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TRANSCRIPT
Peruvian Andes:Geology & Mineral Potential
MiguelMiguel CardozoCardozoMinistry of Energy and MinesMinistry of Energy and Minesof Peruof Peru
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early HercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR D ILLER A
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR D ILLER A
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVIC IAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
P LIOCENE
M IOCE NE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCE NE
UP PE R
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UP PE R
LO W ER
P ENN SY L-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
E OCENE
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Volcanics
Limestones
Coarse clastics
Fine clastics
A thick, mainly late Pz – Up.K, marine sed.- volc.Sequence.
Followed by a terrestrial clastic sequence and intense sub-aereal volcanic activity
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early HercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR D ILLER A
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR D ILLER A
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVIC IAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
P LIOCENE
M IOCE NE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCE NE
UP PE R
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UP PE R
LO W ER
P ENN SY L-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
E OCENE
0 100 200 300 km
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Volcanics
Limestones
Coarse clastics
Fine clastics
Intense, episodic magmatism occurred in the Cordilleran region.Intrusives range from deepbatholithic to subvolcanic settings
Cu Skarn
Cu Porphyry
Cu-Au Porphyry
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
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Deposit Types
Northern Peru Cu-Au Porphyry Belt
Cerro Corona 6Mt @1.4 g/t Au 40Mt @ 1.33 g/t Au, 0.7% Cu
Cañariaco 365 Mt @ 0.5% Cu
Galeno 430 Mt @ 0.6% Cu, 0.2 g/t Au
La Granja 800 Mt @ 0.61% Cu
Michiquillay 630 Mt @ 0.69% Cu
La Arena 34Mt @ 0.8 g/t Au
La Virgen 2 Mt @ 2.3 g/t Au
Minas Conga 641 Mt @ 0.3% Cu, 0.8 g/t Au,
Paleocene Southern Peru Cu-Porphyry Belt
Quellaveco 213 Mt @ 0.94% Cu, 0.014% Mo, 1.74 g/t Ag 761 Mt @ 0.57% Cu, 0.023% Mo, 2.31 g/t Ag
Cerro Negro 64 Mt @ 0.56% Cu (óxidos)
Cerro Verde 175 Mt @ 0.6% Cu 420 Mt @ 0.6% Cu
Toquepala 770 Mt @ 0.74% Cu
Cuajone 61 Mt @ 0.49% Cu (oxides) 1,212 Mt @ 0.64% Cu
Eocene-Oligocene Apurimac Cu-Porphyry-Skarn Belt
Las Chancas 200 Mt @ 1% Cu
Antapaccay 390 Mt @ 0.83% Cu
Las Bambas 40Mt @ +2% Cu + potential porphyry
Tintaya +200 Mt @ +1.5% Cu
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
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Deposit Types
IOCG
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
0
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Cu-Zn VMS
Deposit Types
Cu VMS
IOCG
Iron Oxides Cu-Au Coastal Belt
Cerro Lindo 42 Mt @ 5.1% Zn, 0.8% Cu, 35 g/t Ag
Raul-Condestable +30 Mt @ 1- 2.5% Cu
Marcona 1,800 Mt @ 53.3% Fe + potential for Cu-Au mineralization
Lancones Basin VMS Cu-Zn-Au
Tambogrande TG1 64 Mt 1.7% Cu, 1.4% Zn, 0.7 g/t Au, 31 g/t AgTG3 110 Mt 0.7% Cu, 1.0% Zn, 0.7 g/t Au, 17 g/t Ag
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
0
50
100
150
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MVT
Deposit Types
Central & Northern Peru MVT Zn-Belts
Bongará +5 Mt @ +15% Zn
San Vicente +30 Mt @ 12 –14% Zn
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
0
50
100
150
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250
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450
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550
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Cu-Zn Skarn
Deposit Types
Cu Skarn
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
0
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Cu-Zn Skarn
Cu Skarn
Polymet Replac.
Polymet Veins
Deposit Types
Central Peru MVT Zn-Belt
Antamina 500Mt @ 1.2% Cu, 1% Zn
Iscaycruz +5Mt @ +18% Zn
Morococha +30 Mt @ +7% Zn + Toromocho porphyry with 364 Mt @ 0.67% Cu
Colquijirca ~25 Mt @ 7% ZnSan Gregorio +70Mt @ 7.4% Zn, 2.2% Pb
Cerro de Pasco +120Mt @ 7.2% Zn, 2.3% Pb
Magistral
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
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Deposit Types
Epithermal
Tantahuatay 350 Mt 0.85% Cu, 0.33 g/t Au, 9 g/t Ag, 0.18% As + 25 Mt @ 1.0 g/t Au (oxides)
Yanacocha, Pierina & Southern Peru Epithermal Gold-Silver Belts
La Zanja 24 Mt @ 0.8 g/t Au
Sipán 16Mt @ 2.0 g/t Au
Yanacocha 650 Mt @ 1.0 g/t Au
Quiruvilca +6 Mt @ 7 oz/t Ag, 5% Zn, 0.9% Cu
Pierina 90 Mt @ 2,1 g/t Au
Ares +1 Mt @ 20 g/t Au
Orcopampa +2 Mt @ 18 g/t Au
AntapiteSanta Rosa
Quicay 6 Mt @ 1,1 g/t Au
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
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Deposit Types
Mesothermal Au
Pataz Batholith & Coastal BatholithMesothermal Gold Belts
Poderosa
Retamas
Horizonte
Arirahua
San Juan de Chorunga
Ishihuinca
Quartz-gold vein-systems, typical grades between 14 g/t and 20 g/t Au
Gold and Polymetallic Mineralization in Southeastern Peru
San Rafael +15 Mt @ 5.3% Sn, 0.2% Cu
Ana María very high grade, narrow veins
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
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550
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2000
Cu-Zn Skarn
Cu SkarnCu-Zn VMS
Cu Porphyry
Cu-Au Porphyry
MVT
Polymet Replac.
Polymet Veins
Deposit Types
Cu VMS
IOCG
Mesothermal Au
Epithermal
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
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50
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Iron.
Copper
Copper-Gold
Zinc
Polymetallic
Copper-Zinc
Tin + OtherTungsten + Other
Gold-Silver
Main Commodities
Q uechuaPhases
Incaic Phases
Peruvian Phose
Mochica Phose
Late HercynianPhoss
Early H ercynianPhase
C OSTAW ESTER NC OR DILLE RA
A LTIPLAN OEA STER NC OR DILLE RA
SU B AN D EA NR EGION
QUATERNARY
TERTIARY
CRETACEDUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CARBONI-FEROUS
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
PRE - CAMBRIAN
PLIOCENE
M IOCENE
OL IGO CENE
PALEOCENE
UPPER
LO W ER
M ALM
DO GGER
LIAS
UPPER
LO W ER
PENNSYL-VANIAN
M ISS ISSIP -P IAN
EOCENE
0 100 200 300 km
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Mineralization Age
U.Tertiary
PaleoceneCretaceous
Eocene-Olig.
JurassicPaleozoic
MINERALIZED BELTSLancones Basin VMS Cu-Zn-Au
Yanacocha Epithermal Gold Belt
Ananea Mesothermal
Gold Belt
Southern Peru Epithermal Au-Ag Belt
Eocene-Oligocene Apurimac
Cu-Porphyry-Skarn Belt
Central Peru MVT Zn-Belt
Northern Peru MVT Zn Belt
Northern Peru Cu-Au Porphyry Belt
Paleocene Southern Peru
Cu-Porphyry Belt
Coastal Batholith Mesothermal
Gold Belt
Pataz Batholith Mesothermal Gold Belt
Iron Oxides Cu-Au Coastal
Belt
Central Peru Polymetallic Skarn &
Replacement Belt
Pierina Epithermal Gold Belt
World-class ore deposits in Peru• High-Sulphidation Epithermal Gold
– Yanacocha: + 40 million oz of gold
– Pierina: +7 million oz of gold
• Cu-Zn Skarn Deposits– Antamina: 500Mt @ 1.3% Cu, 1% Zn
• Polymetallic Replacement Deposits– Cerro de Pasco: +120Mt @ 7.2% Zn, 2.3% Pb
– San Gregorio: +70Mt @ 7.4% Zn, 2.2% Pb
World-class ore deposits in Peru
• Copper Porphyries– Cuajone: 1,200Mt@ 0.64% Cu
– Toquepala: 770Mt @ 0.74% Cu
• Massive Sulphide Deposits– Tambogrande
TG1: 64Mt @ 1.7% Cu, 1.4% Zn, 0.7g/t Au
TG3:110Mt @ 0.7% Cu, 1.4% Zn, 0.7g/t Au
• Iron Ore Deposits– Marcona: 1,800Mt @ 53.3% Fe
Peru: Current Production & Resources
(as a Percentage of Global Figures)
Commodity Production Known resourcesGold 5.7% 0.8%Copper 4.1% 6.1%Zinc 11.2% 2.8%Silver 11.2% 8.8%Tin 16.0% 3.3%
Calculated from USGS figures for year 2000
PERU: A MINING COUNTRY