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Page 1: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Chapter 6

Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

Page 2: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• CONNECTION• DELIVERY• ROUTING METHODS• STATIC AND DYNAMIC ROUTING• ROUTING TABLE AND MODULE• CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

Page 3: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

CONNECTION-ORIENTED VERSUS

CONNECTIONLESS SERVICES

6.16.1

Page 4: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

In a connection-oriented situation, the network layer protocol first makes a connection.

In a connectionless situation, the network layer protocol treats each

packet independently, with each packet having

no relationship to any other packet.

Page 5: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

DIRECT VERSUS

INDIRECT DELIVERY

6.26.2

Page 6: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-1

Direct delivery

Page 7: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-2

Indirect delivery

Page 8: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

ROUTING METHODS

6.36.3

Page 9: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-3

Next-hop routing

Page 10: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-4

Network-specific routing

Page 11: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-5

Host-specificrouting

Page 12: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-6

Default routing

Page 13: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

STATIC VERSUS

DYNAMIC ROUTING

6.46.4

Page 14: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

A static routing table contains information entered manually.

A dynamic routing table is updated periodically using one of the dynamic

routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, or BGP.

Page 15: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

ROUTING TABLE AND

ROUTING MODULE

6.56.5

Page 16: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-7

Routing module and routing table

Page 17: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-8

Routing Table

FlagsU The router is up and running. G The destination is in another network.H Host-specific address. D Added by redirection.M Modified by redirection.

Page 18: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Figure 6-9

Configuration for routing example

Page 19: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Mask Dest. Next Hop I.

255.0.0.0 111.0.0.0 -- m0

255.255.255.224 193.14.5.160 - m2

255.255.255.224 193.14.5.192 - m1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------255.255.255.255 194.17.21.16 111.20.18.14 m0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

255.255.255.0 192.16.7.0 111.15.17.32 m0

255.255.255.0 194.17.21.0 111.20.18.14 m0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 111.30.31.18 m0

Page 20: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 1Example 1

Router R1 receives 500 packets for destination 192.16.7.14; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match (with the value in the second column) is found:

Page 21: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

SolutionSolution

Direct delivery

192.16.7.14 & 255.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 no match

192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224 192.16.7.0 no match

192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224 192.16.7. no match

Host-specific

192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.255 192.16.7.14 no match

Network-specific

192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.0 192.16.7.0 match

Page 22: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 2Example 2

Router R1 receives 100 packets for destination 193.14.5.176; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match is found:

Page 23: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

SolutionSolution

Direct delivery

193.14.5.176 & 255.0.0.0 193.0.0.0 no match

193.14.5.176 & 255.255.255.224 193.14.5.160 match

Page 24: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 3Example 3

Router R1 receives 20 packets for destination 200.34.12.34; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match is found:

Page 25: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

SolutionSolution

Direct delivery

200.34.12.34 & 255.0.0.0 200.0.0.0 no match

200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.224 200.34.12.32 no match

200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.224 200.34.12.32 no match

Host-specific

200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.255 200.34.12.34 no match

Page 26: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

SolutionSolution

Network-specific

200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.0 200.34.12.0 no match

200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.0 200.34.12.0 no match

Default

200.34.12.34 & 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0. match

Page 27: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 4Example 4

Make the routing table for router R1 in Figure 6.10

Page 28: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 4Figure 6-10

Page 29: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

SolutionSolution

Mask Destination Next Hop I.

255.255.0.0 134.18.0.0 -- m0

255.255.0.0 129.8.0.0 222.13.16.40 m1

255.255.255.0 220.3.6.0 222.13.16.40 m1

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 134.18.5.2 m0

Page 30: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 5Example 5

Make the routing table for router R1 in Figure 6.11

Page 31: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 5Figure 6-11

Page 32: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

SolutionSolution

Mask Destination Next Hop I.

255.255.255.0 200.8.4.0 ---- m2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

255.255.255.0 80.4.5.0 201.4.10.3 m1

or 200.8.4.12 or m2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

255.255.255.0 80.4.6.0 201.4.10.3 m1

or 200.4.8.12 or m2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 ???????????? m0

Page 33: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 6Example 6

Mask Destination Next Hop I.

255.255.0.0 110.70.0.0 - m0

255.255.0.0 180.14.0.0 - m2

255.255.0.0 190.17.0.0 - m1

255.255.0.0 130.4.0.0 190.17.6.5 m1

255.255.0.0 140.6.0.0 180.14.2.5 m2

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 110.70.4.6 m0

The routing table for router R1 is given below. Draw its topology

Page 34: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Example 6(Solution)

Figure 6-12

Page 35: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

CLASSLESS ADDRESSING:

CIDR

6.66.6

Page 36: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

Routing Table SizeRouting Table Size

Hierarchical RoutingHierarchical Routing

Geographical RoutingGeographical Routing

Routing Table Search AlgorithmsRouting Table Search Algorithms

ISSUESISSUES

Page 37: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

In classful addressing, In classful addressing, each address has self-containedeach address has self-contained

information that facilitates information that facilitates routing table searching.routing table searching.

Page 38: McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003 Chapter 6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets

McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003

In classless addressing, there is In classless addressing, there is no self-contained information no self-contained information in the destination address to in the destination address to

facilitate routing table searching.facilitate routing table searching.


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