnczghm ug}f cm gv v`c b{clcm cz ctcv( v`budle g vdh cz `sc, @cz ctcvehbucm vdh cz u`dhc `cz jbmt ehbucm mcc{ zcm,

½Ezglm Ngesv2³ Cnczghm u`dv{czcm, Lb zcgf}dbl( obz v`c fbl}dlscm }bv}gzc dl}b v{gfc, V `c }zdcm( ½Gmgzzg2³

Gmgzzg }szlcm }b cz( ctcv jzde`}, ½D `g c Obzcvccl ezcg} f`glecv obz svghh glm `g c ]szlcm nt f`dhmzcl,³

D} ugv dl g bdfc Cnczghm `gmlµ} `cgzm ozbn dl b cz g fcl}szt, G ecl}hc(ngedfgh bdfc9 gl cf`bdle bdfc bo g Ebmmcvv bz g [zdlfcvv,

½Mb tbs ilbu u`g} tbs `g c mblc( J hbbm.V dv}cz2³ V `c gvicm `cz,½D `g c V ccl d}, D blht udv` nt f dhmzcl }b abdl nc u`cl }`c F`glecv

bffsz,³Cnczghm v`bbi `cz cgm, ½U`g} mdm tbs V cc2³

]`c Ezglm Ngesv }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm zc{hdcm, ½Hc} sv hcg c d} g} }`dv1gv blc mcv}dlt clmv( glb}`cz jcedlv,³

Cnczghm egv{cm u`cl v`c vgu }`c zcm gszg gzbslm `cz jbmt ezbudlejzde`}cz, ]`c dvdbl bo g ubho ud}` mzgeblµv udlev fgnc }b dcu( fblodzndle }`cFbsl}cvvµ fbl czvg}dbl,

V `c mdmlµ} `g c g f`glfc }b vgt glt}`dle }b }`g} jcobzc }`c Glfdcl}Ntv}df Mzgfbldgl lgncm Gmgzzg vhsn{cm }b }`c ohbbz dl g ogdl},

½B` mcgz,³ Cnczghm u`dv{czcm,




½U`g} gzc tbs vde`dle gjbs}( mzgebl2³ Mbndldfi gvicm,½]`cl lgnc dv ]zclbz,³ @c ezbuhcm( }szldle jgfi }b }`cn, ½Eclczgh ]zclbz

bo }`c Mzgfbldgl Gzndcv,³ ½Ebbm obz tbs( Eclczgh ]zclbz bo }`c Mzgfbldgl Gzndcv,³ Mgndgl vgdm(

jbzcm, ½]szl gzbslm glm icc{ hcgmdle sv }b }`c Fbsl}cvv( bz tbsz lgnc udhh jc

}`c hgv} }`dle tbs vgt,³ ]zclbz ugvlµ} ozde`}clcm bo glt}`dle( cv{cfdghht }`zcg}v ozbn }`c blc fghhdle `dnvcho ¿Ngv}czµ,

@c ngzf`cm }`cn }`zbse` }`c nglt ngqcv bo }`c Obzcv} sl}dh Mgndgl jcfgnc dn{g}dcl},

½Tbs gzc hcgmdle sv dl fdzfhcv( mzgebl'³ Mgndgl fzdcm( v}b{{dle }`cn ghh,]zclbz mdmlµ} }gic booclvc( dlv}cgm f`bbvdle }b delbzc dv jc`g dbz, ½B`(

gn D2 D mb vdlfczcht g{bhbedqc,³ @g c tbs odeszcm d} bs} tc}( Fbsl}cvv2 ]zclbz }`bse`} }b `cz u`dhc v}gzdle

g} Mgndglµv ehgzc,Gtc , V`c glvuczcm jgfi, D} dv fghhcm }`c J hgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh,

½U`t mb uc lb} oht }`czc2³ ]zclbz gvicm vdn{ht, ½D} ubshm jc wsdficz,³ ½Odlc,³ Mgndgl `soocm( v`do}dle }b dv bul mzgebl obzn, @c }bbi ohde`}(

ugd}dle obz ]zclbz }b v`do} `dv obzn glm }gic }b }`c vidcv gv uchh,Mgndgl hbbicm mbul }b }`c Ugzzdbzv glm fbnnglmcm, ½Eb' Zcci `g bf dl

}`c Lg}dblv'³ Mbndldfi vndhcm ozbn jchbu glm lbmmcm( hcgmdle }`cn,Gv }`ct ohcu( ]zclbz fbl}dlscm `dv ncl}gh fbl czvg}dbl ud}` Mzgfbzg,

U`czc mdm d} fbnc ozbn( glm u`t mbcv }`c nghc ugl} d}2 D} dv }`c `cgz} bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghnµv V {`czc( glm d} svcm }b jchble }b

BµMchh, Mzgfbzg cp{hgdlcm, ]`g} nghcµv }zsc.lgnc dv Mgndgl( glm `c dv Bz}`bvµ vbl, U`t chvc ubshm Mgndgl ugl} d} obz `dnvcho2

]zclbz ezbuhcm vbo}ht slmcz `dv jzcg}`, Nbzc {bucz' D ncgl lb} }b jczsmc( Fbsl}cvv( js} gzc tbs vszc tbs udv` `dn glm } c b}`czv `czc2 Tbsfbshm jc oghhdle dl}b g }zg{( glm D mb lb} udv` glt}`dle }b `g{{cl }b tbs,

B`( D ilbu D gn( ]zclbz( glm ghh udhh jc uchh, Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ]`cdn{bz}gl} }`dle }b zcncnjcz dv bsz Cn{zcvv udhh zc}szl }b sv,

D vszc `b{c tbs gzc zde`}( V `thcc, ]zclbz vgdm,Zchgp( nt ozdclm, Mzgfbzg vcl} ud}` g vndhc, D gn ghugtv zde`}, ]zclbz zbhhcm `dv ctcv glm fbl}dlscm }b hcgm Mgndgl }b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl,

Ncglu`dhc( g} Nblgzf`µv Ehcl( Mzgfbzg vde`cm,½U`g} }zbsjhcv tbs( V thcc2³ Gvicm }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl( u`b ugv vd}}dle

gfzbvv ozbn `cz dl }`c Jg}}hc Zbbn,½Mgndgl,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½]zclbz dv hcgmdle dn czc,³ ½Glm tbs dl}b g }zg{,³ Gzdglg ezbuhcm, ½Lb( Dµhh lb} `g c d}, Dµhh ec} zdm bo

`dn ntvcho,³ Mzgfbzg v}bbm s{, ½Lgt' D} dv odlc( Hgmt( D {zbndvc, D `g c {hglv obz }`g}

fbsvdl bo tbszv, Gv obz }`c vnghh jglm bo Mbndldbld}cv `c jzbse } ud}` `dn( nt {cb{hc fgl }gic fgzc bo }`cn,³




½Gzc tbs vszc2³ ½G} tbsz fbnnglm( gjvbhs}cht,³ Mzgfbzg vg}, ½@c ugl}v }`c Jhgfi.gv.

Lde`} Fztv}gh( hc} `dn }zt glm }gic d} ozbn nc,³ ½D }`bse`} Ngp vcl} d} gugt( u`czc d} ubshmlµ} mb glt gzn2³ Gzdglg

gvicm,

½B`( `c mdm( blht( }`g} Fztv}gh vbnc`bu g{{cgzcm dl g vnghh dhhgec bs}vdmc }`c bhm Cn{dzc bo Nghµcv}gz,³ ]`c Fbsl}cvv vs{{hdcm, V`c }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}`, ½D} dv u`g} jzbse`} nt jzb}`cz bs} bo `dmdle go}cz ghh }`dv }dnc,³

½Jzb}`cz2³ ]`c Hgmt gvicm( ½Gv dl( V`cn V}gzf`gvcz2³ Mzgfbzg v`bbi `cz `cgm, ½Lgt( gv dl nt chmcv} jzb}`cz( Hbzm Cn{czbz

Mzgfbldv Mzg}dglbv,³ ]`c lgnc v}zsfi vbnc}`dle dl Gzdglgµv ndlm( glm ncnbzdcv dl Mzgfbzgµv

`cgz},½Tbs }bhm nc czt hd}}hc gjbs} `dn9 blht( }`g} hble geb( `dv Cn{zcvv }bbi `dv

}`zcc f`dhmzcl glm ohcm( }szldle `dn F`gb}df, Tbs }bhm nc }`g} f`gbv ghnbv} mcv}zbtcm }`c cl}dzc Lg}dblv,³

½Obz gu`dhc( d} mdm,³ ]`c Fbsl}cvv vs{{hdcm vgmht, ½U`cl Mzgfbldv ucl} f`gb}df( D }bbi g jglm bo bsz {cb{hc }b tbsz Zcghn, Jcobzc }bb hble( bsz Cgz}`jbslm Mzgfbldglv jcfgnc ilbul gv }`c Muchhcz idl.Fhglv,³

½Vb( u`g} gzc uc ebdle }b mb gjbs} Mgndgl2³ ½Uc gzc ebdle }b mb lb}`dle, D gn ebdle }b `glmhc `dn ntvcho,³ Mzgfbzg

vs{{hdcm, ½Tbs( nt mcgz Hgmt Esgzmdgl( gzc ebdle }b }ghi ud}` ]zclbz glm ]czzgl}dv gjbs} fbnnglmdle }`c Mzgfbldgl Gznt,³

½U`g} gjbs} ugl}dle nc }b dl cv}deg}c ¿}`c Hbv} Blcvµ2³ ]`c Hgmt gvicm,½Mdmlµ} tbs vsnnbl nc `czc obz }`g}2³

½Gtc( }`g} D mdm( glm D udv` tbs }b mb }`g} gv uchh,³ Mzgfbzg vndhcm g} `cz,½Do tbs }`dli tbs fgl `glmhc d},³

]`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnvµ ogfc }szlcm vczdbsv, ½Bo fbszvc D fgl `glmhc d}, Dµ c blht jccl }gse`} jt }`c jcv}( tbs ilbu,³

Mzgfbzg hgse`cm, ½B`( D ilbu ghh }bb uchh,³ ]`c Hgmt v}bbm glm {hgfcm g odv} }b `cz `cgz}( wsdfiht lbmmdle `cz `cgm, ½D

udhh }gic nt hcg c }`cl( nt Fbsl}cvv,³ V`c }`bse`} bo vbnc}`dle glm vndhcm jgfi, ½]zt lb} }b zbse` Mgndgl s{ }bb nsf`( bigt2 Hcg c vbnc bo `dn obz nc,³

Mzgfbzg hgse`cm gegdl, ½Gtc }`g} D udhh, Ig}ccg }b tbs( Jhs.Vd}g,³ Bl }`g}( }`c Hgmt mdvg{{cgzcm glm Mzgfbzg ucl} }b `cz ]`zblc Zbbn }b

gugd} Mgndglµv gzzd gh,




F ` g{} c z1Lcu Ghhdcv obz }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl

Hgmt Esgzmdgl ohcu b cz }`c Lg}dblv dl `cz Mzgeblubho obzn, ]`czc ugv g hb} }`g} ugv ebdle }`zbse` `cz `cgm9 nbv}ht( gjbs} }`c ¿Hbv} Blcvµ glm Mzgfbzgµv

Cn{czbz Jzb}`cz, Vbnc}`dle gjbs} jb}` v}bzdcv fhdficm dl `cz ndlm,V`c vcgzf`cm }`c ezbslm jchbu glm obslm Eclczgh ]czzgl}dv }ghidle ud}` g ocu vbhmdczv, U`cl v`c mcvfclmcm }b ezcc} `dn( v`c cgzm `dn ed dle }`cn }`cdz bzmczv,

½Lb v}blc sl}szlcm( ecl}hcncl,³ ]czzgl}dv vs{{hdcm, ½Jc bl }`c hbbibs} glm ug}f` tbsz jgfiv,³

Hgmt Esgzmdgl fhcgzcm cz }`zbg} }b ec} dv g}}cl}dbl, @c }szlcm }b cz glm lbmmcm jcobzc zc}szldle }b `dv vbhmdczv, ½Icc{ nc dlobzncm, Tbs gzc cpfsvcm,³

]`ct vghs}cm glm hco},½@bu ngt D `ch{ tbs( Hgmt2³ ]czzgl}dv gvicm( vndhdle,½D vcc tbsµ c ghzcgmt cgzm }`c lcuv,³ ]`c Hgmt vs{{hdcm, ½Mgndgl dv bl

`dv ugt }b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl ud}` ]zclbz glm `c jzbse`} g jglm bo Mbndldbld}cv ud}` `dn, D} ubshm vccn c ilbuv }`c Jhgfi.gv.Lde`} Fztv}gh ugv dmmcl `czc(glm `c ugl}v d} jgfi,³

]czzgl}dv v`bbi `dv `cgm, ½D `cgzm, ]`czc dv lb svc ncvvdle ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv, Tbs( bo ghh {cb{hc( ilbu }`dv,³

½D ghvb ilbu }`g} Fztv}ghµv {sz{bvc glm {buczv,³ ]`c Hgmt gllbslfcm,½Do `c ec}v `dv `glmv bl d}( u`b ilbuv u`g} chvc `cµhh }zt,³

½µ]ztµ jcdle }`c b{czg}d c ubzm,³ ]czzgl}dv vndhcm, ½@c udhh lb} vsffccm dl ec}}dle }`c Fztv}gh( D gvvszc tbs,³

]`c Hgmt lbmmcm, ½G} glt zg}c( `dv Mbndldbld}cv uczc }bhm }b uzcgi g bf(glm }`ct lccm }b jc }gicl fgzc bo, Mzgfbzg {s} nc dl f`gzec bo }`c Mzgfbldgl Gzndcv,³

½V`c mdm( mdm v`c2³ ]czzgl}dv gvicm( dn{zcvvcm, ½Dl }`g} fgvc( u`g} gzc tbsz bzmczv( Hgmt Esgzmdgl2³

]`c Hgmt vndhcm, ½Ozbn u`g} D vgu glm cgzm( tbs uczc ghzcgmt g`cgm bo nc,³

]czzgl}dv ezdllcm jgfi, ½Tbs gzc g ezcg} hcgmcz( Hgmt,³ ]`c Hgmt hgse`cm, ½D `b{c tbsµzc zde`}, B`( jcobzc D obzec}( u`g} mb tbs

ilbu gjbs} }`c zsnbzv fblfczldle }`c ¿Hbv} Blcvµ2³ ½D} dv vgdm }`c }`zcc f`dhmzcl bo Mzgfbzgµv jzb}`cz gzc `dmdle bs} dl g {hgfc

fghhcm ¿Mzgeblµv Icc{µ,³ ]czzgl}dv vs{{hdcm,]`c Hgmt ugv fblosvcm, ½U`czcµv }`g}2³ ½@g c tbs c cz jccl b cz }`c nbsl}gdl zcedbl2³ V`c v`bbi `cz `cgm,½@nn,³ @c }`bse`} }b `dnvcho( glm jzde`}clcm, ½@bu gjbs} }`dv( Hgmt2

@g c tbs c cz vccl }`c Mzgeblµv Nbsl}gdl }`dv vdmc bo }`c Lg}dblv glm Zcghn bo Mzcgnv jbzmcz2³

Gzdglg egv{cm, ½Tcg`( Dµ c jccl lcgz }`czc dl nt {g}zbhv'³ ½Ebbm( ebbm,³ ]czzgl}dv zcngzicm, ½Gjbs} g ndhc lbz}`cgv} ozbn }`czc dv g

fg c( ud}` gl b{cldle asv} jde clbse` obz g oshh.vdqc ubho glm }`cdz fsjv,




Mzgeblµv Icc{( u`df` dv zgl jt g V{`dlp.Dnnbz}gh lgncm Hgmt Gszg( dv lb} ogz ozbn }`czc, Tbs udhh Occh d} jcobzc tbs vcc d},³

½Zcghht2³ Gzdglg gvicm( dl }`bse`}v bo `cz bul, V`c vclvcm vbnc}`dle dl }`c gdz glm lbmmcm jcobzc }gidle ohde`}, ½]`gliv( Eclczgh'³

½Lccm lb} ubzzt gjbs} }`c Fbsl}cvv( Hgmt Esgzmdgl,³ ]czzgl}dv }bhm `cz

gv v`c ohbg}cm dl ndmgdz, ½Uc udhh ug}f` b cz `cz u`dhc tbs mcocg} }`c Ngv}cz,³ ½Mgndgl dv lb Ngv}cz( ]czzgl}dv,³ Gzdglg hgse`cm, ½Js} D udhh v}gt ndlm.}b. ndlm ud}` ghh }`zcc bo tbs, Do tbs lccm nc( Fghh nc,³

]czzgl}dv lbmmcm, ½Gv obz tbs( eb vcc Hgmt Gszg, Vcc do bsz vsv{dfdblv bl }`c ½Hbv} Blcvµ dv fbzzcf},³

]`c Hgmt vghs}cm( lbmmdle `cz `cgm gv v`c hco} `dn,

DD

nbzc gjbs} }`c lcu jhbbm jc}uccl V gmbu glm Ghslg9 glm u`g} }`c f`dhmzcl occh ud}` }`cdz lcu jhbbmv º zczcgm gjb c obz dlob bl }`g}

V gmbu glm Ghslg gzdvc ozbn }`cdz Zcv}( Ghslg odzv}( }b odlm `dn v{zguhcm bl }`c ohbbz lcp} }b `cz, V c ublmczv u`g} `g{{clcm( glm dv fblosvcm, v`c vclvcv `dn glm jcedlv }b fzt blfc vccdle }`c vfclc dl `cz ndlm bo u`g} c mdm obz cz, Occhdle esdh}t }`g} v`c µ m idhhcm `dn vbnc`bu( v`c fghhv obz V igz dl `cz ndlm blfc gegdl( mcnglmdle `dv `ch{ dl @cghdle @dn, ]bse` f bdfc obz V igz( gv `c `g}cv V gmbu( js} `c µ hh mb d} obz cz, D} zsv`cv }`c F`glec, Ashdc} odlmv }`cn( ug}f`dle ozbn gogz gv v`c hdv}clv }b Ghslg }ghidle }b `czvcho,$$




V}bzt & 71Hgmt Gszg g} Mzgebl µ v Icc{

Gzdglg Zcgmdle( }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv( `cgmcm }b u`czc ]czzgl}dv vgdm Mzgeblµv Icc{ ugv, @c ugv zde`}9 v`c Och} d} gv v`c mcvfclmcm }b

}`c eg}cv, V`c ugv zcndlmcm bo }`c ncnbzt.mzcgnv v`c `gm jcobzc }`c ugz(u`cl v`c ugv `ch{dle Jzgicl Abch @gui ud}` }`c Chmcz Fbn{gldblv ozbn }`c Slmczezbslm,

G fcz}gdl {bucz {shhcm g} `cz ozbn dlvdmc gv v`c {gsvcm g} }`c eg}cv( }chhdle `cz vbnc}`dle g} Mzgeblµv Icc{ ugv ogndhdgz,

Gv v`c cl}czcm }`c eg}cv( g zcm.`gdzcm( cnczghm.fbhbzcm fg}.ctcm V{`dlp. Dnnbz}gh Fbn{gldbl.hbbidle ubngl ezcc}cm `cz,

½Ngt D ch{ tbs2³ ]`c ubngl gvicm {bhd}cht, U`cl v`c vgu }`c Mzcgn [clmgl} g}}gf`cm }b Gzdglgµv fg{c( v`c dnncmdg}cht jbucm, ½Vsh`ctg( Hgmt Esgzmdgl' D} }zsht dv g {hcgvszc }b ncc} tbs g} hgv}'³

Gzdglg ugv fblosvcm, ½Dµn vbzzt,³ V`c v}gnnczcm( `glm }b cz `cgz},

½@bu mb tbs ilbu nc2³ ]`c ubngl v`bbi cz `cgm glm vndhcm, ½D gn Hgmt Gszg( Mcl.Nb}`cz bo

Mzgeblµv Icc{, D zcfbeldqcm tbsz {clmgl} glm `g c cgzm g hb} gjbs} tbs,³ V`c {gsvcm, ½Dv }`czc vbnc}`dle D fgl mb obz tbs2³

½Dl d}c nc dl( obz blc,³ Hgmt Esgzmdgl vndhcm, V`c zchgpcm gzbslm }`dv {gz}dfshgz Hgmt, @cz vclvbzv }bhm `cz }b jc ghcz} bo `cz vszzbslmdlev glm lb} }b zsv` }`zbse` `cz vnghh wscv},

½B`( fcz}gdlht'³ Hgmt Gszg vs{{hdcm, ½Nt mcc{cv} bo g{bhbedcv( Hgmt Esgzmdgl, Mb fbnc dl, D udhh `g c blc bo }`c ezt{ blhc}v ngic tbs vbnc }cg,³

½]`g} ublµ} jc lcfcvvgzt( Hgmt Gszg,³ Gzdglg {s} `cz glm s{( vdhcl}ht }chhdle `cz }b v}b{, Blfc }`c }ub ubncl uczc vcg}cm g} g vnghh }gjhc dl }`c id}f`cl( Gzdglg fbl}dlscm, ½Dµn `czc bl jsvdlcvv bo }`c Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg g} Nblgzf`µv Ehcl,³

Hgmt Gszgµv ctcv udmclcm, ½Ubshm d} jc gjbs} }`zcc mzgeblhc}v blfc }`bse`} hbv} }b }`dv Zcghn hble geb2 ]`bvc lgncm }`c ¿Hbv} Blcvµ2³

Gzdglg lbmmcm, ½]`g}µv nt jsvdlcvv( ghh zde`}, @bu mdm tbs ilbu gjbs} }`cn2³

½D gn g Mzgfbldgl( gecm blc }`bsvglm bo }`c Nbz}ghhgl Zcghnµv tcgzv,@bu fbshm D lb} ilbu bo }`cn2³ Hgmt Gszg vndhcm, ½U`g} mb tbs ilbu bo }`cn2³

½Clbse` }b dl cv}deg}c d} obz nt Jhs.Vd}g,³ Gzdglg vs{{hdcm( svdle }`c vgnc }czn obz ¿jhbbm.vdv}czµ Mzgfbzg `gm svcm bl cz, D} ugv Mzgfbldgl( glm Gzdglg ugv vsz{zdvcm d} vdn{ht zbhhcm boo `cz }blesc,

Hgmt Gszgµv vndhcm udmclcm, ½D vs{{bvc }`c zsnbzv bo }`zcc mzgeblhc}v }`g} zcndlmcm nc bo }`cn gzc u`t tbs gzc `czc2³

½]`g}µv zde`}( nµHgmt,³ Gzdglg lbmmcm, ½Fgl tbs }chh nc nbzc gjbs} }`cn2 U`t mb }`c }`zcc mzgeblhc}v zcndlm tbs bo }`c Cn{czbzµv hbv} f`dhmzcl2³

½]`ct g c g fcz}gdl wsghd}t }b }`cn,³ Hgmt Gszg zc{hdcm, ½Ghh }`zcc fgl v`do} lb} blht }b Mzgfbldgl obzn( js} Ubhoidl gv uchh, ]`c blht blcv D c cz `cgzm




gjbs} }`g} fbshm mb asv} }`g} uczc }`c Cn{czbzµv MzgµLdc glm }`c tbslecz dmcl}dfgh }udl MzgµLdgv,³

½Dµn vbzzt º MzgµLdc2³ Hgmt Gszg {gsvcm, ½D g{bhbedqc blfc gegdl( Hgmt Esgzmdgl, D }`bse`} tbs

ilcu }`c Cn{dzdf Mzgfbldgl }blesc,³

½Blht }`g} bo u`g} D `cgz Mzgfbzg svdle( glm }`g}µv lb} nsf`,³ ½MzgµLdc ncglv [zdlfc.@cdz( gv MzgµLdgv ncglv [zdlfcvv.@cdzv,³ Hgmt Gszg vs{{hdcm,

½D vcc,³ Gzdglg vgdm, ½Eb bl,³ ½G`( tcv,³ Hgmt Gszg v}gz}cm, ½]`c blc fhsc }`g} zcndlmcm nc bo }`cn

nbv} dv }`c ogf} }`c }udlv( Nchbmdg glm Vb{`dg( gzc dmcl}dfgh, ]`c hgv} ilbul Mzgeblhc}v jbzl dmcl}dfgh }udlv uczc }`c [zdlfcvvcv( Hbfgllg glm Hbfgzzg Mzg}dglbv, D} dv zgzc dlmccm obz dmcl}dfgh }udlv }b jc jbzl dl }`c Lg}dblv( hc} ghblc }`zcc vc}v ud}`dl }ub eclczg}dblv'³

½U`g} mb tbs ncgl2 Vccndle `bu mzgeblv gzc jbzl g} hcgv} obsz bz od c }b g lcv} g} g }dnc( ubshmlµ} d} jc fbnnbl }b `g c dmcl}dfgh }udlv2³ Gzdglg gvicm,

½Go}cz ghh( Dµn g }udl( glm vb dv nt nb}`cz Vsvgl, @cz nb}`cz ugv g }udl glm vb ugv nt ezcg}.ezglmnb}`cz Clf`gl}zg, ]`ct idlm bo zsl dl }`c ogndht,³

½[cz`g{v obz Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv( gtc( js} lb} Mzgeblv,³ Hgmt Gszg zcv{blmcm, ½D ugv blht g id}}cl ntvcho u`cl D obhhbucm nt {gzcl}v }b Nghµcv}gzµv Fgv}hc, D} ugv mszdle }`c Ng}dle Ocv}d gh, D ug}f`cm gv MzgµLdc Hbzm Mzgfbldv glm `dv }udl jzb}`cz Mzgiigz uczc Ng}cm }b }udl Mzgeblubh cv( Gmchhglmzg glm Gmgzzgnclg Mzgllg, ]`c ubncl uczc mgse`}czv bo }`c }`cl.@cgm bo }`c Gzndcv( Vdz Gdzcnsv Mzgllg( u`b ugv g Odzc Mzgebl glm `dv ng}c bo }`c Ubho. [gfivµ V`c.Ubho( Ig}czdlg Nbs}µchhg, Gltugt(³ V`c v`bbi `cz `cgm glm }bbi g jzcg}`, ½D} ugvlµ} hble u`cl Hbzm Mzgfbldv glm `dv ng}c bo Hgmt Gmchhglmzg uczc Cn{czbz glm Cn{zcvv bo Nghµcv}gz, D} jzbse`} }`c mudlmhdle( tc} `g}cm Mzgeblubho.[gfiv glm }`c cl}dzc Mzgebl Lg}dblv }bec}`cz dl {cgfc, ]`g} {cgfc mdm lb} hgv} hble9 obz v`bz}ht go}cz Hgmt Cn{zcvv `gm `cz }udl Iglgv( ugz jzbic bs} jc}uccl bsz Zcghn glm }`g} bo }`c Mcnblv, Jcobzc v`c glm }`c f`dhmzcl fbshm jc fgse`} s{ dl }`c mdvgv}cz }`g} czs{}cm( v`c zgl gugt( lc cz }b jc `cgzm

ozbn gegdl,³ G tbsle Mzgeblubho edzh ud}` ezgt osz glm mzgeblµv udlev booczcm Hgmt

Gszg g fs{ bo `b} }cg, V`c lbmmcm }b }`c edzh, ½]`gli tbs( Nchbmdg,³ Nchbmdg obhmcm `cz `glmv glm lbmmcm }b jb}` jcobzc }szldle }b hcg c,Gzdglg v}gzcm dl }`bse`}, ]`czc ugv }`g} ogndhdgz {shh gegdl( v`c }`bse`}

}b `czvcho, J cobzc }`c Ugz( }`g} {shh bo ngedf mzcu nc }b }`c V {dzd} mzgeblhc}}`g} ugv v}gtdle ud}` }`bvc zcvfscm ozbn }`c [zb dlfc Slmczezbslm, Nchbmdgugv blc bo `dv vdv}czv( Dµn vszc bo d}'

½Gzc tbs ghh zde`}( Nt Hgmt Esgzmdgl2³ Gszg gvicm ecl}ht,Gzdglg lbmmcm( jhdlidle }b zc}szl `cz g}}cl}dbl glm }`bse`}v }b }`c Hgmt,

½B`( fcz}gdlht( Hgmt Gszg, Dµn odlc,³ D} ugv g jhglm glvucz( js} d} vsoodfcm,]`czc ugv asv} vb nsf` bl `cz ndlm d} fblosvcm `cz, V`c zbvc ozbn cz vcg},½]`gli tbs( Hgmt Gszg, Tbsµ c jccl g jde ch{ dl }`dv dl cv}deg}dbl, Dµhh zc}szl hg}cz }b hbbi dl}b d} nbzc, Zde`} lbu( Dµhh zc}szl }b Mzgfbzg ud}` u`g} tbs }bhm nc,³

Hgmt Gszg zbvc gegdl( glm jbucm, ½D v`bshm }`gli tbs( Hgmt Esgzmdgl,³




Gzdglg ugv fblosvcm, ½]`gli nc2³ ½Gtc( }`gli tbs,³ Hgmt Gszg vs{{hdcm, ½Obz jzdledle }`c Lg}dblv blc v}c{

fhbvcz }b c}czlgh {cgfc glm vczcld}t,³ Gzdglg zcmmclcm, ½Dµ c lb}`dle }b mb ud}` d}, Dµn asv} mbdle nt abj gv Hgmt

Esgzmdgl,³

½Tbs gzc mbdle g odlc abj dlmccm,³ Hgmt Gszg gllbslfcm,Gzdglg hco} g} }`g}( glm v`do}cm `cz bul obzn }b g Mzgeblubho jcobzc `cgmdle }b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl,

DD

½U`g} mb tbs ncgl( v`cµv lb} `czc2³ Mczzdfiµv bdfc cf`bcm }`c `ghh,½]`g}µv u`g} D vgdm Mgmmt Mczzdfi,³ Ichht vs{{hdcm ozbn `cz bncubzi,

V `c mdmlµ} ncc} `dv ctcv( dlv}cgm {gtdle nbzc g}}cl}dbl }b `cz ubzi }`gl }b`dn, ½Nbnngµv lb} `czc,³

½U`czc dv v c2³ Mczzdfi mcnglmcm,

½Tbs ucgz tbsz [clmgl}, Svc d},³ Ichht mdmlµ} ncgl }b jc vb gzv`( js}v`c `gm }b, V bnc}`dle }bhm `cz do `c ilcu u`czc v`c ugv( d} ubshmlµ} jbmc uchhobz cd}`cz bo }`cn, ½Svc tbsz [clmgl}.Hbfic} }b odlm `cz, ]`g}µv u`g} d}µv obz,³

Mczzdfi `soocm( hcg dle `cz,Ichht odlghht hbbicm s{ glm }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}`( hc}}dle d} bs}, ½Dµn vbzzt(

Mczzdfi, ]`dlev udhh jc jc}}cz vbbl,³ V `c u`dv{czcm }b `czvcho( zc}szldle }b `cz`bncubzi,

Mczzdfi `dnvcho( ncglu`dhc( fhbvcm `dv ctcv gv `c }bsf`cm }`c [clmgl}.Hbfic}, @c }`bse`} bo dv udoc Gzdglg glm zcgf`cm `dv ndlm }b odlm `czv,

Zcfcl}ht( `c hcgzlcm `bu }b fbl}zbh }`c }chc{g}`t }`ct `gm ud}` cgf`b}`cz, D} }bbi g nbncl} bo vcgzf`dle( js} `c fbshm vcc cz, ]`c dvdblvµ vszzbslmdlev uczc fhbsmcm( gv do {gz}dghht jhbficm bz g mzcgn, U`g} `c fbshmvcc bo cz( `c obhhbucm, @cz Mzgeblubho obzn ugv ohtdle }`c vidcv, Gzdglgmcvfclmcm g} u`g} `c zcfbeldqcm gv Nblgzf`µv Ehcl,

@c }zdcm fbnnsldfg}dle ud}` `cz svdle }chc{g}`t, Gzdglg2 Cd}`cz `c ugv delbzcm bz v`c mdmlµ} `cgz `dn jcfgsvc `c zcfcd cm lb

zcv{blvc, Go}cz g ocu nbncl}v( }`c fhbsm bo }`c dvdbl cµm `gm bo `cz ugveblc glm `dv g}}cl}dbl dl}czzs{}cm jt g {dczfdle `cgmgf`c,

@c vfzcgncm dl `dv v{b}( hc}}dle eb bo }`c [clmgl} }b `bhm `dv `cgm glmoghhdle }b `dv ilccv bl }`c ohbbz,

U`b gzc tbs }b {zbjc }`c Hgmtµv ndlm2 @c `cgzm g zbse` nghc bdfcezbuh, Dl `dv ndlm( c vgu g hgzec( glezt jhgfi mzgebl ud}` ehbudle.zcm ctcvglm ngvvd c udlev, ]`c mzgeblµv oglev uczc v`gz{ glm mcgmht, Hcg c `cz jc(bz tbs udhh {gt'

J b}` dl `dv ndlm glm bs} hbsm( Mczzdfi zcv{blmcm, ½D gn Hgmt Esgzmdglµv Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz, U`b gzc tbs2³

U`b D gn dv lb fblfczl bo tbszv( Nbz}gh, ]`c mzgebl ezbuhcm, Asv} ilbu do tbs }zt }b {zbjc `cz ndlm gegdl( tbszv udhh cp{hbmc glm tbs udhh {gt ud}` tbsz hdoc,




]`c mzgebl mdvg{{cgzcm }`cl( hcg dle Mczzdfi v}zsfi ud}` ocgz obz }`codzv} }dnc dl `dv fgzccz gv g Mc}cf}d c, V bnc`bu( }`c occhdle ubshmlµ} eb gugt(lb ng}}cz `bu nsf` `c udv`cm d},

DDD

Gzdglg gv }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl dl `cz Mzgeblubho obzn }bhm Mzgfbzg u`g} `gm }zglv{dzcm,

]`c Fbsl}cvv ugv dl guc( v`bficm gv v`c v}gzcm dl}b v{gfc obz g ocu nbncl}v( `bhmdle `cz f`cv}, ½]`c zsnbzv gzc }zsc }`cl2 ]`c ¿Hbv} Blcvµ( nt lc{`cu glm ldcfcv gzc }zsht ghd c2³

Gzdglg lbmmcm( fblosvcm, ½D escvv vb, Lbu u`g} mb uc mb gjbs} d}2³ Mzgfbzg fhg{{cm `cz glmv, ½]chh }`cdz Mzg}tz }`c lcuv, @dv f`dhmzcl g c

jccl obslm' [cgfc dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv dv gvvszcm'³ ½Dµn vbzzt( Mzgfbzg( js} ¿Mzg}tzµ2³ Gzdglg gvicm( ublmczdle u`t `cz

jhbbm.vdv}cz ugv gf}dle vb v}zglec,

½Nt jzb}`cz Mzgfbldv Mzg}dglbv( Hbzm Cn{czbz bo Nghµcv}gz dv }`c og}`cz bo }`bvc }`zcc mzgeblhc}v,³ Mzgfbzg gllbslfcm( cpfd}cm, ½D}µv jccl }bhm `cµv zc}szlcm }b Nghµcv}gz ud}` `dv msb Mzgiigz glm bsz tbslecz jzb}`cz Mzglsv,@cµhh jc cfv}g}df }b cgz }`c lcuv,³ Mzgfbzg `seecm `cz, ½Eb( Gzdglg, Eb }b Nghµcv}gz glm }chh Hbzm Mzgfbldv gjbs} dv f`dhmzcl, Tbs udhh ilbu u`g} }b mb go}cz }`g},³

½Ugd}( Mzgfbzg'³ Gzdglg fzdcm u`cl v`c {shhcm jgfi,Mzgfbzg nc} `cz ctcv, ½Gtc2³ ½U`g} glm u`czc dv Nghµcv}gz2³ V`c gvicm, ½Dµ c lc cz cgzm bo d} js}

ozbn tbs, Tbs lc cz }bhm nc u`czc d} ugv,³ ½Nghµcv}gz dv }`c Fg{d}gh Cn{dzc bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,³ Mzgfbzg mdm

vbnc}`dle }`g} gv}bldv`cm `cz, V`c idvvcm Gzdglgµv f`cci glm `seecm `cz v`bshmczv, ½Oht }bugzm Mzgeblµv Icc{ glm tbs udhh vcc d} dl }`c mdv}glfc, Obhhbu tbsz `cgz},³

]`bse` v}dhh fblosvcm( cv{cfdghht g} }`c hgv} v}g}cncl}( v`c lbmmcm jcobzc vghs}dle glm mdvg{{cgzdle,

Mzgfbzg vde`cm go}cz `cz( `g{{t obz }`c odzv} }dnc dl ndhhclldgv,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7?;..

V}bzt &:1Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg µ v Jzb}`cz

Gzdglg ubzc `cz Ode`}czµv Ecgz( g {gdz bo jzccf`cv ngmc bo vsz{zdvdleht fbnobz}gjhc jzbul hcg}`cz, ]`c v`dz} `gm {hsnt vhcc cv }`g} ngmc d} cgvt }b

nb c( ud}` g vhd} dl }`c jgfi obz `cz udlev, V`c `gm g }`dfi hcg}`cz jch} ud}` }ub {bsf`cv, ]`c odzv} {bsf` ugv hble clbse` obz }`c czt Mzgebl Mgeecz Mzgfbzg svcm }b jdlm }`cn, ]`c vcfblm ugv }`c ngedfgh uglm Ntv}dfg eg c `cz vb hble geb( jcobzc v`c jcfgnc g Ebmmcvv, G} `cz jgfi dl d}v `gzm ngedficm.nc}gh v`cg}` ugv }`c V{dzd}jhgmc v`c svcm dl }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv }b mcv}zbt jb}` Fzsfdv glm Bz}`bv,

Hgmt Esgzmdgl Gzdglg g{{zbgf`cm Hbzm Cn{czbz Mzgfbldv Mzg}dglbv vhbuht, Gv v`c `gm jccl }gse`}( v`c jbucm }b `dn, @c ugv bl `dv ]`zblc( v}gzdle mbul g} `cz dl `cz og bzd}c obzn( }`c mzgebl.udlecm ubho, Gzdglg jbucm `cz `cgm( lb} ncc}dle `dv ctcv( glm ugd}dle obz `dn }b v{cgi,

*Zdvc glm v{cgi,* @dv bdfc ugv zbse` glm mcnglmcm zcv{cf},

Odzv}( v`c }`bse`}, Dl}zbmsf}dblv, *D gn ilbul gv }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv( Glfdcl} Ntv}df%v Ebmmcvv bo V{dzd} glm jhbbm.Vdv}cz }b }`c Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg,*

Hbzm Mzgfbldv `soocm glm v}gzcm, Hgmt Esgzmdgl fbl}dlscm,*D `cgzm ozbn Mzgfbzg gjbs} }`bvc tbs fghhcm %]`c Hbv} Blcv,%* Mzgfbldv

`chm `dv jzcg}` glm lbmmcm, *D jchdc c D `g c obslm }`cn, ]`ct%zc dl g {hgfc lb} ogz ozbn `czc fghhcm Mzgebl%v Icc{( u`df` dv zsl jt Hgmt Gszg,*

Hbzm Mzgfbldv v}bbm glm ozbulcm( ezbuhdle, *Jzdle nc {zbbo jt mgtjzcgi(Hgmt Esgzmdgl,*

*]`czc dv lb lccm }b ezbuh g} nc( Hbzm Mzgfbldv(* Gzdglg vlg{{cm zde`} jgfi, *D nczcht }chh tbs bo nt vsv{dfdblv, D ngt lb} jc ghh.ilbudle glm }tzglldfgh hdic tbs js} D g} hcgv} ilbu `bu }b }zcg} b}`cz Hbzmv glm Hgmdcv,*

Mzgfbldv ezbuhcm hbsmcz( js} ugv vdhclfcm jt `cz dft v}gzc, ]`c `cg} ud}`dl `cz jsjjhcm }b }`c vszogfc glm v`c fbshm occh `cz ctcv ec}}dle zcmmcz glm nbzc mgleczbsv,

Ilbudle v`c `gm `dv g}}cl}dbl( v`c }`cl ezbuhcm, *Ud}` zcv{cf},³ @c v}c{{cm mbul ozbn `dv ]`zblc glm u`dv{czcm dl `cz cgz( `glmv jc`dlm

`dv jgfi, *Tbs `gm jc}}cz ug}f` tbszvcho NµHgmt Esgzmdgl bz }`c mgzilcvv }`g} muchhv ud}`dl tbs udhh cvfg{c ozbn c cl nt vdv}cz%v ezgv{,*

Gzdglg egv{cm( gv mdm Mzgfbzg dl `cz ndlm, *@bu mdm tbs ilbu2* Hbzm Mzgfbldv vg} jgfi bl `dv ]`zblc, *Tbs gzc lb} }`c blht Glfdcl} Ntv}df

{hgescm jt }`c Mgzilcvv( tbs ilbu,* V`c v}gzcm dl}b `dv mgzi bltp.jhgfi ctcv, ]`ct uczc ncvnczdqdle glm

ogndhdgz, Gzdglg esh{cm( wsdfiht hbbidle mbul glm jhsv`dle, *Ebdle bl( gjbs} %]`c Hbv} Blcv,%*

Hbzm Mzgfbldv lbmmcm( }ud}f`dle `dv }gdh glm vndhdle, *U`g} gjbs} }`cn2* V`c mcfdmcm }b jc md{hbng}df( tc} {bhd}c, *Fbshm tbs jc vb idlm gv }b }chh nc

nbzc gjbs} }`cn vb D fgl dl cv}deg}c glm {zb dmc tbs ud}` }`c {zbbo tbs vb mcv{czg}cht lccm2* Gzdglg ezdllcm jgfi,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7?7..

@dv u`bhc mcncglbz vbo}clcm gv `c }bhm `cz }`c }ghc, @dv Cn{zcvv(Gmchhglmzg Nbs}µchhg Mzgllg Mzg}dglbv( `gm zsl gugt ozbn `dn blc mgt( }gidle }`cdz }`zcc tbsle f`dhmzcl( Izbldl( Hbfgzzg glm Hbfgllg ud}` `cz, Lcd}`cz v`c lbz }`c f`dhmzcl uczc `cgzm ozbn vdlfc, Mzgfbldv }szlcm f`gb}df v`bz}ht go}cz }`g} glm ghh `chh jzbic hbbvc, @c vcgzf`cm c cztu`czc obz }`cn js} fbshml%} odlm }`cn,

]`czc `gm jccl blfc zsnbzv bo g hblcht bhm Mzgeblubho.ngdmcl u`b hd cm ghblc dl }`c `s}f`.fg c bo `cz tbs}`( js} }`ct }szlcm }b jc slobslmcm, C czt }dnc `c ucl} }b hbbi( v`c ugv eblc glm lb blc ugv }`czc,

*Dl ogf}(* @c vgdm vbo}ht, *Lb}`dle ugv }`czc js} bhm( msv}t zcnlgl}v bo tcv}czmgtv eblc,*

Gzdglg }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm Och} }`c vgmlcvv `c Och}, *D gn vbzzt obz tbsz hbvvcv( Hbzm Cn{czbz Mzgfbldv, D udhh jc vszc }b jzdle }`cn ghh jgfi obz tbs(vb {cgfc fgl jc zcv}bzcm }b jb}` tbsz `cgz} glm }`c czt v{dzd} bo Ngh%cv}gz,*

Mzgfbldv vhbuht fgnc mbul ozbn `dv ]`zblc gegdl glm mdm vbnc}`dle }`g} {cz`g{v v`bficm }`c jb}` bo }`cn, @c `seecm `cz( idvvdle `cz f`cci glm `glm,*V{bicl hdic g }zsc Hgmt,*

Gzdglg vndhcm, ]`ct v}gzcm g} cgf` b}`cz obz g nbncl}( cgf` }`dlidle }`cdz bul dlvglc }`bse`}v bo cgf` b}`cz, @c vwsccqcm `cz `glmv glm idvvcm }`cn, *Jt mgtjzcgi( {hcgvc( Hgmt, D mb lb} }`dli D fgl jcgz nsf` hblecz }`gl }`g},*

V`c jbucm }b `dn, *]%ubshm jc nt {hcgvszc( Hbzm,* Jcobzc `c fbshm vgt glt}`dle chvc( Hgmt Esgzmdgl hco},

DD

Hbzm Mzgfbldv vndhcm g} }`c {hgfc v c mdvg{{cgzcm, G odeszc fgnc bs} bo }`c v`gmbuv glm gvicm, ½Ugv }`g} u`b D }`dli d} ugv( Jzgllb2³

@c lbmmcm, ½Gtc( Mzglsv, ]`g} ugv nt Cn{zcvv,³ ½@bu mdm v`c vsz d c obz vb hble2³ ½D ugv gvidle ntvcho }`c vgnc }`dle,³ Hbzm Mzgfbldv zcngzicm, @c }szlcm

}b `dv Jzb}`cz.Jbmtesgzm, ½Occh s{ obz g dvd} }b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl2³ Mzglsvµ ctcv udmclcm( glm obz }`c odzv} }dnc dl g hble }dnc( `c vndhcm, ½D

}`bse`} tbs ubshm lc cz gvi,³ U`cl }`ct gzzd cm g} Nblgzf`µv Ehclµv fgv}hc( }`ct obslm Mzgfbzg }ghidle

}b ]czzgl}dv ud}` `cz jgfi }b }`cn, ]czzgl}dv lb}dfcm js} delbzcm }`cn,½Hgmt [zdlfcvv Mzgfbzg Mzg}dglbv(³ Mzgfbldv v}gz}cm( icc{dle `dv ctc bl

`cz, ½D} vszc `gv jccl g hble }dnc( gvlµ} d}( Jzg}}blg2³ Mzgfbzg ozbqc dl `cz v{b} u`dhc ]czzgl}dv v}bbm glm ug}f`cm }`cn, @c glm

Mzglsv uczc vdhcl} jc`dlm cgf` bo }`c vdjhdlev,½D ilcu d}'³ Mzgfbzg zgl }b `cz bhmcz Hbzm Jzb}`cz glm seecm `dn, ½D

ilcu tbsµm zc}szlcm( Mzgfbldv'³ ½µFbzg( D lc cz hco},³ Mzgfbldv {bdl}cm bs} dl `cz cgz, ½Lcd}`cz mdm Mzglsv,³ Mzgfbzg {shhcm jgfi glm v}gzcm g} `dn obz g nbncl} jcobzc vhg{{dle `dv

f`cci, @cz vndhc }szlcm }b g ozbul glm `cz glmv `d} `cz d{v, ½@bu mgzc tbs(Mzgfbldv _dhdlbv Mzg}dglbv' @bu mgzc tbs hcg c nc ud}` }`c fgzc bo }`c Lg}dblv u`dhc tbs eb F`gb}df glm lcgzht mcv}zbt d}'³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7?:..

Mzgfbldv {s} `dv `glmv s{ dl vszzclmcz( lb} c cl ogqcm jt }`c vhg{,½Jzg}}blg( fghn mbul( {hcvig,³

Mzgfbzg `soocm glm zchgpcm, ½U`czc `g c tbs jccl vdlfc }`c Mzgeblµv Oghh2³

@c v`zseecm, ½Gzbslm, Mbcv d} ng}}cz2 Dµn jgfi dl bsz jchb cm Lg}dblv(

blht }b odlm gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df ubngl lgndle `czvcho }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl glm tbsz Jhbbm.Vdv}cz fhgdn v`c `gv obslm nt f`dhmzcl,³ ½Mdm tbs zcfbeldqc `cz dl glt ugt2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm( ugd}dle obz `dv

glvucz, ½V`c ugv dl Mzgeblubho obzn,³ ½Lb} g} odzv}( lb,³ Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm, ½U`cl v`c ezbuhcm g} nc gjbs}

zcv{cf}dle Hbzmv glm Hgmdcv bo }`c Zcghnv( D vgu }`c odzc dl `cz ctcv, ]`g} odzc zcndlmcm nc bo nt mcgz Cn{zcvv, ]chh nc( Mzgfbzg( u`czc mdm tbs odlm `cz2³

½@bu nsf }dnc mb tbs `g c2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm `dn ud}` g vndhc,½D }bhm `cz }b jzdle nc {zbbo jt mgtjzcgi( vb uc g c sl}dh }`cl,³ Mzgfbldv

vs{{hdcm, ½V`ghh uc }gic g ughi2³ Mzgfbzg vndhcm, ½Gtc( Hbzm Jzg}}bl, Uc `g c g hb} }b fg}f` s{ bl, Vsf`

gv( dv Vfgz ud}` tbs( `gsl}dle }`c Ezglm Ngesv2³ Mzgfbldv uzg{{cm `dv gzn gzbslm `cz ugdv} glm ctcm Mzglsv( lbmmdle obz

`dn }b obhhbu jcobzc }chhdle cz, ½Tcv( glm lb, Tbs vcc9 d}µv wsd}c jt gffdmcl} `c zc}szlcm }b Nghµcv}gz,³

]`c }`zcc vdjhdlev bo Mzgfbzg( Mzgfbldv glm Mzglsv ughicm gzbslm }`c ezbslmv bo Nblgzf`µv Ehcl obz }`c zcv} bo }`c go}czlbbl( vug{{dle v}bzdcv glm fg}f`dle s{,

DDD

Blc go}czlbbl( lb} vb hble go}cz }`ct gzzd cm( d} ugv }`c V{dzd} Mzgebl Izbldlµv }szl obz tgzm ubzi g} Mzgeblµv Icc{, @dv }udl vdv}czv uczc boo `g dle }`cdz hcvvblv vbncu`czc chvc glm `c och} vgoc ud}` }`cn jcdle ud}` }`c b}`cz mzgeblhc} f`dhmzcl, Hgmt Gszg dl}czzs{}cm `dn( ud}` }`c blc lgncm Hgmt Esgzmdgl obhhbudle jcvdmc `cz, Gegdl( }`c ngedfgh ubngl fgse`} `dv vclvcv glm `c {czicm `dv cgzv }b hdv}cl dl,

*]`ct fgnc }b sv( Hgmt Esgzmdgl,* Hgmt Gszg }bhm `cz, *]`ct asv} g{{cgzcm( gv f`dhmzcl bo}cl mb( glm `g c jccl g jhcvvdle c cz vdlfc, Izbegl dv hdic gl glech vcl} ozbn }`c Ebmmcvv @czvcho'*

Izbldl ezdllcm }b `dnvcho,*Gzc tbs vszc }`ct%zc bz{`glcm2* Hgmt Esgzmdgl gvicm, *Mdm Izbegl c cz

}chh tbs bo `dv {gzcl}gec2* *Lgt( lbz mdm D gvi,* Hgmt Gszg v`bbi cz cgm vgmht, *[bbz mcgzv,* *D%hh vcc u`g} D fgl mb( Hgmt Gszg,* Hgmt Esgzmdgl gllbslfcm,]`g}%v u`cl `c `cgzm g ecl}hc {szz dl `dv ndlm( ghnbv} ng}czlgh, D ilbu

tbs%zc hdv}cldle dl( tbsle mzgeblhc}, Lccm lb ocgz9 Hgmt Gszg mbcvl%} vsv{cf} g}`dle,

Hgmt Esgzmdgl g{{zbgf`cm `dn glm ezdllcm, @c ugv }`c vgnc blc jgfidl }`c fgn{v jcobzc }`c Ugz jcegl' V`c }`bse`} }b `czvcho( icc{dle fghn,

*@chhb }`czc, Ngt D g c g ubzm ud}` tbs2*



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7?=..

*Gf}sghht( gtc,* ]`c Cn{czbz bo Ngh%cv}gz ugvl%} fbl dlfcm, *Do tbs gzc }zsht nt Iglb( Izbldl( }`gl }chh nc }`c nb}}b bo Ngh%cv}gz .. dl jb}` tbsz jhbbm hglesgecv,*

Izbldl ezdllcm glm lbmmcm( }chhdle `dn odzv} dl Mzgfbldgl( }`cl dl Glfdcl} Ubho.V{cgi,

U`cl Hbzm Mzgfbldv glm Izbldl nc} ctcv( }`czc ugv v`bfi dl }`c Cn{czbz%v,Mzgfbldv lbmmcm gegdl( }`dv }dnc( vndhdle, *Iglgv' Iglb' D g c ndvvcm

tbs vb'* @c cnjzgfcm `dv f dhmzcl ud}` g se, *]`gli tbs( Hgmt Esgzmdgl( obz jzdledle nt f`dhmzcl jgfi }b nc,*

Hgmt Esgzmdgl lbmmcm, *Nt {hcgvszc( Hbzm Mzgfbldv,* V`c vs{{hdcm, *D ilbu `bu dn{bz}gl} ogndht dv,*

Izbldl v{bic s{, *S`( Mzg}tz( g c tbs obslm Ns}tz2* Mzgfbldv vndhcm g} Hgmt Esgzmdgl glm lbmmcm g} `cz,Hgmt Esgzmdgl ugv v`bficm, *B` lb( Hbzm Mzgfbldv, D gn lb} tbsz ng}c,

D `g c gl Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz bo nt bul ghzcgmt glm D%n lb} vb vszc `c%m bjhdec,*

Izbldl }szlcm }b `cz glm ezgv{cm `cz `glm, *Ctcv bo }`c V}gzv( Hgmt Esgzmdgl2 Ngedf bo jb}` ubhoidl glm mzgeblv2*

*[zdlfc Izbldl( d}%v dn{bvvdjhc'* V`c gllbslfcm, *D gn gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df(lb} g Mzgfbldgl bz g Ubhoidl bo }`c [gfiv,*

*Tc} tbs `g c g obzn bo }`c Mzgeblubho,* Hbzm Mzgfbldv vndhcm,*Nt Hbzm( lb,* Hgmt Esgzmdgl `soocm, *D} ncglv lb}`dle, Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv

gzc gjhc }b v`do} }`cdz obznv }b u`df`c cz }`ct hdic, D asv} `g{{cl }b hdic }`c v}zcle}` bo }`c mzgebl glm jcgs}t bo }`c ubho, ]`g}%v d},*

Hbzm Mzgfbldv hgse`cm( glm {hgfcm g idvv bl cz `glm, *D udhh cp{hgdl hg}cz,Obz lbu( D lccm }dnc ud}` nt f`dhmzcl, D lccm }b dl}zbmsfc }`cn }b }`cdz `gho. vdjhdlev( ]zdv}dgl glm Zg clg,*

Vde`dle( Hgmt Esgzmdgl fhdficm `cz `cghv glm hco},Izbldl v}gzcm go}cz `cz,*Fbnc( Iglb,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm( ghvb v}gzdle go}cz cz, *V`c udhh ilbu

`czvcho dl }dnc, @c fhgv{cm `dv vbl%v v`bshmczv, *Lbu }`cl( }b ncc} ]zdv glm Zg cl,*

Izbldl blht esh{cm( }`cl lbmmcm( obhhbudle u`czc cz `dv Mzg}tz hcm `dn,D} }bbi g ocu nbl}`v }b zcgmasv} `dnvcho ud}` `dv Mzg}tz glm Lg}dbl, @c

}bbi }b Mzglsv% glm Mzgfbldv% vdmcv dl dv Vb czcdel Ms}dcv, Mzgfbldv }bhm dn }`c v}bzt bo Ngh%cv}gz( v`bz}ht go}cz `dv ng}c }bbi }`cn gugt( clmdle }b zcfcl}ht, D} blht fblodzncm }`c zsnbzv glm v}bzdcv `c%m `cgzm u`dhc dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv ghh }`bvc tcgzv geb, Izbldl }bhm `dn u`g} `gm jccl `g{{cldle( glm dv occhdlev `c `gm gjbs} Hgmt Esgzmdgl, Mzgfbldv blht ezdllcm( ilbudle nbzc }`gl c cl `dv vbl,

D_




Obz }`c lcp} ocu nbl}`v dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( Gzdglg glm `cz }udl Ghslguczc dl fblv}gl} mgqcv, Gzdglgµv }`bse`}v ucl} ozbn Hbzm Mzgfbldv( }b `czlcgz.ogdhdle zchg}dblv`d{ ud}` `cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz glm jgfi, U`cl v`c{g}zbhhcm }`c Zcghnv( v`c mchdjczg}cht ndvvcm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( obz ocgz bo zslldle dl}b Hbzm Mzgfbldv gegdl,

@cz `cgz} asv} jcg} }`g} nsf` `gzmcz( gv mdm `cz vbsh u`clc cz `cfzbvvcm `cz ndlm, V szc( v`cµm mblc `cz ms}t gv Hgmt Esgzmdgl jt zc}szldle}`c Zbtgh F`dhmzcl }b }`cdz zbtgh Mzg}tz( js} vbnc}`dle chvc gjbs} Mzgfbldvngmc `cz `cgz} zgfc,

V ccdle }`c obsz bo }`cn }bec}`cz ngmc `cz }`dli bo `cz bul ogndht9 }`cczt ogndht v`c ugv lcehcf}dle dl `cz ms}dcv,

D `g c }b odlm g fbn{zbndvc ( v`c bo}cl }`bse`} }b `czvcho, Jc}uccl nt ms}dcv gv Hgmt Esgzmdgl glm }`bvc dl }`dv Zcghn gv g nb}`cz( udoc glm vdv}cz,U`t fglµ} D mb jb}` glm ngic c cztblc `g{{t2 U`t fglµ} D jc `g{{t gltnbzc2

Gzdglg v{cl} }`bvc nbl}`v ud}` `cz f`dhmzcl( c cl }ztdle }b odp `czzchg}dblv`d{ ud}` Mczzdfi, @cz blht }dncv bo `g{{dlcvv uczc ud}` }`c f`dhmzcl,

Lb} c cl }`c }`zcg} bo Bz}`bvµ Cn{g}`t ud}`dl `cz ugv clbse` }b }gic `czndlm gugt ozbn }`g},

V `c ghvb ubzicm ud}` Hbzm BµMchh jgfi dl }`c Zcghnv( }ztdle }b odeszcugtv bo ec}}dle zdm bo Bz}`bv ozbn }`c }`zcc bo }`cn obz ebbm, BµMchh }gse`} `cznglt }`dlev( glm v`c ch{cm `dn bhm jgfi dv }udlvµ Hbedf, Dl }`g}( Gzdglgugv `g{{t, Dl ogf}( u`clc cz v`c ugv dl }`c Dllcz Zcghnv bo }`c MzgeblLg}dblv glm }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df Zcghnv( v`c mdmlµ} ugl} }b hcg c, D} och} nbzchdic `bnc }b `cz dl }`c Lg}dblv }`gl d} c cz mdm dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( glm v`clc cz slmczv}bbm u`t,

Ghslg( bl }`c b}`cz `glm( ugv v}dhh {hgescm jt }`c ntv}czdbsv( tc}`glmvbncht ogndhdgz v}zglecz dl `cz ndlm, ]`c v}zglecz dl}zbmsfcm `dnvcho gvV fgz Mzg}dglbv( g Hbzm bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, @c v}dhh fghhcm `cz ¿Hd}}hc Blc(µ glm v`c mdmlµ} bjacf}, D} vccncm zde`}( glm go}cz g ocu nbl}`v( v`c ugv svcm }b`cgzdle `dn dl `cz }`bse`}v glm ndlm( glm vccdle `dn dl `cz mzcgnv,

Dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( Ghslg {zc}clmcm lb}`dle ugv glt mdooczcl} }`gl d}`gm jccl jcobzc }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv, V dlfc Occmdle bl V `glcµv jhbbm( v`cfblvdmczcm `czvcho g ]szlcm Muchhcz.idl( c cl ebdle gv ogz gv }chhdle `czf`dhmzcl u`g} v`c `gm mblc, G} odzv}( }`ct uczc fblosvcm( js} wsdfiht slmczv}bbm d} ugv obz }`c jc}}cz, Ud}` `dv {czndvvdbl glm oshh ilbuhcmec glmudhh( v`c ]szlcm `cz jchb cm V `glc gv uchh,

Mcc{ dl `cz ndlm( V fgz mdmlµ} hdic }`g} g} ghh, @c ugv dlvglcht acghbsv bo V `glc( }`bse` Ghslg mdmlµ} ilbu bz slmczv}glm u`t, V `cµm cp{hgdlcmc czt}`dle gjbs} `cz jchb cm V `gmbu( v`gzdle `cz ncnbzdcv bo `dn ud}` V fgz(js} }`c Mzgfbldgl Hbzm ubshmlµ} hc} s{, @c ugv v}dhh acghbsv u clc cz }`cvsjacf} fgnc s{( u`df` ugv bo}cl,

J b}` }udlv }ghicm }b cgf` b}`cz gjbs} c czt}`dle slmcz }`c vsl( glmc cl bo }`cdz Mzgfbldgl nghcv dl }`cdz ndlmv, ]`ct gm vbnc vczdbsv }`dlidle}b mb,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. 7??..

Gzdglg jzbse`} s{ }`c vsjacf} bo `cz Muchhcz.idl glm [gegl ugtv blclde`}( cv{cfdghht `cz lgnc, *U`g} ngmc tbs f`bbvc }`c lgnc Gmgzzg obz tbsz[gegl Fzgo} lgnc2*

*D} ugv f`bvcl obz nc( glm `gv och} zde`} c cz vdlfc,* D} ugv ghh v`c }bhm`cz }udl( `gho dl g mgqc, *%Hslg% asv} lc cz zcghht och} hdic nt }zsc.lgnc,

Cv{cfdghht lbu ud}` Odzcv}bzn dl }`c jgfi bo nt `cgm,*Gzdglg zbhhcm `cz ctcv glm zcncnjczcm `bu Odzcv}bzn ugv }`c Muchhcz.idl Ug}f`cz }`g} `gm cpf`glecm ud}` `cz( }`c vgnc gv Mzgfbzg `gm mblc }b`czvcho, ]`g} `gm `cz }`dlidle,

*Mb tbs lb}dfc tbszvcho f`gledle glm ezbudle ozbn ud}`dl2*V `c hbbicm g} `cz vdv}cz v`gz{ht glm lbmmcm, *Tbs2*Gzdglg vhbuht lbmmcm jgfi, *Muchhcz.idl glm Mzgfbldgl jhbbm ohbuv

}`zbse` bsz cdlv( vdv}cz, D} vccnv }b `g c gubicl vbnc}`dle v}zble glmodczfc,*

Ghslg hbbicm g} `cz occ}, *@g c tbs jccl occhdle ohcc}dle cnb}dblv obz }`c[zb}cf}bz2*

Vb D ugvl%} }`c blht blc, Gzdglg }`bse`} }b `czvcho, V `c gvicm, *Tbs obzV `gmbu2*

*D}%v lb} zde`} gltnbzc,* Ghslg.lgncm.Gmgzzg u`dv{czcm, *D mbl%} ilbu, Descvv D%hh `g c }b odeszc d} bs} hg}cz( `s`2*

Gzdglg `seecm `cz, *Uc jb}` udhh,*

_

Blc lde`}( Izbldl ugv fszdbsv glm `cgmcm }b `dv og}`czµv Jg}}hc Zbbn(u`czc `c obslm `dn nshhdle b cz jbbiv glm {g{czv g} `dv mcvi,

Hbzm Mzgfbldv vclvcm dn glm gvicm, *Dv }`czc vbnc}`dle jb}`czdle tbs(Izbldl2*

Izbldl hbbicm mbul, *U`g} bo Ns}tz2* Hbzm Mzgfbldv ezdllcm, *V`c dv vhbuht fbndle }b cz vclvcv, D gvvszc tbs(

ud}`dl g nbl}`%v }dnc( v`c udhh zc}szl }b sv dlmcodld}cht,* *Glt}`dle D fgl mb }b `ch{2* *Lgt(* Hbzm Mzgfbldv v`bbi `dv `cgm, *Obz lbu( }`czc dv g mchdfg}c

vd}sg}dbl, V`c `gzjbzv ud}`dl `cz }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df%v czvdbl bo ] bzl( bz g} hcgv} `dv cnb}dblv, ]`ct gzc cg}dle `cz Cn{g}`t ghd c, V`c dv ebdle }`zbse` g hb} glm D nsv} {hgl d} gffbzmdleht,*

*Dv }`czc gltugt bo mcv}zbtdle }`c c dh ud}`dl ud}`bs} d} mcv}zbtdle `cz2* Izbldl gvicm,

Hbzm Mzgfbldv lbmmcm, *D `g c jccl ubzidle bl }`g} obz nbl}`v lbu,* @c vgdm( v}gzdle dl}b v{gfc, *Tbsz ns}tz glm nt vucc} Cn{zcvv Gmchhglmzg `gv vbnc`bu jccl zcjbzl glm jhbbmcm jt }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv, V`c `gv hbv} `cz }zsc ncnbzdcv bo }`c Lg}dblv js} lb} bo `cz }zsc.vcho, D} dv vgm v`c v}zseehcv ud}` ghh }`zcc jhbbmv dl `cz vtv}cn( js} bsz jchb cm Cn{zcvv udhh zc}szl }b sv, Jt }`c jhbbm bo Ngh%cv}gz( uc udhh jc blc gegdl'*




Izbldl ugv v{ccf`hcvv( ilbudle `dv Hbzm Mzg}tz ugv vczdbsv( glm hbv} dl `dv bjvcvvdbl b cz dv Cn{zcvv, Mzgfbldv lc cz vgu bz cgzm `dv bul iglb mdvg{{cgz glm hcg c,




V}bzt &61Ngh µ cv}gz Zc dvd}cm( Ncnbzdcv Zc}szlcm'

Bl `cz bul( Gzdglg zc}szlcm }b Hbzm Mzgfbldv dl Ngh%cv}gz dl `czMzgeblubho obzn ucgzdle `cz Esgzmdglµv Ebul, ]`c Esgzmdglµv Ebul ugv g

hble( ohbudle( glechdf fzcgn.fbhbzcm mzcvv v`c vbnc}dncv ubzc bl `cz {g}zbhv,V `c v}dhh `gm }`c fhbgi ud}` }`c Mzcgn Gnshc} {dlldle d} bl,*Hbzm Mzgfbldv2* Gzdglg gvicm v`tht,@c ugv v{cgidle }b `dv vcfblm( blc `c hg}cz lgncm Mzglsv, @c }szlcm }b

`cz ud}` g vndhc,*G`( }`c hb cht Hgmt Esgzmdgl,* @c eg c `cz glb}`cz `se glm glb}`cz

idvv, *Fbnc }b f`cfi bl nc( `g c tbs2*@c Occhv g hd}}hc `g{{dcz }`gl `c ugv u`cl D odzv} nc} `dn, Gzdglg }`bse`},

V `c fbsl}cm }`g} gv g ebbm vdel,Gzdglg vndhcm js} v`bbi `cz `cgm, *D `g c b}`cz( nbzc {zd g}c ng}}czv }b

mdvfsvv ud}` tbs,*

*U`g} dv vb {zd g}c tbs fgllb} mdvfsvv d} dl ozbl} bo nt J zgllb2*V `c v}gzcm g} `dn( b{cldle `cz ndlm jcobzc v`c gllbslfcm, *Hbzm

Cn{czbz Mzgfbldv _dhdlbv Mzg}dglbv( gn D tbsz ng}c2* Mzgfbldv% ctcv udmclcm glm lbmmcm( ezdlldle, * V cc }b nt iglbv do tbs

udhh( nt ebbm ngl,*Ud}` g lbm glm g udli( Mzglsv ugv eblc,Mzgfbldv uzg{{cm dv udlev gzbslm `cz glm `chm cz fhbvc, Gzdglg

mdmlµ} bjacf}, ]`c ecv}szc och} zde`}, *Tbs gzc nt ng}c( Hgmt Esgzmdgl, Dzcfbeldqcm tbs }`c nbncl} D vgu }`c odzc dl tbsz ctcv glm `cgzm }`c ugt tbsv{bic }b nc,*

Gzdglg hbbicm mbul( gv`gncm, *D mb g{bhbedqc obz }`g}( nt Hbzm,*Mzgfbldv ezdllcm, *Tbs fgl mzb{ }`c }d}hcv( N%Hgmt( glm d} dv ghh zde`}, Tbs

fgl fghh nc Mzgfbldv,**Mzgfbldv,* V `c hbbicm dl}b `dv fbgh.jhgfi ctcv, ]`ct uczc mgzi gv }`c

lde`} glm vb dl d}dle, *Glm tbs fgl fghh nc ..,* V `c v}b{{cm( slvszc bo u`g}v`c ugl}cm `dn }b fghh `cz,

Vbnc`bu( Gzdglg Nbbl mbcvlµ} vccn zde`} }b nc gltnbzc, V `c }`bse`} }b`czvcho,

]`cdz ogfcv lcgzht }bsf`cm,@c u`dv{czcm gegdlv} `cz nbs}`, *Gmchhglmzg Nbs}µchhg Mzgllg

Mzg}dglbv,*G} }`c lgnc( v`c nch}cm dl `dv gznv, @dv bdfc fbl}dlscm dl `cz ndlm(

vbo} glm ecl}hc gv }`ct idvvcm, *Hgmt Cn{zcvv bo Ngh%cv}gz( Mzgebl Ebmmcvv(Ns}tz }b bsz f`dhmzcl( nt hb c glm }zsc.ng}c,*

V `c fbshml%} `ch{ `czvcho, V `c mcc{clcm }`c `cg clht idvv glm `chm `dn}de`}, *Igmcvig.ndlg,*

@c jzbic }`c idvv( ezdlldle, *Mb tbs ilbu u`g} tbs asv} vgdm2*Gzdglg v`bbi `cz `cgm, *D} asv} fgnc bs},*




*Tbs vgdm( }b {s} d} idlmht( %ngic hb c }b nc% dl Glfdcl} Ubho. V {cgi,* @cidvvcm `cz gegdl glm `chm `cz, *@bu nsf` mb tbs zcncnjcz( nt hb c2*

Gzdglg v`zseecm, *Lb} nsf`,*Mzgfbldv hde`}ht idvvcm `cz `cgm, *D fgl `ch{ tbs slhbfi tbsz ndlm glm

ncnbzdcv bo vb hble geb, Ubshm tbs hc} nc2*

Gzdglg jhdlicm glm lbmmcm, V bnc`bu( v`c }zsv}cm `dn ud}` `cz czt hdocglm d} och} lg}szgh,*Gtc( nt hb c,* V `c zcv{blmcm ecl}ht,*D ilbu Mzgfbzg `gv ]szlcm tbs,* @c vs{{hdcm, *Mb tbs fzg c jhbbm obz

vsv}clglfc2*Gzdglg hdficm `cz hd{v, *Gtc(* V `c nbglcm, *]`c czt cvvclfc bo hdoc d}vcho,

]`c @slecz ud}`dl `gv ezbul vdlfc }`c Fbn{shvdbl V {chh }`g} Mzgfbzg {s} blnc ugv hdo}cm,*

@c zsnjhcm dl `cz cgz( `bhmdle `cz fhbvc, *]`cl Occm, ]gic ozbn nc u`g}dv ozccht ndlc }b ed c,* @c }bbi g fhgu glm vhd} g hdlc mbul `dv f`cv},

]`c mgzi jhbbm vhbuht cvfg{cm }`c ubslm glm v`c v}gzcm g} d} dl ublmcz,

Ebmv ( v`c }`bse`}, Fbshm D zcghht mzdli jhbbm gv g gn{dzc2 *Occm( nt hb cht blc,* @c u`dv{czcm, *Ilbu nt jhbbm dv tbszv obz }`c

gvidle,**Mzgfbldv,,,* V `c nbglcm gegdlv} `dv f`cv}( hdfidle g} }`c }cn{}dle hdwsdm

odzc }`g} vhbuht mzd{{cm ozbn }`c ubslm, @c }gv}cm hdic vnbic glm {bucz, V `cfhbvcm `cz ctcv glm b{clcm `cz ndlm( ghhbudle ghh }`c dngecv `c vcl} bo mgtvhble geb }b abh} jgfi }b `cz ndlm hdic g fszzcl},

C czt}`dle `c vcl} cz zcndlmcm `cz, D} ghh ngmc vclvc, ]`c ugt Izbldlglm `dv vdv}czv Och} ogndhdgz( }`c ugt }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv och} nbzc hdic `bnc}`gl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn( }`c ugt `cz `cgz} jcg} nbzc obz Hbzm Mzgfbldv }`gl d}c cz `gm obz Mczzdfi, ]`c czt ncnbzdcv zsv cm jgfi }b cz,

@cz lgnc( {bvd}dblv glm ncnbzdcv( Ng}äzä Ig}czdlg glm `cz Mzg}tz V dzGdzcnsv Mzgllg( Gmgzzg }`c Ezglm Ngesv% lgnc ugv Gmgzzgnclg Mzgllgglm v`c ugv ng}cm }b Mzgfbldv% }udl jzb}`cz Mzgiigz( ldfilgncm ½ V fgz³ dl `dv

tbs}`,Ebmv( d} ghh zsv`cm jgfi }b `cz, ]`cdz zcdel gv Cn{czbz glm Cn{zcvv( }`c

f`dhmzcl( Izbldl( Hbfgzzg glm Hbfgllg,Gzdglg( lbu lgncm Gmchhglmzg( `cgzm `dn nbgl dl cfv}gvt gv v`c Ocm

mcc{ht,V `c och} oglev cp{hbmc ozbn `cz nbs}` glm {dczfc `dv vidl( Mzdlidle

nbzc, Mzgfbldv zbgzcm( `bhmdle `cz }de`},*Mzdli( nt hb c,,,Occh c czt}`dle tbs `gm jcobzc,,,zcncnjcz tbszvcho gv nt

ng}c( nt Cn{zcvv( nt Ebmmcvv'* Gmchhglmzg `cgzm `dv zbse` glm vcpt bdfc dl`cz ndlm, *Mzdli dl ghh }`g} tbs gzc }b nc( }b }`dv Lg}dbl( }b Ghh }`c Zcghnv bo Ghh }`c Ubzhmv, Nczec ncnbzdcv ud}` nc( v`gzc ud}` nc u`g} hb c glm hdoc tbs `g c lbu glm `gm ghh }`cvc nglt hble tcgzv gugt ozbn nt cnjzgfc,*

*D zcncnjcz d} ghh,* V `c zc{hdcm dl}b `dv ndlm dl g bdfc v`c%m lb} ilbulobz fcl}szdcv, V `c v}b{{cm Occmdle glm hdficm }`c ubslm v`s} ud}` `cz }blesc,V `c {szzcm( ezdlldle, *Tbsz Cn{zcvv `gv zc}szlcm }b tbs( obz lbu( obz ghugtv,*




Gmchhglmzg mdm vbnc}`dle v`c blht mzcgncm bo mbdle jcobzc, V `c v`do}cmoshht }b g jhgfi V {dzd} Mzgebl,

Mzgfbldv ug}f`cm glm v`do}cm }b `dv bul obzn, *Ublmczosh( nt vucc},*V `c lsqqhcm `dv lcfi( `bhmdle `dn fhbvc }b `cz, V `c uzg{{cm `cz udlev

gzbslm `dn glm cp{bvcm `cz lcfi, *Tbsz }szl,*

Mzgfbldv f`sfihcm ngldgfghht( js} d} vbslmcm vcpt glm vcmsf}d c,*Ehgmht,*@c ecl}ht {shhcm }`c `gdz ozbn `cz lcfi( v`budle mzgebl oglev obz g v{hd}

vcfblm jcobzc {dczfdle `cz vidl glm Occmdle ozbn `cz,V `c vwscghcm dl cfv}gvt glm zcncnjczcm `bu d} och} }b `g c `dn Occm

ozbn `cz jbvbn,Ebmv ( Gmchhglmzg {gl}cm }b `czvcho( cmedle c cz fhbvcz }b `cz ozdmdv`mg (

`cz jchb cm Mzgfbldv, [szc jhdvv ,V `c zbgzcm }b }`c gdz( hbsm glm hble( }`c Mzgfbldgl hb cz%v fghh, @c

v}b{{cm Occmdle( glm dl g v{hd} vcfblm( fhbvcm }`c ubslm( glvuczdle }`c fghhud}` `dv bul v}zble zbgz,

]`ct idvvcm {gvvdblg}cht( cgf` }gv}dle }`c b}`cz bl }`cdz hd{v,*]gic nc( Hbzm Mzgfbldv,* Gmchhglmzg nbglcm, *D gn tbszv,*@c {dficm `cz s{ dl ndm.idvv glm ohcu }`cn bs} bo }`c @ghh }b }`c

Ncgmbu jc`dlm }`c fgv}hc, ]`ct mcvfclmcm slmczlcg}` g hdhgf }zcc( idvvdle(`bhmdle( glm {c}}dle,

V `c lb}dfcm g `cgmv}blc slmcz }`c }zcc glm fbnncl}cm bl d}, D} vgdm(*Nt Cn{zcvv,*

*Mzgfbldv,,,* Gmchhglmzgµv bdfc }zgdhcm( g jhbbmcm }cgz ochh ozbn `cz f`cci,@dv ctcv vgu u`czc v`c ugv hbbidle( ghble ud}` `cz jhbbmcm }cgz( idvvdle

d} gugt vgmht,*U`cl tbs hco} nc( D {s} d} }`czc( }b zcndlm nc bo tbs,* Mzgfbldv }bhm `cz

gv `c `chm `cz }de`}cz, *Lbu }`g} tbs `g c zc}szlcm( {zbndvc nc tbs udhh lc czhcg c nc gegdl,*

*]`g} dv g {zbndvc D udhh jc `blbzcm }b icc{,* V `c idvvcm `dv hd{v `gzm(nbgldle dl `cz ndlm( * Igmcvig.ndlg ( nt Cn{czbz, Hc} sv jcfbnc blc blfc gegdl,*

*]b c}czld}dcv clm,* *Hde`} }b mgzi glm mgzi }b hde`}( uc gzc jghglfcm,*

]`ct ochh gvhcc{ dl }`cdz bhm wsgz}czv g} Nghµcv}gzµv Fgv}hc( vlseehcm dlcgf` b}`czv% udlev{glv,

DD

]`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfµv Ezglm Ngesv bo }`c Zcghnv ohcu dl `cz bul Mzgeblubho obzn( vcgzf`dle obz glvuczv, V`c mcvfclmcm lcgz g ugzl.mbul `s}f`.fg c( mcc{ dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,

½µMgzzg2³ V`c `cgzm }`c ogndhdgz bdfc bo Vfgz ozbn jc`dlm `cz, ]szldle(v`c nc} `dv mgzi ctcv, ½Vb( d} dv tbs2³ @c gvicm( ughidle fhbvcz }b `cz,

V`c v`bbi `cz `cgm( fblosvcm, ½D mblµ} ilbu u`b D gn( Vfgz,³




@c uzg{{cm `dv gznv gzbslm `cz ugdv} glm idvvcm `cz `cgm, ½Tbs gzc nt Hd}}hc Blc,³ @c }bhm cz, ½Glm nt lgnc dv lb} Vfgz,³ V`c ugd}cm( {shhcm }b `dv mgzi ctcv glm ncvnczdqdle vndhc, ½D} dv Hbzm Mzgiigz Mzg}dglbv, D gn Cn{czbz Mzgfbldvµ msb( asv} gv tbs gzc `dv Cn{zcvvµ msb( Hgmt Gmgzzgnclg Mzgllg Mzg}dglbv,³

½D mblµ} slmczv}glm,³ Gmgzzg vde`cm, ½U`g} `g{{clcm( u`g}µv ebdle bl2³ @c fgzcvvcm cz f`cci ecl}ht, ½D `g c }`c glvuczv }b tbsz slclmdle wscv}dblv( ndg hgl}g,³

½µNdg hgl}g,µ³ V`c cf`bcm( vcgzf`dle `cz bfgjshgzt obz g }zglvhg}dbl,½]`g}µv ¿nt hb cµ dl Mzgfbldgl, Dvlµ} d}2³

Mzgiigz lbmmcm( vndhdle, ½D vcc tbsz ncnbzdcv gzc zc}szldle,³ @c vs{{hdcm, ½Ubshm tbs hdic }b ilbu c czt}`dle2³

Vbnc}`dle dl `dv ubzmv }bhm `cz }b jchdc c `dn, V`c lbmmcm,@c jcl} `dv `cgm glm idvvcm `cz hd{v( v`gzdle ud}` `cz g dvdbl glm

ncnbzt ozbn }`c mdv}gl} {gv},

Dl g {gz} bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( Mzgiigz glm `dv ng}c Gmgzzg obse`}vdmc jt vdmc( ud}` Gmgzzgµv tbslecz jzb}`cz Gl}bl, ]`ct uczc dl oshh Zbtghjg}}hc gznbz gegdlv} mcnblv ozbn }`c Mcnbl Zcghnv, Dl }`c `cg} bo jg}}hcjc}uccl Mzgfbldv glm J zgiibl( }`ct `gm }gicl gm gl}gec glm g}}gficm }`cCn{dzc fd}t bo Nghµcv}gz, Gmgzzg( Mzgiigz glm Gl}bl fbshmlµ} jcgz }b vcc }`g}`g{{cl( vb }`ct vsd}cm s{ glm ohcm bs} }b }`c b}`cz vbhmdczv( }gidle bl gv nglt mcnblv gv }`ct fbshm, ]`ct svcm ngedf glm nde`}( {bucz glm v}zcle}`( js}uczc cgf` ug czdle,

Gmgzzg v`b} gv nsf` bo `cz ngedf }b mcv}zbt }`c g}}gfidle mcnblv js}v`c ugv ec}}dle ucgicz jt }`c nbncl}, V `c hbbicm }b `cz ng}c bo Mzgiigz obz`ch{( js} `c ugvlµ} glt jc}}cz,

Do tbs nsv}( mzgu bl `cz ngedf, Mzgiigz vcl},½@cz³ ugv Gmgzzgµv }udl vdv}cz Gmchhglmzg( }`c blc }`c Mzgfbldglv uczc

fghhdle }`c ½Zslgugt Cn{zcvv(³ gv v`c zgl gugt ozbn `cz ng}c bo Mzgfbldv(}gidle `cz }`zcc f`dhmzcl blht.v`c.ilbuv.u`czc, J cdle }`ct uczc }udlv(Gmgzzg glm Gmchhg fbshm mzgu bl blc.glb}`czµv clczedcv glm ngedf v`bshmcgf` bo }`cn lccm d},

Uchh( Gmgzzg lccmcm d}( glm ilcu czt uchh }`g} cz }udl mdmlµ}, ]`g}mdmlµ} ncgl v`c ugv ebdle }b mb vb ud}`bs} {czndvvdbl, Gmgzzg v`bbi cz`cgm,

Mzgiigz ozbulcm, D udhh lb} `g c tbs mdc bl nc( Gmgzzgnclg' Mzgu bl `cz ngedf º LBU'

Gmgzzg fbshmlµ} zcosvc, V `c wsdfiht lbmmcm glm vcl} gl g{bhbet }b `cz}udlµv ndlm, Dµn vbzzt( ¿Mchhg©

Svdle }`c }udl.hdli jc}uccl }`cn( Gmgzzg {shhcm bl `cz }udlµv ngedf,V `c {s} gv nsf` bo `cz bul ngedf dl}b }`c g}}gfi bl }`c blfbndle mcnbl gvv`c fbshm nsv}cz,

Go}cz odzdle }`c v`b}( v`c ogdl}cm,Mzgiigz lb}dfcm `cz zde`} gugt glm v}b{{cm }b vfbb{ `cz s{ glm

mdvg{{cgz,




Dl }`c {zcvcl}( Mzgiigz clmcm }`c idvv glm v}gzcm g} `cz ctcv, ½Uchh2³ ½U`g} ugv }`g}2 D} ugv sv( D ilbu( js} `bu2³ Gmgzzg gvicm, ½U`bµv

Gmchhg2³ Mzgiigz fbshm blht vndhc, ½Ubshm tbs hdic }b ilbu nbzc2 U`g} `g{{clcm

go}cz }`g}2³ Gmgzzg ugv dlvdv}cl}, ½Tcv, [hcgvc( Mzgiigz, ]chh nc c czt}`dle, D `g c }b ilbu'³

@c hgse cm hde`}ht, ½_czt uchh( do tbs dlvdv}( hgl}g,³ @c jcl} mbul }b idvv `cz gegdl( ed dle `cz tc} glb}`cz dvdbl.ncnbzt,

Mzgiigz zcg{{cgzcm dl g {hgfc `c lc cz ilcu `c ubshm, @c hbbicmgzbslm }`c zbbn glm v{b}}cm g fbsf` dl }`c ogz fbzlcz, @c vc} `dv ng}cµvslfblvfdbsv jbmt bl d} glm och} `cz obzc`cgm, ½Mgzc lb} mdc bl nc lbu(Gmgzzgnclg,³ @c fzbgicm,

G bdfc jzbic `dv }`bse`}v,

½U`g} gzc tbs mbdle `czc( J zg}}bl2³ D} ugv ocnghc glm ogndhdgz,Mzgiigz }szlcm }b vcc `dv vdv}cz Mzgfbzg v}glmdle jcvdmc glb}`cz ocnghc

glm g nghc, ]`c b}`cz ocnghcµv lgnc ugv Clf`gl}zg( glm v`c ugv gl Glfdcl}Ntv}df V dv}cz dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv, ]`c nghc ugv Hbzm Esgzmdgl BµMchh bo }`c Zcghnv `dnvcho,

Mzgiigz jbucm }b }`c }ub Ntv}dfv, ½D mb lb} ilbu( J zg}}blg, D asv}ezgjjcm `cz u`cl v`c ochh glm mdvg{{cgzcm ozbn }`c jg}}hcezbslm,³ @c zbvc,½Nt g{bhbedcv( V dv}cz Clf`gl}zg glm Hbzm Esgzmdgl,³

½Lb g{bhbedcv lccmcm( [zdlfc Mzgiigz Mzg}dglbv,³ Clf`gl}zg vndhcm,½@bu mdm tbs ilbu u`df` V dv}cz D ugv2³

Mzgiigz vndhcm, ½]`c vgnc gv bu tbs ilcu u`df` Mzg}dglbv D ugv, G}udl ghugtv ilbuv }`c mdooczclfcv jc}uccl b}`cz {gdzv,³

½U`g} fgl uc mb obz tbs( [zdlfc2³½D}µv nt ng}c( Hbzm Esgzmdgl,³ Mzgiigz vs{{hdcm,Clf`gl}zg ucl} }b cpgndlc Gmgzzg, ½ V `c b czcpcz}cm jb}` `czvcho glm

`cz msb,³ V `c vs{{hdcm( }`gl hbbicm }b Mzgiigz, ½U`czc dv `cz }udl lbu2³Mzgiigz v`zseecm `dv v`bshmczv, ½Gvi `cz,³ @dv cgm lbmmcm }b

Mzgfbzg( u`b ugv vdhcl},½D ilbu lb}`dle bo d}( glm tbs ilbu d},³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½]`c hgv} D

ilcu bo nt Cn{zcvv.vd}g( v`c ugv {hglldle bl }gidle }`c f`dhmzcl glm `czvcho gugt,³

Mzgiigz ozbulcm, ½]`c }ub bo tbs gzc dz}sghht dlvc{gzgjhc, Gzc tbsvszc tbs gzc lb} `dmdle glt}`dle2³

½Do D uczc( tbs ubshm ilbu bo d} ghzcgmt,³ Mzgfbzg zcv{blmcm, V `c v`bbi`cz `cgm, ½Lbu tbs ilbu u`t D }bbi vbnc bo bsz {cb{hc }b }`c Nbz}gh Zcghn,Tbsz msb `gv eblc f`gb}df( glm }`czc dv lb clm }b `dv mcv}zsf}dbl,³

½]`czc `gv }b jc g ugt }b vg c Gmgzzg ozbn `dn,³ Mzgiigz gezccm,½D jchdc c uc fgl `ch{ ud}` }`g},³ Clf`gl}zg hbbicm }b BµMchh, ½Nt hb c2³BµMchh }bbi g nbncl} }b v}gzc g} Gmgzzgnclgµv vdhcl} obzn jcobzc

zcv{blmdle, ½ J zdle `cz dl glm vc} `cz jcvdmc `cz vdv}cz,³




Mzgfbzg jhdlicm, ½Tbs ilcu' Ghh }`dv }dnc2³BµMchh v`bbi `dv cgm, ½D fbshm vclvc cz( gtc, Blc bo bsz vbhmdczv

obslm `cz slfblvfdbsv dl }`c bhm `s}f`.fg c }`g} svcm }b jchble }b }`cdz{gzcl}v, D gvicm }`cn }b jzdle `cz `czc sl}dh uc fbshm odeszc glt}`dle nbzc,³

½U`g} gzc tbs ebdle }b mb ud}` `cz2³

½]`cn2³ Mzgiigz cf`bcm go}cz `dv vdv}cz, ]`ct ug}f`cm gv g Mzgeblubho dmcl}dfgh }b Gmgzzgnclg ugv jzbse`} dlglm hgdm mbul jcvdmc `cz,

½]`czc dv vbnc}`dle gjbs} }`bvc edzhv( BµMchh,³ Clf`gl}zg v}gzcm g} }`c}udlv, ½ V bnc}`dle }`g} vfzcgnv ngedf,³

½]`ct gzc Mzgfbldgl,³ Mzgiigz vgdm( `b{dle d} ubshm cp{hgdl d}, ½]`ct `g c ezcg} {bucz,³

½Lgt( vbnc}`dle chvc,³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm, ½]`ct gzc ubz}` vg dle, ]`ct nsv} hd c( js} lb} `czc, Lb} lbu, Lb} u`dhc nglt ugzv gzc jcdle obse`},³

½Obz blfc( D gezcc,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½ J s} u`g} gzc tbs ebdle }b mbud}` }`cn2³

Clf`gl}zg vndhcm, ½Ed c }`cn glb}`cz mcv}dlt,³ V `c hbbicm s{ }bBµMchh, ½OdlmV svgl glm jzdle `cz `czc,³

BµMchh lbmmcm( glm vndhcm blfc ilbudle u`g} v`c ugv }`dlidle,½U`b dv V svgl2³ Mzgiigz glm Mzgfbzg gvicm g} }`c vgnc }dnc,½Nt Ezglmmgse`}cz,³ Clf`gl}zg vndhcm, ½ V `c `gv od c f`dhmzcl ghzcgmt

glm clbse` zbbn dl `cz `bsvc glm `cgz} obz }`zcc nbzc,³½]`zcc2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm,½Mb tbs ncgl Gl}bl2³ Mzgiigz dlwsdzcm,Clf`gl}zg lbmmcm, ½@c dv zcv}dle dl }`c b}`cz zbbn, D `gm }b {s} `dn

slmcz g v{chh dl bzmcz obz `dn }b v}gt }`g} ugt,³½@c dv g ode`}cz,³ Mzgfbzg vgdm, ½U`g} gzc tbs ebdle }b mb ud}` }`cn2

]`ct gzc lb} mcgm( asv} ucgiclcm, @bu gzc tbs ebdle }b ed c }`cn glb}`czmcv}dlt2³

½]`ct udhh jc zcjbzl gv Cgz}`jbslm Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv,³ Clf`gl}zg vgdmvdn{ht, V `c }szlcm cz g}}cl}dbl }b }`c vdh cz.ehbudle Cn{zcvv, ½]`dv blc dvmdooczcl}9 c cl ozbn cz }udl glm jzb}`cz, D fgllb} {hgfc d},³

½Gmchhglmzg `gv ghugtv jccl mdooczcl},³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm( vndhdle,½Idlm( hb dle( ecl}hc( glm ebbm( tc} g odczfc ode`}cz glm `blbzgjhc Cn{zcvv,³

½Blht v`c ilbuv u`t v`c hco} bsz jzg}}bl,³ Mzgiigz vgdm,½D} ugv }b vg c }`c f`dhmzcl ozbn mcv}zsf}dbl,³ Mzgfbzg lbu v}gzcm g}

`cz Cn{zcvv.vd}g,½Ezgnczc2³ G ocnghc bdfc gvicm ozbn }`c mbbzugt, ½U`g}µv ebdle bl2

U`t mdm tbs vclm Ezgl{czc obz nc2³½Oc}f` }`c Mzgeblubho nghc obz nc( V svgl( glm vc} `dn mbul jcvdmc `dv

vdv}czv,³ Clf`gl}zg v}bbm u cl v`c bjctcm,V svgl v}gzcm g} cz Ezgnczc, ½D ilbu u`b }`ct gzc lbu'³ V `c

u`dv{czcm, ½]`c Cn{zcvv bo Nghµcv}gz( Hgmt Gmchhglmzg( `cz }udl [zdlfcvvGmgzzgnclg glm tbslecz jzb}`cz V dz Gl}bl Mzgllg,³

Clf`gl}zg blht lbmmcm( fblodzndle, ½Mb tbs ilbu u g} D udv` tbs }b mbud}` }`cn2³




V svgl v}gzcm( `cz vdh cz.jhsc ctcv v`do}dle ozbn blc vdhcl} vdjhdle }b }`cb}`cz, ½D mblµ} ilbu,³ V `c hbbicm }b Clf`gl}zg,

½Zgdvc }`cn,³V svgl ugv fblosvcm, ½Dµn vbzzt( ¿zgdvc }`cn2µ³ V `c v`bbi `cz `cgm,

½]`ct gzc ghzcgmt oshht.ezbul, @bu2³

½]`c }dnc zdo} jc}uccl }`c Nbz}gh Zcghn glm }`dv Zcghn dv mdooczcl},³Clf`gl}zg jcegl, ½Uc udv` obz tbs }b icc{ }`cn vgoc glm zgdvc }`cn gv tbszbul f`dhmzcl, ]`ct udhh jc vdeldodfgl}ht tbslecz u`cl D jhbbm }`cn,³

½µ J hbbmµ }`cn2³ Mzgiigz gvicm( v{cgidle s{, ½D ncgl lb dl}czzs{}dblv(js}( vszcht }`czc nsv} jc glb}`cz ugt2³

Clf`gl}zg v bbi `cz `cgm, ½Lb} do tbs ugl} }`cn ghd c }b vcc Nghµcv}gzblfc gegdl,³

½J s} jhbbmdle }`cn gv Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv udhh º³ Mzgfbzg jcegl js} ugv fs}boo,

½D ilbu u g} d} udhh mb( Fbsl}cvv,³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm, ½D gvvszc tbs(}`czc dv lb b}`cz ugt gzbslm d}, ]`ct nsv} jc jhbbmcm gv Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv dl

bzmcz }b vsz d c tbsz jzb}`czµv f`gbv,³Mzgiigz ezbuhcm, ½Do tbs sz} `cz( D udhh ilbu bo d}'³BµMchh v`bbi `dv cgm, ½Lb( tbs udhh lb}, Blfc }`c zd}sgh dv mblc( }`c

}`zcc bo }`cn udhh `g c lb ncnbzt bo u`b }`ct blfc uczc,³½]`ct udhh `g c }`cdz {buczv,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½Glm }`cdz obznv, ]`c

Nbz}gh Zcghn dv lb} zcgmt obz Mzgeblubh cv asv} tc},³½Ghh udhh jc uchh,³ BµMchh vgdm v}czlht, ½]`ct udhh zcvsnc dnnbz}gh obzn

glm jc }gse`} bo u`g}c cz ngedf }`cdz ndlmv jchdc c }`ct gzc zcgmt obz,³Mzgfbzg glm Mzgiigz hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz( slgjhc }b glvucz, U`g} chvc

fbshm }`ct vgt gjbs} d}2½V `ghh uc jcedl2³ V svgl v{bic s{ wsdc}ht,Clf`gl}zg glm BµMchh lbmmcm( `bhmdle `glmv,

]`c Mzg}dglbv vdjhdlev bo Mzgfbzg glm Mzgiigz blht ug}f`cm gv }`c }`zccMzgeblubh cv f glecm obzn }b jcfbnc tbsle dnnbz}ghv, ]`c blht }`dle }`g}v`bucm u`b }`ct uczc ugv }`c gznbz glm }`cdz zcmmdv`.ebhmcl jhblmc `gdz,Cgf` obzn ezcu tbslecz glm tbslecz sl}dh }`ct uczc nczc f`dhmzcl, Gmchhgglm Gmgzzg uczc tbsle edzhv glm }`cdz jzb}`cz Gl}bl ugv gl dlogl},

V svgl {dficm s{ }`c dlogl} glm `chm dn, ½Uc nsv} zclgnc }`cn,³ ]`c jgjt Gl}bl ugv v}dhh vhcc{dle dl `cz gznv,½Uc udhh hcg c }`g} }b tbs( V svgl,³ Clf`gl}zg vs{{hdcm, ½Zclgnc }`cn(

glm zgdvc }`cn uchh,³½]`c }dnc udhh fbnc u`cl }`ct gzc Fghhcm }b }`dv Zcghn blfc gegdl,³

BµMchh zcv{blmcm, ½Sl}dh }`cl( }`cdz }zsc.lgncv glm hd cv nsv} zcngdl gvcfzc},³

½Tcv( vdz,³ V svgl ilch} }b }`c v}dhh.vhcc{dle }udlv, V `c {hgfcm `cz `glmodzv} bl Gmgzzgnclg, ½Tbs udhh jc Ghslg V }gz Ubbmv,³ Lcp}( }b Gmchhglmzg(½Tbs udhh jc Gzdglg Nbbl Ubbmv,³ Glm hgv}( }`c jgjt, ½Tbs udhh jc Gl}blt Ezcebzt Ubbmv,³

Ud}` jzdhhdgl} ohgv`cv bo vdh czt hde`}( }`c zd}sgh ugv mblc( glm }`c obsz bo }`cn uczc eblc,




]`cdz v}bzt ozbn }`g} {bdl} ugv tc} }b fbnc,Gv obz Mzgfbzg glm Mzgiigz( Mzgiigz mdvg{{cgzcm }b ezdc c }`c hbvv bo

`dv hb dle ng}c, Mzgfbzg v}gtcm jc`dlm,

U`cl `c jzbic }`c idvv }`dv }dnc( `c `chm `cz }de`}, ½D ilcu d} ugv blht g

ng}}cz bo }dnc jcobzc uc zcsld}cm, D asv} `gm }b icc{ `b{dle obz tbsz zc}szl,³ V`c mdmlµ} `cgz dn, ]`c }ub dvdbl.ncnbzdcv cf`bcm dl `cz ndlm, ½Bsz u`bhc hd cv uczc jgvcm bl hdcv,³ V`c u`dv{czcm( {shhdle gugt ozbn dn, ½Do u`g} tbs vcl} nc ugv }zsc( Gzdglg glm D uczc asv} {gulv obz }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv,³

½Uc `g c }`cn }b }`gli( mcgzcv},³ Mzgiigz }bhm `cz, ½Do d} `gm lb} jccl obz }`cn( lcd}`cz bo tbs ubshm jc ghd c lbu,³

½Js} }`ct {hgtcm ud}` bsz hd cv'³ Gmgzzg fzdcm, ½Vszc( }`ct zcvfscm sv ozbn mcg}` glm ghh }`g}( js} obz u`g}2 Vb }`ct fbshm nbhm sv dl}b }`cdz bul dngecv glm mcfhgzc d} mcv}dlt2 U`g} mdm } ct ugl} sv obz( gltugt2³

½Gmgzzgnclg( {hcgvc, Fghn tbszvcho,³ Mzgiigz }zdcm( v}c{{dle fhbvcz }b `cz, ½Clf`gl}zg glm BµMchh vgu vbnc}`dle dl cgf` bo tbs, D ilbu lb} u`g} lbu(

js} u`g}c cz d} ugv jzbse`} tbs jgfi }b nc, ]`g} dv }`c nbv} dn{bz}gl} }`dle bo ghh,³

½U`t dv d} vb dn{bz}gl} gltugt2³ V`c gvicm, ½D `g c g ogndht dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn, Ozdclmv( f`dhmzcl( gl Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz `svjglm, D `g c g hdoc bs}vdmc bo }`dv Zcghn,³

½D}µv dn{bz}gl} jcfgsvc uc gzc glm ghugtv `g c jccl ng}cv,³ Mzgiigz vs{{hdcm ecl}ht, @c mdmlµ} hdic }`c ogf} glb}`cz nghc ugv dl `dv {hgfc( lbz mdm `c hdic }`g} v`c hb cm `dn, @c delbzcm }`g} obz lbu( `b{dle }b zcndlm `cz bo }`cdz hb c, ½Vdlfc uc ng}cm jcobzc }`c Mzgeblµv Oghh( uc `g c ghugtv jccl }bec}`cz,D} ugv blht zcfcl}ht( u`cl tbs jcfgnc Jhbbm.vdv}cz }b Odzcv}bzn( }`g} D obslm tbs gegdl, Dµ c vcgzf`cm clmhcvvht obz tbs( b{dle }`g} tbs ubshm odlm tbsz ugt `bnc,³

½@bu2³ Gmgzzg gvicm( fghndle mbul, ½@bu mdm tbs ilbu gjbs} }`g}2³ Mzgiigz v`zseecm glm ezdllcm, ½Hc}µv asv} vgt D }bhm `dn }b mb d},³ ½Tbs uczc }`c blc }b ngic `dn jzcgi `dv {zbndvc }b Mdpdhtllc glm

Fchcv}c2³ Gmgzzg gvicm, ½]`ctµzc jb}` {zc}}t v}zdf}, @bu mdm tbs mb d}2³ ½D }bhm }`cn u`b D ugv( glm lcd}`cz fbshm zcosvc nc,³ Mzgiigz vndhcm, @c

idvvcm `cz gegdl, ½D hb c tbs( Gmgzzgnclg Mzgllg( glm D udhh ghugtv hb c tbs,³ @c }bbi `cz `glm glm hcm cz dlvdmc }`c `s}f`.fg c, ½Fbnc( hc} nc v`bu tbs,³

Gmgzzgµv `cgz} {bslmcm( hc}}dle `cz ilbu v c ugv mbdle }`c zde`} }`dle, Ghh mbsj}v v`cµm `gm jcobzc gjbs} `dn gldv`cm,

V`c ilcu( dl `cz `cgz}( c czt}`dle ubshm ubzi bs},

DDD

Gzdglg( lbu lgncm Gmchhglmzg( gubic dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn, V `c zbvcozbn `cz jcm glm lb}dfcm `cz lcu.ng}c bhm.Hbzm hb cz Mzgfbldv ugvlµ} }`czcud}` `cz, @cz `cgz} ochh glm v`c vde`cm,

Ugv d} ghh asv} g mzcgn2 V `c }`bse`} }b `czvcho( fhs}f`dle `cz MzcgnGnshc}, Ugv Hbzm Mzgfbldv asv} glb}`cz odencl} bo nt b cz.v}zcvvcm( fblosvcm




ndlm2 V `c v`bbi `cz `cgm, Fbshmlµ} jc( v`c }`bse`}, @dv hb c obz nc och} vb zcgh'

V `c vde`cm gv v`c ucl} ghble `cz mgt, V dlfc v`c gubic hg}cz dl }`cnbzldle( v`c mdmlµ} `g c }b }gic fgzc bo }`c bhmcz( vf`bbh.gec f`dhmzcl,Gmchhglmzg }`bse`} bo `cz tbslecv}( ]`cbmbzc( u`b ugv lbu g tcgz bhm( glm

ucl} }b }`c lszvczt }b f`cfi s{ bl `dn,V `c ugv vdhcl} gv v`c ughicm dl( fhbvdle }`c mbbz jc`dlm `cz, ]`cb vg} s{ dl dv fzdj glm jhdlicm `dv ctcv b{cl, U`cl `c vclvcm u`b

ugv }`czc( `c v}bbm glm b{clcm `dv gznv obz g `se,Gmchhglmzg vndhcm gv v`c {dficm `dn s{ glm `seecm `dn }de`}, V `c

idvvcm `dv f cci( vgtdle, ½B`( mgzhdle, Dµn vbzzt Dµ c lb} jccl czc obz tbs,³Go}cz g nbncl}( v`c `cgzm g }dlt bdfc dl `cz `cgm, D}µv bigt( Nb}`cz, D

slmczv}glm glm obzed c tbs,V `c hbbicm g} `dn glm vndhcm( vclmdle jgfi, U`cl mdm tbs v}gz} vclmdle

ncvvgecv ud}` ubzmv glm occhdlev dlv}cgm bo asv} dngecv2 Vdhht Nb}`cz, ]`cb hgse`cm, D gn nt og}`czµv vbl, D}µv dl nt jhbbm,

Gmchhglmzg egv{cm g} } c vgtdle, D} ubshm vccn `cz tbslecv} vbl ugvvngz}cz }`gl `dv gec( asv} gv `cz bhmcv} mgse }cz, Gmchhglmzg ilcu jb}` uczc}`c f`dhmzcl bo Ggzbl ½Sldfbzl V }gzf`gvcz³ V f`ndm},

Bo fbszvc d} dv( ]`cbmbzc, Gmchhglmzg vcl} jgfi( idvvdle `dn glm {hgfdle`dn jgfi dl dv fzdj, ½D udhh zc}szl hg}cz, D {zbndvc,³

]`cbmbzc jhcu `cz g idvv ozbn `dv fzdj( u`df` ngmc `cz vndhc,Go}cz v`c fhbvcm }`c mbbz jc`dlm `cz( v`c svcm `cz cn{g}`t }b odlm }`c

hd c.dl Fgzc}gicz( Ashdc} Ezct, ]`czc ugv vbnc}`dle bl `cz ndlm( glm v`cugl}cm }b ilbu }`c ubnglµv }`bse`}v bl }`c vsjacf},

Gmchhglmzg obslm Ashdc} dl }`c hgslmzt zbbn( {hgfdle g jgvic}osh bo fhb}`cv dl }`c ugv`cz, V `c ug}f`cm `cz glm ugd}cm sl}dh }`c ubngl ugv mblcjcobzc vgtdle glt}`dle,

Ashdc} }szlcm go}cz v}gz}dle }`c ugv`cz }b vcc `cz }`czc, ½B`( ebbmnbzldle Gzdglg,³

]`c vndhc bl }`c Fgzc}giczµv ogfc ngmc Gmchhglmzg vndhc, V `c mcfdmcmlb} }b vgt glt}`dle gjbs} u`g} `g{{clcm dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv }`c lde`}jcobzc,

½Ebbm nbzldle }b tbs( Ashdc},³ V `c v}gnnczcm( fhcgzdle cz }`zbg}, @bufbshm v`c gvi }`c ubngl ud}`bs} vbslmdle vsv{dfdbsv2 ½D ugv ublmczdle,³

Ashdc} v}b{{cm glm vgdm, ½Dv c czt}`dle bigt2³½B`( tcv( d} dv,³ Gmchhglmzg v}gnnczcm, ½D ugv asv} ublmczdle

vbnc}`dle, J gvcm bl tbsz cp{czdclfc ud}` sv( `g c tbs lb}dfcm glt}`dlev}zglec gjbs} Mczzdfi glm nc hg}cht2³

Ashdc} `chm `cz jzcg}` gv do ugl}dle }b vgt vbnc}`dle js} ugv gozgdm }b,V `c `gv}dht v`bbi `cz `cgm,

½Gzc tbs vszc2³ Ashdc} lbmmcm, ½L.l.lb}`dle slsvsgh, U`t mb tbs gvi2³V`c v}s}}czcm( u`df` ncglv v`cµv icc{dle vbnc}`dle ozbn nc, Gmchhglmzg

}`bse`}( glm }`cl v`zseecm( }ztdle vbnc}`dle, ½ V bnc}`dle dv asv} lb} zde`}




}`c zcfcl} Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv( `bu v`c zcgf}cm }b bsz Muchhcz.idl hcgmcz Zgnbl glm }`c @sl}czvµ {zcvclfc( D ilcu v`c ugv zcgmt }b zcsld}c }`cn,³

Mzgfbldv hgse`cm, ½Jzg}}blg( D ilbu }`c v}bzt9 }`c cl}dzc v}bzt,Gmchhglmzg ghhbucm nc }b v`gzc ud}` `cz ncnbzdcv bo `cz }zsc vcho, D} ubshm vccn u`cl v`c Ocm ozbn nc obz }`c odzv} }dnc dl gecv( v`c zcncnjczcm

c czt}`dle( v`gzdle d} ud}` nc,³ Mzgiigz vde`cm, ½Vb( tbs eb} tbsz mcgz Cn{zcvv jgfi, Jde mcgh, U`g} gjbs} Gmgzzgnclg2³

½D} udhh }gic nbzc }`gl tbs }b zcndlm `cz bo `cz }zsc.vcho,³ ]`c }`zcc vdjhdlev `cgzm }`cdz tbslecz jzb}`cz( Mzglsv gllbslfc ozbn jc`dlm Mzgfbldv,

Ghh }`zcc uczc vsz{zdvcm }b `cgz Mzglsv vgt glt}`dle bl }`c ng}}cz, @c ugv svsghht vdhcl}( hdv}cldle gv `c {hgtcm }`c zbhc bo Mzgfbldvµ Jzgllb( `dv jzb}`cz.hdic jbmtesgzm,

@c fbl}dlscm, ½Gv tbs fgl zcfghh( Hgmt Gmgzzgnclg ugv {zc}}t v}sjjbzl,V`c ghugtv `gm }b hcgzl bl `cz bul( c cl ud}` tbs gzbslm, Vb( dl bzmcz obz `cz }b zcncnjcz glm gffc{} u`g} }`c og}cv `gm jzbse`} `cz glm `cz vdjhdlev( v`c `gv

}b mb vb bl `cz bul,³ ½Obz blfc( tbs gzc zde`}( Mzglsv,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm,Mzgiigz ezbuhcm( glezt, ½Clbse`' D mb lb} fgzc `bu hble d} }gicv `cz( D

udhh `g c `cz jgfi'³ ½Gv tbs udhh'³ Mzgfbldv ezbuhcm jgfi, ½V`c glm Gmchhglmzg gzc ode`}dle

ud}` }`cdz bhm lcncvdv ud}`dl }`cdz ndlmv, Uc nsv} ghh g c {g}dclfc, D( obz blc(gn udhhdle }b ugd} obz `cz {cznglcl} zc}szl }b nt vdmc gv nt Cn{zcvv, Lbu }`cl(tbs udhh hcg c `czc glm lb} zc}szl sl}dh tbs fgl gf} g{{zb{zdg}cht dl nt F`gnjczv'³

]`c }udlv ezbuhcm g} cgf` b}`cz sl}dh Mzgiigz v`do}cm }b `dv mcnd.obzn bo `gho.mzgebl( `gho.dnnbz}gh nghc( glm mdvg{{cgzcm,

Mzgfbzg glm Mzglsv hbbicm g} cgf` b}`cz( vdhcl}ht ugd}dle sl}dh Mzgfbldv fghncm dnvcho, Obz cblv( }`c }udlv uczc ghugtv g} cgf` b}`czµv }`zbg}v, D} ugv blht u`cl }`ct ng}cm ud}` }`c Mzgllg }udlv Gmchhglmzg glm Gmgzzgnclg }`g} }`ct gf}sghht gf}cm hdic jzb}`czv v`bshm,

Vdhcl}ht vcc}`dle( Mzgfbldv wsdc}ht gllbslfcm, ½Hcg c( jb}` bo tbs,³ ½D udhh lb},³ Mzglsv vs{{hdcm( v`gidle dv `cgm,½Lbz udhh D,³ Mzgfbzg vgdm, ½Uc nsv} v}gt }bec}`cz gv g ogndhdg, [cgfc dl

bsz Lg}dblv mc{clmv bl d},³ Mzgfbldv( Hbzm Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv hbbicm g} cgf` bo `dv

tbslecz vdjhdlev, @c ilcu `dv vdv}cz ugv zde`}( js} `c lc cz hdicm ugd}dle, @c ghvb ilcu Mzglsv ubshm lc cz hcg c dv vdmc, ]`ct uczc Jzgllbv,

Mzgfbldv vde`cm,Jb}` Mzglsv glm Mzgfbzg vndhcm g} cgf` b}`cz,½Hc}µv eb vcc u`g} nbzc uc fgl mb gjbs} nt Cn{zcvvµ zc}szl,³ Mzgfbldv

vs{{hdcm( ezdlldle,

DD




½Mb tbs zcghht }`dli Mzgiigz dv zde`}2³ Ghslg( lbu lgncm Gmgzzgnclggvicm `cz }udl, ]`c }ub uczc }gidle g ughi( v{clmdle vbnc wsghd}t }dnc}bec}`cz glm }ztdle }b odeszc bs} }`c lcu.bhm ncnbzdcv dl }`cdz ndlmv, ½Dncgl( ugv `c nt }zsc.ng}c gv `c vgtv `c ugv2³

½D }bhm tbs u`g} D }`dli( V d}g,³ Gzdglg( lbu lgncm Gmchhglmzg zcngzicm,

½C cl u`cl uc uczc tbsle( uc ghugtv }`bse`} uc mdm lb} jchble dl }`dvZcghn, Lbu }`g} nt ncnbzdcv `g c jccl zcv}bzcm( d} ubshm vccn }`g} tcv( ucgzc }`c Mzgllg }udlv, Mzgiigz dv Mzgfbldvµ msb.jzg}}bl( vb tcv( c ngt jczde`},³

½J s} dv `c zde`} gjbs} V `glc jcdle blht g svchcvv nbz}gh2³ Gmgzzgnclggvicm, V `c v}b{{cm dl cz }zgfiv, ½D mblµ} ugl} }b hbvc `dn,³

½Glm tbs ublµ},³ Gmchhglmzg vs{{hdcm, ½D} dv s{ }b tbs }b f`bbvc( bz lb},D} dv tbsz f`bdfc( lb} Mzgiigzµv( u`b tbs ng}c ud}`, Do tbs f`bbvc jb}` nghcv(}`gl tbs udhh `g c }b mcgh ud}` jb}` ode`}dle cgf` b}`cz b cz tbs( slhcvv }`ct fgl vbnc`bu ec} ghble glm ubzi d} bs} jc}uccl tbs,³

Gmgzzgnclg vde`cm, ½D udv` D mdmlµ} `g c }b f`bbvc,³ V `c }`bse`} obz g

nbncl}, ½]`dv nsv} `g c jccl `bu tbs och} ud}` Ggzbl glm Mczzdfi,³Gmchhglmzg }bbi g jzcg}`, ½Gtc( }`g} dv `bu D och} jgfi }`cl, D ngmc nt

f`bdfc }`cl( js} lbu( d} vccnv }b `g c jccl }`c uzble blc,³½U`g} mb tbs ncgl( }`c uzble blc2³ Gmgzzgnclg gvicm, ½Bo fbszvc

tbs ngmc }`c zde`} mcfdvdbl, Ggzbl gv `dv bul Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz, @c asv}`gm }b gffc{} tbs uczc lb} obz `dn dl bzmcz obz `dn }b b{cl `dv ndlm clbse` }bvclvc `cz, ]`g}µv ghh,³

Gmchhglmzg v`bbi cz `cgm, ½]`g}µv lb} u g} D ncgl,³ V `c vs{{hdcm, ½D`g c jccl occhdle ohcc}dle cnb}dblv obz Mczzdfi c cl nbzc lbu }`g} Mzgfbldvv`gzcm ncnbzdcv ud}` nc,³

Gmgzzgnclg }bbi g nbncl} }b }`dli, ½@nn,³Gmchhglmzg uzg{{cm gl gzn gzbslm cz }udlµv v`bshmczv, ½ J cvdmcv ghh

}`g}( `bu mb tbs occh lbu2³½J c}zgtcm, Hdcm }b, Svcm,³ Gmgzzgnclg glvuczcm, ½Ghh dl ghh( fblosvcm,³½D slmczv}glm d} dv g jd} nsf`( jcdle mzgul dl ozbn blc Mcv}dlt }b

glb}`cz ud}`bs} ilbuhcmec bz fbl}zbh,³ @cz }udl zc{hdcm, ½D ghvb slmczv}glmu`g} dv ebdle bl( u`b uc uczc jcobzc uc uczc od c tcgzv bhm,³

½]`g} ugv }`c }dnc D `gm }b ed c tbs }`c Obzec}oshlcvv V {chh,³Gmgzzgnclg vs{{hdcm, ½Hd}}hc mdm D ilbu asv} }`cl bu nsf` D ugv ebdle }bndvv tbs,³ V `c vde`cm, ½D asv} udv` V fgz lc cz v`gzcm `dv ncnbzdcv ud}` nc,Dµn ghh vbz}v bo jcosmmhcm lbu,³

½Slmczv}glmdle udhh fbnc dl }dnc( D gvvszc tbs,³ Gmchhglmzg ic{} czvndhc, ½Asv} gv d} mdm u`cl uc uczc ed cl bsz ohgv`t }d}hcv, Uc `gm }b hd c( }bhb c( }b hcgzl( glm }b ezbu jcobzc slmczv}glmdle u`b glm u`g} uc uczc }bjcfbnc, V szc( uc ngt `g c vccl }`c os}szc dl _dvdblv( js} fhgzd}t mdmlµ} fbncsl}dh }`bvc _dvdblv fgnc }zsc,³

Gmgzzgnclg v`bbi `cz cgm, ½D mblµ} }`dli Dµhh c cz slmczv}glm,³½U`g}µv }`czc }b lb} slmczv}glm2³ Gmchhglmzg gvicm, ½Tbs uczc ng}cm

}b Mzgiigz hble geb gv D ugv ud}` Mzgfbldv( uc uczc vbnc`bu jhbbmcm jt }`cNtv}dfv glm obzfcm }b ezbu s{ ud}`bs} cgf` b}`cz( ed cl bsz vc{gzg}c




Mcv}dldcv( glm uc uczc }`zsv} dl}b }`c Mzcgn Zcghnµv jg}}hcv gv Fzsvgmczv, G}hcgv} Gl}blt( }`c tbslecv} Mzgllg vdjhdle Gl}bl( lc cz ilcu jhbbm bz jg}}hc,Uc fgl jc }`gliosh obz }`g},³

½@c ilcu bo d}( js} `gm lc cz jccl dl g jg}}hc,³ Gmgzzg vs{{hdcm,½Gl}blt fblodmcm nbzc dl nc }`gl bsz b}`cz vdjhdlev, @c och} nbzc fbnobz}gjhc(

hdic D ubshm slmczv}glm nbzc }`gl }`ct ubshm,³½U`df` tbs mdm( jcfgsvc tbs och} }`c vgnc,³ Gmchhglmzg dl}cz clcm, ½GvD vgdm( uc cgf` }`bse`} uc mdmlµ} jchble `czc, Uc uczc mdooczcl}( c cl ozbn bszNtv}df ogndht( uc asv} lc cz ilcu `bu,³ V `c fhg{{cm `cz glmv, ½Uchh( lbuuc mb' Ucµzc lb} blht Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv( }`gliv }b }`g} jhbbmdle( js}Mzgfbldglv, C cl jc}}cz( uc uczc Zbtgh}t dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, Gffbzmdle }bMzgfbldv( `dv J zgllb Mzglsv( glm }`c f`dhmzcl( D ugv `dv Hgmt Cn{zcvv g}Nghµcv}gz glm }`cdz Mzgeblubho Ng}äzä,³

½U`g} gjbs} nc2³ Gmgzzgnclg gvicm, ½U`b glm u g} ugv D2³½Tbs uczc Mzgfbldvµ }udlµv ng}c( g Hgmt [zdlfcvv bo Nghµcv}gz( gv

Mzgiigz ugv glm dv g Hbzm [zdlfc,³ Gmchhglmzg vgdm, ½Nbv} dn{bz}gl} bo ghh(

tbs uczc glm v}dhh gzc nt msb. V d}g( glm D hb c tbs,³Gmgzzgµv f`cciv zcmmclcm, V `c ngt lb} `g c slmczv}bbm u`g} ugv

ebdle bl `cz ndlm( js} v`c ilcu( gv ghugtv( v`c ubshm `g c `cz mcgz }udl jt `cz vdmc }b `ch{ `cz,

DDD

Mzgfbzg Mzg}dglbv( ilbul ghvb gv V`thcc V}gzf`gvcz( Wsccl bo }`c Muchhcz.idl( hbbicm b cz }`c hcmec bo `cz bhm wsgz}czv g} Nghµcv}gz, ]`c jghfblt ugv }`c vgnc gv d} ghugtv `gm jccl( }`c hsv` ezcclczt vlgicm d}v ugt s{ }`c hcmecµv hgmmcz glm hcm }b uzg{ d}vcho gzbslm blc bo }`c jghfbltµv vnghh {dhhgzv,

@cz ndlm uglmczcm }b }`c mgtv hble geb( }`c `g{{t mgtv glm vgm mgtv(}`c ncnbzdcv jbslfdle ozbn blc nbncl} }b }`c lcp} ud}`bs} v}b{{dle, U`g} v`c }`bse`} nbv} ugv bo `cz Hgmt Cn{zcvv.Vd}g( u`b v`c ugv czt fhbvc }b,Gmchhglmzg Nbs}µchhg Mzgllg `gm ghugtv `chm g v{cfdgh {hgfc dl `cz `cgz},

½Tbs ilbu( Jzg}}blg( tbs fgl zc}szl }b Nblgzf`µv Ehcl glt}dnc tbs udv`,³ V`c `cgzm `cz bhmcv} jzb}`cz Mzgfbldvµ bdfc vgt vbo}ht ozbn jc`dlm `cz,

V`c }szlcm }b `dn glm vndhcm, G} hgv}( }`c `gzm.`cgmcm blfc.f`gb}df jzb}`cz `gm vbo}clcm( glm ugv `g{{t gegdl, ½]ztdle }b zdm bo nc ghzcgmt( Vg}dh2³

½Lgt( lc cz,³ Mzgfbldv hgse`cm( seedle cz glm idvvdle `cz f`cci, ½U`t mb tbs dlvdv} bl svdle Ubho.V{cgi2³

½]`c [gfiv gzc v}dhh {gz} bo bsz Lg}dblv( c cl do }`ct gzc `dmmcl dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv,³ Mzgfbzg zcngzicm, ½Vdlfc F`gvc Nbblmglfcz zgdvcm Zgnbl(glm }gse`} `dv G{{zcl}dfc.idl ng}c Fchcv}c }`c hglesgec( jb}` bo }`cn gzc svcm blfc gegdl,³ V`c {gsvcm, ½Go}cz ghh( Jzg}}bl( uc gzc {gz} Ubhoidl gv uchh( do tbs zcfghh,³

Mzgfbldv vde`cm, ½D zcfghh wsd}c uchh( }`gli tbs, D mblµ} lccm nt tbslecz Vd}g }b }chh nc,³




Mzgfbzg vndhcm g} `dv svc bo }`c Ubho.V{cgi ubzm obz ¿vdv}czµ( gv b{{bvcm }b }`c Mzgfbldgl, ½U`t ubshm D hcg c u`cl {cgfc gnble sv }`c Lg}dblv dv asv} gzbslm }`c fbzlcz2³

½U`t lb}2³ Mzgfbldv v`zseecm( g `dl} bo g }cgvdle vndhc bl `dv hd{v, ½Tbs gzc lb hblecz asv} g [zdlfcvv bo Nghµcv}gz( tbs gzc }`c Fbsl}cvv bo Nblgzf`µv

Ehcl,³ ½Gtc( D ilbu,³ Mzgfbzg ezbglcm, ½]`c Fbsl}cvv u`b asv} vb `g{{clv }b ghvb jc Wsccl bo }`c Muchhcz.idl,³ V`c v`bbi `cz cgm glm vde`cm, ½D ngt `g c ms}dcv bo nt bul }b }clm( js} zde`} lbu( g} }`dv nbncl}( D udv` }b v{clm vbnc wsghd}t }dnc ud}` nt ogndhdg, Dv }`g} ghh zde`} ud}` tbs( Hbzm Cn{czbz Jzg}}bl2³

G} }`c ubzm ½Hbzm(³ v`c jbucm mzgng}dfghht,½µFbzg( bo fbszvc d} dv ghh zde`},³ Mzgfbldv hgse`cm, ½Tbs ilbu tbs gzc

ghugtv uchfbnc `czc, Go}cz ghh( d} ugv glm v}dhh dv tbsz `bnc,³ Mzgfbzg jhglf`cm, ½]`gli tbs( Mzgfbldv,³ V`c vgdm vbo}ht gv `cz g}}cl}dbl

zc}szlcm }b }`c jzde`} jhsc Mzgfbldgl vit, ½D g{{zcfdg}c d}9 D zcghht mb,³ Mzgfbldv }bsf`cm `cz jgfi glm ug}f`cm `cz obz g nbncl} jcobzc vgtdle

glt}`dle, ½]`czc dv vbnc}`dle chvc bl tbsz ndlm( dvlµ} }`czc2³ @c gvicm vbo}ht,½Tbs ilbu nc ghh }bb uchh,³ Mzgfbzg }szlcm ozbn }`c dcu }b `dv fszdbsv

jhgfi ctcv, ½D icc{ }`dlidle bo Gmchhglmzg,³ Mzgfbldv lbmmcm, ½Gtc( vb mb D,³ @c vs{{hdcm, ½Tbs ilbu v`c dv v}dhh

nclgfcm jt Bz}`bv2³ ½Bo fbszvc9 D gn ghugtv ud}` cz,³ V`c }g{{cm `cz obzc`cgm, ½Bsz

fbnjdlcm v`dchmv icc{ `dn dl `dv {hgfc,³ ½Obz lbu,³ Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm, ½D mb lb} hdic dn( lbz mb D }`dli D c cz mdm,³ ½]`czc dv nsf` lb} }b hdic gjbs} Bz}`bv,³ Mzgfbzg gezccm, ½Mdm v`c v`gzc

ud}` tbs `bu `c g{{cgzcm ud}`dl `cz2³ ½Do tbs v{cgi bo }`c zcfcl} Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv( D zcgm d} dl `cz ncnbzdcv,³

]`c Cn{czbz zcv{blmcm, ½D nsv} vgt( Vd}g( D gn lb} dn{zcvvcm,³ ½Lbz dv gltblc chvc dl bh cm u`b ilcu dn,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½Uc `g c

jccl g} bsz ud}v clmv zcvcgzf`dle ugtv }b zdm bszvch cv bo `dn obz ebbm, D nsv} gmnd}( c cl D gn g} g hbvv,³

½Lb} }b ubzzt( ¿Fbzg, Uc udhh `g c bsz Cn{zcvv jgfi vbbl clbse`( oshh glm u`bhc,³ Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm,

Mzgfbzg blht lbmmcm( zc}szldle `cz g}}cl}dbl }b }`c dcu, U`cl v`c vde`cm ud}` g vndhc( Mzgfbldv ugv dl}zdescm,

½]`czc dv vbnc}`dle chvc bl tbsz ndlm( b}`cz }`gl Gmchhglmzg2³ @c gvicm(fszdbsv, V`c }szlcm jgfi }b dn glm jhsv`cm, @c vndhcm, ½[hcgvc( mcgz vdv}cz(mb }chh,³

Mzgfbzg v}c{{cm }b zsv` gugt( js} `c fgse`} `cz,½Hc} eb bo nc'³ V`c hgse cm,@c v`bbi `dv `cgm, ½Lb} sl}dh tbs }chh nc u`t tbsz ctcv `g c }`c hbbi bo

Hb c ud}`dl }`cn,³ ½D ubshm zg}`cz lb} `g c tbs }cgvdle nc gjbs} d}( }`gli tbs czt nsf`,³

V`c vs{{hdcm, ½Vb D nsv} icc{ d} }b ntvcho sl}dh }`c }dnc dv zde`},³




½Bz sl}dh u`clc cz }`c bjacf} bo tbsz goocf}dblv dv ozcc }b zc}szl }`bvc goocf}dblv2³ Mzgfbldv zchcgvcm cz( fzbvvdle `dv gznv, ½]chh nc( {hcgvc( u`b gv tbsz `cgz}2³

½[zbndvc lb} }b }cgvc nc gjbs} d}2³ Mzgfbzg gvicm, ½]`c vd}sg}dbl dv( uchh(fblosvdle,³

½@bu vb2³ @c gvicm,½Tbs `g c }b {zbndvc nc( Mzgfbldv _dhdlbv Mzg}dglbv,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm,½Lb }cgvdle,³

Mzgfbldv zgdvcm dv `glmv dl vszzclmcz, ½Gtc( D {zbndvc, Lb }cgvdle( lbu }chh nc( {hcgvc,³

V`c `soocm glm vg} bl `cz bhm jcm( }`c lcv} bo `cz tbs}` jcobzc v`c ugv g Fbsl}cvv, @c vg} jcvdmc `cz glm v`c jcegl }b cp{hgdl,

½@dv Cgz}`jbslm lgnc dv Mczzdfi Zcgmdle,³ V`c jcegl, ½@c dv }`c Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz bo tbsz Hgmt Cn{zcvv,³

Mzgfbldv ezbuhcm hbuht( slfbnobz}gjhc,½]`c occhdlev jcegl u`cl uc odzv} nc},³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm, ½Tbs ghzcgmt

ilbu bo nt fbs{hdle ud}` Tbzl mszdle }`c Nbz}ghhgl Ugz,³ @c lbmmcm( vdhcl}ht }chhdle `cz }b eb bl, ½]`c occhdlev jc}uccl Tbzl glm nc uczc blht bo hsv}9 lb} }`bvc bo }zsc.hb c( glm fcz}gdlht lb} }`g} bo g }zsc.ng}dle,³

½U`g} gjbs} }`dv Mczzdfi2 ³ Mzgfbldv gvicm, ½]`dv Nbz}gh2 U`g} gzc tbsz occhdlev bo `dn2³

Mzgfbzg hbbicm }b cz hg{ obz g nbncl}( }`dlidle bo `cz lcp} ubzmv, V`c hbbicm jgfi s{ g} `dn( v}smtdle `dv zcgf}dbl,

½Mgzc D vgt d}( Jzg}}bl( js} D jchdc c D `g c obslm nt }zsc.ng}c,³ D} ugv g u`dv{cz( ecl}hc glm vbo}, Mzgfbldvµ jbmt vbo}clcm gv uchh( glm c

zchgpcm clbse` }b `se `cz( idvvdle `cz f`cci,½Do tbs jchdc c dl `dn }`g} v}zbleht( }`gl D `g c lb bjacf}dblv }b }`c ng}dle,³

@c vs{{hdcm, ½D gn g{{t obz tbs( vdv}cz,³ ½Lb} c cl }b }`c ogf} `cµv g hbuht nbz}gh ng}dle Zbtgh Mzgfbldgl jhbbm2³

Mzgfbzg ugv vic{}df, ½D zcncnjcz d dmht `bu tbs zcgf}cm u`cl tbs obslm bs} Tbzl glm D uczc ucm, Tbs uczc lb} dn{zcvvcm bsz jhbbmhdlc ugv jcdle }gdl}cm jt g nczc nbz}gh,³

Mzgfbldv v`zseecm, ½]`g} ugv }`cl9 }`dv dv lbu,³ @c vde`cm glm ic{} `dv b}`cz }`bse`}v }b dnvcho, ½Uchh( Vd}g( D nsv} mc{gz}, D `g c gl Cn{dzc }b zsl glm gl Cn{zcvv }b jzdle `bnc, Occh ozcc }b ngic tbszvcho g} `bnc,³

Mzgfbzg v}bbm( gv}bldv`cm, ½U`g} gjbs} nt ng}dle g nbz}gh2³ ½D udhh ubzzt gjbs} }`g} u`cl }`c }dnc fbncv,³ Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm, ½Go}cz

ghh( `c dv v}dhh ucm dl }`cdz ugtv }b Gmchhglmzg( dv c lb}2³ V`c lbmmcm, ½Sl}dh `c vccv }`g} tbs gzc dv }zsc ng}c( D udv` tbs hsfi,³ @c fhcgzcm dv }`zbg}( u`df` }bhm `cz `c ugv }ztdle }b `dmc `dv }zsc zcgf}dbl, ½Dl }`c ncgl}dnc( uc ghh nsv} mb u`g} uc mb jcv}( glm }`g} dv hd c bsz hd cv glm zshc bsz Lg}dblv, Mb tbs lb} gezcc2³

Mzgfbzg fbshm blht v}gzc( glm lbm cnb}dblhcvv,Mzgfbldv( Hbzm Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( blht vndhcm glm ughicm

gugt( hcg dle `cz dl guc,




F ` g{} c z1 B s}cz Zcghn Ubzzdcv

Gzdglg Zcgmdle( lbu lgncm Gmchhglmzg( v}bbm `glm dl `glm ud}` `cz}udl vdv}cz( Ghslg Nbzc bsvc( u`b ugv lbu lgncm Gmgzzgnclg, ]`cdz

Fzsvgmcz ozdclmv glm ogndht eg}`czcm gzbslm }`c Zcgmdleµv hd dle zbbn({g}dcl}ht ug}f`dle glm ugd}dle obz cd}`cz bo }`cn }b v{cgi,Uc nsv} mb }`dv( Vd}g, Gmchhglmzg vcl} }b `cz vdv}cz( vwsccqdle `cz `glm, Gmgzzgnclg vughhbucm glm lbmmcm( }gidle g mcc{ jzcg}`, V `c hc} d} bs}

vhbuht( fghndle `cz lcz cv,Uc nsv} cp{hgdl }b }`cn9 d} dv bsz zcv{blvdjdhd}t, Gmchhglmzg fbl}dlscm

u`cl v`c vclvcm Gmgzzgµv g{{zc`clvdbl, D ilbu( D ilbu( js} u`t mbcv d} `g c }b jc lbu2 Gmgzzg vcl} jgfi, U`g} jc}}cz }dnc }`gl }`c {zcvcl} }b }chh v}bzdcv bo }`c {gv}2 Gmchhglmzg

}cgvcm, Gmgzzg vde`cm, ½Uc uczc `g dle vsf` g ebbm }dnc( }bb,³V `glc v}bbm glm zcgf`cm }`c }udlv, ½Do }`czcµv vbnc}`dle }`c }ub bo tbs

lccm }b }chh sv9 jt ghh ncglv( mb vb, Ucµ c eb} g hb} bo wscv}dblv dl bsz `cgmv(glm D obz blc ugl} glvuczv,³

½D g{bhbedqc dl gm glfc( V `glc,³ Gmchhglmzg vs{{hdcm, ½U`g} uc gzcgjbs} }b zc cgh dv ghdcl( c cl }b sv, D blht gvi obz {g}dclfc gv uc }chh bszv}bzdcv( glm `b{c }`g} u`g} uc mb }chh tbs mbcv lb} dlohsclfc tbs }b }`dli bo svglt mdooczcl}ht,³

½D ghzcgmt ilbu `gho }`c v}bzt( }`gliv }b }`c jcgv} u`b fghhv `dnvcho Hslgµv ng}c,³ V `glc ezbuhcm,

½@dv lgnc dv Mzgiigz Mzg}dglbv( glm `c ngt jc g jcgv}( js} `cµv ghvbnt ng}c ozbn glb}`cz }dnc,³ Gmgzzg gllbslfcm, ½Ozbn u g} D ilbu bo `dn(¿Igzz {zbjgjht }bhm tbs blht `dv vdmc bo }`c }ghc,³

½Lbu d}µv ¿Igzz( dv d}2³ V `glc ezbuhcm, ½U`g}c cz `g{{clcm }b ¿ V fgzµ( bz¿[zdlfc Mzgiigzµ2³

½D ghzcgmt }bhm tbs'³ Gmgzzg fzdcm( js} ugv v}b{{cm jt Gmchhglmzgµv bdfc,½Clbse`, J b}` bo tbs,³ ]`c obzncz.Hgmt Cn{zcvv ugv ghzcgmt occhdle

hdic `cz bhm Cn{zcvv vcho( }`c blc Mzgfbldv `gm zcndlmcm `cz gjbs}, ½Lb nbzcgzesncl}v, Uc gzc ogndhdg ( glm Fzsvgmczv bo }`c Zcghnv,³

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u`d}c, @dv Fbn{gldbl.`bzvc ozdclm Vsllt ugv ndvvdle glm `c gubic }b vcc `c ugv ogfdle }`c OdzcUghh ozbn dlvdmc }`c jbzmczv bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,

Hbbidle gzbslm( `c mdmlµ} vcc cd}`cz Esgzm Eclczgh g} }`cdz {bv}v( glm `c

ugv lcgz }`c Fgv}hc bo Nblgzf`µv Ehcl,Fszdbsv( `c `cgmcm dl }`g} mdzcf}dbl9 cgf` Mzgfbldgl `c nc} ezcc}dle `dn ud}` }`c Lg}dblvµ ecv}szc bo zcv{cf}9 g lbm bo }`c `cgm ud}` fhbvcm ctcv glm g odv} }b }`c `cgz}, @c zc}szlcm cgf` ezcc}dle( vndhdle( tc} v}dhh fblosvcm gv }b u`t }`c Mzgfbldglv uczc }zcg}dle `dn ud}` vsf` zcv{cf}, D} ugv gv do }`ct vgu `dn gv vbnc}`dle nbzc }`gl g Mzcgn Zcghn Fzsvgmcz, ]b }`cn( `c ugv zbtgh}t'

Lb} ugl}dle }b wscv}dbl d} osz}`cz( `c cl}czcm }`c Egzmcl gzbslm }`c Ehclµv Fgv}hc, @dv g}}cl}dbl ugv g cz}cm }b g vdlehc jhgfi zbvc, ]`c nbzldle mcu v}dhh }zdfihcm bl d}v {c}ghv( glm }`c fbhbz f`glecm }b g vdh czt.bltp jcobzc `dv ctcv,U`cl `c hbbicm s{( `c vgu }`c nbbl glm vsl jb}` v`dldle ozbn }`c vit,

½Fgse`} tbsz dl}czcv}v( [zb}cf}bz2³ G ecl}hc ocnghc bdfc {szzcm ozbn

jc`dlm `dn, @c hbbicm }b vcc }`c Fbsl}cvv czvcho vndhdle g} `dn,@c jhsv`cm glm jbucm,½Tbs ngt zdvc( Mczzdfi,³ Mzgfbzg }bhm dn ud}` g vndhc, ½Tbs( bo ghh {cb{hc(

lccm lb} jbu }b nc,³ ½Nt g{bhbedcv( Fbsl}cvv,³ ½B`( mb mzb{ }`c }d}hc,³ Mzgfbzg vs{{hdcm( hgse`dle, ½Fghh nc Mzgfbzg,³ ½Nt g{bhbedcv( Mzgfbzg,³ Mczzdfi vgdm lcz bsvht,½Gffc{}cm,³ V`c }bhm dn( icc{dle `cz ecl}hc vndhc, ½Nt Bltp Zbvc

fg}f`dle tbsz dl}czcv}2³ ½Tcv,³ @c vgdm( fgzcvvdle g {c}gh bl blc, ½Tcv( d} dv, D}µv wsd}c gl slsvsgh

jzccm, Dµ c lc cz `cgzm bo g zbvc }`g} mbcv vsf` g }`dle,³ ½]`g} dv jcfgsvc }`c Bltp Zbvc blht ezbuv dl }`c Lg}dblv g} Bv}gzg,³ Mczzdfiµv ctcjzbuv vfzslf`cm g} }`c ubzm, ½U`g} dv Bv}gzg2³ *Bv}gzg dv g Mzgfbldgl glm Bs}cz Zcghn [gegl ocv}d gh bo V{zdle,³ Mzgfbzg

vs{{hdcm,Mczzdfi asv} lbmmcm,½Mb tbs ilbu g hb} gjbs} }`c Bs}cz Zcghn2³ Mczzdfi gvicm,½Nbzc }`gl tbs }`dli D mb,³ Mzgfbzg gllbslfcm, V`c }bbi dv `glm glm

hbbicm dl}b dv mgzi jzbul ctcv, ]`ct uczc oshh bo ublmcz glm fblosvdbl, V`c vgu }`ct uczc ghvb oshh bo dlog}sg}dbl obz `cz, ½Ughi ud}` nc( Mczzdfi,³ V`c vgdm(vwsccqdle `dv `glm, ½Uc `g c nsf` }b v{cgi gjbs},³

Mczzdfi vndhcm jgfi( zchgpdle, @c lbmmcm glm ubshm obhhbu `cz u`czc cz v`c hcm `dn,

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Mzgfbldv glm Gmchhglmzg hco} }b ezcc} }`cdz }`zcc cgecz f`dhmzcl( [zdlfc Izbldl( [zdlfcvv Hbfgzzg glm [zdlfcvv Hbfgllg, U`dhc Mzgfbldv asn{cm g`cgm bo `cz ud}` }`cn( v`c ochh jc`dlm ud}` }`c mzgebl.nghc Mzgfbldv `gm lgncm `dv jzb}`cz( Mzglsv,




*D gn `g{{t obz tbsz zc}szl( nt Hgmt,* @c vs{{hdcm ud}` g vndhc,*Gv gn D( Mzglsv,* ]`c Hgmt vde`cm, *]`czc%v asv} vb nsf` D `g c }b mb dl

}`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv }`bse`, D gn v}dhh d}v Hgmt Esgzmdgl, D `g c {hcl}t bo ms}dcv }b ec} jgfi }b,*

*Mbcv }`g} ncgl tbs fgllb} v}gt2* Mzglsv gvicm vbo}ht,

*D ugl} }b v}gt( js} D v}dhh `g c }`dlev }b }clm }b }`czc,* V`c }bhm `dn, *Zde`} lbu( `buc cz( D gn ebdle }b clabt }`c mgt ud}` nt ogndhdg( u`df` dlfhsmcv tbs(Mzglsv,*

@c ezdllcm g} }`g}( lbmmdle, *D gn dl tbsz mcj},* Hgmt Gmchhglmzg v}b{{cm( gv mdm `c, *Lb( D gn dl tbszv, Tbs gzc Mzgfbldv%

Jzgllb,* V`c gmnbldv`cm( svdle }`c Mzgfbldgl.vhgle ubzm obz jzb}`cz.hdic jbmtesgzm, *Tbs `g c lc cz ogdhcm }b hcg c `dv vdmc, D gn ezg}cosh bo }`g}, U`cl D ugvl%} }`czc obz `dn( tbs uczc,*

Mzglsv vghs}cm glm jbucm, *Ghh dl g hdoc%v ubzi( nt Hgmt,* Hgmt Gmchhglmzg ezdllcm( fg}f`dle s{ ud}` `cz lcu.bhm ogndhdg, Mzgfbldv

ugv {hgtdle ud}` }`cn dl }`c fbsz}tgzm glm v`c fbshml%} `ch{ vndhdle g} }`c vde`},

Hbfgllg zsv`cm s{ }b `cz nb}`cz glm }bbi `cz `glm, *Fbnc( Ns}tz ' Abdl sv'*

V`c hbbicm s{ g} `cz mzgebl.ng}c%v vndhdle ctcv,]`ct {hgtcm ohtdle }ge gzbslm }`c fbsz}tgzm obz gl bsz, ]b Gmchhglmzg( d}

och} zde`} }b jc jgfi dl Ngh%cv}gz, D} `gm jccl `cz `bnc hdic lb b}`cz {hgfc `gm(glm ubshm ghugtv jc,

U`cl Mzgfbldv glm v`c uczc }dzcm glm }`cdz f`dhmzcl uczc v}dhh jbslmdle ud}` clczet( }`c zbtgh fbs{hc vg} slmcz }`c }zccv( ug}f`dle }`cn,

Gmchhglmzg vde`cm, @c uzg{{cm `dv udle gzbslm `cz glm lsqqhcm `cz lcfi,

*U`g}%v uzble( ozdvfg2* *D%n }bzl( nt hb c,* V`c }bhm `dn, ezgv{dle `dv `glm dl}b blc bo `cz bul

u`dhc }`c b}`cz {hgtcm ud}` }`c Mzcgn Gnshc} }`g} v}dhh `sle gzbslm `cz lcfi, *D `g c glb}`cz hdoc bs}vdmc bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( blc }`g} `gv nc gv }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv, D fgl%} v}gt( tc} D udv` }b vb nsf`,*

*U`t fgl tbs lb} v}gt ud}` nc2* Mzgfbldv gvicm, *Tbs gzc nt Cn{zcvv glm ng}c,*

*D} dvl%} tbs D fgllb} v}gt ud}`( d}%v }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv }`cnvch cv,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `dn, *D `g c g hdoc bs}vdmc bo }`dv Zcghn( Mzgfbldv, D `g c ms}dcv dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv, D `g c f`dhmzcl glm gl Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz }b zc}szl }b,*

Mzgfbldv ozbulcm, *Tbs `gm nc sl}dh }`c Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz,* ]`dv ugv ebdle }b jc `gzm }b cp{hgdl( js} v`c `gm }b, *Gl Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz

dv g idlm bo ng}c }b gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df,* Mzgfbldv ezbuhcm, *Tbs ng}cm go}cz nc2* *Uc `g c jccl gugt ozbn cgf` b}`cz obz nbzc }`gl }ub.`slmzcm obz}t

mcfglv ( Mzgfbldv,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `dn, *]`g}%v nbzc }`gl }ub.`slmzcm tcgzv, Nt ncnbzdcv uczc }gicl ozbn nc jt jcdle jhbbmcm }b }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv, Tbs v`bshm `g c zcgm u`g} D `gm }b eb }`zbse` dl nt ncnbzdcv u`cl uc Ocm,*




*Gtc( D mdm,* @c vs{{hdcm vgmht, *D zcgm u`g} tbs ucl} }`zbse` u`cl D mcv}zbtcm bsz fd}t,*

U`t mbcv c icc{ jzdledle }`g} s{2 V`c }`bse`} }b `czvcho, V`c {hgfcm g `glm bl `dv f`cci, *Mzgfbldv( hb c( mbl%} }`dli gjbs} }`c {gv}( {hcgvc2 D}%v ncgl} }b jc hco} }`czc, ]`dli blht bo }`c {zcvcl} glm hbbi obzugzm }b }`c os}szc,*

*Gv tbs udv`( n%Hgmt,* @c zcv{blmcm, Gmchhglmzg idvvcm `dn ecl}ht glm `c {shhcm `cz fhbvc, *Vb( u`cl mb uc hcg c2* V`c ugv vsz{zdvcm, *Hcg c2* *Tbs udv` }b eb jgfi }b tbsz hdoc glm vc}}hc hbbvc clmv dl }`c Zcghn bo

Mzcgnv( gn D fbzzcf}2* *Gtc( js},* *Glm(* `c dl}czzs{}cm, *Tbs ghvb udv` }b ngic nc Hbzm Esgzmdgl jt tbsz

vdmc, Dv }`dv lb} ghvb fbzzcf}2* *Gtc(* Gmchhglmzg vde`cm,*]`gl }`c vbblcz uc hcg c( }`c vbblcz uc fgl zc}szl glm hd c {cgfcoshht gv

blc,* Mzgfbldv ezdllcm( }gidle `cz f`dl dl `dv `glmv glm obzfdle `cz }b hbbi dl}b

`dv mgzi ctcv,*Tbs%m ugl} }b fbnc ud}` nc2* Gmchhglmzg gvicm `dn, *]b ncc} nt

f`dhmzcl glm Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz2* Mzgfbldv lbmmcm, *D ubshm dlvdv} bl d},* Vbnc}`dle dl `dv }blc ngmc `cz d}f`, D} }bhm `cz `c ugv ebdle }b }gic fgzc bo

`cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz dl `dv bul ugt( }`c mgzi ugt,*Mzgfbldv Mzg}dglbv( tbs udhh lb} `gzn g `gdz bz glt}`dle chvc bl }`c

[zb}cf}bz%v `cgm bz jbmt( mb tbs `cgz nc2* Gmchhglmzg mcnglmcm dl `cz jcv} Hgmt Esgzmdgl }blc, *D udhh lb} `g c tbs }ub gegdlv} cgf` b}`cz,*

Mzgfbldv v`zseecm, *Do `c v}gz}v vbnc}`dle( D udhh jc }`c blc }b odldv` d},* Gmchhglmzg ilcu Mczzdfi ubshml%} v}gz} glt}`dle( cv{cfdghht go}cz ncc}dle

Mzgfbldv% ctcv( js} v}dhh fbshm lb} hc} }`c nghc u`b%m jccl `cz hble.}dnc Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz glm Glfdcl} Ntv}df `svjglm jc `gzncm jt Mzgfbldv% nghc acghbsvt,

Ud}` g vde`( v`c idvvcm `dn glm }`c }ub uczc bl }`cdz ugt,




V}bzt &:1Hbzm glm Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv

½Abch( D `g c g wscv} obz tbs,³ Hbzm B%Mchh( obzncz Hbzm Esgzmdgl bo }`c Ntv}df Zcghnv vs{{hdcm }b `dv jhbbm.vbl Jzgicl Abch @gui glm Abch%v ochdlc ng}c

Ldid}g U`d}c.Vlbu, B%Mchh `gm szecl}ht vsnnblcm }`cn ozbn }`cdz `bnc bo }`c Zcghn bo }`c Glfdcl}v obz g v{cfdgh wscv},]b Abch( g Jghdlcvc ochdlc Fbn{gldbl u`b ilcu `dv Og}`cz nbzc }`gl nbv}(

B%Mchh ugv gf}dle uchh bs} bo `dv lbzngh f`gzgf}cz, @c ugv dl `dv Dnnbz}gh Udqgzm obzn( u`df` `c mdml%} }gic bo}cl, @dv ctcv uczc mgzicz }`gl svsgh glm Abch fbshm lcgzht vnchh }`c }gdl} bo `dv Slfhc Bz}`bv, B%Mchh%v }udl jzb}`cz ud}`dl `dn, @c asv} mdm lb} ilbu u`g} }`g} vfcl} ugv mbdle }`czc,

Abch hbbicm g} `dv ng}c( }`cl `dv Hbzm Og}`cz, ½Glt}`dle( Og}`cz, U`g} dv d} tbs udv` bo nc2³

½Hgmt Esgzmdgl dv ebdle }b jzdle g Mzgfbldgl jgfi }`zbse` }`c OdzcUghh ud}` `cz,³ B%Mchh vs{{hdcm, @dv bdfc ugv hbu glm `dv }blc fghn, @c mdml%} mgzc

hbbi g} }`c fbs{hc( u`df` ugv slhdic `dn, ½D ugl} tbs }b jzdle }`cn jb}` `czc,³ Abch v}gzcm g} `dn( fblosvcm, ½Og}`cz2³ ½Mb gv D vgt( Jzgicl Abch,³ B%Mchh zcv{blmcm, ]`bse` `c mdml%} hbbi g} }`cdz

ctcv( Abch fbshm vcc u`g} ugv dl `dv, @c fgse`} g ehdn{vc bo g vcfblm.vbsh ud}`dl `dv og}`cz( ode`}dle obz fbl}zbh,

Jzgicl Abch fhcgzcm `dv }`zbg}, ½Gtc( Og}`cz, Asv} }chh sv u`cl( glm uc udhh mb d},³

B%Mchh odlghht hbbicm g} `dv vbl%v ctcv,]`g}%v u`cl Abch vclvcm }`c mgzilcvv }`g} ugv `dv hg}c.Slfhc Bz}`bv mcc{

ud}`dl `dv Og}`cz%v ctcv, @c ocgzcm obz `dn,½Eb lbu( }`ct udhh jc gzzd dle dl }`c [zb dlfc Ubbm( gv Hbzm Mzgfbldv udhh

mdv{ch }`c Odzcughh,³ Abch v}bbm g} g}}cl}dbl glm vghs}cm, ½Gtc( Og}`cz,³ @c lbmmcm glm cpfsvcm }`cn,Ldid}g ugv vdhcl} sl}dh }`ct hco} }`c Ntv}df [ghgfc, V`c `chm bl}b `cz ng}c%v

`glm }de`}ht,½%Id}g( D ilbu u`g} tbs vclvc mgzhdle,³ @c }bhm `cz( idvvdle `cz `glm gv

}`ct ughicm, Abch fbshm Occh cz v`d czdle dlvdmc glm bs},½D vclvc nt Slfhc ud}`dl `dn( }bb, ]`bse` D mb lb} slmczv}glm u`t `c ubshm jc }`czc( do D vgu `dn jc mcv}zbtcm jt jb}` Og}`cz glm Tbsle Esgzmdgl,³

½D ugv }`czc gv uchh( nt hb c,³ Ldid}g vgdm, ½D Vgu u`g} `g{{clcm,³ Abch v}b{{cm }`cn jb}` dl bsz }zgfiv glm v}gzcm g} `dv }dezcvv.ng}c, ½U`g}

mdm tbs Vcc2³ ½]`zcc vc{gzg}c fbhbzcm udlmv( ebdle }b Hbzm Esgzmdgl( Hgmt Esgzmdgl(

glm }`c Ezglm Ngesv,³ ½Mdm tbs vcc }`c fbhbzv2³ Abch ublmczcm( `dv ndlm }`dlidle, Do Bz}`bv mdm

u`g} Abch }`bse`} `c mdm( }`ct ubshm `g c }b gf} ogv} dl bzmcz }b mcv}zbt `dn obz ebbm,

½]`c jhgfi udlm( d} ucl} }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv,³ Ldid}g v}gz}cm, ½]`c jhsc( d} ucl} }b Hbzm Esgzmdgl( glm }`c zcm( d} ucl} }b Hgmt Esgzmdgl,³




Abch jhdlicm g} }`c gmndvvdbl, @c ugv svcm }b `cz v}zble ochdlc.Cn{g}`t(js} d} ugv lc cz }`dv v}zble jcobzc, ]`g} ghblc ncgl} vbnc}`dle }czzdjhc ugv ebdle bl glm }`ct `gm }b v}b{ d},

½]`gli tbs( hb c,³ @c vgdm( gjvcl}ht( ndlm uglmczdle, @c ugv }`dlidle bo jb}` `dv Slfhc glm }`c lcu ng}c bo `dv fbsvdl Hgmt Esgzmdgl,

Abch%v g}}cl}dblv uczc g cz}cm u`cl }`ct gzzd cm g} }`c [zb dlfc Ubbm, @c fbshm vclvc od c dlmd dmsghv( ghh Mzgfbldglv( bs}vdmc }`c OdzcUghh, ]`ct ug}f`cm dl v`gmbuv gv }`c OdzcUghh ugv mdv{chhcm( gv B%Mchh `gm {zcmdf}cm,

Abch v}gzcm g} }`c od c }`g} v}bbm }`czc( }gidle dl u`g} `c vgu, @dv fbsvdl Hgmt Esgzmdgl ugv dl g Mzgeblubho obzn( hbbidle zcegh dl `cz Esgzmdgl%v Ode`}cz%v Ecgz, @cz ezct udlev uczc fhd{{cm g} `cz lcfihdlc hdic g fg{c( glm `c fbshm vcc }`c ngedfgh jhgmc dl d}v v`cg}`( ehd}}czdle dl }`c vslhde`}, ]`c Mzcgn Gnshc} `sle gzbslm `cz lcfi glm `cz hble `gdz ugv jzgdmcm( `chm s{ dl g jsl g} }`c }b{ bo `cz `cgm, Jcvdmc `cz ugv g hgzecz Mzgeblubho( lcgz.jhgfi dl udlev glm }gdh, Jc`dlm }`cn uczc g uczc.hdbl u`b zcvcnjhcm }`c nghc jcvdmc }`c Hgmt( glm g jhgfi V{dzd} mzgebl( u`b zcvcnjhcm jb}` }`c nghc glm }`c Hgmt, Abch vndhcm gv

`c zcfbeldqcm }`c V{dzd} mzgebl ozbn jcobzc }`c Ugzv obz [bucz jcegl, @c ugv dl }`c zcvfsc {gz}t ozbn }`c Slmczezbslm( icc{dle ug}f` b cz `dv tbslecz mzgeblhc} vdv}czv, Dl ozbl} bo }`cn ugv g nsf` hgzecz mzgebl.nghc dl }`c sldobzn bo g Esgzm glm Abch fbshm vcc }`c Fzcv} bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv s{bl `dv f`cv},

Gv }`ct ughicm mcc{cz dl}b }`c [zb dlfc Ubbm( Abch @cgzm `cz Fghh dl `dv ndlm, J zgicl Abch( D ilbu tbs glm Ldid}g gzc `dmdle bs} `czc, Fbnc( ezcc} glbhm ozdclm,

Abch fgnc bs} bo }`c Ubbm ud}` Ldid}g glm `seecm }`c Hgmt,*Hgmt Esgzmdgl'* Ldid}g {szzcm, *G {hcgvszc( gv ghugtv'* *D gezcc( fbsvdl,* Abch vs{{hdcm( {g}}dle `cz jgfi, Asv} gv `c vsv{cf}cm glm

ocgzcm( `c fbshm Vclvc }`c udlm bo Bz}`bv ud}`dl `cz gv uchh, Ldid}g `gm jccl zde`}9 d} ugv Bz}`bv% Cn{g}`t, *Glm tbs jzdle dvd}bzv ozbn }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv2*

]`c hgzecz Mzgeblubho.nghc v{bic, *D gn Hbzm Mzgfbldv _dhdlbv Mzg}dglbv(Cn{czbz bo Ngh%cv}gz glm }`c cl}dzc Mzgebl Lg}dblv, ]`cvc gzc Gmchhglmzg%v glm nt vblv( [zdlfcv ]zdv}dgl glm Izbldl Mzg}dglbv, Jc`dlm sv dv nt jbmtesgzm(Mzglsv,*

Mzgfbldv glm Abch ezgv{cm `glmv, Abch fbshm Occh }`c {bucz ud}`dl Mzgfbldv glm }`c hbbi dl }`c Hbzm%v ctcv zcndlmcm `dn bo `dv gmb{}cm og}`cz( `dv lgncvgic Jzgicl @gui,

*[hcgvszc }b ncc} tbs( Hbzm Mzgfbldv,* Abch gllbslfcm, Mbcv `c ilbuu`g} D V clvcm2 Abch gvicm `dnvcho, Asv} dl fgvc( D%hh ugzl `dn, *Jc ugzt bo mgzilcvv `dmdle ud}`dl tbsz ng}c, Nt Slfhc Bz}`bv dv odczfc( cv{cfdghht bl }`c

{szcv} bo `cgz}v vsf` gv `czv,* Hgmt Esgzmdgl jhdlicm glm vde`cm, *]`gli tbs( Abch,* *B`( Hgmt Esgzmdgl( Hbzm Esgzmdgl dv ugl}dle }b vcc tbs,* Ldid}g

gllbslfcm, *@c%v `gm Abch glm D dl f`gzec bo }`c Zcghnv vdlfc tbs mdvg{{cgzcm,* *]`g}%v lb} hdic `dn,* Hgmt Esgzmdgl vgdm, *Lb} g} ghh( glm tbs ilbu tbsz

bul og}`cz( Abch,* *Tbs gzc fbzzcf}( fbsvdl( D mb ilbu Og}`cz,* Abch vs{{hdcm vgmht, *@c `gv

f`glecm ezcg}ht vdlfc }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv( glm D gn lb} hdidle d}, Tbs ngt ghvb




udv` }b f`cfi s{ bl }`c Ezglm Ngesv, V`c dv s{ }b }zdfiv D% c blht vccl Slfhc mbdle,*

V`c ugv dl}zdescm, *Tbs mbl%} vgt2* V`c gvicm( }`cl lbmmcm zceghht, *]gic nc }b }`cn jb}`,*

*Sv,* ]`ct jb}` `cgzm Mzgfbldv vs{{ht ozbn jc`dlm `cz, *]gic sv }b }`cn

jb}`,* *Zde`}(* V`c vgdm( }szldle jgfi }b Abch, *Do tbs mbl%} ndlm2* Abch ezdllcm, *Bo fbszvc lb}, U`t mb tbs }`dli uc gzc `czc2* ]`c ezbs{ jcegl ughidle }`zbse` }`c Ubbm, Gv }`ct ezcu fhbvcz }b }`c

Ntv}df Vdv}czv% [ghgfc( Abch fbshm Occh cz `cgm v}gz} }b }`zbj, Wsdfiht Vclvdle `cz ud}` Cn{g}`t( `c ocgzcm Bz}`bv ugv v`budle `dv }zsc.occhdlev bo }`c [ghgfc,

*Hb c2* Mzgfbldv gvicm `cz, *U`g}%v uzble2 Glb}`cz dvdbl2* V`c v`bbi `cz `cgm, *Lb( gl cnb}dbl, @g}zcm( {szc `g}zcm obz }`dv {hgfc, D}

`gv }b jc fbndle ozbn Bz}`bv% Cn{g}`t,* Mzgfbldv ezbuhcm hbuht,*Iglbv( ngic tbszvch cv g} `bnc( }`c Fbn{gldblv ubl%} `sz} tbs( c cl do

tbs jb}` mb hbbi g hd}}hc v}zglec }b }`cn,* V`c }bhm }`cn( zsjjdle `cz }cn{hcv,*Ngt uc eb }b Ubho%v @cgm2* ]`c V{dzd} mzgebl lgncm Izbldl gvicm

cgeczht,*Do tbs%zc vcgzf`dle obz }`c [gfiv( }`ct% c nb cm,* Abch }bhm `dn, *Ldid}g(

u`t mbl%} uc v`bu }`cn u`czc F`gvc Nbblmglfcz glm }`c [gfiv gzc2* *Fcz}gdlht,* Ldid}g {szzcm, *D} ubshm jc ebbm }b vcc `bu }`ct ogdz go}cz }`c

Ugz, D} `gv jccl gu`dhc,* *Mzglsv( tbs v}gt ud}` }`cn,* V`c }bhm `dn( u`b lbmmcm,*Lgt( `c v}gtv ud}` sv,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm,Gegdl( Mzglsv lbmmcm ud}`bs} vgtdle g ubzm,*Jzgicl Abch( {hcgvc icc{ gl ctc bl }`cn,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm gv }`ct hco},Abch lbmmcm( vclvdle }`dv lcu Hbzm bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv }zsv}cm `dn ud}`

}`c fgzc bo `dv f`dhmzcl, D} ugv gl `blbz,*]`g} D udhh( Hbzm Mzgfbldv,* Abch vs{{hdcm, *Fbnc %Id}g( Mzgfbldglv, V`do}

}b Fbn{gldbl ubh cv do tbs fgl9 }`c [gfiv gzc lb} svcm }b Mzgeblv( glm d} dv vgdm }`c Gh{`g Nghc bo }`c Nbsl}gdl Ubho Obzcv} [gfiv `g}cv }`cn,*

[zdlfc Izbldl hbbicm g} Abch glm vndhcm, D zcncnjcz tbs, Tbs uczc }`cblc u`b zcvfscm nc glm nt vdv}czv ozbn v}gz dle }b mcg}`,

Abch hbbicm jgfi g} `dn( v}gzdle blfc nbzc dl}b }`c Mzgeblubho%v ctcv, ]`gl tbs ubshm ghzcgmt ilbu bo }`c [gfiv( gtc2 *Fbnc [zdlfcv ]zdv}dgl glm Izbldl, Nt ng}c Ldid}g U`d}c.Vlbu glm D udhh v`bu tbs }`c ugt,*

]`c vblv bo Hbzm Cn{czbz Mzgfbldv bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv }bbi cgf` bo }`cdz `glmv go}cz }chhdle }`cdz {gzcl}v glm Esgzm ebbmjtc,

DD

Mczzdfi Zcgmdle hco} Mzgfbzgµv vdmc u`cl v`c fhgdncm v`c `gm ubzi }b mb,[gz} bo `dn och} `c ubshm jc dl }`c ugt u`dhv} }`c b}`cz och} `c jchblecm g} `cz vdmc, U`g} fblosvcm dn nbv} uczc }`c occhdlev bo g}}zgf}dbl glm {szc.hb c `c ugv `g dle u`cl `c ugv gzbslm `cz,




@dv ndlm ugv dl }sznbdh, V`bshm `c }zt tc} gegdl }b vgh gec u`g}c cz ngzzdgec `c `gm ud}` Gzdglg º Gmchhglmzg º u`g}c cz v`c ugv fghhdle `czvcho }`cvc mgtv2 Bz v`bshm c obhhbu dv `cgz} glm vbsh glm v}gt jt Mzgfbzg2 U`g} gjbs} }`c f`dhmzcl `c `gm jgfi dl }`c Bs}cz Zcghn2

@slmzcmv bo wscv}dblv ohbbmcm `dv ndlm( cgf` nbzc fblosvdle glm

fbn{hdfg}cm }`gl }`c lcp} glm lcd}`cz bo }`cn `gm glt glvuczv,Mczzdfi gv }`c [zb}cf}bz `cgmcm }b }`c Ntv}df [ghgfc( }b vcc do Clf`gl}zg ubshm jc gjhc }b `ch{ dn, @dv [zb}cf}bzv [clmgl}.Hbfic} jsqqcm b} gzbslm `dv lcfi glm `c fbshm hd}czghht occh Gmchhglmzg lcgzjt,

Do tbs gzc dl }`c Zcghn( [zb}cf}bz( {hcgvc abdl nc g} }`c [ghgfc, ]`czc dvvbncblc D udv` tbs }b ncc},

Gzdglgµv bdfc ugv dl dv ndlm9 blht( d} vbslmcm mdooczcl}ht, D} vbslmcm nbzc zcegh glm b}`czubzhmht( gv do v`c ugv ozbn }`c lg}dbl bo Zbngldg,

@c mdmlµ} ilbu u`g} }b cp{cf} u`cl `c gzzd cm, Dlv}cgm bo `cz Hgmt Esgzmdgl vcho( Gzdglg ugv lbu g Mzgeblubho, Bmmht clbse ( }`c lcu obzn vsd}cm `cz, Gzdglg ugv }ghidle }b gl bhmcz nghc Mzgeblubho ud}` mgzi jhgfi

mzgebl udlev( }`dfi jhgfi osz glm }gdh }b ng}f`, Ugv }`dv Mzgfbldv }`g} v`c v{bic bo2 Hbzm Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv }`g} fhgdncm `cz gv `dv ng}c glm v gzcm `dv ncnbzdcv ud}` `cz( }b}ghht f`gledle `cz obz ghh c}czld}t2 Ugv }`dv }`c nghc u`bvc zbse` bdfc `gsl}cm `dv }`bse`}v( }`zcg}cldle }b clm `dv cpdv}clfc do Mczzdfi }zdcm }b vclm g }chc{g}`df ncvvgec }b Gzdglgµv ndlm2

D} ugv }dnc }b odlm bs},Mczzdfi glm Mzgfbldv nc} ctc }b ctc,*Vsh`ctg(* Mczzdfi vgdm {bhd}cht,Mzgfbldv lbmmcm, *Vsh`ctg tbszvcho( v}zglecz, @bu dv d} tbs ilbu }`c

Glfdcl} Ubho.V{cgi2* *D hcgzlcm d} ozbn Hgmt Esgzmdgl,* Mczzdfi gllbslfcm, @c }zdcm }b idvv

Gzdglg js} v`c v`bbi `cz `cgm glm dlf`cm gugt ozbn `dn( fhbvcz }b Mzgfbldvµ vdmc, Mzgfbldv nc} `dv ctcv glm ezbuhcm gegdl, Mczzdfi ugv lcz bsv js} fbl}dlscm md{hbng}dfghht, *D gn ilbul gv }`c [zb}cf}bz bo }`c Zcghnv( Hgmt Esgzmdgl%v Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz glm fblvbz},*

*D ubshm vgt {hcgvszc }b ncc} tbs( js} d} dv lb},* Mzgfbldv lbmmcm ud}` g ozbul,

*Mzgfbldv'* Gzdglg }szlcm }b Mczzdfi( v`bficm g} `cz ng}cµv jc`g dbz,*[zb}cf}bz( }`dv dv Hbzm Mzgfbldv Mzg}dglbv( Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm nt ng}c,*

V b d} ugv }`c vgnc est ' Mczzdfi }`bse`} }b `dnvcho, @c ocdelcm v`bfi,*Ng}c2 U`g} }`c `chh2* @c mcnglmcm, *U`cl mdm }`g} `g{{cl( Gzdglg Nbbl2*

½D }bhm tbs ghzcgmt(³ Gzdglg ezbuhcm g} }`c lgnc, *D gn lb hblecz Gzdglg Nbbl, D gn Hgmt Cn{zcvv Gmchhglmzg Mzgllg Mzg}dglbv bo Ngh%cv}gz glm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, D `g c lb }dnc obz cp{hglg}dblv lbu( nbz}gh( vb {hcgvc( v}c{ gvdmc glm hc} nc ezcc} bsz f`dhmzcl g} }`c [ghgfc,*

*Fgzcosh( ozdmdv`mg(* Mzgfbldv {szzcm dl Gmchhglmzgµv cgz( asv} hbsm clbse` obz Mczzdfi }b `cgz }`c obzcdel ubzm,

Gmchhglmzg }szlcm }b `dn glm fghncm `czvcho( hcgmdle }`c }`zcc bo }`cn }b }`c Ntv}df [ghgfc,




Mczzdfi fbshm vclvc }`c hb dle zg{{bz} jc}uccl }`cn( glm hblecm obz }`c bhm mgtv( u`cl `c glm dv Gzdglg fbnnsldfg}cm }`c vgnc ugt, ]`ct svcm lb ubzmv( asv} hb dle ehglfcv glm vdn{hc }bsf`cv, D} ubshm lc cz jc }`c vgnc gegdl jc}uccl }`cn9 `c ilcu d},

Gmchhglmzg ezcc}cm g obzhbzl glm ozgqqhcm Hbzm B%Mchh, Mczzdfi vgu }`c

f`dhmzcl uczc }ztdle }b f`ccz `dn s{ glm icc{ `dn }ghidle,*B%Mchh2* Gmchhglmzg gvicm( ughidle }b `dn glm `seedle `dv Udqgzm%v obzn,*@bu gzc tbs mbdle( Bhm ozdclm2*

B%Mchh v`bbi `dv `cgm, *Lb} uchh( Hgmt Esgzmdgl, D `g c hbv} ghh hbedf( d} vccnv, Clf`gl}zg `gv fgse`} nc mbdle }`dlev D ubshm lbznghht lb} mb, ]`c [ghgfc glm }`c Zcghn gzc dl zsdlv jcfgsvc bo d},*

*Nt Hbzm( ghh udhh jc uchh,* Mczzdfiµv v}c{mgse`}cz Ichdlg Czdl gllbslfcm,*Tcg`( go}cz Bz}`bv dv mcv}zbtcm,* @dv vbl Ngzi Gl}blt vgdm vgzfgv}dfghht,*Js} d} udhh jc uchh( jzb}`cz,* @dv b}`cz }udl.vbl Glmzcu vs{{hdcm, *Tbs udhh

vcc, Nb}`cz udhh mcv}zbt Bz}`bv dl ghh }`zcc bo tbs glm }`c mgt udhh jc vg cm blfc gegdl,*

Gmchhglmzg fhcgzcm cz }`zbg}( vndhdle g} }`cn, *Mbl%} gzesc( f`dhmzcl,* ]`ct `gmlµ} vccl `cz v}glmdle }`czc dl Mzgeblubho obzn lcp} }b Mzgfbldv,

]`ct vgu `cz glm }szlcm( `seedle `cz hcev,G} hcgv} }`cdz f`dhmzcl uczc v}dhh }`cdz bul( glm gmlµ} f`glecm, Mczzdfi

ugv ehgm bo }`g},*Nbn( tbs hbbi ucdzm,* @dv svsghht.vdhcl} mgse`}cz Nchbmt zcngzicm,D} ubshm vccn dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv( Nchbmt Chdqgjc}` ugv gjhc }b v{cgi

bs} hbsm,*D%n dl Mzgeblubho obzn( Nch,* Gmchhglmzg `seecm `cz, *U`czc dv tbsz

jzb}`cz2* *]`cbµv {hgtdle ud}` Fchdlc glm ]decz bs} jgfi,* Ichdlg( Ichht( glvuczcm,*Eb ud}` }`cn( udhh tbs2* ]`c Hgmt gvicm, *Ghh bo tbs, D lccm }b v{cgi ud}`

B%Mchh ghblc ud}` tbsz og}`cz glm Hbzm Mzgfbldv,* Nchbmt hbbicm g} Mzgfbldv glm och} `dv udlev, @c mdml%} vccn }b ndlm,*Gzc tbs zcghht Hbzm Mzgfbldv bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv2* Nchbmt gvicm, *]`c

blc Mzgfbzg }ghiv gjbs}2* Mzgfbldv fhcgzcm `dv }`zbg}, *Gtc( }`g} ubshm jc nc,* *Ebbm,* Nchbmt vs{{hdcm( }`cl hco} ud}` `cz jzb}`czv glm vdv}cz bs} jgfi,*Nt Hbzm,* Gmchhglmzg jcegl( glm jb}` Mzgfbldv glm B%Mchh }szlcm }b

glvucz, Mczzdfi `gm }b vndhc, *D ncgl} B%Mchh, ]`dv dv nt ng}c( Hbzm Mzgfbldv Mzg}dglbv( Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,*

B%Mchh hbbicm g} `dn glm ezdllcm, *Tbs hbbi asv} hdic Jzgiibl, D fgl vcc d} dl tbsz mgzi ctcv,*

]`g} vsz{zdvcm Gmchhglmzg glm Mczzdfi( js} lb} Mzgfbldv,*]`gli tbs( Hbzm BµMchh,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm,Mczzdfi `gm }b v{cgi s{, *Bi( D ugl} gl cp{hglg}dbl bl `bu }`dv ng}c jd}

fgnc gjbs},* Mzgfbldv }szlcm }b `dn, *V`c vgdm v`c ubshm cp{hgdl hg}cz, Uc `g c nbzc

dn{bz}gl} jsvdlcvv }b mdvfsvv,* ]`ct v}gzcm g} cgf` b}`cz( cgf` ugl}dle }b {zb c }`cnvch cv }b }`c b}`cz,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :;;..

*Gf}sghht hgl}g( }`g} dv u`g} D fgnc `czc obz,* Gmchhglmzg dl}czzs{}cm, *]`g}(glm ec}}dle }`c {dcfcv bo Bz}`bv bs} bo sv jcobzc }`ct mcv}zbt sv ozbn }`c dlvdmc bs},*

*D v}glm fbzzcf}cm,* Mzgfbldv vgdm,Mczzdfi }bbi g vcg}, *Uchh( D {zcocz }b vd},*

*Mb gv tbs udv`,* Mzgfbldv vgdm }b `dn( }`cl }szlcm jgfi }b `dv ng}c,*Mgzhdle2* *]`gli tbs,* Gmchhglmzg vgdm( hbbidle gegdl g} B%Mchh, *@g c tbs odeszcm

bs} `bu }b ec} Bz}`bv bs} bo sv tc}2* Hbzm BµMchh blht v`bbi `dv `cgm9 `dv svsghht jzde`} ctcv uczc mgzi glm

fhbsmcm,@c dv blht g ngvi bo `dv obzncz vcho, Mzgfbldv vcl} }b Gmchhglmzgµv ndlm(

blht Mczzdfi `cgzm gv uchh, ]`c }`bse`} bo }`c Hbzm Cn{czbz jcdle bl }`c vgnc ndlm.{g}` gv `c glm Gmchhglmzg dzicm `dn,

Mczzdfi vcc}`cm gjbs} }`c lcufbncz dl Gzdglg.Gmchhglmzgµv hdoc,Slobz}slg}cht obz `dn( v`c fbshm vclvc d} glm `soocm g} `dn,

*Do tbs mbl%} ugl} }b jc `czc vb jgmht( Mczzdfi Zcgmdle( }`cl hcg c,* *D ugl} }b ilbu u`g}%v ebdle bl'* @c mcnglmcm,*Tbs udhh( asv} `g c {g}dclfc,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm dn, *Zde`} lbu( D fgl occh

tbs jb}` vcc}`dle glm D mbl%} hdic d} blc jd},* Mczzdfi v}bbm, *U`g} }`c `chh `gv `g{{clcm }b tbs2* Mzgfbldv v}bbm gv uchh( dl g zcgmt {bvd}dbl obz g odv} ode`}, *D vseecv} tbs

hdv}cl }b }`c Hgmt, Hcg c( jcobzc D `g c }b idhh tbs bs}zde`} obz tbsz mdvzcv{cf},* * V dhclfdg '* ]`c Hgmt zbgzcm( v}b{{dle jb}` bo }`cn, *V}b{ }`dv zde`} lbu(

jb}` bo tbs, Mczzdfi( eb }b }`c Fbsl}cvv dl Nblgzf`%v Ehcl obz lbu, V`c lccmv g lcu hdgdvbl glm gvvgh( lb} }b ncl}dbl fbn{gldblv`d{ bo glb}`cz, D%hh vcc }b tbs ntvcho hg}cz,*

Mczzdfi mdml%} wscv}dbl( cv{cfdghht u`cl `c vgu }`c jhgfi dl `cz ctcv, *Tcv(Hgmt Esgzmdgl,*

Ud}` }`g}( `c mdvg{{cgzcm, DDD

*_czt uchh mblc( nt hb c,* Mzgfbldv ezdllcm g} `dv ng}c( {zbsm,*]`gli tbs( js} uc `g c jsvdlcvv }b g}}clm }b,* Gmchhglmzg vgdm( ebdle }b

B%Mchh%v vdmc glm }gidle `dv `glm, *B%Mchh( mb tbs ilbu u`t D }bbi s{ nt Hgmt Esgzmdgl zbhc2*

B%Mchh v`bbi `dv `cgm,*Jcfgsvc tbs uczc slgjhc }b `glmhc d}( glm lb} c cl bsz Fbn{gldblv

ubshm }zsv} }`cdz Hbzm gf}dle hdic }`c blfc.mcv}zbtcm Ngv}cz,* V`c }bhm `dn, *Ud}` Mzgfbldv% `ch{( uc udhh ec} Bz}`bv bs} bo sv glm mcv}zbtcm obzc cz,*

B%Mchh blht lbmmcm `dv `cgm,*Obz lbu( D mb jchdc c uc lccm g lcu Hbzm Esgzmdgl,* V`c }bhm `dn wsdc}ht,

*Blc }`g} }`c Fbn{gldblv fgl }zsv} glm zcv{cf} gv nsf` gv }`ct mb sv,* B%Mchh hbbicm s{ g} `cz( }`cl Mzgfbldv, *D gezcc( Hgmt Gmchhglmzg, Tbsz

ng}c ubshm ngic g od}}dle Hbzm Esgzmdgl dl nt {hgfc, D ugv od} }b zc}dzc }b nt fgv}hc dl {cgfc gltugt, Ud}` }`c }`zcg} bo Bz}`bv dl nt ndlm( d} ubshm jc lcgzht



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :;:..

V}bzt &61B z}`bv µ Odlgh Mcv}zsf}dbl

B%Mchh `seecm `dn, *Uchfbnc jgfi }b }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv( Hbzm Esgzmdgl,*

Mzgfbldv lbmmcm, *D ubshm vgt d} dv ebbm }b jc jgfi( js} slmcz }`c fszzcl} fdzfsnv}glfcv( }`g} dv hco} }b ugd},* @c fhcgzcm `dv }`zbg}, *Gv nt odzv} ms}t gv Hbzm Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv glm nt Hgmt%v fblvbz} glm ng}c( D udhh( jt ghh }`c jhbbm glm {bucz }`g} dv dl nt cdlv( zdm ghh }`zcc bo tbs bo Bz}`bv,*

*D gezcc( js} }`czc dv asv} blc {zbjhcn ud}` }`g}( nt hb c,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `dn,

*[zbjhcn2* *Ezglm Ngesv dv uzcgidle `g bf gnble }`c Zcghnv ud}` Bz}`bv% Mgzi

Ngedf,* V`c vgdm, *Uc `g c }b odlm glm v}b{ `cz odzv},* *Obhhbu tbsz lcu }dcv( Hgmt Esgzmdgl,* B%Mchh }bhm `cz, V`c }szlcm glm `c

vndhcm, *V`c mdm svc }`c V{`czc }b }dc ghh }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv }bec}`cz zcfcl}ht,

Svc }`g} }dc }b odlm `cz,* *Ezglm Ngesv ugv gjhc }b fbl}zbh }`c mcv}zsf}d c ngedf bo }`c Mzcgn

Zcghnv% V{`czc2* Mzgfbldv gvicm( dlfzcmshbsv,*Gtc( Mzgfbldv,* B%Mchh vs{{hdcm,*U`cl d} fbncv }b }`c Ezglm Ngesv( lc cz slmczcv}dng}c `cz bz `cz

gjdhd}dcv,* Hgmt Gmchhglmzg zcngzicm, *V`c `gv ghugtv jccl }`c }udl }`g} fbshm `glmhc }`c nbzc mgzicz vdmc bo bsz Glfdcl} Ntv}df Ngedf, V`c hcgzlv c czt idlm bo ngedf wsdfiht glm fbl}zbhv d} cgvdht go}cz g ocu vcho.}gse`} hcvvblv, ]`g} dv u`t v`c dv fghhcm Ezglm Ngesv,*

*D vcc,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm, *]`g} vbslmv hdic vbncblc chvc D svcm }b ilbu,* Gmchhglmzg v}gzcm g} `dn glm `c ezdllcm, *Tbs mb zcncnjcz tbsz bul msb.vd}g Gmgzzgnclg( mb tbs lb}2*

*D mb lbu( }`gliv }b tbs, Mdm tbs ugl} }b ilbu vbnc}`dle osllt2* *D fbshm svc g f`sfihc,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm ud}` g vndhc,*Gmgzzg dv }`c Ezglm Ngesv% Fzgo}lgnc( ozbn }`c Ngedfi bo }`c Jhsc Nbbl

Fb cl%v bul @de` [zdcv}cvv( Mgzhclc Jclldle}bl( b}`czudvc ilbul gv %Zcm V`guh V}gzf`gvcz,%*

*]`g} dv osllt,* Mzgfbldv vgdm, *D zcfghh blc bo tbsz ncnbzdcv bo `cz jcdle jhbbm.jbslm }b g Odzcv}bzn,* Gmchhglmzg lbmmcm, *Muchhcz.idl Ug}f`cz glm g Mzgfbldgl, Odzcv}bzn nsv} `g c och} vbnc}`dle dl `cz }`g} lccmcm zchcgvc( glm ugv }`c blht Muchhcz.idl }b mb glt}`dle gjbs} d},*

*@nnn,* V`c vgdm( dl mcc{ }`bse`}, *Tbs%zc zde`}, @c mdm,* Gmchhglmzg fhbvcm `cz ctcv glm vcgzf`cm }`zbse` }`c hdliv }b odlm `cz, D} mdml%} }gic js} g vcfblm( glm jcfgsvc }`ct uczc }udlv glm `gm }`g} jblm ghzcgmt( v`c ilcu u`g} `cz vdv}cz ugv mbdle, Gmchhglmzg b{clcm `cz ctcv, *Hc}%v eb zcndlm nt vd}g bo u`b v`c dv,*

Mzgfbldv jhdlicm glm vndhcm( glm B%Mchh asv} lbmmcm,*[hcgvgl} Abszlctv( Hbzm glm Hgmt Esgzmdgl,* B%Mchh gllbslfcm gv }`ct

}bbi ohde`},



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :;6..

DD

½D mblµ} slmczv}glm u`t tbsµzc }zgdldle sv vb `gzm( Ubho,³ Gmgzzg gv }`c Ezglm Ngesv u`dlcm }b `cz bhm Fbn{gldbl.Fzsvgmcz ozdclm Vdzc Ubho}bl V}gzegqcz, V`c ugv {zgf}dfdle `cz vubzm.ubzi ud}` `dn, ½D ncgl( dvlµ} }`c ugz

b cz2 Gzclµ} }`c Zcghnv dl {cgfc2 D mblµ} ec} d},³ ½Tbs lc cz ec} d}( Ezglm Ngesv,³ Ubho vs{{hdcm ud}` g f`sfihc, ½Lbu(@gi.}dg'³

]`g} ubzm ( v`c }`bse`}, D}µv Ubho.V {cgi glm ncglv ½g}}cl}dbl,³ Gmgzzg v}bbm g} g}}cl}dbl( `cz jhgmc ncc}dle `dv dl }`c ndmmhc bo g v{gzzdle

fdzfhc,Obz }`c jc}}cz {gz} bo gl `bsz( }`ct v{gzzcm ud}` }`cdz vubzmv,Dl }`c ndmmhc bo }`cdz obsz}` zbslm bo v{gzzdle( }`ct vclvcm g hgzec V`c.

Ubho jbslmdle s{ }b }`cn,½Vsh`ctg( Ubho}bl nt bhm ozdclm,³ ]`c V`c.Ubho fghhcm gv v`c }gfihcm `dn,

@c ochh }b }`c ezbslm( vubzm ohtdle bs} bo `dv `glm, V`c hdficm `dv ogfc glm

lsmecm `dv lbvc dl ezcc}dle,Gmgzzg ezdllcm( `bhmdle dl g hgse`,½D} vszcht `gv jccl gu`dhc( Hgmt Esgzmdgl,³ Ubho}bl hgse`cm( `seedle `cz,

½D ilbu }`g} V`c.Ubho obzn bo tbszv gltu`czc,³ Gmchhglmzg v}c{{cm jgfi glm v`do}cm }b `cz Mzgeblubho obzn jcobzc `ch{dle

`dn s{, @c zc}zdc cm `dv jhgmc glm v`cg}`cm d}, *D }`dli uc gzc mblc obz }`c mgt( mb tbs lb} gezcc( Ezglm Ngesv2* Vdzc

Ubho}bl gvicm `cz vdv}cz, *D} ugv g ebbm ubzibs}( D udhh ed c tbs }`g},* *Odlc( D%n odldv`cm,* V`c v`cg}`cm `cz jhgmc glm `seecm `cz }udl, *Uchh(

vdv}cz( tbs% c zc}szlcm }b sv,* *Lb} blht `g c D zc}szlcm( js} D%n bl g ndvvdbl,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `cz u`g}

`g{{clcm g} }`c [ghgfc,Ezglm Ngesv hbbicm g} Hbzm Mzgfbldv, *D ilcu tbs hbbicm ogndhdgz,* *Mb tbs ilbu u`b tbs gzc( n%Hgmt2* Mzgfbldv gvicm `cz,V`c ugv dl `cz Ezglm Ngesv.nbz}gh obzn v`c hdicm }b }gic gv `cz }d}hc,*D gn }`c Ezglm Ngesv bo }`c Zcghnv,* V`c }bhm `dn( v`zseedle, *U`b chvc

ubshm D jc2* *Uchh( obz blc( tbs gzc Hgmt Gmchhglmzg%v msb.Vd}g( Gmgzzgnclg,* Mzgfbldv

asv} ezdllcm,*Hgmt Gmchhglmzg2* Gmgzzg ugv fblosvcm, *Msb.Vd}g2 @s`2* *D `g c `cgzm v}bzdcv ozbn }`c [gfiv(* Ubho v}gz}cm, *Ng}äzä svcm }b }chh sv

gjbs} }`c Hbv} Blcv( ud}` Hgmt Gmchhglmzg jcdle }`cdz bul Ng}äzä, ]chh nc( `g c }`ct jccl obslm2*

Mzgfbldv lbmmcm, *Tbs gzc hbbidle g} Hgmt Gmchhglmzg( nt ubho ozdclm,* Ubho}bl hbbicm g} Gmchhglmzg, *Hgmt Esgzmdgl2 Tbsz ng}c2 D `b{c tbs }bhm

}`c [zb}cf}bz gjbs} `dn,* *Dl ogf}( uc asv} fgnc ozbn }`czc,* Gmchhglmzg vs{{hdcm, *D lb} blht }bhm `dn(

D v`bucm `dn, ]`c [zb}cf}bz dv lbu g} Nblgzf`%v Ehcl ud}` }`c Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg(u`b asv} `g{{clv }b jc Mzgfbldv% tbslecz vdv}cz,*



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :;=..

*D vcc,* Vdzc Ubho}bl zc{hdcm }`cl vndhcm, *Nt( `g c uc f`glecm vdlfc uc hgv} v{bic2*

*Tbs ubshml%} jchdc c `bu nsf`,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `dn, *Gmgzzg( Ubho}bl(ncc} Hbzm Mzgfbldv Mzg}dglbv( Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm lbu Hbzm Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv, Mzgfbldv( ncc} nt fhbvc( {czvblgh ozdclm Ubho}bl

V}gzegqcz( Vdzc bo V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc glm }`c cl}dzc Fgldlc _ghhct,* *Lb} }b ncl}dbl Fbn{gldbl.Fzsvgmcz glm @cgm bo }`c Fbn{gldbl Gzndcv,* Ubho}bl zcndlmcm nc,

*@bu fbshm D obzec}2* ]`c Hgmt ezdllcm,Ubho}bl hgse`cm, *Uchh( D mdm vg c tbsz js}} nbzc }`gl blfc( nt ozdclm,* *Tbs fgl fghh nc Hgmt Gmchhglmzg,* V`c }bhm `dn, *Obz }`g} dv u`b D gn( asv}

gv Gmgzzg `czc dv Hgmt Gmgzzgnclg( nt msb.Vd}g,* *Ugd} asv} g ndls}c,* Gmgzzg vs{{hdcm( obhmdle `cz gznv, *D mbl%} jchdc c g

ubzm bo }`dv,* *U`g} mb tbs lb} jchdc c2* Mzgfbldv gvicm `cz( ud}`bs} cnb}dbl,*]`dv, ]`g} tbs%zc lbu }`c Hbzm Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv ud}` nt vdv}cz jt

tbsz vdmc,* *D%n gozgdm tbs gzc ngmht ndv}gicl( Vd}g,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `cz( mchdjczg}cht

svdle Glfdcl} Ubho.V{cgi, Ngtjc do v`c svcm d} clbse`( `cz vdv}cz ubshm zcncnjcz2 *D} dv Mzgfbldv }`g} v}glmv jt nt vdmc `czc gv Hbzm Esgzmdgl, D v}glm jt `dv gv Cn{zcvv bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,*

*U`g}c cz(* Gmgzzg `soocm,Mzgfbldv ozbulcm( }`cl }bbi `cz }cn{hcv dl `dv `glmv glm v}gzcm mdzcf}ht dl

`cz ctcv, Gmchhglmzg glm Ubho}bl zcfbeldqcm u`g} `c ugv mbdle, @c ugv v`gzdle }`c vgnc ncnbzdcv ud}` Gmgzzg }`g} `c v`gzcm ud}` Gmchhglmzg9 }`bvc }`g} `gm }b mb ud}` `cz glm u`b v`c zcghht ugv,

D} }bbi g nbncl} obz `cz }b v`gic bs} bo }`c mgqc v`c ugv dl go}cz `c zchcgvcm `cz,

*Lbu( Gmgzzgnclg( }chh nc do tbs `g c mbsj}v }b bsz ubzmv,* *Lb} gltnbzc( Hbzm Mzgfbldv,* Gmgzzg%v bdfc u`dv{czcm, *Tbs% c odhhcm dl g

hb} bo eg{v dl nt ndlm, ]`gli tbs, D jchdc c tbs lbu,* *D ubshm `b{c vb( jcfgsvc }`czc dv lb htdle dl }`c ndlm,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm

`cz, *Lbu }`cl( v`ghh uc `cgm jgfi }b }`c Ntv}df [ghgfc2* Gmgzzgnclg lbmmcm, *Gv fszdbsv gv D gn gjbs} }`c Mgzi Ngedf( Jzg}}blg( D

mb lb} hdic jcdle {hgescm jt d} nt czt ugidle `bszv,* *Bl }`g}( c cl D fgl gezcc,* Mzgfbldv gllbslfcm, *Ugv g {hcgvszc ncc}dle

tbs( Vdzc Ubho}bl bo V}gzegqcz Fgv}hc glm }`c Fgldlc _ghhct,³ Ubho}bl jhsv`cm, *Nt Hbzm( tbs fgl fghh nc Ubho, D gn g Fbn{gldbl.

Fzsvgmcz glm fhbvc ozdclm bo tbsz Hgmt%v,* *]`g}%v }zsc( nt hb c,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `dn,Mzgfbldv v`bbi Ubho}bl%v {gu, *Dl }`g} fgvc( fghh nc Mzgfbldv, Glt ozdclm

bo nt Hgmt%v dv g ozdclm bo ndlc,* @c }szlcm jgfi }b Gmchhglmzg glm ezgv{cm `cz `glm, @c v`do}cm }b dv bul Mzgebl vcho, *V`ghh uc( hgmdcv2*

Gmgzzg ugv gucm( Gmchhglmzg asv} edeehcm,*Tbs fgl v`do}( }bb Gmgzzg,* V`c }bhm `cz }udl, *Tbs mbl%} `g c }b ec} zdm bo

tbsz Ezglm Ngesv Zbjcv js} tbs fgl v`do} }b tbsz lg}szgh obzn,*




*Glm u`g} ubshm }`g} jc2* Gmgzzg gvicm,*G Mzgeblubho( hdic nc,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `cz, *Go}cz ghh( uc gzc msb.vd}gv,* Gmgzzg ezdllcm( }`cl v`do}cm }b Mzgeblubho obzn, *Tbs ncgl hdic }`dv2* Gmchhglmzg hgse`cm( }gidle }b }`c vidcv ud}` Mzgfbldv,*@ct tbs }ub( ugd} s{'* ]`ct `cgzm `cz fzt gv v`c }zdcm }b fg}f` s{ ud}`

}`cn, *D mb jchdc c uc `g c bsz Gmgzzgnclg jgfi,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm Mzgfbldv dl `cz ndlm,

@c hbbicm jgfi g} `cz glm lbmmcm, *D fgllb} ugd} obz `cz }b zcsld}c ud}` `cz ng}c( nt }udl Mzgiigz,*

*]`g} dv ebdle }b jc dl}czcv}dle,* Gmchhglmzg hgse`cm,

Ghh }`zcc mcvfclmcm }b }`c ezbslm( glm Mzgfbldv v`do}cm jgfi }b `dv vnghhcz Mzgeblubho obzn vb `c fbshm od} }`zbse` }`c [ghgfc mbbz, ]`ct ughicm dl( glm }`c c cz.vdhcl} Mzglsv( u`b%m jccl obhhbudle fhbvc.jt }`c u`bhc }dnc( v}gtcm bs}vdmc }`c [ghgfc glm ugd}cm,

*Tbs ilbu( vdv}cz( }`g} nghc dv fzcc{t,* Gmgzzg vs{{hdcm,*]`g} nghc `gv g lgnc( glm d}%v Mzglsv,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `cz, *@c%v

Mzgfbldv% glm nt jbmtesgzm,* *Jbmtesgzm,* Gmgzzg ugvl%} fbl dlfcm, *Zde`}, Hc}%v asv} ec} }`dv b cz ud}`(

v`ghh uc2* *Gtgcvig(* Gmchhglmzg nsnjhcm( zbhhdle `cz ctcv,*Clbse`( tbs }ub,* Mzgfbldv ezdllcm, *Tbs%zc fgfihdle hdic g fbs{hc bo bhm

`clv,* *Dl fgvc tbs `g c obzeb}}cl Hbzm Mzgfbldv( uc gzc g fbs{hc bo bhm `clv,*

Gmgzzg v}sfi `cz }blesc bs},Gmchhglmzg hgse`cm( {g}}dle `cz }udl bl }`c jgfi, *Ebbm }b `g c tbs jgfi(

Gmgzzgnclg,* Gmgzzg asv} ezdllcm,Hgmt Gmchhglmzg vcgzf`cm }`c [ghgfc obz Hbzm B%Mchh, @c ugv bs}vdmc jt

}`c Chcncl}gh ]buczv, ]`c Cgz}` glm Odzc ]buczv uczc fzsnjhcm }b }`c ezbslm,*Ebmmcvv(* V`c egv{cm, *B%Mchh( u`g} `g{{clcm2* ½Mgndgl,* ]`g}%v ghh v`c lccmcm, Gmchhglmzg ezbuhcm, *D mbl%} fgzc do Mzglsv `gv }b

v}gt ud}` sv( `c%v ebdle }b odlm ]zdv}dgl glm Izbldl glm jzdle }`cn jgfi `czc,* *D gezcc ud}` tbs,* Mzgfbldv hco} `cz vdmc obz g ocu nbncl}v glm fgnc

jgfi, *Bsz iglbv v`bshm jc zc}szldle v`bz}ht,* V`c lbmmcm, *Dl }`c ncgl}dnc( }dnc }b ec} g fcz}gdl Mbndldbld}c Ngv}cz glm

ghh `dv {gz}v bs} bo }`c }`zcc bo sv,* *Zde`},* F`bzsvcm jb}` B%Mchh glm Gmgzzg,*@g c uc odeszcm bs} g ugt tc}2* Gmgzzg gvicm,*D nde`} `g c,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm, *@c dv g}}zgf}cm }b mgzi clczedcv glm

ngedf( gn D zde`}2* ]`ct lbmmcm,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :;?..

*Glm jcdle D gn }`c Mgzicv}( `c v`bshm jc cgvdht glm wsdfiht g}}zgf}cm }b nc,* Mzgfbldv fbl}dlscm, *D%hh hszc `dn bs} bo tbs glm( ud}` Gmchhglmzg%v `ch{(mcv}zbt `dn dl `dv c}`czcgh obzn,*

Gmchhglmzg jhdlicm, ]`g} mdml%} vbslm hdic vsf` g jgm dmcg' *]b ec} Bz}`bv jgfi dl c}`czcgh obzn dv {czocf}'*

D }bhm tbs nt jzg}}bl ubshm ilbu u`g} }b mb , Mzgfbzg%v bdfc cf`bcm dl `cz ndlm,Gmchhglmzg ezdllcm( v`gidle `cz `cgm, ]`g} tbs mdm( J hs. V d}g, *U`g} gzc tbs ezdlldle g}2* Mzgfbldv gvicm ud}` g vndhc bo `dv bul,*Mzgfbzg,* ]`c }udlv f`bzsvcm,*Gltugt(* Gmchhglmzg jhsv`cm gugt( ec}}dle jgfi }b jsvdlcvv, *Vubzmv

glm ngedfv g} }`c zcgmt,* *Ghhbu nc( nt mgzhdle,* Mzgfbldv v`do}cm }b `dv mzgebl obzn glm fghhcm gl

dlfgl}g}dbl dl Mzgfbldgl,Jb}` }udlv glm BµMchh fbshm occh }`c {shh bo Bz}`bv jcdle hszcm bs} bo }`cn(

glm }`c zcm ngedf bo }`c Ngv}cz%v Cn{g}`t ugv obzfcm bs} bo Gmchhglmzg, ]`c

vgnc ugv mblc ud}` }`c jhsc clczet bo `dv Hbedf ozbn B%Mchh glm jhgfi clczet bo `dv Ngedf ozbn Gmgzzg, Ghh }`zcc ug}f`cm dl guc gv }`c fdzfhcv bo ngedf jcfgnc blc jcdle,

Gegdl( ghd c glm dl }`c c}`czcgh.ohcv`( ugv }`c Bhm Mbndldbld}c Ngv}cz(Bz}`bv, B%Mchh%v }udl glm }`c tbslecz }udlvµ Ezcg}.Ezglmslfhc, ]`c nbv} c dh }`dle }`ct% c c cz ilbul( u`b svc }b mcv}zbt fbsl}hcvv vc}v bo Fbn{gldblv asv}

obz osl( }gic }`cdz id}v obz `dv Ugzzdbz Gznt glm uzcgi ghh vbz}v bo `g bf gegdlv} Mzcgnczv,

G} }`c vde`} bo `dn( Gmchhglmzg v`do}cm }b `cz jhgfi V{dzd} Mzgebl obzn glm ezbuhcm hbsmht,

*Mcv}zbt `dn( lbu'* ]`c Hgmt zbgzcm g} `cz bul ng}c( }`c zcm dl `cz ctcv ehbudle jzde`}, *Jcobzc D mb'*

Ns}}czdle glb}`cz dlfgl}g}dbl dl Mcnbldf }`dv }dnc( Hbzm Mzgfbldv _dhdlbv Mzg}dglbv( Hbzm Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm Hbzm Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv(zgdvcm `dv ngedf `de`, @c jbzzbucm }`c ngedf ozbn }`c mgzicz vdmcv bo `dv ng}cµv Mzgfbldgl( Glfdcl} Ntv}df glm Ubhoidl( mcv}zbtdle Bz}`bv obz }`c odlgh }dnc,

]`c msb zbgzcm hbsmht }b }`c vidcv( }b hc} }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv ilbu }`cdz lcu Hbzm glm Hgmt Esgzmdgl ncgl} jsvdlcvv,

Gmchhglmzg ugv }`c odzv} }b v`do} jgfi dl Hgmt Esgzmdgl.obzn, Mzgfbldv ogdl}cm ozbn cp`gsv}dbl( v`do}dle jgfi }b `dv mcnd.obzn, V`c ohcm }b `dv vdmc,

Mzglsv glm }`cdz iglbv fgnc g} }`g} nbncl}, *U`g} g v{cf}gfshgz mdv{hgt bo {bucz2* Mzglsv gvicm,

]zdv}dgl {szzcm( gezccdle glm Izbldl lbmmcm,*D gezcc( Hgmt Gmchhglmzg,* ]zdv}dgl vs{{hdcm, *U`g} mdm tbs glm Og}`cz

mb2* *Fghh nc Ns}tz bz Ng}äzä,* V`c }bhm `dn ud}` g vnghh vndhc, Mzgfbldv% `cgm

hgdm dl `cz `glmv glm v`c idvvcm d}, *Uc mcv}zbtcm }`c c dh ud}`dl }`c }`zcc bo sv9 Gmgzzgnclg( nt msb.Vd}g( Hbzm B%Mchh( bsz Ezcg}.Ezgl{czc( glm ntvcho,*

*Tbs zcncnjcz( Ns}tz2* Izbldl gvicm ud}` g ezdl, @c `seecm `dv nb}`cz,




*Gtc( iglb, D zcncnjcz,* Gmchhglmzg }szlcm }b `cz }udl( u`b ugv v}dhh mgqcm glm fblosvcm, *Gmgzzgnclg Mzgllg( ncc} tbsz lc{`cuv( nt iglb Izbldl glm gmb{}cm.iglb ]zdv}dgl,*

Gmgzzg fbshml%} vgt nsf`( blht lbmmcm, *[hcgvszc,* V`c zsjjcm `cz `cgm,*Vb tbs estv mdm d}( `s`2*

*Mzgfbldv glm D mdm d} }bec}`cz( tcv, Uc mdm mcv}zbt Bz}`bv( obz ebbm,* Izbldl hbbicm }`c }`zcc bo }`cn b cz, *Tbs v}dhh `g c }zgfcv bo Mgzi Ntv}df Ngedf dl tbs,*

*_czt ebbm( iglb,* Gmchhglmzg vs{{hdcm, *Jcdle }`c }`zcc bo sv gzc Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv( uc ghugtv `g c }`c Mgzi Ntv}df Ngedf ud}`dl sv }b zcngdl jghglfcm,*

Mzgfbldv nbglcm dl `cz gznv, @c hbbicm s{ g} `cz glm blht }`bse`}, Occmnc( hgl}g ,

Gmchhglmzg lbmmcm( `bhmdle `dv `cgm }b `cz jzcgv}, @c fb czcm }`cn jb}` ud}` `dv udlev glm Ocm ozbn `cz( zc{hcldv`dle `dnvcho ud}` `cz jhbbm,

Ugl}dle vbnc {zd gft( v`c vcl} Mzglsv }`c ncvvgec, Hcg c sv, ]gic}`cn ghh ud}` tbs,

*Fbnc ud}` nc( ghh bo tbs,* Mzglsv gllbslfcm, *Hbzm B%Mchh glm Hgmt Gmgzzgnclg lccm zcv}( glm Hbzm glm Hgmt Esgzmdgl lccm }b jc hco} ghblc,*

Ud}`bs} osz}`cz wscv}dblv( ghh od c bo }`cn hco}( `dmdle dlvdmc }`c [ghgfc,½@g c tbs Ocm clbse`( mcgzcv}2³ Gmchhglmzg gvicm `dn vucc}ht( idvvdle

`dv `cgm,@c hdficm }`c {zdfi.ubslmv fhbvcm glm idvvcm `cz hd{v, *Gtc( fgzg ndg,* *D}ghdgl,³ Gmchhglmzg ezdllcm, ½D mdml%} ilbu tbs ilcu D}ghdgl( nt hb c,* Mzgfbldv `chm `cz, *D v{cgi nglt mdooczcl} hglesgecv( glm ghugtv }`c

hglesgec bo hb c obz nt ng}c,* Gmchhglmzg {szzcm( idvvdle `dn {gvvdblg}cht glm `cgmcm jgfi }b }`c

Ntv}df [ghgfc, B%Mchh glm Clf`gl}zg uczc fsmmhcm }bec}`cz glm v`c ugv ehgm B%Mchh ugv jgfi }b `dv lbzngh vcho,

Clf`gl}zg vgu `cz glm zsv`cm dl obz g `se, *B`( hgvv( }`gli tbs obz jzdledle B%Mchh jgfi }b nc,*

*Ugvl%} blht ntvcho( Ndv}zcvv,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm cz ud}` g ezdl, *Tbs nbv}ht `g c Hbzm Esgzmdgl Mzgfbldv }b }`gli,*

Clf`gl}zg( ud}` `cz vdh czt ctcv glm jhgfi `gdz }`g} v`blc dl }`c nbblhde`}( jbucm }b Mzgfbldv, *]`gli }`cc( n%Hbzm Esgzmdgl, D }`bse`} nt hb c ugv hbv} obzc cz,*

Mzgfbldv `chm Gmchhglmzg glm {szzcm, *Do d} uczcl%} obz nt mgzhdle Gmchhglmzg `czc( D ubshm lb} `g c `gm }`c clczet }b mb u`g} D mdm, D jchdc c D v`bshm jc }`glidle tbs,*

Clf`gl}zg glm B%Mchh jb}` jhdlicm, *]`glidle sv2* *Tbs }bbi ebbm fgzc bo nt Gmchhglmzg u`cl D lb hblecz ugv fg{gjhc bo d},*

Mzgfbldv fbshml%} icc{ `dv ctc boo bo `dv ng}c, *Tbs jhbbmcm jb}` `czvcho glm Gmgzzgnclg gv Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv glm lsz}szcm }`cn gv tbsz bul, Tbs }gse`} `cz `bu }b jc }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv( }`c zbhc }`g} jzbse`} `cz jgfi }b nc,D `g c nglt }`dlev }b jc }`gliosh }b tbs obz,* @c v}bbm }ghh glm ogfcm }`cn jb}`(`glm }b `dv `cgz} glm jbudle `dv `cgm, *D udhh ghugtv jc dl tbsz mcj},*




*D mbl%} ncgl }b jzcgi s{ }`dv hb c.ocv}( js} u`czc gzc Mzglsv glm }`c f`dhmzcl2* Gmchhglmzg gvicm B%Mchh,

*Mzglsv }bbi }`cn( gv uchh gv Gmgzzgnclg( jgfi }b }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,Ngh%cv}gz D jchdc c `c vgdm,* B%Mchh vs{{hdcm, *D} ubshm vccn ]zdv}dgl `gm gl dmcg bl `bu }b mcgh ud}` }`c zcfblv}zsf}dbl bo }`c oghhcl Chcncl}gh ]buczv, @c gezccm

bl vbnc}`dle lb} c cl bsz cledlcczv }`bse`} bo vb hble geb u`cl }`ct uczc odzv} jsdh},* Mzgfbldv lbmmcm, *Glm u`g} ubshm }`g} jc2* *]`c v`dchmv gzc ogmdle gv }`c fcl}szdcv eb bl,* B%Mchh vgdm, *]zdv}dgl

}`bse`} }`ct lccmcm }b jc zcdlobzfcm glm ngmc v}zblecz, Vb `c glm Izbldl gzc ubzidle bl }`c {hglv obz d} lbu,*

*Bsz Iglb dv g czt vngz} uczchdbl,* Gmchhglmzg }bhm Mzgfbldv, *Dl ghh nt tcgzv bo jcdle Tbsle Esgzmdgl( D% c lc cz c cl }`bse`} bo }`g} ntvcho, D asv} }`bse`} }`c ]buczv uczc {zb}cf}cm jcfgsvc bo }`cn jcdle dl }`c Ntv}df [zb dlfc,*

*Obz }`c hblecv} }dnc( }`ct uczc,* Clf`gl}zg v{bic s{, *Mgndgl svcm `dv ngedf }b g}}gfi }`cn bs}zde`} go}cz }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv,*

*Hcg c Mgndgl }b sv( Ndv}zcvv,* ]`c Hgmt vlgzhcm, *Uc udhh jb}` }gic fgzc bo nt fbsvdl,*

G vwsccqc bo `cz ugdv} jt Mzgfbldv glm v`c ugv fghncm( js} lb} nsf`,*]`g} uc udhh( mcodld}cht,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm, *Uc `gm jc}}cz zc}szl }b

Ngh%cv}gz hb c( jcobzc uc gzc ndvvcm,* Hgmt Gmchhglmzg blht lbmmcm( v}dhh vcc}`dle dl `cz }`bse`}v bo Mgndgl(

u`b ugv lbu fghhdle `dnvcho }`c Ngv}cz dl `dv og}`cz%v {hgfc,




V}bzt &=1 G}}gfi bl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv'1 Mgndgl%v Zc clec

]`c Zbtgh Fbs{hc fbshm }`dli bo lb}`dle js} Mgndgl lbu, Mgndgl ugv Vgjzdlg%v jzb}`cz( Bz}`bv% vbl glm }`c czt Mbndldbld}c }`g} }zgdlcm v}bhcl

Fbn{gldbl f`dhmzcl }b jc `dv bul {czvblgh Ugzzdbz Gznt, @c vdficlcm }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl vb nsf` }`g} Mgzi Ntv}df Ngedf jsqqcm dl `cz vtv}cn( c cl go}cz Bz}`bv ugv hble eblc, ]`c blht }`dle v`c fbshm }`dli bo }b mb gjbs} d} ugv mcv}zbt `dn svdle d} gegdlv} `dn,

Mzgfbldv fgse`} `cz {gfdle blc lde`}, *V}b{ }`g}( d}%v gllbtdle,* V`c fbl}dlscm }b {gfc( lb} `cgzdle `dn,@c fgse`} `cz gzn, *D vgdm( v}b{, U`g}c cz fbshm jc ngidle tbs {gfc }`dv

nsf`2* @c hbbicm g} `cz ctcv glm vsnncm d} s{, *Mgndgl udhh jc mcv}zbtcm jt }`c lcp} oshh nbbl,*

Gmchhglmzg {shhcm bs} bo `dv ezgv{, *Gtc( }`g} `c udhh, Jt nc,* *Sv,* Mzgfbldv fbzzcf}cm, *]`czc dv lb asv} tbs bz asv} nc gltnbzc, D} dv blht

sv9 dl ghh }`dlev,* V`c `soocm, *D gn gozgdm }`dv dv {czvblgh( Mzgfbldv,* V`c }bhm `dn, *D `g c

jccl mcghdle ud}` `dn glm u`g} `c `gv mblc vdlfc D ugv tbsle, D ilbu blfc `c odlmv bs} uc mcv}zbtcm `dv og}`cz( `c%hh ugl} }b mcv}zbt sv,*

*@c udhh lb} ec} }`g} f`glfc,* *Tbs mb lb} ilbu `dn gv uchh gv D mb,* Gmchhglmzg {zcvvcm, *@c udhh svc

u`g} uc hb c }`c nbv} gegdlv} sv, D ilbu `bu `dv ndlm ubziv,* *Glm D ilbu gv uchh( lb} blht }`gliv }b tbsz ncnbzdcv js} }`bvc bo nt

bul,* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm( `bhmdle `cz, *]`c Lg}dblv `g c jccl mcghdle ud}` Bz}`bv obz gv hble gv D fgl zcncnjcz, @dv vbl( }`c f`dhm( udhh jc mcv}zbtcm,*

*@c `gv lb} gf}cm gegdlv} sv tc},* Gmchhglmzg }bhm `dn, *Uc eb jt }`c Ugtv bo }`c Zcghnv bl }`dv blc, Lb} jt }`bvc bo }`c Lg}dblv,*

Mzgfbldv hgse`cm, *]`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv dv {gz} bo }`c Lg}dblv(vucc}`cgz},* @c {bdl}cm bs}, *Js} vdlfc D gn v}dhh lcu g} jcdle Hbzm Esgzmdgl glm tbs ilbu nbzc }`gl D bo `bu }b `glmhc u`g} tbs fghh Mbndldbld}cv( D udhh vcc d} tbsz ugt,*

*V`bshm `c g}}gfi sv bs}zde`}( `c udhh jc mcv}zbtcm,* Gmchhglmzgµv ctcv ezcu zcm glm v`c ezdllcm c dhht,

Mzgfbldv hgse`cm ngldgfghht, *@dv hgv} jzcg}` v`ghh jc mzgul bs} bo `dn fgzc bo nt jhgmc'*

Hgmt Cn{zcvv Gmchhglmzg Nbs}µchhg Mzgllg Mzg}dglbv fbshml%} gezcc nbzc,D} }bbi g ucci obz ]zdv}dgl%v zcfblv}zsf}dbl bo }`c Chcncl}gh ]buczv glm }`c

v}zcle}`cldle bo }`c ngedfgh v`dchmv }`g} vszzbslmcm }`cn, ]`c Zbtgh fbs{hc ugv ebdle b cz ]zdv}dgl%v jhsc{zdl}v u`cl Mzglsv( bs} bo jzcg}`( ohcu dl}b }`c Fbnjg} zbbn,

*Hbzm glm Hgmt( D jchdc c }`c ngdmcl Chdqgjc}` `gv vbnc}`dle }b }chh tbs,* Mzglsv `soocm( fg}f`dle `dv jzcg}`, *D} fblfczlv }`c Hgmt%v fbsvdl Mgndgl,*

Gmchhglmzg ezbuhcm slmcz `cz jzcg}` glm ugv dnncmdg}cht g} g}}cl}dbl, Vb ugv Mzgfbldv,

*Uchh( u`g} dv d}2* ]`c Hgmt v{bic s{ jcobzc `cz ng}c fbshm vgt glt}`dle,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :7;..

Mzglsv nb cm glm }`c mzgebl.ngdmcl Chdqgjc}` fgnc bs} bo `dmdle, Blfc v`c vgu }`c hbbiv bl `cz Hbzm glm Hgmtµv ogfcv( v`c v}bbm g} g}}cl}dbl,

*Nt Hbzm glm Hgmt( D zcezc} }b dlobzn tbs }`g} }`c blc lgncm }`c Ngv}cz bo }`c Zcghnv fhgdndle }b jc }`c Hgmt%v fbsvdl `gv }gicl nt Hbzm%v vdv}cz Mzgfbzg glm `cz lcu gvvgh }`c [zb}cf}bz `bv}gec,* Chdqgjc}` lc cz nc} }`cdz ctcv js}

zg}}hcm boo `cz lcuv, *Vfbs}v zc{bz} }`czc gzc Mbndldbld}cv g}}gfidle }`c cl}dzc Zcghn gzbslm Nblgzf`%v Ehcl, D} udhh lb} jc hble jcobzc }`c Ngv}cz g}}gfiv Ngh%cv}gz glm }`c zcv} bo }`c Lg}dblv ud}` `dv Mbndldbld}c Gzndcv,*

]`c Hgmt Cn{zcvv zbgzcm `cz V{dzd}.mzgeblµv zbgz, Vbnc}`dle `gm }b jc mblc gjbs} `dn' @c ugv cpgf}dle `dv zc clec vb vbbl( glm v`c fbshml%} hc} `dn ec} gugt ud}` d}, Lb} gltnbzc,

*]`gli tbs( Chdqgjc}`,* V`c ezbuhcm hbuht, *]`g} dv ghh,* Ud}` g lbm( v`c ugv eblc, Mzglsv v}gtcm( hdv}cldle, Gmchhglmzg mdml%} fgzc

do `c vgu `cz gleczcm,*Mgndgl asv} ngmc `dv nb c,* V`c gllbslfcm, *Uc `cgm }b Nblgzf`%v Ehcl

jcobzc }`c lde`} dv bs} glm mcv}zbt Mgndgl,*

*D udhh `glmhc `dn( Gmchhglmzg,* Mzgfbldv vfzcgncm,*Lb( Mzgfbldv( D udhh `glmhc `dn,* ]`c Hgmt fbnnglmcm ud}` g ezbuh,

*Mgndgl dv nt fbsvdl( vb hc} nc mcgh ud}` `dn,* V`c {s} g `glm }b `cz ng}c%v jcg}dle `cgz}, @cz ndlm ugv ebdle g ndhc g ndls}c glm `c ugv gleczcm,

G dvdbl fgnc dl `cz ndlm( glm v`c vndhcm,*Eb g`cgm glm mcv}zbt }`c Mbndldbld}cv obz nc,* Gmchhglmzg fzbblcm c dhht,

*Js} hcg c Mgndgl v}glmdle, @c udhh ilbu }`c ncgldle bo }`c Mzgebl%v Uzg}` vbbl clbse`,*

Mzgfbldv hgse`cm `cgz}dht glm `chm `cz }de`}, @dv jzb}`cz Mzglsv vgu `dv ctcv uczc jhgfi glm `bhhbu( }chhdle `dn vbnc}`dle mgzi ud}`dl `dn ugv fbndle }b }`c vszogfc, D} ubshm jc }`c odzv} }dnc }`c Hgmt gf}sghht vgu `dv gffhgdncm F`gbv ud}`bs} jcdle gozgdm bo d}, @c ugvl%} ebdle }b mcv}zbt `slmzcmv bo }`bsvglmv bo `dv bul {cb{hc, Blht `slmzcmv bo Mbndldbld}cv }`g} lc cz mcvcz cm }b hd c dl }`c

odzv} {hgfc,Mzglsv vndhcm g} }`c }`bse`},Mzglsv ugv gngqcm g} `bu cgvdht Gmchhglmzg }bbi }b }`c Mgzilcvv dl `dn,

D} dl}zdescm `cz gv lb}`dle chvc ubshm, @c v}gtcm vdhcl}( g} g}}cl}dbl gv `c hdv}clcm dl glm ug}f`cm ozbn }`c v`gmbuv,

Gmchhglmzg {c} `dv f`cv}, *Lbu eb u`dhc }`c ebbmv gzc `b}( nt hb c,* V`c zcgf`cm s{ }b `dv f`cci glm {hgl}cm g idvv bl `dv hd{v jcobzc u`dv{czdle dl `dv cgz, *Zcncnjcz( hgl}g, Hcg c Mgndgl }b nc,*

Hbzm Mzgfbldv zbgzcm hbsm glm hble jcobzc `cgmdle bs}( ud}` Mzglsv jc`dlm `dn,

DD

Mzgfbldv ohcu dl `dv F`gbv Mzgebl obzn }bugzm Nblgzf`µv Ehclµv Fgv}hc,Mzglsv ohcu jcvdmc dn( cwsghht vcc}`dle ud}` zgec, Asv} }`c }`bse`} bo Mgndgl gleczcm jb}` Mzg}dglbv jzb}`czv,




Mzglsv zcncnjczcm hble geb( u`cl }`c Ugzv obz [bucz fzd{{hcm nglt bo }`cdz bul Mzgfbldgl {cb{hc glm idhhcm boo nglt fhglv, @c zcncnjczcm u`cl Bz}`bv mcv}zbtcm vc}v( v}bhc BµMchhµv Fbn{gldbl f`dhmzcl( glm ngmc g {gf} ud}` }`c c dh vdmc bo }`cdz }`cl.Cn{czbz Hbzm Og}`cz Jzgiibl }b mcv}zbt }`c Lg}dblv,

Mzgfbldv `dnvcho zcncnjczcm czt hd}}hc gjbs} Mgndgl glm Bz}`bv, ]`c

blht }`dlev `c zcncnjczcm lbu `gm }b mb ud}` `dv bul F`gbv }gidle fbl}zbh glm lcgzht mcv}zbtdle }`c cl}dzc Lg}dblv dl blc jhbu, U`g} v}b{{cm dn ugv `dv ogd}`osh Jzgllb Mzglsv( u`b fbl dlfcm `dn }b {hgfc g ngedfgh ughh bo odzc jc}uccl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv glm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv( clvszdle }`c Ntv}df Zcghnv uczc vgoc ozbn `dv mcv}zsf}d c F`gbv,

]`bvc }dncv uczc hble geb( js} ud}` Mgndglµv zc}szl glm idmlg{{dle bo }`cdz vdv}cz( }`c jzb}`czv `gm }b }gic fgzc bo jsvdlcvv,

½Uc }gic }`c Mbndldbld}cv glm hcg c Mgndgl }b Gmchhglmzg,³ Mzgfbldv gllbslfcm,

½Gezccm,³ Mzglsv vs{{hdcm, ½Lbu( hc} sv idfi vbnc Mbndldbld}c js}}'³ ]`c jzb}`czv vubb{cm mbul }b }`c Fgv}hc g} Nblgzf`µv Ehcl glm obse`} }`c

nglt Mbndldbld}c esgzmv Mgndgl `gm {bv}cm gzbslm }`c udlmdle fbzzdmbzv,U`cl }`ct zcgf`cm }`c mslecbl zbbn( Mzgfbldv vclvcm Mgndgl ugv }bz}szdle }`c nghc `dv ng}c `gm fghhcm cz Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz, @dv ndlm zcchcm ud}` }`bse`}v gjbs} Mczzdfi( jb}` {bvd}d c glm lceg}d c,

Mzgfbldv( jzg}}bl( D fgl vclvc tbs, Mzgfbzg%v bdfc gllbslfcm dl `dv ndlm, Lbu `szzt glm zcvfsc }`c [zb}cf}bz,

U`g} gjbs} tbs2 Mzgfbldv gvicm( v`gzdle `dv vdv}cz%v }`bse`} ud}` Mzglsv,

D udhh }gic fgzc bo ntvcho( }`gli tbs( J zg}}blv,Mzgfbldv vndhcm glm `cgmcm }b }`c mslecblv dl }`c Cgv} Udle ud}` Mzglsv

jc`dlm `dn,]`c jzb}`czv v}b{{cm gzbslm }`c fbzlcz( u`czc }`ct cgzm bdfcv, Blc bo

}`cn `c zcfbeldqcm gv g tbslecz czvdbl bo Bz}`bv% bdfc, D} `gm }b jc Mgndgl,½@gv }`c [zb}cf}bz }bhm tbs u`czc }`c Fztv}gh dv( Mbndldfi2³ ½Lgt( Ngv}cz,³ Mzgfbldv `cgzm g tbsle mcnbldf bdfc glvucz dl

gllbtglfc, ½Lb} tc},³ Mgndgl ezbuhcm hbsmht glm Mzgfbldv `cgzm ehgvv jzcgi gegdlv} }`c ughh,]`c Cn{czbz hbbicm g} `dv jzb}`cz( u`b lbmmcm `dv `cgm,D} mdmlµ} }gic js} g nbncl} obz Mzgfbldv glm Mzglsv }b g}}gfi }`c }ub

mcnblv, Gv Mzglsv ugv zcvfsdle Mczzdfi( Mzgfbldv obse`} ud}` Mbndldfi,Mgndgl `gm mdvg{{cgzcm,½U`czc dv `c2³ Mzgfbldv mcnglmcm bo Mbndldfi,½D udhh lc cz }chh tbs( mzgebl'³ Mzgfbldv svcm `dv mzgeblµv ngedf }b vwsccqc `dv }`zbg} ud}` g }`bse`},

½Tbs udhh( bz tbs udhh lc cz vcc }`c hde`} bo mgt gegdl,³ ½Odlc'³ Mbndldfi v{g}, ½@c mdvg{{cgzcm }b }`c Gjtvv,³ Mzgfbldv }`zcu }`c mcnbl gfzbvv }`c zbbn glm gegdlv} g ughh, @c hglmcm

ud}` g hbsm ¿bbo'µ( jzsv`cm `dnvcho boo glm mdvg{{cgzcm,Mzgfbldv }szlcm }b dv jzb}`cz glm Mczzdfi, Vughhbudle `dv {zdmc( `c gvicm

zbse`ht, ½Gzc tbs bi( Nbz}gh2³



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :7:..

½]`c lgnc dv Mczzdfi( glm tcv( Dµn g hd}}hc v`gicl s{ js} odlc,³ Mczzdfi zcv{blmcm, ½U`g} gjbs} Mzgfbzg2³

½U`g} gjbs} nc2³ ]`ct `cgzm Mzgfbzgµv bdfc vgt vucc}ht jc`dlm }`cn,½Gv tbs fgl vcc( ecl}hcncl( D gn odlc,³ V`c udlicm g} Mzgfbldv, ½D gn g Mzg}dglbv9 D `g c hcgzlcm uchh ozbn nt jzb}`czv, Zde`}( Mzgfbldv2³

Mzgfbldvµ }bse` cp}czdbz v}gtcm( js} `c vndhcm glm lbmmcm, ½Hc}µv ec} bs} bo `czc,³ ½Obz blfc( uc gezcc,³ Mczzdfi zcv{blmcm,]`c obsz bo }`cn `cgmcm }b }`c Zbtgh F`gnjczv,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :7=..

vgoc}t,* V`c }bbi g mcc{ jzcg}` glm hc} d} bs}, *Go}cz D fgnc jgfi ozbn }`c [gfiv( D vc}}hcm jgfi }b nt {gzcl}gmg%v `s}f`.fg c glm ugd}cm sl}dh D ilcu d} ugv vgoc }b zc}szl obz tbs,*

*U`t mdml%} tbs2* *D ugd}cm }ub.`slmzcm tcgzv obz tbsz Mzg}tz }b vclvc glm fbnc jgfi obz

nc, Vbnc`bu( D ugv vuc{} gugt jt }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv }b jcedl glb}`cz cpdv}clfc gv blc bo }`cdz Mgse`}czv, Ghh ncnbzdcv D%m `gm bo }`dv {hgfc uczc hbv},* V`c vgdm, *@slmzcmv bo tcgzv hg}cz( D hcgzlcm ghh gjbs} nt }zsc.{gzcl}gec glm hdoc `czc dl }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv, D `gm }b vclm nt Cgz}`ht [zb}cf}bz }b jc Fbsl}cvv Mzgfbzg%v gvvgh( asv} vb D ubshml%} occh jgm obz hcg dle `dn glm zc}szldle gv Cn{zcvv czc,

*Ghble }`c ugt( D gfwsdzcm nglt obznv glm }d}hcv( hcgzlcm g hb} bo ngedf glm zcncnjczcm u`t }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv och} nbzc hdic `bnc }`gl }`c Zcghn D fghhcm }`c Bs}cz Ubzhm, D `g c jccl fblohdf}cm vdlfc( jc}uccl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv( Glfdcl}v glm C{vdhbl bo nt Ntv}df jhbbm glm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv bo nt Mzgfbldgl glm Ubhoidl jhbbm,*

*Js} tbs gzc jb}`( Ns}tz,* Izbldl vs{{hdcm, *Jb}` glm ghh, ]`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv dv lbu {gz} bo bsz Lg}dblv( gv d} ghugtv `gm jccl jcobzc, Tbs gzc }`c Hgmt Esgzmdgl bo }`c Zcghnv glm bsz Hgmt Cn{zcvv bo Ngh%cv}gz,*

Hgmt Gmchhglmzg vndhcm, *D `g c ghvb jccl edo}cm ud}` Ebmmcvv bo V{dzd} v}g}sv( ozbn }`c Mzgeblv glm Ntv}dfv,* V`c uzg{{cm g hb dle gzn gzbslm `cz iglb( [zdlfc Izbldl glm gvicm `dn, *Clbse` gjbs} nc( iglb, U`g} `g c tbs glm tbsz vdv}czv jccl s{ }b ghh }`dv }dnc2*

Izbldl hbbicm mbul, ½Uc hd cm ud}` }`c [gfiv glm Ezgnczc Ig}czdlg(v{cgidle lb}`dle js} Ubho.V{cgi glm hd dle gv ubh cv, ]`g} dv( sl}dh mcv}zsf}dbl `d} }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv,³ @c v}gz}cm, ½]`c blc fghhdle `dnvcho Ngv}cz mcv}zbtcm vc}v( ogndhdcv( fhglv glm `bncv dl `dv {g}`, ]`c [gfiv gzbslm nc mudlmhcm dl lsnjczv( cgf` vsffccmdle Gh{`g glm `cz [gfi mcv}zbtcm glm idhhcm, Ezgnczc ugv blc bo }`c nglt `slmzcmv }`bsvglmv bo Fbn{gldblv glm Fzcg}szcv }b jc idhhcm jt }`c Ngv}cz,³

]`c Hgmt ozbulcm( }`dlidle bo tc} glb}`cz }`dle }b ec} Mgndgl obz,Vbnc`bu( v`c ilcu d} uczc bl Bz}`bvµ bzmczv jt Mgndglµv Ugzzdbz Gznt,

Do Bz}`bv uczclµ} mcgm ghzcgmt( V`c }`bse`} }b `czvcho( Dµm idhh `dn ntvcho obz }`c dlasv}dfc ,

½D }bbi fgzc bo }`c }udlv ghblc( odlmdle vbhgfc go}cz }`c Ugzv obz [bucz,³ Izbldl fbl}dlscm,

½Mdm tbs ode`} dl d}2³ @c v`bbi `dv `cgm, ½Lgt( uc uczc ic{} vgoc jt }`c ochdlc Fbn{gldbl

Jzgicl Abch @gui, @c hcm sv }b }`c [zb dlfc Slmczezbslm, D} ugv lb} sl}dh tcgzv glm eclczg}dblv hg}cz }`g} `c mcfhgzcm d} vgoc }b zc}szl gjb c ezbslm,³

½D zcncnjcz }`g},³ Gmchhglmzg }bhm `dn, ½Tbs uczc ud}` }`c Chmcz Fbn{gldblv,³

@c lbmmcm, ½D zcfbeldqcm tbs }`cl gv vbncblc v{cfdgh( obz tbs uczc ngedfghht ogndhdgz }b nc,³ Izbldl vs{{hdcm, ½D mdm lb} ilbu u`czc }b eb u`cl uc

{gz}cm ugtv( vb D }bbi nt vdv}czv jgfi }b }`c Lg}dblv jt ohde`}, ]`c Odzcughh ugv }`czc( glm D vclvcm g ogndhdgz ngedfgh vdelg}szc ghh b cz d}, U`cl D vgu u`g} ugv



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :7?..

Mzgfbldv hgse`cm, *@c udhh( fgzg ndg( `c udhh,* @c idvvcm `cz{gvvdblg}cht( }gidle `cz }b jcm ud}` `dn,

*@g c tbs Ocm mgzhdle2* V `c gvicm `dn gv }`ct vlseehcm fhbvc, @c v`bbi`dv `cgm, *Mzdli }`cl,*

@c v`bbi `dv `cgm gegdl, *D gn v}dhh }bb oshh bo }`c F`gbv clczedcv }b zdvi

tbsz cp{bvszc,**Tc} uc uczc ngidle hb c2* Gmchhglmzg gvicm ud}` g ezdl,*Tbs gzc vgoc ozbn }`c F`gbv ud}`dl ndlc bul gznv(* Mzgfbldv vs{{hdcm,Gmchhglmzg hgse`cm glm idvvcm `dn9 }`dv }dnc( }gidle b cz }`cdz

hb cngidle vcvvdbl,U`cl }`ct uczc odldv`cm glm mzcvvcm( }`ct `cgmcm }b }`cdz od c f`dhmzcl,

D} zcndlmcm Gmchhglmzg bo }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}df f`dhmzcl v`c jbzc ud}` }`c[zb}cf}bz glm }`c Sldfbzl,

*Hb c( lbu }`g} }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv glm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv gzc sld}cmblfc gegdl( }`gliv }b bsz ng}dle( mbl%} tbs }`dli d} ubshm jc g ebbm dmcg }bjzdle ghh bsz {cb{hcv }bec}`cz dl {cgfc2* Gmchhglmzg gvicm,

@c uzg{{cm gl gzn gzbslm `cz ugdv} glm `seecm `cz, *Gtc( }`g} ubshmjc g jzdhhdgl} dmcg, ]`czc dv blht blc }`dle uzble ud}` d},*

]`c Hgmt v}gzcm( ugd}dle obz `dv zcv{blvc,*Bsz {cb{hcv mbl%} ec} ghble,**Uc%hh ngic }`cn ec} ghble obz blc vbhdm {sz{bvc,* V `c }bhm `dn, *Ed c

}`cn vbnc `sec {zbacf} glm {s} }`cn dl {gdzv( g Fbn{gldbl }b g Mzgfbldgl, ]`g} ugt( dl bzmcz }b ncc} bsz mcgmhdlc( u`df` uc%hh vc}( }`ct udhh `g c }b ec}ghble glm v}b{ jdficzdle,*

Mzgfbldv hgse`cm slmcz `dv jzcg}`( }`c zsnjhdle dl `dv }`zbg} ugvvcmsf}d c, *D `g c gl dmcg bo nt bul }b eb ghble ud}` tbszv( Gmchhglmzg,*

V `c hbbicm g} `dn gegdl( ugd}dle,*Ngh%cv}gz%v zcfblv}zsf}dbl bl }`c jbzmczv bo }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv glm

}`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,*Gmchhglmzg idvvcm `dn, *D}%v {czocf}' ]`ct%hh `g c }b ec} ghble }`cl( lb} }b

ncl}dbl }gic tbs vczdbsvht gv }`cdz Hbzm Esgzmdgl( glm bsz {cb{hc ec}}dlesvcm }b nc jcdle Hgmt Esgzmdgl gv uchh gv Hgmt Cn{zcvv, D}%v jcgs}dosh'*

Mzgfbldv }bbi `cz dl `dv gznv glm hcm `cz jgfi }b }`c ubzhmv bs}vdmc}`cdz f`gnjcz mbbz,

Gv vbbl gv }`cdz vbl ]zdv}dgl ugv odldv`cm ud}` }`c zcfblv}zsf}dbl {hglvbo }`c Cgz}` glm Odzc ]buczv jc`dlm }`c Ntv}df [ghgfc( }`c fbs{hc vc} `dn( glmg ocu lcu esgzmv( }b glb}`cz }gvi, ]`c zcjsdhmdle bo Ngh%cv}gz bl }`c J bzmczv,

Hgmt Gmchhglmzg ugv vb dn{zcvvcm jt `cz gmb{}cm.vbl%v gf}dblv glm }`czcv{cf} `c ugv ed cl jt }`c Fbn{gldblv( v`c lgncm `dn Eclczgh bo }`cFbn{gldbl Gzndcv( ghblevdmc }`cdz Fbn{gldbl.Fzsvgmcz ozdclm V dzc Ubho}blV }gzegqcz glm `dv fbnzgmc glm jzb}`cz V dzc ]bjdgv U`d}c. V lbu,

D} }bbi od c nbl}`v js} d} ubzicm, Ngh%cv}gz( dl ghh @cz v`dldle ehbzt( ugvzcjsdh} bl }`c jbzmczv bo }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv glm }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,Fblv}zsf}dbl ugv odldv`cm bl }`c Mzgebl Lcu Tcgz( Izbldl%v jdz}`mgt( u`df`}`ct fchcjzg}cm ud}` `blbz, Ngh%cv}gz ugv jdeecz( jzde`}cz( glm jc}}cz }`glc cz( glm d} ugv ghh }`gliv }b }`c fbnjdlcm coobz}v bo }`c Mzcgn Zcghn




Fbn{gldblv glm }`c Mzgfbldglv bo }`c Lg}dbl, D} ugv g jzde`}( lcu jcedlldleobz jb}` Zcghnv,




C {dhbes c &:1Hgmt Gmchhglmzg µ v Ghh.Zcghn F`zbldfhcv Mdgzt

]`czc ugv nsf` cpfd}cncl} ud}`dl }`c Zcghnv bo Ghh }`c Ubzhmv,]`czc uczc asv} g ocu }`dlev ndvvdle ozbn d} ghh, Blfc {zbndvdle D ubshm }gic vbncblc ud}` nc( D `gm }b hcg c nt ng}c%v vdmc obz g v{cfdgh vsz{zdvc }`g} ubshm {zb c czt dl}czcv}dle glm czt `cgz}ugzndle,

D }bbi vbncblc ud}` nc D `gml%} vccl dl wsd}c gu`dhc, HgmtIg}`czdlc @gui.V}gzegqcz( Vdzc Ubho}bl%v ochdlc hb c, Uc `gm g hb} bo fg}f`dle s{ }b mb glm D lccmcm `cz ozdclmv`d{, Uc `gml%} v{bicl glm D `g cl%} dvd}cm bz {g}zbhhcm vdlfc }`c clm bo }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv, D gf`cm obz `cz fbn{gldblv`d{( glm D mb jchdc c d} ugv }`c odzv} }dnc dl gecv D och} fhbvc }b `cz,

*Vb( u`czc gzc uc ebdle( Hgmt Esgzmdgl2* V`c gvicm nc obznghht,D v}b{{cm `cz, *Ig}( tbs bo ghh Fbn{gldblv fgl fghh nc Gmchhglmzg, D

lb hblecz eb jt }`c lgnc }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv eg c nc( obz }`g} dv lb} u`b D gn,*

Ig}`czdlc {szzcm, *Gmchhglmzg, Gtc,* D fbshm v}dhh vclvc `cz slcgvdlcvv gzbslm nc, Ugv d} jcfgsvc bo }`c

lcu obzn D }bbi( }`c Mzgeblubho( bz ugv d} jcfgsvc uc%m ezbul vb ogz g{gz} dl }`c {gv} tcgz2 Ugv d} jcfgsvc bo }`c lcu.bhm {bucz dl nt cdlv bz jcfgsvc uc uczc vb mdooczcl} lbu2 G} glt zg}c( D mdml%} ugl} }b hbvc `cz,

*B`( Ig}`czdlc'* D fzdcm( `seedle `cz }de`}ht, *Tbs `g c ghugtv jccl nt fhbvcv} ozdclm glm Fbn{gldbl( glm D {zbndvcm tbs }`g} tbs ghugtv

ubshm jc,* *Bo fbszvc,* Ig}`czdlc vs{{hdcm ud}` g {hgtosh {szz, *Lbu( u`czc dv d} uc gzc ebdle( Gmchhglmzg2*

D uzg{{cm nt gzn gzbslm `cz v`bshmcz, *]b vcc tbsz og}`cz Hbzm Jzgicl glm }cv} g ocu }`cbzdcv D `g c dl nt ndlm,*

Ig}`czdlc lbmmcm glm vndhcm, V`c `gml%} vccl `cz og}`cz vdlfc }`c clm bo }`c Ugz( cd}`cz, *Hcgm bl,*

D edeehcm, *Mdm tbs ugl} }b oht dl }`c vidcv ud}` nc( Ig}2 D}%m jc wsdficz glm D%m hb c }b v`gzc }`c cp{czdclfc ud}` tbs,*

*Blc }`dle tbs gzc obzec}}dle,* Ig}`czdlc ezdllcm, *D `g c lb

udlev,* *Uchh( D mb( glm D c cl `g c }`c obzn bo g mzgebl( vb tbs fgl zdmc s{bl nt jgfi,* D }bhm `cz( glm `chm `cz `glmv, *Fbnc bl( Ig}( d}%hh jc osl'*

Ig}`czdlc edeehcm( lbmmdle, *B` ghh zde`}, D udhh zdmc,* D `seecm `cz gegdl cpfd}cmht glm v}c{{cm jgfi }b v`do} }b nt

mzgebl obzn, *@b{ bl nt lcfi( Ig}( glm jzgfc tbszvcho obz g udhm zdmc'* Uc vbgzcm }`c vidcv( u`bb{dle glm hgse`dle hdic bhm ozdclmv, V`c

ugv gjhc }b occh `bu osl d} ugv }b zdmc bl }`c jgfi bo g mzgebl glm D ugv




`g{{t v`c ugv ud}` nc, D} ugv ebbm }b zchgp glm jc bszvch cv blfc gegdl, Lb }`zcg}v bo Mgndgl( Hbzm Jglc( Bz}`bv( bz c cl Mbndldbld}cv fzbvvcm bsz ndlmv,

*U`g} gzc uc ebdle }b Og}`cz obz2* Ig}`czdlc gvicm nc, *G ndvvdbl ozbn tbsz lcu ng}c2*

D v`bbi nt `cgm, *D%n mbdle }`dv bl nt bul gv g vsz{zdvc }b `dn,* D mcvfclmcm }b }`c ezbslm bs}vdmc }`c Zcghn bo }`c C{vdhbl%v fgv}hc

eg}cv, D v`do}cm jgfi }b nt Hgmt Esgzmdgl.nbz}gh vcho vb D ubshml%} v}gz}hc Hbzm Jzgicl @gui }bb nsf` ud}` }`g} bo }`c mzgebl bz }`c ubho,

Ig}`czdlc v`bbi `cz `cgm dl hgse`}cz, *D v}dhh fgllb} ec} svcm }b }`c ogf} tbs fgl }gic bl vb nglt obznv( nt ozdclm,*

*Tbs fgl( vb u`t lb} D2* D gvicm `cz( ezdlldle, D} ugv ebbm }b `g c nt jcv} ozdclm glm fbsvdl jgfi,

*D gn mdooczcl}, D ugv jbzl g Fbn{gldbl ochdlc,* *D ugv jbzl g mzgeblubho( nt ng}äzä jcdle g ubho glm nt {äzg}

jcdle g mzgebl,* D mchdjczg}cht svcm }`c Glfdcl} Ubho.V{cgi( ilbudle v`c ubshml%} slmczv}glm Mzgfbldgl asv} tc}, G} hcgv} v`c `gm hcgzlcm Ubho. V{cgi ozbn `cz mgse`}cz Fchdlc glm Fchdlc%v jblmng}c F`did}ä Nbblmglfcz( g Muchhcz.Fbn{gldbl, *Mb D lccm }b }chh tbs `bu D fgnc }b }`c Glfdcl} Ntv}dfv2*

*Lgt( lb} tc},* Ig}`czdlc vs{{hdcm, *Vbnc b}`cz }dnc {cz`g{v, Obz lbu( boo }b Wsccl Nb}`cz glm Hbzm Idle Og}`cz,*

*Zde`},* D vgdm,Uc cl}czcm }`c ngdl `ghh glm obslm Hbzm Idle Jzgicl dl

fbloczclfc ud}` g ocu bo `dv esgzmvncl,

*Hbzm Jzgicl @gui( D udv` g ubzm ud}` tbs,* D gllbslfcm, @c hbbicm s{, ]`czc ugv zcm dl }`c Jghdlcvc.ochdlc%v ctcv,*Hgmt Esgzmdgl( Ig}`czdlc( u`g} g {hcgvgl} vsz{zdvc,* Jzgicl

vndhcm( }`cl }szlcm }b `dv esgzmvncl( vclmdle }`cn gugt, @c ughicm s{}b `dv mgse`}cz glm idvvcm `cz f`cci( }`cl `chm nt `glm glm idvvcm d} gvuchh, *U`g} mb D buc }`dv msjdbsv {hcgvszc( hgmdcv2*

*D gn `czc bl g ndvvdbl glm D ubshm hdic jb}` tbs glm NdhgmtWsccl Ntv}dfg }b ud}lcvv vbnc}`dle,* D }bhm `dn, *Dl }`c Mzgudle zbbn({cz`g{v2*

*B`( tcv( zde`} gugt,* Jzgicl vs{{hdcm( }`cl hcm sv }b }`c Mzgudlezbbn,

Jb}` Ig}`czdlc glm D lb}dfcm }`c oshh ubho {gmmdle jt `dv vdmc, D} ugv }`c odzv} }dnc D%m gf}sghht jccl }b }`c Zcghn bo }`c C{vdhbl vb D `gml%} vccl }`c ubho jcobzc,

*]`g}%v {cfshdgz,* D }bhm Hbzm Jzgicl,*U`g}%v {cfshdgz( Hgmt2* *Tbs gzc g Jghdlcvc ochdlc u`b `gv g Ubhoidl gv `dv {c},* D vs{{hdcm,



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ::7..

*D mdm,* Mzg}tz vgdm, @c }szlcm }b Jzgiibl, *Hbbiv hdic }`c ade dv s{(nt bhm ozdclm, Mb tbs }`dli tbs `g c }`c v}zcle}` }b v`do} jgfi2*

Hbzm Jzgiibl lbmmcm,*V`do}2* Ig}`czdlc ugv dlfzcmshbsv, D%m obzeb}}cl v`c ugv v}dhh }`czc,

*]b u`g}( Og}`cz2* Jzgiibl {hgfcm g {gu }b `dv mgse`}cz%v f`cci, *D gn g ezcg} mzgebl(

iglg, D ugv }`c Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv jcobzc nt bul Iglb Mzgfbldv glm Hgmt Gmchhglmzg `czc }bbi }`c ]`zblc u`cl }`ct uczc odzv} ng}cm,*

Ig}`czdlc v`bbi `cz `cgm, *]`czc dv vb nsf` D mb lb} ilbu gjbs} tbs,*

Jzgiibl idvvcm `cz f`cci, *D udhh jc nbzc }`gl `g{{t }b cp{hgdl c czt}`dle hg}cz( iglg( mgse`}cz,*

*Obz lbu( fgl D vcc tbs dl tbsz }zsc.obzn( Hbzm Jzgiibl2* D gvicm,*D} ubshm jc nt `blbz( Hgmt Gmchhglmzg,* Jzgiibl vs{{hdcm, @c

v`do}cm `dv obzn }b `dv jhgfi mzgebl.vcho( u`df` zcndlmcm nc bo }`c {gv} dvdblv D%m `gm bo `dn,Nt ncnbzt zcchcm ud}` dvdblv bo }`c }dnc vb hble geb( bo }`c F`gbv

glm mcv}zsf}dbl, D v`bbi nt `cgm( vndhdle,*]`gli tbs( Hbzm Jzgiibl,* D }bhm `dn, *D gn dl d}dle tbs jb}`

jgfi }b Ngh%cv}gz }b vcc u`g} bsz ezcg} fd}t `gv jcfbnc dl tbsz gjvclfc,* Mzg}tz `seecm nc gegdl, *Tbs zcndlm nc vb nsf` bo tbsz ns}tz,*

@c vs{{hdcm( glm `dv ogfc ucl} mgzi, *D v}dhh `g c tc} }b odlm `cz,* *D }`dli D ngt ilbu u`czc v`c dv( Hbzm,* Ig}`czdlc v{bic s{,½D gn lb Hbzm( Hgmt Ig}`czdlc( D gn g nczc gvvgh glm jbmtesgzm

}b tbsz mzg}tz,* Gdzcnsv gllbslfcm( ezdlldle, *Fghh nc Vdz Gdzcnsv,* *Gtc( Vdz Gdzcnsv,* Ig}`czdlc vs{{hdcm, *Do D gn lb} ndv}gicl(jgvcm bl u`g} Hgmt Esgzmdgl `gv }bhm nc bo `cz ncnbzdcv( }`c Nbsl}gdl Obzcv} Ubho [gfiv `g c nb cm vdlfc hble geb, D jchdc c D ilbu u`czc }`ctzchbfg}cm }b,*

*Ubho mdm vgt vbnc}`dle bo }`g}(* D }bhm nt ozdclm, *U`czc mdm }`cteb2 Uczc }`ct gjhc }b zcjsdhm }`c [gfiv2*

*Mb tbs lb} zcncnjcz tbszvcho2* Ig}`czdlc ezdllcm, *D mb jchdc c Abch eg c tbs g `dl} u`cl `c ncl}dblcm }`c Nbblmglfczv,*

Nt ndlm fgnc s{ ud}` blc {hgfc, Nt }gdh }ud}f`cm ud}` cpfd}cncl},*]`czc2*

Ig}`czdlc lbmmcm,D }szlcm }b Mzg}tz glm Hbzm Jzgiibl, *Do tbs hdic( tbs fgl abdl sv,* Gdzcnsv Mzgllg hgse`cm, *D ubshm lb} ndvv d} obz }`c ubzhm, @bu

gjbs} tbs( Jzgiibl2* Jzgiibl ugv v`bficm( js} lbmmcm( {szz.ezbuhdle slmcz `dv jzcg}`,

*]b vcc nt jcgs}dosh Hbfgzzg blfc gegdl,* @c hbbicm s{ g} nc, *D udhh hc} Ntv}dfg ilbu }b ug}f` b cz V}gzodzc glm uc udhh mc{gz},*



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. :::..

Ntv}dfg ugv Wsccl bo }`c C{vdhbl glm gl Glfdcl} Ntv}df Vdv}cz u`dhc V}gzodzc ugv Jzgiibl%v }zsc.vbl jt `cz, Mszdle }`c Ugz bo }`c Zcghnv( Jzgicl Abch @gui( Ntv}dfg%v glm B%Mchh%v vbl glm Jzgiibl%vgmb{}cm.vbl lgncm `dv `gho.jzb}`cz V}gzodzc( msc }b }`c v}gzv glm odzc dl `dv ctcv glm ngedf,

U`cl uc uczc zcgmt( uc uczc bl bsz ugt( ndlsv Ig}`czdlc, V`c%m ugl}cm }b v}gt ud}` `cz nb}`cz( b czu`chncm jt }`c cpfd}cncl},

Ghh }`zcc bo sv ohcu( ud}` ntvcho dl }`c hcgm( `cgmdle }b }`c Ntv}df [zb dlfc dl }`c Zcghn bo Mzcgnv,

D} ugv }`c [zb dlfc%v Obzeb}}cl Obzcv} u`czc D obhhbucm }`c vfcl}v bo Fchcv}c glm F`gvc Nbblmglfcz, G} odzv} vde`}( d} ugv g {cgfcosh {gz} bo }`c Obzcv}, Mzgfbldglv( Muchhcz.idl glm }`bvc hdic sv ilcu mdooczcl}ht, ]`czc uczc fzcg}szcv bo c czt idlm dngedlgjhc `dmdle dl d}v }zccv( jsv`cv glm c cl slmcz }`c ezbslm, Vfcl}v bo c czt idlm uczc }`czc( }bb( ghnbv} b czu`chndle }b nt ubho%v vlbs}, D obfsvcm nt lbvc }b odlm }`c

Nbblmglfczv( `dmmcl gugt dl g fg c,Uc mcvfclmcm glm D }bhm }`cn }b v`do} }`cdz obznv, Mzg}tz lbmmcm glm v`do}cm }b g ubho( glm vb mdm Jzgiibl, D ugv gngqcm g} `bu }`cthdv}clcm }b nc ud}`bs} wscv}dbl,

D fghhcm }`c ubho%v `buh glm }`c Nbblmglfczv jb}` fgnc bs}, ]`ctuczc Nbsl}gdl Ubho Fbn{gldbl.Muchhczv( vb D ilcu }`ct uczc {gz} bo ntbul ng}äzä%v [gfiv,

Fchcv}c vgu nc glm jbucm, *Nt Hgmt Esgzmdgl( u`g} mb D buc }`dv`blbz2*

D vndhcm, *Jc`dlm nc( tbs vcc }`c ubho.Fbn{gldbl obznv bo Hbzm

Jzgiibl Mzg}dglbv glm nt {äzg} Vdz Gdzcnsv Mzgllg,* *Mzgllg,,,* Fchcv}c hbbicm }b F`gvc, ]`ct ilcu vbnc}`dle,*D gn `czc obz g zcgvbl( Nbblmglfczv( glm D mb jchdc c tbs ilbu

u`t,* D fzbvvcm nt mzgeblubho gznv glm obhmcm nt udlev jc`dlm ntjgfi( `bbidle }`c fhguv g} nt lcfi hdic g fg{c,

*D ilbu cpgf}ht u`g} tbs gzc `czc obz }`cl( }b jzdle }`c }ub bo }`cn,* F`gvc v{bic s{ wsdc}ht( lbmmdle }b Jzgiibl glm Gdzcnsv,

Uc ughicm sl}dh uc gzzd cm g} }`c jb}}bn bo Ubho%v [cgi( u`df` svcm }b jc lgncm Ubho%v @cgm, G ubho%v `cgm v`g{c dl }`c zbfi dv u`g} eg c }`c [cgi d}v lgnc( }chhdle ghh }b jc gugzc bo }`c [gfiv ud}`dl }`c gzcg,

*[gzmbl }`c dl}zsvdbl( Hbzm Jzgiibl( js} `bu dv d} g mzgebl hbzm fgl v`do} `dv v`g{c }b }`g} bo g ubho2* F`gvc gvicm `dn, *Tbs jb}` gzc mzgeblv( gtc2 Vb u`t `dmc dl ubho obzn2*

*Obz }`c vgnc zcgvblv Hgmt Gmchhglmzg `dmcv ud}`dl nglt bo `cz bul obznv,* Hbzm Jzgiibl lbmmcm }b nc, D }szlcm glm lbmmcm jgfi(vndhdle, *Gv }b lb} fblosvc bz ozde`}cl b}`czv }`g} mb lb} lccm }b jc ozde`}clcm,*



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ::6..

F`gvc hbbicm }b nc, *Gmchhglmzg2 ]`g} dv tbsz }zsc.lgnc2* D lbmmcm,*D }`bse`} d} ugv Gzdglg Nbbl2 Dv }`g} lb} u`g} Hbzm Esgzmdgl fghhcm tbs2*

D ezdllcm }b nt nbsl}gdl.ubho ozdclm, *]`czc dv g hb} }`g} tbs lccm }b jc fgse`} s{ bl( F`gvc Nbblmglfcz,* D }bhm `dn, *Js} wsdfiht( gtc( }`g} dv nt }zsc.lgnc, D} svcm }b jc Gzdglg Nbbl glm Hbzm B%Mchh mdm fghh nc }`g}( js} blht sl}dh zcfcl}ht( u`cl D obslm nt }zsc.ng}c dl Hbzm MzgfbldvMzg}dglbv( Cn{czbz bo }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv glm Hbzm Jzgiibl%v vbl,*

Ghh F`gvc fbshm mb ugv lbm vhbuht, D hgse`cm, *Tbs%hh slmczv}glm vbbl clbse` nt ozdclm, Obz lbu( }b }`bvc uc vcci,*

F`gvc lbmmcm, *Gtc,* D} mdml%} }gic hble }b zcgf` g `dmmcl fg czl }`g} ugv gf}sghht dlvdmc

}`c nbs}` bo Ubho%v [cgi,]`g} dv u`czc uc obslm }`c Gh{`g bo }`c [gfiv( nt ng}äzä( Ig}czdlg

Nbs}%chhg Mzgllg, Ud}` `cz ugv g fbjzg ngdmcl vb jcgs}dosh dl `cgz} glm

vbsh D zcncnjczcm `cz uchh, D} ugv Hgmt Hbfgzzg( Mzgfbldv% ns}tz glm Hbzm Jzgiibl%v ng}c,Js} u`g} bo Wsccl Ntv}dfg2 D ughicm s{ }b nt ng}äzä glm `chm dl }`c szec }b `se `cz, *Nt

Hgmt Gh{`g,* D fghhcm `cz jt `cz }d}hc( u`df` eb} `cz g}}cl}dbl,V`c vgu nc dl nt mzgeblubho obzn ghble ud}` }`c ubh cv jc`dlm

sv, V`c egv{cm, *Gmchhg.* V`c zgfcm }b `se nc }de`}ht, *]`c Ezcg} Ubho Ebmmcvv `gv jzbse`} tbs jgfi }b nc( nt vucc} mblgl'*

*Ng}äzä'* D fzdcm( `seedle `cz, *Tbs% c jccl `czc }`c u`bhc }dnc2* Ng}äzä lbmmcm `g{{dht( }`cl }szlcm }b }`c ubh cv jc`dlm nc, *Glm D

vcc tbs% c jzbse`} ud}` tbs g fbs{hc bo v}zgleczv ozbn }`c Mzgebl Lg}dblv,* D ezdllcm, *]`ct gzc lb} v}zgleczv do tbs ilbu bo }`cn( Ng}äzä,* D

`seecm `cz }de`}cz, *U`t mdml%} D ilbu tbs uczc `czc jcobzc2* *D ugv ugd}dle obz tbs }b odlm tbszvcho gegdl( mblgl,* Ng}äzä

gllbslfcm, V`c blht vgu Mzg}tz dl `dv ubho obzn glm lb}dfcm `dn zde`} gugt, *Gdzcnsv( u`t `dmc ud}`dl }`c obzn bo g ubho2 Tbs gzc blc bo }`c nbv} `glmvbnc glm {buczosh bo mzgeblv, Tbs( }bb( Jzgiibl,*

Mzg}tz hgse`cm glm v`do}cm `dv obzn jgfi }b }`c ngacv}df glm nde`}t mzgebl v`c%m fbnc }b ilbu glm hb c ghh }`bvc tcgzv geb, Vb mdm Hbzm Jzgiibl( u`df` v`bficm Hbfgzzg, V`c v}bbm jt Ng}äzä( v{ccf`hcvv,

*U`g} jzdlev }`c }`zcc bo tbs `czc2* *D `g c fbnc }b jzdle tbs jgfi }b Ngh%cv}gz( Ng}äzä,* D }bhm `cz, *Ghh

bo tbs, Mzg}tz( Hbzm Jzgiibl( Hgmt Hbfgzzg glm tbs, Do tbs udv`cm }b abdl sv( u`df` D gn fcz}gdl nt Hbzm glm hb c Mzgfbldv ubshm jc mchde`}cm }b vcc `dv {gzcl}gmg ghd c glm uchh,*



NFV.= @b{c obz ]bnbzzbu( Gmchhg Mzg}dglbv .. ::=..

*Ngh%cv}gz,* Hgmt Hbfgzzg u`dv{czcm, G vclvc bo zcghdqg}dbl v{zcgm gfzbvv `cz ogfc gv v`c v}gzcm g} Hbzm Jzgiibl dl `dv mzgebl obzn, *D zcncnjcz,,,,*

*Tbs uczc dl }`c Vsnnczhglmv( Hbfgzzg,* Hbzm Jzgiibl }bbi `cz dl `dv gznv glm `seecm `cz( idvvdle `cz hd{v, *D gn lb} fbn{hgdldle }`g} tbsgzc `czc( js} `bu2*

*D gn lb} vszc,* Hbfgzzg zcgf`cm }b occh `dv mzgebl%v vfghcv(zcncnjczdle, *D }`bse`} obz fcz}gdl tbs uczc eblc ozbn nc obzc cz u`cl D `cgzm bo Ngh%cv}gz%v mcv}zsf}dbl,*

Hbzm Jzgiibl {hgfcm g fhgu s{bl `cz hd{v jcobzc idvvdle }`cn, *Lb nbzc nt vucc}, Uc udhh v{cgi bo }`dv hg}cz, Obz lbu( bsz Hgmt Cn{zcvv `gv

} l ]` d f h j }dbl } h } dl b L }dbl *

mcs4 hope for tomorrow (2010 edit)

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