mca-indonesia-sgip.pdf

Indonesia Compact Updated Social and Gender

Integration Plan (SGIP)

Millennium Challenge Account – Indonesia (MCA-Indonesia)

June 2014

Social Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) – Indonesia 2

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 5 2. Background: Key Social and Gender Issues, Concerns, and Trends ............. 7

2.1 Social Exclusion………………………………………………………………………7 2.2 Gender and Social Gaps at the Legal and Policy Level ................................... 9 2.3 Gender Gaps in Education and health………………………………………… 12 2.4 Women’s Participation and Leadership .......................................................... 14 2.5 Women in the Economy.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.5 2.6 The National Gender Mainstreaming Framework......................................... 177

3.Institutional and Programmatic Review of Related Donor and Women’s Organizations ........................................................................................................ 20 4. Social and Gender Integration Action Plan ................................................... 222

4.1 Green Prosperity ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.2 4.2 Community Based Health and Nutrition to Reduce Stunting Project ............ 316 4.3 Procurement Modernization ........................................................................... 48

5. Cross-Cutting Gender Concerns: Policy Research ........................................ 53 6. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) .................................................................... 55 7. Communications ............................................................................................... 56 8. MCA Capacity Assessment .............................................................................. 57 9. SGIP and Its Implication to Compact Documents, Contracts and Reports ... 58 10. SGIP Review and Update Process ................................................................. 58


List of Figures

Figure 1: Gender Development Index by Indonesia Province .............................. 10 Figure 2: Percentage of Education Attainment BPS Gender Statistic 2011 ........ 133 Figure 3: The fraction of births attended by skilled professionals varies across East Asian and Pacific countries ......................................................................... 13 Figure 4: Employment sectoral composition by gender in Thailand and Indonesia overtime .............................................................................................................. 15 Figure 5: Percentage of males and females labor (>15 yrs old) based on gender and sectors .......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 6: Wage in IDR based on sex and sectors ................................................ 16 Figure 7: Women’s Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: Select Figures from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, Indonesia and Regional/Global Comparisons ............... 17 Figure 8: The MCA-Indonesia SGA Framework ................................................... 22


Glossary

ACILS American Center of International Labor Solidarity

AMAN Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (The Indigenous People Alliance of the Archipelago)

AIPEG Australia Indonesia Partnership for Economic Governance

AIPJ-AusAID Australia Indonesia Partnership for Justice – Australian Aid

BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional

BPS Badan Pusat Statistik (Center of Statistic Body)

CEDAW Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination against Women

CP Condition Precedent

GDI Gender Development Index

GOI Government of Indonesia

EAP Report East Asia Pacific

EFP Equal Future Partnership

ESMS Environmental and Social Management System

ICMC International Catholic for Migration Commission

IEA Implementing Entity Agreement

IOM International Organization of Migration

IWAPI Ikatan Wanita Pengusaha Indonesia (Indonesian Women’s Business Association)

KUHP Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana (the Indonesia Criminal Code)

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MAMPU-AusAID Australian Aid program on Empowering

MCA-Indonesia Millennium Challenge Account in Indonesia

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MOWE Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Children Protection

MSF Multi-stakeholder Forum

MMR Maternal Mortality Rate

NMC National Management Consultant

NRM Natural Resources Management

PEKKA Perempuan Kepala Keluarga (Female-headed Household)

RE Renewable Energy

PIA Program Implementation Agreement

PMC Project Management Consultant

PSF PNPM Support Facility

Sakernas Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (National Labour Force Survey)

SEMA Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (Supreme Court Circular Letter)

SLU Sustainable Land Use

SGIP Social and Gender Integration Plan

TIP Trafficking In Person

TVPA Trafficking Victims Protection Act

UNDP United Nation Development Program

WDR World Development Report


1. Introduction 1.1 The Indonesia Compact

Indonesia was selected by MCC’s Board of Directors as eligible for a Compact in December 2008, and on 19 November 2011 the Governments of Indonesia and the United States signed the Compact, which will provide US$600 million as grants to Indonesia over five years. The aim of the Compact is to support programs that increase economic growth and reduce poverty. The Compact is being implemented by the Millennium Challenge Account-Indonesia (MCA-Indonesia), established by the Government of Indonesia and supported by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), on behalf of the Government of the United States. The Compact consists of the following three projects: (a) Green Prosperity (GP), which focuses on increasing productivity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by expanding renewable energy and improving natural resource management; (b) Community-based Health and Nutrition (CBHN) for reducing stunting of children, and (c) Procurement Modernization (PM) for improving the efficiency of public services. These projects are expected to provide equitable benefits to the beneficiaries, especially the poor and women. However, there are some gaps in providing equal economic and social opportunities for women and men as well as other vulnerable groups in Indonesia, as women’s legal and social status is unequal to men, and marginalized groups face barriers in participation. To identify and address these gaps, social and gender analysis were conducted for each of the three Compact projects and across activities to inform the design. 1.2 Social and Gender Integration Plan (SGIP)

The Social and Gender Integration Plan (SGIP) is an operational tool designed to systematize and ensure social inclusion and gender integration across Compact projects and activities in Indonesia. The objective of the SGIP is to serve as an activity guide, monitoring tool and central location for consolidation and synthesis of all social and gender analysis, background research, due dilligence, activity design, project planning and implementation. The SGIP ensures that sustainable social and gedner analysis, integration and capacity building for MCA Indonesia, Implementing Entities (IEs), contractors, partners and grantees take place during implementation, monitoring, evaluation and closure of the Compact. It is also intended to highlight particular social constraints and opportunities that may be relevant across sectors as well as risks that need to be mitigated. As one of MCC’s Gender Policy and Gender Milestones and Operational Procedures, this plan is a requirement for the Compact and a Conditions Precedent (CP) for second disbursement of Compact funds. The objectives of MCC’s policy and guideleines are to ensure that social inequalities do not limit opportunities, rather, economic and social opportunities for women, men and marginalized groups are maximized in the Compact, and that risks of negative consequences are mitigated. Furthmore, social and gender integration is an essential component of project success and sustainability, ensuring that projects are designed and implemented in the ways that respond to and address local conditions, practices and priorities, reflecting the social, cultural and economic realities of the population served. The Indonesia Compact states:

To maximize the positive social impacts of the Projects, address cross-cutting social and gender issues such as human trafficking, child and forced labor, and HIV/AIDS, and to ensure compliance with the MCC Gender Policy, the Government will: (x) develop a comprehensive social and gender integration plan which, at a minimum, identifies approaches for regular, meaningful and inclusive consultations with women and other vulnerable/underrepresented groups, consolidates the findings and


recommendations of Project-specific social and gender analyses and sets forth strategies for incorporating findings of the social and gender analyses into final Project designs as appropriate (“Social and Gender Integration Plan”); and (y) ensure, through monitoring and coordination during implementation, that final Activity designs, construction tender documents and implementation plans are consistent with and incorporate the outcomes of the social and gender analyses and social and gender integration plan.

A substantial amount of background research, analysis, assessments and consultations have been carried out during Compact development to help inform this SGIP. The plan has summarized that information and built upon it to provide concrete activities for social inclusion and gender integration. Consultants were contracted to produce thorough social and gender analysis for the three projects, and field visits have been undertaken to gather practical and detailed beneficiary information. Additional consultations with project teams, and as relevant, implementing entities have taken place to discuss and validate the recommendations. To the extent possible, initial recommendations and issues have been incorporated into ongoing project plans, terms of reference, bidding documents, and other project documentation and arrangements, with specific funds set aside to ensure resources to integrate social and gender concerns within each project activity.

In addition, gender analysis of the policy, institutional and regulatory environment has been carried out to identify policy constraints that need to be addressed for achieving the required social and gender outcomes. Additional funding in the amount of US $5 million is available in the Compact to focus on broader crosscutting policy, regulatory and legal issues that inhibit women and vulnerable groups’ full participation in and benefit from potential project benefits. Gender targeted activities using the gender funds will provide technical support to projects for comprehensive social and gender integration for achieving results.

As per MCC’s requirements, this plan is to be reviewed and updated annually to take account of project changes, lessons with gender integration, and emerging priorities. The annual updates will be reviewed by MCA Indonesia and MCC project leads, and approved by the MCC SGA Director. Basic training on the plan will be organized for the MCA-Indonesia country team, and relevant contractors and implementing partners.


2. Background: Key Social and Gender Issues, Concerns, and Trends This background section summarizes and reviews relevant national-level trends, the socio-economic context, legal, policy and regulatory framework issues that may impact Compact activities and constrain the ability women and marginalized groups to participate in and benefit from Compact projects. This section focuses on social and gender inequalities and its trend over the years in Indonesia. 2.1 Social exclusion. Given the large scale diversity of Indonesia, the groups that have faced exclusion over time differ by provinces, regions, and/or districts. Exclusion is also time and context specific, and should not be generalized. However, in many cases, there are certain groups whose economic, social, and legal status limit their capacity to defend their rights to and interests in land and natural resources. Their ability to participate in and benefit from development is therefore limited. In Compact projects areas, the category of vulnerable or potentially marginalized groups, among others, are the ethnic communities (indigenous peoples), the poor widows, female-headed households, the elderly, and people with disability (PWD) including poor female villagers residing in remote islands. There are over 300 ethnic groups in Indonesia and 95% of those are of native Indonesian ancestry. The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese who make up nearly 40% of the total population (Census 2010). The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago because of the transmigration program. The Sundanese (15.5%), Malay (3.7), Batak (3.6%) and Madurese (3%) are the next largest groups in the country. Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in Papua, speak Papuan languages. The classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia is not rigid and in some cases unclear due to migrations, inter-marriage, cultural and linguistic influences. According to AMAN, the number of indigenous people in Indonesia is between 50 and 70 million (20-30% of total population) 1 . Indigenous Peoples are considered potentially marginalized or vulnerable as they are minorities in most areas, and due to cultural and linguistic reasons.

Box 2.1: Laws regarding Indigenous Peoples. Cultural diversity of indigenous peoples is recognized in:

The national motto Bhineka Tunggal Ika or “Unity in Diversity.”

UUD 1945 (the Indonesia Constitution): Article 18B (2): the traditional rights of the indigenous people are recognized and respected by the state; Article 28I (3): cultural identity and traditional rights of the Indigenous peoples are respected and protected by the state as a human rights

TAP MPR RI No.9/IX/2001 - the Government recognizes, respects and protects the rights of the Indigenous people tradition in natural resource management

Law No. 27 Year 2007 About Coastal area and Small Islands

1 AMAN is a coalition of organizations of Indigenous Peoples

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages


Indonesian ethnic groups (Census 2000)2

Ethnic Groups

Population (million)

Percentage Main regions

Javanese 83.866 41.71

Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, Jakarta, Lampung

Sundanese 30.978 15.41 West Java, Banten, Jakarta, Lampung

Malay 6.946 3.45 Sumatra eastern coast, North Sumatra, Riau

Islands, Jambi, South Sumatra and West Kalimantan

Madurese 6.772 3.37 Madura island, East Java

Batak 6.076 3.02 North Sumatra

Minangkabau 5.475 2.72 West Sumatra, Riau

Betawi 5.042 2.51 Jakarta, Banten, West Java

Bugis 5.010 2.49 South Sulawesi, East Kalimantan

Bantenese 4.113 2.05 Banten

Banjarese 3.496 1.74 South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan

Balinese 3.028 1.51 Bali

Sasak 2.611 1.3 West Nusa Tenggara

Makassarese 1.982 0.99 South Sulawesi

Minahasan 1.900 0.96 North Sulawesi

Cirebonese 1.890 0.94 West Java, Central Java

A set of social and economic criteria is developed and given in SGIP and GP Operational Manual (Annex 10), so that marginalized groups can be identified and targeted enabling them to participate and benefit from Compact activities and investments. The definition of vulnerable groups in Indonesia is not well developed. Article 5(3) in Law No.39 Year 1999 on Human Rights includes the elderly, children, the poor, pregnant women, and persons with disability as vulnerable groups. A Decree was issued by Ministry of Home Affairs (No.050-187/Kep/Bangda/2007) on how to organize an inclusive development planning meeting that obliges the involvement of stakeholders (without specifying who the stakeholders should be). These two bylaws do not clarify who are the vulnerable groups that should be taken into account in any project planning processes. Therefore, there is no specific national guideline on the involvement of marginalized/vulnerable groups. For MCA-funded activities, the criteria

2 Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta; Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape, 2003

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Indonesian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madura

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_people




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kalimantan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantenese


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjar_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kalimantan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_people

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassarese

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minahasan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sulawesi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebonese


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java


developed in SGIP using potential social and economic exclusion will be used for targeting participation and benefits.

Box 2.2: Social and Economic Exclusion What are the elements that lead to exclusion?3

Social Exclusion

Cannot access basic services available to others

Are not present in government data

Face stigma and negative stereotyping

Cannot participate in the community activities

Cannot access the justice system

Are at risk of being exploited or abused

Have no individual bargaining power Economic Exclusion

Lack basic skills to improve their livelihood

Have no access to credit for small scale enterprise

Have no productive assets

Engage in livelihood activities that reinforce their marginalized status

Face development-related exploitation

2.2 Gender and Social Gaps at the Legal and Policy Level Inequality in legal status: Women’s legal and social status is unequal to that of men, and there are gaps in ensuring equal opportunities for women and men in Indonesia. Legislation is inconsistent and numerous discriminatory provisions still remain. Indonesia partially ratified CEDAW in 1984 with certain reservations, and a number of areas remain of concern in terms of the application of CEDAW conventions. Indonesia is ranked 85th out of 128 countries in the Women’s Economic Empowerment index (2012 World Bank/Economist Intelligence Unit report) on the legal and social status indicator, due to CEDAW reservations, especially property ownership rights. World Economic Forum Gender Gap Index 2012, which ranks countries according to the size of gender gaps between women and men (rather than actual levels of opportunities afforded to them): Indonesia is ranked 97th out of 135 countries. UN’s Gender Inequality Index 2011, a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievements between women and men in three dimensions (reproductive health, empowerment and the labor market) ranks Indonesia 100th out of 187 countries. 4 Internationally recognized gender ranking scores indicate that the country’s track record on ensuring gender equality is poor compared to international best practice, regional neighbors, or countries with comparable income levels.

Indonesia failed to pass the MCC ‘Gender in the Economy’ indicator in its scorecard used to measure country eligibility for MCC assistance. The scorecard is based on data from the World Bank’s Women, Business & the Law project, which assesses women’s legal capacity compared to that of men in a number of areas, such as signing contracts in their own name, recognition as head of household or getting a job, among others. In Indonesia, men are recognized as the head of household by default, even when they do not live in the same household and not even provide economic and/or social support. This issue is further examined later in this report in the section dealing with crosscutting policy, capacity and institutional issues, and given the direct tie to MCC work, included as a priority area as part of MCA-Indonesia’s policy work on gender.

3 http://pnpm-support.org/peduli/operational-manual-2012 accessed 17 May 2013 4 Human Development Report online statistics: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pdf

http://pnpm-support.org/peduli/operational-manual-2012


Figure 1: Gender Development Index by Indonesia Province

Source: Gender-based Human Development 2011, BPS-MOWE 2011

The disparity of Gender Development Index (GDI) in Indonesia persists. Indonesia’s GDI in 2011 is 67.80 and only eight provinces score above the national mean GDI. The good news is the gap is decreasing each year. Likewise, the Gender Empowerment Indicator (GEI) is getting better each year. In 2011, the GEI reached to the point of 69.14 compared to 68.15 in 2010. Gender discriminatory laws and policies persist at national and subnational levels. The Supreme Court Circular Letter (SEMA) No.03 Year 1963 had attempted to annul discriminatory articles against women, in particular article 108 and 110 that disallow women to testify before the court and enter into a contract without permission and assistance from her husbands. But patriarchal traditions and norms often prevail in practice. For example, while the civil code provides for equal inheritance, inheritance is dictated by customary laws, majority of these are discriminatory against women.5 Until now, the national law (among others, the circular letter of Ministry of Labor No.7 year 1990) regulated that married female civil servants are always counted as a single person meaning the married working women will not receive benefits for their husbands and the children.6 Komnas Perempuan notes that at least 282 regulations in 100 districts and cities in 22 provinces across country have discriminated against women. These regulations, among others, have prohibited women from leaving homes in the evenings, regulated women to cover their heads and body, and have restricted their freedom of movement. These not only stigmatize women but also reduce their opportunity to work in evening shifts or more generally be economically active.7 A new law on gender equality has been drafted, but its passage remains uncertain, and its provisions may not be sufficient to repeal numerous discriminatory regulations and laws, nor would it overcome traditional customs easily. Ministry of Women Empowerment (MOWE) has informed MCA-Indonesia that currently five different versions of the gender equality bill drafts are around in the national parliament, and they are interested in having one common draft. Any constitutional guarantees and national legislation may play out at the local level differently, given the complex

5 Indonesia Country Gender Assessment. 2006. Asia Foundation, ADB, CIDA, NDI, World Bank. 6 BPS-MOWE. Gender-based Human Development 2011. BPS-MOWE. Jakarta. 7 http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/23/05393810/Komnas.Perempuan.Temukan.282.Perda. Diskriminatif accessed by 2 May 2013.

PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA BERBASIS GENDER 2012 41

provinsi menunjukkan peningkatan. Hal ini berarti bahwa

pembangunan gender di semua provinsi telah menunjukkan

kemajuan, tetapi masih perlu upaya lebih kuat lagi untuk

meningkatkan kapabilitas perempuan mengingat kesenjangan

gender masih terjadi di semua provinsi. Secara nasional, pada

tahun 2010 IPG Indonesia mencapai 67,20, setahun kemudian IPG

Indonesia meningkat sebesar 0,60 poin menjadi 67,80.

Peningkatan IPG ini menunjukkan indikasi keberhasilan dalam

pembangunan gender. Namun demikian, bila dibandingkan

http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/23/05393810/Komnas.Perempuan.Temukan.282.Perda


interactions of civil, customary, and personal laws as well as Indonesia’s decentralization. This dynamic and complex set of variables will merit close inspection in the implementation of SGIP. Cultural norms prevails: Traditional attitudes towards women’s roles in society and economy prevail. A UNDP opinion poll on attitudes and perceptions to women’s social, economic and political participation found that 77.6% of male and female respondents thought that men should be the decision makers and leaders of the community, and 95% said that men should be the leaders of the household. Ninety-four percent felt that women should not work without the permission of their husbands. Moreover, a 2010 survey by the Pew Research center found that only 64% of respondents noted that ‘women should have equal rights.’ In the same survey, while 88% of respondents agree that women should be able to work outside the home, 74% believed that when jobs are scarce, these should go to men. Violence against women. While the legal age of marriage is 16 for girls and 19 for boys, in practice girls are often married at even earlier age. This impacts the nutrition (CBHN) project given the implications for women’s childbearing and caregiving. In parts of Java, some of the women interviewed as part of Compact development were married as early as 13 or 14 years of age. Gender based violence (GBV) is prevalent and impacts women’s daily lives. While data on GBV is generally difficult to get and cases are often under-reported, the 2012 Komnas Perempuan Annual Report indicated that 216,516 GBV cases were reported to various legal institutions and women’s crisis center across Indonesia during 2012. Since 2004, Komnas Perempuan noted the total number of GBV cases that were reported to the legal institutions have been increasing significantly, almost doubling each year. According to the National Commission on Violence against Women, the largest share of victims experience violence in the domestic domain and personal relationships. These trends indicate the need for educational messages across Compact activities, especially CBHN on how violence against women and early marriage impact women’s and children’s lives and their economic potential. The establishment of the National Commission on Anti Violence against Women or “Komnas Perempuan” is the GOIs effort to deal with the high incidence of gender-based violence. At the moment, sexual violence that occurs in private and public sphere is criminalized by various regulations such as the Indonesia domestic (household) violence law, the children rights protection law, and the anti-trafficking law as well as the Indonesia criminal code (KUHP). Trafficking in person (TIP): The anti-trafficking law in Indonesia criminalizes the perpetrators and punishable by prison time and fines for the perpetrators. As the country with many islands and many Indonesian working abroad as migrant workers, cases of trafficking in persons (TIP) in Indonesia are high. The Indonesia provinces that are situated in the borders with other countries such as West and East Kalimantan and the mining areas in which international companies are operating such as in Papua and East Nusa Tenggara, trafficking of women and girls is likely very high. The Greater Mekong region and Indonesia are the two main hubs for human trafficking in South-east Asia.8 In 2012, the US government placed Indonesia in Tier 2 category, meaning the GOI does not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but is making significant efforts to be compliant with those standards. Meanwhile, few NGOs and women’s organizations in Indonesia really focus on trafficking in persons. IOM, ACILS, and ICMC are some of the most prominent international organization based in Jakarta while national NGOs such as GAT (Gerakan Anti Trafiking) and some other national NGOS work on migration issues.

8 EAP Report 2012


TIP is considered by MCC in making decision of country eligibility. MCC has a zero tolerance policy on TIP and contractually requires all contractors and their sub-contractors to adopt the same policy. If the issue is specifically identified as a risk for a particular project, additional measures on education on this issue may be incorporated into project activities, and contractors may be asked to develop TIP risk management plans. In Indonesia, TIP risks are most likely to arise in GP. The establishment of workers camps for renewable energy infrastructure and any infrastructure works may contribute to transportation of persons vulnerable to TIP offenses or facilitate easier access of potential victims of human trafficking. Female headed households. According to 2010 Census, about 14% of Indonesian households are female-headed. However, PEKKA, a national women’s organization conducted a census in 111 villages and found that about 25% households are female headed. The discrepancy arose as abandoned women were not recognized as female headed households, thus about 11% of households were ‘invisible’ in the national census. AusAID research found that while 14% of Indonesians live below the poverty line, 55% of female-headed households they surveyed did so. On average they are older and poorer and have lower level of education than their male counterparts. The WDR 2012 reported that female-headed households are less likely to own and operate land than male-headed household. In rural areas they are less likely than male heads of households to have received credits in the last 12 months. Access to productive inputs and markets is lower among the female-headed households than among the male-headed households. These women’s vulnerabilities are increased due to their lower access to health services: one third of those below the Indonesian poverty line were unable to access free medical treatments, and less than 50% of the female headed households they surveyed had a legal marriage. Moreover, these women’s legal status is often precarious due to the problems they face in getting their status as the head of household formalized. In rural areas, women with little education may not have the resources or knowledge about the need for obtaining a formal divorce certificate that helps confer head of household status, and as a result they may not be able to benefit from social services. Given their higher vulnerability and poverty and less access to decision-making circles, a close focus on ensuring that female-headed households are not excluded from project benefits will be needed in the Indonesia compact. 2.3 Gender Gaps in Education and Health

There have been improvements in educational attainment rates in Indonesia. Female literacy levels are higher than in other countries with comparable income levels.9 The WDR 2012 acknowledged that some gender gaps have closed, including in education enrollment. However gaps in education quality and choice of academic discipline persist. Other data show that girls in Indonesia are more likely to be pulled out from school in response to crop losses.10 The Susenas data in 2010 showed that more girls/women (9.04%) aged more than 10 years old have never attended school compared to boys/men (3.94%) and female illiteracy level is much higher compared to male. Susenas 2010 data stated female illiteracy as 9.48% compared to 4.65% for male. Literacy and education gaps may create particular barriers for remote and indigenous peoples in being able to effectively participate in and understand GP project interventions in particular. Figure 2 indicates that while more girls (7-12 years) attend schools than boys of same age, attendance rate is higher for adolescent boys, both in urban and rural areas.

9 World Bank. Health Financing in Indonesia: A Reform Roadmap. 10 World Development Report 2012.


Figure 2: Percentage of Education Attainment BPS Gender Statistic 2011

Age

Urban Rural Urban + Rural

Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys

7 – 12 years old

98,99%

98,53%

97,73%

97,06%

98,32%

97,74%

13 – 15 years old

90,90%

89,58%

84,19%

81,44%

87,41%

85,15%

16 – 18 years old

61,57%

64,20%

47,88%

49,37%

55,12%

56,86%

Source: Susenas 2010

Currently, women and children in 20 provinces have critical health problems, especially maternal and infant mortality rates are high, and it will be difficult for Indonesia to reach the MDGs target by 2015. By targeting to reduce 25% of mother and infant mortality rates, the Ministry of Health created EMAS (Expanding Maternal and Neonatal Survival) with strengthened health services quality that is initially being carried out in six provinces (North Sumatera, Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and South Sulawesi) where maternal and infant mortality rates are the highest.11 Many women’s health issues persist as women’s access to reproductive health care could be constrained by norms. For example birth deliveries at home are culturally preferred in parts of Indonesia. This has significant implications as Indonesia has substantial disparities across provinces related to pre-natal care. Jakarta has 97 percent of births attended by a skilled birth attendant while Maluku has only 33 percent.12 The World Bank data below showed that Indonesia is one of the countries in the East Asia Pacific with low contraceptive use and low rates of births delivered by professionals. Indonesia has the highest maternal mortality rate in Southeast Asia and may not achieve the maternal mortality MDG goal of 112 deaths by 2015. Their current maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is 228.13

Figure 3: The fraction of births attended by skilled professionals Varies across East Asian and Pacific countries

According to the World Bank Country Assistance Strategy, “reductions in malnutrition have stagnated since 2002, undermining the progress made in the other indicator in the poverty alleviation goal, and maternal mortality fell by only 20 percent between 1993 and 2005, probably insufficient to meet the MDG target by 2015.” The underlying causes of malnutrition include household food insecurity, lack of or limited access to clean water and sanitation, and poor food intake during pregnancy and lactation. For example, data from Central and East Java in 1998 show that 81% of poor pregnant women could not afford to eat eggs, meat, or fish at least once a week.

Moreover, in some regions in scarce times women tend to reduce their food intake in the belief that men work harder and therefore need more.14

11 http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/20-provinsi-masih-miliki-masalah-kesehatan-ibu-dan-anak, accessed by 12 May 2013. 12 Indonesia Maternal Health Assessment 2010. 13 World Bank. 2010. “And Then She Died: Indonesia Maternal Health Assessment.” 14 World Bank. 2008. Investing in Indonesia’s Institutions: Country Partnership Strategy FY09-12.

Gender and Endowments: Access to Human Capital and Productive Assets

43

midwifery services between 1990 and 1998 on health and pregnancy outcomes for women of reproductive

age. The authors show that the addition of a village midwife to communities between 1993 and 1997 was

associated with a significant increase in body mass index (BMI) for women of reproductive age, as well as

associated with increased birthweight of newborns. Frankenberg et al. (2009) further investigate the reasons

behind this impact on outcomes. The presence of village midwives appears to have increased women’s receipt

of iron tablets and influenced their choice of childbirth practice away from reliance on traditional birth

attendants toward delivery attended by skilled professionals.

Progress is sometimes constrained by poor service delivery and social norms

East Asian and Pacific countries with high maternal mortality rates—Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Papua

New Guinea, and Timor-Leste—are precisely those with low rates of contraceptive use and low rates of

births delivered by professionals (figure 2.11 and figure 2.12). As shown in figure 2.11, Pacific Island

countries tend to have low contraceptive prevalence compared to East Asia. In Timor-Leste, for example,

only 20 percent of women age 15–49 use contraception, leading to high fertility rates and very short periods

between pregnancies. Less than 20 percent of the births there are assisted by professionals. Delivery at home

without professional help and without easy access to a functioning referral center poses high risks, particularly

in case of complications. The absence of the factors that explain progress elsewhere is at play in these

countries. Demand-side constraints from households, including social norms about pregnancy and birthing

practices, and poor supply-side provision of care explain the poor health outcomes in these countries. The

exact reasons can vary from context to context.

Figure 2.11. Contraceptive prevalence across East Asian and Pacific countries

Figure 2.12. The fraction of births attended by skilled professionals varies across East Asian and Pacific countries

Contraceptive prevalence (% of women ages 15–49) Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

Source: World Development Indicators 2010, Gender Statistics, World Bank.


On the supply side, poor access to quality obstetric health services, particularly among rural and remote areas,

place women at higher risk for maternal death. Rural areas tend to be less well served by the health system;

http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/20-provinsi-masih-miliki-masalah-kesehatan-ibu-dan-anak


The median age of marriage in Indonesia is 16 for girls – and as highlighted earlier, in practice women often marry even younger. This has implications for women’s educational attainment, future economic opportunities, as well as increased health risks. Pregnancies in early marriage, for example, are associated with higher maternal mortality, and young women’s lack of education may contribute to inadequate feeding practices.15 Encouraging later marriage should be part of any educational efforts carried out through PNPM Genarasi, such as the communications campaign. The high levels of violence against women are also especially relevant to this theme.

2.4 Women’s Participation and Leadership Women’s political participation and presence in top leadership is limited. Women constitute less than 1% of officials with decision-making authority.16 Data of Podes 2008 showed that female village heads only constituted 4% of the total number of village heads in Indonesia. Meanwhile, only 10 out of 492 regents/majors across Indonesia are female.17 In many villages in Green Prosperity areas in Jambi and West Sulawesi such as in Karampuang island none village or sub-village heads are women. This under-representation especially affects the representation women’s voices in community meetings due to many regulatory in relation to land and village boundary depend upon the representation of village heads. Men usually participate in civil society organizations related to community-level governance, physical infrastructure, environmental improvements, and neighborhood security, whereas women participate in organizations that focus on family welfare, economics, and health.18 While women are well represented in the overall civil service at 45.4% of the civil service labor force, they are concentrated in the lower echelon and make up only 9% of those working in the first echelon.19 Women’s very limited participation in decision-making bodies has implications for our projects because it will require extra efforts to ensure women are involved in any consultative processes during project development and implementation so that their views and experiences can be properly reflected. This under-representation of women also has implications for ensuring a gender balance at decision-making bodies relevant to our projects such as project working groups, Steering Committees, and Multi Stakeholder Forum (MSF) where the representation of appropriate women’s groups should be ensured. The initial Multi-Stakeholder Meeting carried out for GP already reflect a difficulty in ensuring balanced representation. Extra efforts to integrate gender language through project guidelines or operating procedures should be done to increase women’s presence and participation. At the moment, women’s participation in Indonesia is mostly defined as women’s participation in political spheres. Art. 2(3) Indonesia Law No. 2 Year 2011 specify the quota of women’s participation in politics shall be 30 per cent at the minimum. This definition has been referred to and used nationwide by, among others, the subnational government women’s empowerment unit for women’s participation in general community participation. MCA has used this as guidance in developing its consultative process guidelines, in particular for GP as follows: a) a minimum of 30% female representation at any consultative meetings; b) separate FGDs with women’s groups in any project consultations.

15 Indonesia Country Gender Assessment. 2006. Asia Foundation, ADB, CIDA, NDI, World Bank. 16 Asia Foundation et al. 2006 17 BPS-MOWE. Gender-based Human Development 2012. BPS-MOWE. Jakarta. 18 EAP Report 2012 19 UNDP. 2010. Women’s Participation in Politics and Government in Indonesia.


2.5 Women in the Economy

Figure 4: Employment sectorial composition by gender in Thailand and Indonesia over time

An examination of women’s economic status in Indonesia presents a mixed picture. A growing number of women have been joining the workforce. Yet, female labor participation is still often considered socially and culturally acceptable as long as it does not interfere with women’s primary role as wives and mothers. 20 The unemployment rate in Indonesia has continued to fall, reaching 6.3% in 2012.21 Still, the unemployment rate for women is higher (8.76%) compared to males (7.51%). 22 Also, female labor force participation rates are still very low and just

about 55,1%, compared to 84.9% for males.23 Female-male participation gaps are substantial even among women who do not have children, and the gaps widen with age. In rural and urban areas, women with young children are substantially less likely to participate in the labor market.24 When they do work, women are more likely to be found in low-paying, low-skilled occupations and in the informal sector where worker protections and benefits are weak. In particular, women whose husbands are self-employed are significantly more likely to be unpaid workers than those whose husbands are wage employees.25 Women dominate in informal sector employment and have much lower salaries than men. For example, the WDR 2012 report indicated that women are 70% of informal workers in Indonesia, and Sakernas 2010 data showed 72.32% of unpaid workers above 15 years old are females. Meanwhile, the EAP report 2012 indicated that gender earnings gaps are more pronounced than in the formal sector.

Figure 5: Percentage of male and female labor (>15 years old) Based on gender and sectors

Agriculture

Industry

Services

Male

63.08%

56.61%

55.93%

Female

36.92%

43.39%

44.07%

Source: Sakernas 2010

Average annual female earnings (in US$) are 2,289 versus 4,434 for men. The latest BPS data showed that in 2011 the average male wage is IDR 1,649,472 while female’s is IDR 1,275,653, and for the last five years (2007-2011) female earnings only slightly

20 World Bank’s Women, Business, and the Law Database 21 ILO Global Employment Trend 2013 22 BPS and MOWE. Gender-based Human Development 2012. BPS-MOWE, Jakarta. 23 BPS. Gender Statistics Indonesia 2011. BPS, Jakarta. 24 EAP Report 2012 25 World Development Report 2012.

The State of Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific

15

force expanded by the same amount over the period (Rozelle et al. 2000). Nonetheless, agriculture remains

important; in 2008, it was still the largest sector of employment in the region (figure 1.18).

Women’s labor market responses to structural transformation have, in part, reflected country-

specific patterns of development

Thailand, for example, moved from a heavy concentration of workers in agriculture in 1980 to a rise in the

industrial and service sectors (figure 1.19). The data indicate that the early 1990s saw a substantial movement

of females away from agriculture and out of the workforce. Similar patterns were seen in the United States

during the early stages of the transition away from agriculture (Goldin 1995; Mammen and Paxson 2000). In

Indonesia, by contrast, female labor force participation increased by 9 percentage points between 1980 and

2007, with the bulk of the increase coming from the service sector (figure 1.19). Participation in industry and

agriculture was fairly similar in 1980 and 2007.

Nonetheless, clear gender-specific patterns of employment persist

Labor market “sorting”—or employment segregation—along gender lines is pervasive, by industry,

occupation, formality, and flexibility of employment. Such sorting affects a number of economic outcomes,

by gender, including earnings, social security coverage, the intensity of work conducted, returns to education

and experience, and exposure to shocks. In every country in the region, women are more likely than men to

conduct unpaid family labor in agriculture and in the informal sector (World Bank Country Gender

Assessments, various; UNESCAP 2003). In addition, they are more likely to be found in some occupations—

such as teaching and nursing—and are less likely to be found in others, such as mining. Within the

manufacturing sector, women are more likely to be found in industries such as textiles and food processing,

and are also found in large and export-oriented firms. Within firms, women are more likely than men to be

temporary workers (figure 1.20).

Figure 1.18. Employment sectoral composition in EAP over time

Share of total employment by sector

Source: World Development Indicators 2010, World Bank.

Figure 1.19. Employment sectoral composition by gender in Thailand and Indonesia over time

% of total employment by sector and gender



increased compared to male’s wage increase. A study on six countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) indicated that Indonesia has the widest earnings gap among the six countries examined, and the study found substantial heterogeneity between rural and urban areas, both in terms of the size of the gap and the factors contributing to it. 26 Lower earnings among women and occupational segregation are worth noting and taking into account in all 3 projects, most especially procurement modernization and GP, with a need to emphasize non-traditional career paths and skills building as a way to increase female participation and earnings.

Figure 6: Wage in IDR based on sex and sectors

Sector

Male

Female

Agriculture 959,604 630,428

Non agriculture 1,593,629 1,457,529 Source: Sakernas 2010

Women entrepreneurs in Indonesia are important contributors to national economic development and growth. Female-led enterprises are relatively more likely to locate in the food, retail, and garment manufacturing sectors.27 According to data from the national statistics agency, out of 2,732,724 units of micro-sized enterprises, 41.40% are managed by women.28 Out of the total number of 5.3 million employees in the small-sized enterprises and home industries, women are 44.45 percent of the workers. In the Asia/Pacific region, Indonesia tops the list with the largest share of women SMEs, 29 though one of the potential reasons for high entrepreneurship rates for women may be linked with poorer formal sector employment opportunities. However, the WDR 2012 stated the significant differences of profitability of firms owned by male in rural areas compared to the females. Also, although women are considered to be an important market for microfinance, targeting of women has never been a hallmark of the Indonesian microfinance industry.30 The MCC-funded gender vendor survey has found that female enterprises tend to employ more females than male-owned ones, both as staff and in management. This is an important trend to consider, and the potential of female enterprises as a boost of female employment more generally, in light of women’s low labor force participation rates in the country. Women entrepreneurs are much less likely to be at a larger enterprise level and much more likely to be found at the small and micro enterprise sectors. According to data from the Indonesian Women Business Association (IWAPI), out of sixteen-thousand members in 2006, around 85% were concentrated in small –sized enterprises, 12% in medium-sized enterprises and only 3% in large scale enterprise. There are around 3,500 women cooperatives, which is 30% of the total number of cooperatives in Indonesia.31 Most of them are located outside Jakarta and 82% of women-owned or managed small medium enterprises have monthly revenue of less than $5,000.32 More than 90% of women-owned or managed small medium enterprises used their own savings to establish their business. At the same time, World Bank enterprise surveys indicate that Indonesia fares better than the overall sample of countries in terms of

26 EAP Report 2012 27 EAP Report 2012 28 BPS. SME Survey 2010. BPS. Jakarta. 29 Mastercard Worldwide Insights: http://www.masterintelligence.com/ViewInsights.jsp?hidReportTypeId=1&hidSectionId=180&hidReport=253&hidReportSection=1131&hidViewType=null&hidUserId=null 30 EAP Report 2012 31 The Role of Women in SMEs in Indonesia. 2009. Sri Danti Anwar. Presented at a Workshop on the Role of SMEs on Poor Power Empowerment. 32 IFC press release


female participation in ownership of firms, females as top managers and full time workers (see figure below). In Indonesia, there are more firms with female participation in ownership than firms with female top managers, demonstrating that although women might be owners, there are fewer women in decision-making positions to articulate their voice and preferences.

Figure 7: Women’s Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: Select Figures from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, Indonesia and Regional/Global Comparisons

Category Indonesia Region All

countries

% of Firms With Female Participation in Ownership 42.84 54.27 33.58

% of Full Time Female Workers* 33.89 39.30 29.02

% of Female Permanent Full-time Non-production Workers *

4.65 11.01 9.38

% of Firms With Female Top Manager 31.19 27.05 17.62 Source: World Bank enterprise surveys: www.enterprisesurveys.org

Generally, the capacity of female-owned firms has affected their decision to access government contracts that offered by national ministries, and national or subnational institutions. A gender vendor survey carried out by MCC indicated that female-owned firms are just 5% of those receiving government contracts, and women themselves are less likely to participate in government bidding. Female-owned firms stated that the bidding requirement is too complicated in that they thought they would not be winning. Likewise, the issues of corruption, collusion, and nepotism have discouraged many more female-owned firms to compete for government contract. Access to finance remains difficult for women. Access to capital is the most important constraint reported in both male- and female-run informal firms, and female-run informal firms appear to have substantially less capital than male-run informal firms. Female micro firms also have lower levels of start-up capital than male-run micro firms. Women have access to bank loans and credit, but available data indicate differential access to finance. In a recent World Bank survey on access to financial services, 11% of men had borrowed from microfinance institutions, versus 9.4% of women. The same survey found that women are more likely to borrow from pawn shops and informal sources. A slightly higher proportion of men demonstrated financial literacy than women (54% vs. 50%), with men doing better in the mathematics test in particular (83% vs. 79%).33 An IFC survey found that women experience higher barriers getting loans (35% of women vs. 25% of men noted difficulties getting loans).34 This was confirmed by the recent Gender Vendor Survey, which found similar trends regarding women’s lower access to finance.

2.6 The National Gender Mainstreaming Framework A 2000 Presidential Instruction on Gender Mainstreaming directs all government ministries and agencies to adopt a gender mainstreaming strategy. Indonesia has a National Gender Mainstreaming Strategy. Women’s groups are also proposing changes to the Family Law which is discriminatory in many respects, though effecting any change on this will likely be difficult.

33 World Bank. 2009. “Improving access to financial services in Indonesia.” 34 IFC. Voices of Indonesian Women Entrepreneurs.

http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/


The Indonesia People Assembly or MPR Decree No. IV/MPR/1999 obliges government to revise the discriminatory laws particularly those drafted and inherited from the colonial era including gender discrimination. Below is some national regulatory that is gender sensitive and prioritize women’s rights protection.35

Law No.52 of 2009 on population growth and family development especially obliges sex-disaggregated data on population data and poverty condition that burdensome to female-headed households should be alleviated.

Law No.23 of 2004 on violence within households has strengthened the elimination of domestic violence occurred within households context and obliged government to provide services for the victims.

Law No.23 of 2006 on population administration applied non-discriminatory principles in providing services for each citizen in Indonesia.

Law No.2 of 20011 political party specify the quota of women’s participation in politics shall be 30 per cent at the minimum. This definition has been referred to and used nationwide by, among others, the subnational government women’s empowerment unit for women’s participation in general community participation.”

The Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection functions as the coordinating ministry for gender issues. It provides technical assistance, yet imposing requirements upon other ministries and government institutions is a challenge. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) has issued two decrees (MOHA No.15/2008 and MOHA No.67/2011) on the guidelines of gender mainstreaming that should be applied by subnational government across archipelago. These guidelines outline the obligation of provincial and district government to create working group to expedite gender integration that headed by governor or regent, and the members are all government unit in provincial and district government respectively. The Ministry also emphasizes the need for continued institutional capacity building for government and NGOs. To do this, the GOI working plan 2013 stated the increasing of institutional capacity of gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment including increasing the capacity of human resources became one of the three national issues addressed by the work plan.

Finally, government capacity to implement gender commitments –especially at the local level – is low. In our meetings with the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection, this low capacity was raised as a significant obstacle to ensuring gender mainstreaming. For example, the government has developed the ‘gender analysis pathway’ as a method of gender analysis but it appears that this method is not gaining much traction and is not well understood. It is unclear how, if at all, it is being used in designing and implementing activities. Gender budgeting is another recently developed tool with uncertain application in Indonesia or to the Compact. The women empowerment units (WEU) at provincial and district level have important roles for the gender mainstreaming and gender integration both for the government themselves and also for the community. The women’s empowerment unit at provincial level in Jambi has been actively conducting gender training for other government units. They also have been actively involving women’s groups in many social activities. In the same vein, other women’s empowerment units in many provinces and districts across Indonesia have done similar gender mainstreaming although they have different topics/focus such as gender-based violence or economic empowerment. These locally based organizations will be important touch-points and possible collaborators for certain MCA-Indonesia activities, in particular on Green Prosperity.

35 Policy Paper on Gender Mainstreaming in Bahasa Indonesia. MOWE. 19 June 2011.


The limited local capacity to mainstream gender perspectives into policies and programs36 indicates the need for MCA to support local capacity to implement gender objectives. During a meeting with the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, lack of capacity to implement gender goals at the local level was raised as an issue and a request for additional support was made to the MCC, and conversations on how best to operationalize collaboration on this have been ongoing as of the writing of this report. MOWE requires that each ministerial and government institutions to integrate gender in their development program planning and budgeting. To expedite and support gender integration in relation to Compact project implementation the MCA-Indonesia will strive to coordinate and cooperate to the extent it is feasible with MOWE and MOHA at national level and women’s empowerment unit at provincial and district level, including ensuring local women’s empowerment units are part of any GP consultative processes and capacity building efforts.

36 Asian Development Bank. 2010. Gender Equality Results in ADB Projects.


3. Institutional and Programmatic Review of Related Donor and Women’s Organizations Various donors in Indonesia support gender related initiatives but on a limited set of issues, and women’s NGOs tend to be active in certain areas. Many women’s NGOs and government bodies as well as UN Women have focused on issues facing women migrant workers or violence against women. There is therefore a good basis of existing lessons and work to build upon as MCA Indonesia integrates these issues into own work. Indonesia’s IWAPI (Women’s Business Association) is the pre-eminent body focused on women’s entrepreneurship whose involvement will be important across the Compact. IWAPI has been supporting the Indonesia Compact preparation by providing information on female entrepreneurs and helping the initial discussions and focus group discussion in supporting the MCA Indonesia conducted Gender Vendor survey, especially the definition of female entrepreneurs for the purpose of the survey. The IWAPI will remain a close partner of MCA in taking forward SGIP activities. PEKKA (Empowering female headed household) is the pre-eminent national organization working with female-headed households (FHH). The initial conversation with PEKKA organization indicated that they are interested to support Compact SGIP activities. PEKKA’s members will be able to support initiating the potential/new green technology in GP’s villages. The previous programs that PEKKA have executed on various legal rights empowerment mainly on legal identity are relevant, in particular to GP. The experiences and advocacy work of PEKKA should be drawn upon in the work on establishing a more appropriate female-headed household’s definition. The World Bank’s Justice for the Poor (J4P) program presents some interesting lessons for any work MCC may do to strengthen women’s legal status. The J4P team has indicated their interest to collaborate on any female headed household or women’s legal empowerment work. Also, there are few national organizations focused on gender and environment such as Samdhana and AMAN’s women’s unit. The limited capacity on this subject in Indonesia is an important constraint in appropriately integrating the issue into the development of the green prosperity theme. The current local women’s organizations in the four starter GP districts are also particularly weak in terms of their human resources and their capacity to reach female villagers in the more remote areas. This gap in local organizations working on gender and environment issues might be addressed through further capacity building and institutional strengthening on gender. While MAMPU-AusAID is in the stage of preparation its five focus programs37 that aims to improve the welfare of poor women in Indonesia will potentially overlap and open to possible collaboration with Compact gender integration. Three areas of MAMPU’s focus are most relevant - access to social protection, access to jobs and workplace discrimination, and maternal and reproductive health will have possible overlaps. MAMPU might address FHH groups’ social protection that might affect the nationwide social protection for FHH including in GP areas. Meanwhile, its work on access to jobs and workplace discrimination will be helpful in assisting the female entrepreneurs in formalizing their companies that eventually will help them to access government’s

37 improving women’s access to government social protection programs; increasing women’s access to jobs and removing workplace discrimination; improving conditions for women’s overseas labor migration; strengthening women’s leadership for better maternal and reproductive health; strengthening women’s leadership to reduce violence against women.


contracts.

Apart from MAMPU, the AusAID’s PRSF (Poverty Reduction Support Facility) will also overlap mainly on the FHH’s policy reform dialogues. AusAID’s project on tax reform (AIPEG) that soon will end and be extended has helped Compact gender integration on the gender and tax analytical work. Another potential collaboration with AIPJ (AusAID’s law and justice reform program) is a possibility in the areas of legal identity since one of its program focuses on realizing rights. GIZ’s Strengthening Women’s Rights (SWR) program in cooperation with MOWE office focuses on strengthening women’s rights in the grassroots including FHH through various community dialogue. Initial dialogue has been carried out with GIZ, and collaboration possible on the issue of reforming the definition of female-headed households.


MCA-I/ MCC SGIP

Compliance & Reporting

Changes in Policy (laws and regulations) and Govt. Instrument

Project Monitoring and

Evaluation

Analysis and Lesson Learned (Best Practices)

Support GoI Led Policy dialogues

with research findings

Project Impacts on beneficiaries –

incorporate social and gender Aspects

Implementation of SGIP

Social & Gender Targeted Activities:

Project Related (SGA Funded)

Policy, Institution and

Community Level SGA

Policy research Activities with MoWE, DG Tax, BPS & LKPP on

Head of HH definition, Enterprise

Definition and Gender and

Taxation.

Direct Relationship Indirect Relationship

Project Design and Planning

SGA Related Policy Research

to support project benefits to beneficiaries,

especially women and

marginalized groups

Social & Gender Gap, constraints and

opportunity Issues (Identification)

Social Inclusion and Gender

Equality: Across Compact Activities

Projects: GP

CBHN PM

SGA Social and Gender Integration Plan

(SGIP) (SGA activities & TA to projects)

Government of Indonesia

(GoI)

4. Social and Gender Integration Plan The Social and Gender Integration Plan follows the SGA framework highlighted in Figure 8 below. This includes for all three project SGIPs, SGA targeted activities and policy researches that may lead to government led policy dialogues.

Figure 8: The MCA-Indonesia SGA Framework

REVIEW PROCESSS PROJECT DESIGN PROJECT

IMPLEMENTATION


4.1 Green Prosperity: The objective of Green Prosperity project (GP) is to: (i) increase productivity and reduce reliance on fossil fuels by expanding renewable energy; and (ii) increase productivity and reduce land-based greenhouse gas emissions by improving land use practices and management of natural resources. The GP project, amounting US$332.5 million, consists of four main activities: i) Investing in administrative boundary setting, updating and integration of land use inventories and enhancing spatial plans at the district and provincial levels (“Participatory Land Use Planning”); (ii) Provision of technical assistance and project oversight (the “Technical Assistance and Oversight”); (iii) Financing of low-carbon development projects through the establishment of a funding facility (the “GP Facility”); and(iv) Provision of technical assistance and support for strengthening local, provincial, and national capacity to drive forward Indonesia’s nation-wide low carbon development strategy within the context of the GP Project (“Green Knowledge”). The key objective of the GP SGIP is to fulfil the commitment made in the Compact to ‘ensure equal access for women and other vulnerable groups to the project and it benefits.’ This GP SGIP is developed based on the findings of gender assessments and consultations that has been carried out as part of due diligence, as well as MCA-Indonesia field work, and pre-feasibility studies conducted by NREL and Bogor University of eight model projects. 4.1.1 Rationale for Social Inclusion and Gender Integration in GP Participatory land use planning (PLUP) and village boundary setting (VBS): If women and marginalized groups are left out of the consultations and decision making, the PLUP and VBS may not reflect the full scope of marginalized groups and women’s natural resource management and use patterns (e.g., selective species nurturing, collection, harvesting, and post-harvest production) – potentially affecting outcomes in landscapes, livelihoods, and food security. It will be critical to include ethnic communities, female-headed households and women more generally in boundary-setting consultations and decision making. Natural resource management (NRM): Social and gender aspects influence individual’s roles in accessing, managing and utilizing natural resources, especially forest. In forest and indigenous communities, women depend on forests for income and subsistence, and as such forest is much more important for women as they derive half of their income from forests, while it is nearly a third for men (World Bank). Research by the CIFOR’s Poverty Environment Network (PEN) found that income from forest activities makes up about one-fifth of total household income for rural households living in or near forests; men contribute more than women as they are involved in cash crop, while women are more involved in subsistence activities. Therefore, both men’s and women’s forestry activities that contribute to household livelihoods have considerable gender differences in access and benefits. Renewable energy (RE): In many rural areas in Indonesia, women especially in indigenous communities collect firewood and cook over smoky fires, with substantial


burdens relating to health and time use. Indoor air pollution caused by wood-burning stoves, and by kerosene lamps and pine piths used for lighting, lead to eye and respiratory diseases, especially of children and women. Lack of adequate fuel limits people’s ability to boil water to sanitize it for drinking and hygiene purposes, and thus increases the likelihood of water-borne diseases. Women are often central to the rural agriculture industry, and make a significant contribution to the family economy. Therefore, women have used renewable energy to increase profits and efficiency in their informal sector enterprises, and have proven themselves capable of operating and also constructing renewable energy technologies on their own, when provided with the appropriate training and support. However, women usually have limited access to electricity or technology, which reduces their potential in saving time, enterprise development, productivity and income. Women working in cacao, coffee and other commodities can improve their income if electricity, processing equipment and fermenting technologies are available. Furthermore, stunting of children are high as food in rural households are protein and energy poor, as they mostly consume rice and cassava, and do not have access to inexpensive beans and lentils. Indonesia grows soybean, but these needs to be processed, and households do not have technology for processing soybean. Sustainable agriculture: Women play a vital role as agricultural producers and are agents of food and nutritional security for households, however, women have much less access to productive assets such as land, irrigation, equipment, finance and extension services relative to men. A variety of constraints impinge upon their ability to participate in collective action as members of agricultural cooperative or water user associations. The social and gender assessment conducted by NREL/IPB presented the division of labor and responsibilities between men and women in the households, and indicated that women have less opportunity to get involved in the farmers (cocoa/coffee) groups and get less opportunity to be invited into the farmers training (capacity building), accessing extension services and high yield inputs since only heads of households could join these groups and access services and training (generally women are not recognized as head of households). Furthermore, people with disabilities (PWD) are most often excluded from development initiatives, therefore, special criteria and actions are needed so that they are able to participate in and benefit from GP investments. 4.1.2. Lifescape Analysis in GP: Lifescape analysis is a participatory assessment of the people (women, men and different social groups), institutions (formal and informal) and relationships within, and with, the landscape. The analysis seeks to understand how social structures and social context affect the livelihoods of communities and, in turn, shape the natural resources and the potential to manage them well within a particular landscape. This analysis also identifies key social and gender based risks, as well as opportunities, and contributes to the detailed design, monitoring and evaluation of the investments. This analysis will be carried out in each investment to ensure a socially inclusive process that can mitigate risks of jealousy and potential conflict, and ensure that the majority of benefits are not captured by elites either within or outside of the landscape. A lifescape analysis in the landscape can identify the social and gender-related issues in forestry, agriculture, renewable energy, and facilitate reducing carbon footprint in the environment during GP projects preparation and implementations. A lifescape assessment will ensure mutually-reinforcing and equitable benefits for the people, especially the women and potentially marginalized groups, and for both social and environmental sustainability.


Methodology: Various participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools such as focus group discussion (FGDs); key informant interview (KIIs); participatory natural resource mapping, wealth ranking, community/social mapping; livelihood mapping; seasonal calendar, vulnerability and trend analysis; transect walk; and participant observation will be used for Lifescape analysis. A field guide on Tool package will be developed and piloted in two research sites in the four starter GP project districts. Tool package will also include the FGD guide, the semi-structured KII questionnaire, and gender analysis tools such as (i) activity profiles; (ii) access and control profiles; (iii) sociopolitical profiles; and (iv) income and expenditure profiles. 4.1.3. Key Definitions The Compact commits to ‘ensuring equal access for women and other vulnerable groups to the GP project and it benefits.’ The following provides definitions of equal access and vulnerable groups, and key social and gender criteria for ensuring compliance with the Compact commitments. Box 4.1: Definition of equal access and vulnerable groups

Equal access Equal access in the context of gender equality defined as equal access to and control over resources and benefits, equal participation in decision-making and equality under law for men and women.38 FAO acknowledged that social and economic inequalities between men and women undermine food and nutrition security and restrain economic and agricultural growth. Thus, ensuring equal access of men and women to agricultural resources, services and opportunities for employment would boost agricultural production, food security, economic growth and the wellbeing of families, communities and countries. Vulnerable/marginalized groups Vulnerable/marginalized group defined as groups that experience a higher risk of poverty and social exclusion than the general population. Ethnic minorities, migrants, people with disabilities (PWD), the homeless, those struggling with substance abuse, isolated elderly people and children all often face difficulties that can lead to further social exclusion, such as low levels of education and unemployment or underemployment. 39 The IFC Performance Standards specify that disadvantaged or vulnerable status may stem from an individual’s or group’s race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. Social (ethnicity – e.g indigenous people, gender, age) and economic (poor group that defined by land and natural resource asset, capital/income, employment, size of households and the dependents) aspects are the most important factors that defined the vulnerability of a group. Who is vulnerable is usually context-specific and given the scope of GP is therefore best evaluated on a district, landscape or even sub-project level basis.

Box 4. 2: Requirement for women’s participation in consultation process

38 Irish Aid: http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/Development_Studies/link.php?id=76 39 http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/vulnerable_groups_en.htm

Women’s participation in Indonesia is mostly defined in political spheres. Art. 2 (3) Indonesia Law No.2 Year 2011 specify the quota of women’s participation in politics shall be 30 percent at the minimum. This definition has been referred and used nationwide by, among others, subnational government women’s empowerment unit for women’s participation in general community participation.

IFC Performance Standards highlighted that the consultation process should:

http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/Development_Studies/link.php?id=76

http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/vulnerable_groups_en.htm


Box 4.3: Definition of Indigenous Peoples (IP) and IFC performance standard

IFC Performance Standard recognizes that indigenous peoples are the social groups with identities (language, culture etc.) that are distinct from mainstream population. They are often among the most marginalized and vulnerable segments of the population. The Indigenous Peoples living within the GP landscapes may be particularly vulnerable to the loss of, alienation from or exploitation of their land and access to natural and cultural resources brought out during GP processes. In the recognition of this vulnerability, the MCA-Indonesia ESMS, in areas where indigenous people might be affected, will require an assessment on the vulnerability of the indigenous people as required by IFC Performance Standard 7. MCA-Indonesia ESP and SGA teams will work closely, given the overlapping objectives and issues. IFC Performance Standard 7 state that the process of community engagement needs to be culturally appropriate and commensurate with the risks and potential impacts to the Indigenous Peoples. In particular, the process is to include the following steps:

Involve Indigenous Peoples’ representative bodies (for example, councils of elders or village councils, among others)

Be inclusive of both women and men and of various age groups in a culturally appropriate manner

Provide sufficient time for Indigenous Peoples’ collective decision-making processes

Facilitate the Indigenous Peoples’ expression of their views, concerns, and proposals in the language of their choice, without external manipulation, interference, or coercion, and without intimidation

Ensure that the grievance mechanism established for the project is culturally appropriate and accessible for Indigenous Peoples

4.1.4. Key Social and Gender Concerns in GP: a) Women, especially female headed households and vulnerable groups lack information and capacity to actively participate in and benefit from GP investments and activities.

Women and vulnerable groups’ involvement in NRM, sustainable agriculture

and land use as well as the RE operationalization is critical for increasing

household income, project sustainability and economic growth. Evidence

indicates that few women and representatives of vulnerable groups are

involved in the RE infrastructure development, operation and maintenance of

local micro or mini hydro projects. Therefore, without clear guidance and

criteria, they may not be able to fully participate in and benefit from GP

investments, which may hamper achieving sustainable NRM, agriculture and

livelihood.

Due to a variety of socio-cultural and practical factors, women are less likely to

participate in public forums or consultative processes. Women generally work

capture both men’s and women’s views, if necessary through separate forums or engagements, and

reflect men’s and women’s different concerns and priorities about impacts, mitigation mechanisms, and benefits, where appropriate.

ensure involvement of other vulnerable groups such as the disabled and minorities

take into account the existence patriarchal traditions and social norms and values that may limit women’s participation in leadership roles and decision-making processes.

SGIP requires that any project component that includes community consultations and inputs needs to follow the following gender inclusive process:

Minimum 30% of women’s attendance in all community planning activities (as per government regulations)

Separate FGDs or meetings with women as part of project development, to gather their needs and priorities


longer hours at home managing domestic activities and in the field producing

agricultural products; and thereby usually do not have time to be active in many

village meetings. Though there is regional variation on this issue, at the local

level, they are much less likely to participate in local governance or leadership

roles and more likely to let their husbands take care of ‘public matters,’ such as

attending any external meetings or sessions. This may result in inadequate

representation of women and vulnerable groups in GP consultative processes

(e.g. for village boundary-setting or NRM or RE project consultations) unless

extra efforts are undertaken to ensure both their numerical and meaningful

participation.

Women and other vulnerable groups are often poorly represented in local

dispute resolution mechanisms, and as a result, decisions on local disputes

involving land may not always ensure favorable outcomes for them or reflect

their views and needs.

Community-based mapping is largely delineated through discussions with

village elders (i.e., wealthy men of high status in their community). While this

may accurately capture village jurisdictional boundaries, key informants

suggest that it does not reflect the full scope of women’s natural resource

management and use patterns (e.g., collection, harvesting, and post-harvest

production) – potentially affecting outcomes in landscapes, livelihoods, and

food security.

Lack of vulnerable groups/women’s involvement in land use/ mapping means

processes may not reflect their needs and priorities and they may lose access

and benefits through any mapping processes. Their customary rights and

patterns of use may not be adequately captured, resulting in a loss of those

rights. The absence of women’s involvement in land-related consultations is

particularly distressing for female-headed households. Most female-headed

households need assistance for the capital and trainings as well as other

assistance to improve their economic potential/capacity.

b) Limited knowledge of potential economic opportunities for women and vulnerable groups in GP investments that can increase income for households.

Women are more involved in productive and reproductive activities that are

home-based and extend into evening hours, therefore, the lack of energy

affects their overall productivity and income-generating options. There is huge

potential for positive impacts on women’s time use and productive potential

through the introduction of energy, as well as broader community and

household benefits, such as improved education for children and families.

Women expressed eagerness in taking on roles of maintaining infrastructure

such as micro-hydro projects, though they lack appropriate training to do so.

Lack of proper maintenance of micro-hydro has been one reason for such

projects’ failure, indicating opportunities for skills building targeting women in

this arena.

Women’s lack of social and economic power inhibits their ability to fully realize

their productive potential. Women villagers are keen to improve their

entrepreneurship potential if training opportunities are available. Experiences


from other countries suggest the need to proactively embed such opportunities

into project design from the get-go, to help women improve productive potential

upon the introduction of electricity.

c) Women and Indigenous Peoples have limited access and control over land, natural

resource and other assets.

Women are able to inherit lands given social practices built around a

matriarchal land system. This is the case in Mamuju (Kalumpang), Mamasa,

and Muaro Jambi with the Melayu traditional community. However, Indonesian

civil law calls for the husband’s name to be placed on land-ownership certificate

and should it be sold, she requires consent of the husband or the male member

listed as a co-owner of the land. Thus, land inheritance practices at the

community level which apply to “vulnerable groups” may be undermined by or

in conflict with the law. For PLUP and related items, this issue of equal rights

to property and its varying application creates both challenges and

opportunities for MCA-Indonesia and GP.

Youth and children can be impacted in the context of Human Trafficking, which

is a concern expressed in the Compact.

Multi stakeholder forums revealed that women headed households represent

about 60% of homes in Mamasa due to mortality and male migration issues.

There are thus limitations on income generation opportunities, for both women

and men. Men are migrating to urban areas for accessing economic

opportunities. Women and children are left behind and often reduced to

destitute state.

There is gender difference between traditional (adat) laws and formal law on

inheritance, ownership and control over assets. Many ethnic communities are

matrilineal where daughter inherits land/asset from mothers, but civil law

mandates that women cannot make decision on these without husband or male

relative, thus women lose control over land. It would be important to distinguish

the manner in which land use, rights, and claims differ in both the law and its

application, for women and men in Indonesia.

The overlapping of licensing or permits for concessions in the four starter

districts can develop into or exacerbate land disputes, often turning into

conflicts, which involve vulnerable groups such as the Adat and may have a

larger impact on them and women due to their position in society (Abt

Associates 2013).

d) Institutions (government, contractors, project developers and implementers) may lack knowledge and capacity to address social and gender issues.

There is generally quite a low-capacity and knowledge/expertise regarding

social and gender issues within CSOs/NGOs and government ministries and

line agencies dealing with land mapping activities, renewable energy and

environment. Key regulations on these issues have tended to have little to no

social and gender inclusion focus. Lack of gender competency or

understanding of gender and social inclusion issues could erode the

appropriateness, effectiveness and sustainability of investments.


Gender gaps in education and women’s traditionally lower engagement in RE

and environment-related careers mean they may be less likely to benefit from

Green Knowledge opportunities. Women’s and men’s capacity and training

needs may differ, and tailored training will be needed to meet these different

needs. Similarly, ethnic communities may face barriers due to language and

cultural differences, and lack of participation and voice in these areas.

e) Lack of concrete social and gender guidelines and limited resources to address social and gender issues in GP.

Without concrete and specific guidelines, it may be difficult to consistently

ensure equity objectives in a facility with a variety of projects across multiple

regions. A set of detailed criteria need to be embedded in the GP finance facility

for assisting the application, evaluation and monitoring of the above-mentioned

“equal access” criteria in projects.

Capacity building is needed to ensure various implementers, many of whom

may not have encountered similar requirements in the past, can effectively

apply them.

f) Women are not recognized as head of the households, as a result not members of farmers association and usually do not receive training and extension services. Thus may not be able to avail GP opportunities in NRM and sustainable agriculture.

In Indonesia, men are recognized as the head of household by default, whether

or not they are present or contributing to the household economically or

socially. This definition of the head of household may impact women’s potential

access to MCA-Indonesia funded activities and project benefits.

4.1.5. Key Social and Gender Activities for GP a) Capacity Building for GP Staff, Government and Non-Government Organizations, contractors, project developers and implementers. A series of capacity building materials, tools, and modules will be prepared and rolled out to help various GP stakeholders understand and meet the social and gender requirements and to ensure “equal access for women and vulnerable groups.” These will focus on the districts where Compact activities will be funded and will cover issues such as the MCC gender policy, Trafficking in Persons (TIP), encouraging women’s active participation in consultations and projects, conducting gender assessments, enhancing women’s participation in NRM, agriculture and renewable energy investments etc. b) Ensure an inclusive participatory process, by including women and marginalized groups for design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of GP investments. This is key for ensuring the views, needs, concerns and interests of both women and men and vulnerable groups are incorporated into projects. Guidance for inclusive consultation criteria has been drafted, and support for implementing them will be provided through the capacity building work noted above. c) Conducting lifescape analysis for reducing elite capture of benefits and potential conflict: lifescape analysis will help identify social, institutional and NRM


relationships, and identify approaches for equal participation and voice for all in GP investments, which will help develop strategies and social contracts between communities for reducing elite capture of benefits and potential jealousy and conflicts. d) Collect global good practices and proactively support economic opportunities for women and marginalized groups through GP investments. This includes conducting lifescape analysis for understanding social and gender based risks and opportunities and including the findings and mainstreaming social and gender issues in all GP investments. It also includes supporting the hiring of women in large infrastructure projects, and complementary activities that encourage women’s economic potential, especially focusing on women’s livelihoods or income generation potential. e) Support the ability of female-headed households to benefit from GP funded activities. This will include support for female-headed households’ empowerment and legalization of their status, and linkages between these groups and GP project opportunities so that the women can take advantage of income earning opportunities that will arise through projects. f) Ensure that social and gender requirements are adopted into the Green Prosperity structure, including manuals, agreements, staffing arrangements and project plans, as well as environment and social management plans. This includes drafting clear gender guidelines and criteria for renewable energy and natural resource management projects, and ensuring any project partners and implementers hire needed staff with gender expertise to apply these criteria. It also includes applying criteria on inclusive consultations to the participatory land use planning activity. Finally, it means ensuring that implementing structures and contractors hired to support project development and implementation hire staff with social and gender expertise to help implement and monitor requirements. g) Policy research with BPS to adopt a clear definition of household head. MCA-Indonesia will support BPS work by conducting a survey on households to estimate gender-based information on social and economic contribution to household by male and female adults. A clear definition will help women to be recognized as household heads, become member of associations, access extension and other services, participate in and receive benefits from GP investments, 4.1.6. GP Social and Gender Criteria The following social and gender criteria will be used for addressing the constraints and facilitating equal access and benefits for women and vulnerable groups in GP investments. Box 4. 4: SGA requirement for Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP) and Village Boundary Setting

PLUP and VBS technical teams need to have a social and gender staff, both at kecamatan and community level.

Before conducting participatory VBS, identify the various stakeholders, particularly the implementers of these activities.

The VBS social principles need to be understood and agreed upon by all parties in order to (i) minimize boundary disputes, (ii) accommodate rights of origin, and (iii) respect and protect the rights of indigenous peoples, marginalized groups and women.


Adopt participatory approach to land use planning and VBS to take into account traditional practices, while also integrating more innovative techniques which will permit long term scaling up and also enables MCA-Indonesia to incorporate IFC Performance Standards and other social and gender issues into roll-out.

The guidelines for Village Boundary Setting/Community Mapping (VBS/CM) need to include social and gender criteria, which identify social constraints and potential conflicts, while also helping to tailor the implementation strategy accordingly as it is scaled up nationally. Needs of the whole community, especially the interests of poor, female-headed households, landless peasants, and others should be considered, as the local community is not a single entity with particular interests; , all need to be considered.

Actively involving the whole community living in the region is the most important thing in boundary setting activity, because in reality they are the most knowledgeable and interested parties in that area.

The inhabitants of the village being delineated should have sufficient information about the plans, processes and steps to be performed, including project execution, who should be involved, and how they can get involved.

All elements of society, including women, youth and marginalized groups, should meaningfully participate in decision-making during village boundary setting.

Communities should be guaranteed access to and control over the process and outcomes of participatory boundary setting.

Priority should be given to local people, especially inhabitants of the village being mapped, as the implementers of participatory boundary setting activities.

Priority should be given to local knowledge about the boundaries, spatial utilization, and applicable customary dispute resolution mechanisms.

Special attention should be paid to the origins of the community and territory for the area being delineated, whether contained in oral histories or in documents.

Respect should be given for customary rules and social rules that still prevail in the area.

Village administrative boundaries must not disregard the valid authority of customary institutions and/or customary rules.

There should be a clear separation of authority between village government and customary institutions in administering the area.

Box 4. 5: Illustrative Project-level SGA Requirements for Renewable Energy Projects

Project preparation

Apply established social and gender evaluation criteria in proposal reviews.

Analyze gender-differentiated impacts of RE infrastructure on employment, workloads, and the division of labor.

Assess energy budget costs, labor savings, and how and where time and money is spent.

Ensure gender analysis has been applied to implementation plan and that plan include strategies for enabling women’s active participation in projects (e.g., jobs in training, maintenance).

Include gender considerations in off-take analysis (who uses and how) and “team” (constituency, and for training in operations and maintenance).

Ensure project developer proposals include above gathered info on gender-differentiated impacts of RE infrastructure on employment, workloads, and the division of labor as well as strategies for addressing gaps.

Ensure short and long term risks (and opportunities) are identified and addressed (produce matrices that can be tracked during implementation).

Project Implementation

Project implementation plans incorporate gender analysis and include strategies for enabling women’s active participation in projects.

Ensure project implementation plan incorporate specific activities (with estimated costs) that mitigate risks identified during project preparation.


Involve women in projects through skills development, productive activity opportunities, and jobs training in maintenance and operations.

Ongoing consultations.

Support complementary economic activities targeting women’s productive potential.

Box 4. 6: Illustrative Project-level SGA Requirements for NRM Projects

Each project requesting funding and considered for the facility to assess men and women’s roles and priorities for NRM in their region and sector, and how this impacts labor, markets, income generation, nutrition, and food security. Ensure findings of these assessments are incorporated into project plans for any funded activity.

Technical assistance and oversight contractor TOR to include requirements for gender consultations, outreach to women’s groups, training and monitoring.

Baseline data collection on target beneficiaries to ensure sex-disaggregated collection and reporting to inform final design and M&E.

Local entities delivering and implementing NRM projects to include gender competent staff (e.g. facilitators).

Embed SGA requirements emerging from the analysis into the NRM grants manual, including specific criteria to ensure involvement of women and vulnerable groups.

Advise grants or loan recipients to prioritize hiring of female village-level facilitators, to better facilitate the inclusion of women’s perspectives and priorities an ensure gender inclusive consultative processes Include crops and activities where females predominate in the agricultural value chains among funding priorities.

Ensure women’s livelihoods and current land and resource use patterns are not negatively impacted by funded activities and there are no unintended negative consequences for them. Instead, proactively support NRM projects that specifically build upon and strengthen women’s land and natural resource use patterns and demonstrate innovative and promising ways to ensure women’s integration into value chains.

Funded projects that do not specifically target women and other vulnerable groups to include specific line items in their project plans for activities that help ensure benefits to these groups. These can include skills building for improving agricultural productivity, marketing or market access support, or other linkages as relevant to each project.


4.1.7. Trafficking in Person (TIP):

Both MCC and MCA-Indonesia have “zero tolerance” on TIP. The anti-trafficking law in Indonesia criminalizes the act and guilty perpetrators are punished. The Greater Mekong region and Indonesia are the two main hubs for human trafficking in South-east Asia. In 2013, the US government placed Indonesia in Tier 2 category, meaning the government does not fully comply with the minimum standards, but is making significant efforts. The TIP policy requires all direct contractors and their sub-contractors of MCA-Indonesia will adopt and comply with the 2013 Amendment of MCC Public Procurement Guideline. All the grantees and sponsors of commercial activities, receiving funds from GP facility (GPFF) will also abide by the same TIP guidance given in the 2013 Amendment of MCC Public Procurement Guideline. “For purposes of the application and interpretation of this GCC Sub-Clause 3.14, the terms, “coercion,” “commercial sex act,” “debt bondage,” “employee,” “forced labor,” “fraud,” “involuntary servitude,” “trafficking in persons,” and “sex trafficking” have the meanings given such terms in Part 15 [Combating Trafficking in Persons] of MCC’s Program Procurement Guidelines and such definitions are incorporated by reference into this GCC Sub-Clause 3.14. The Consultant, Personnel, any Sub-Consultant, or any of its personnel, or any agent or affiliate of any of the forgoing shall not: (a) engage in trafficking in persons during the period of performance of the Contract; or (b) use forced labor in the performance of the Contract”. For investments that require large scale infrastructure and in-migration of workers, TIP risks may be high, and the grantee or sponsors will be required to develop TIP risk management plans (sample will be given in the Manual). MCA-Indonesia will conduct the TIP assessment in GP locations.

Green Prosperity Social and Gender Integration Plan (GP SGIP)

Activity

Actions Outputs

Deadline Status

(updated annually)

A. MCA-Indonesia SGA-Director will be responsible for carrying out the following activities using the Complementary Gender funds, and in close cooperation with GP team.

Phase 1 Social inclusion and Gender Training (Participants – MCA-Indonesia staff, project implementers and contractors, NGOs, and government reps in districts/ provinces.) 1. MCC Gender Policy &

Guidelines, SGIP; 2. Social and gender awareness 3. Trafficking in person (TIP) Training for MCA-Indonesia staff, project implementers and contractors 1. Social and gender in M&E 2. Social & gender in

Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP) and Village Border setting (VBS)

Draft TORs, hire consultants, Develop 12 modules, review and approval by MCC, pilot, take feedback from participants and finalize. Roll out Phase I training from September 2014 in 4 starter districts.

A package of 12 social and gender modules for general training for key GP stakeholders developed. The packages include Facilitators Guidelines, Handout on key issues, tip sheets, power point for presentation, and case studies

Initiate training September 2014

Modules drafted, field tested and finalzed. Will be rolled in 4 starter districts from 2014.


3. Social & gender issues and key entry point in Renewable Energy (RE)

4. Social & gender issues and key entry point in natural resource management (NRM) and sustainable agriculture

Training for project implementers and contractors 1. Gender sensitive consultation 2. Gender sensitive project

proposal 3. Social & gender assessment of

proposed projects 4. Encouraging women’s

participation in GP 5. Mapping of vulnerable groups

Training Phase –II Capacity building of potentially marginalized groups e.g. Female-headed households, ethnic communities etc. so that these groups are aware and prepared to participate in and benefit from GP project activites.

Draft TORs, hire firm to conduct assessments, develop modules, pilot, take feedback from participants and finalize. Firm to roll out Phase II training from June 2015 in 4 starter districts.

A package of social and gender modules for enhancing capacity of potentially marginalized groups to participate and benefit from GP project.

Initiate June 2015

Reduce social and gender risks: Trafficking in Persons (TIP)

Review MCA-Indonesia contracts so that TIP language (as given in MCC PPG Amendment 2013) included in relevant GP contracts signed by MCA, with provisions for monitoring embedded into key support structures GP Financing Facility (GPFF) and Project Management Consultant (PMC) Ensure that the sub-projects have TIP risk management plans & community level awareness raising in a) communities/ districts deemed especially high TIP risk areas and b) involving large GP infrastructure investments using large number of foreign laborers Undertake additional community awareness raising activities on TIP, as necessary.

MCC TIP language and requirements are reflected in relevant GP contracts Monitoring on TIP embedded into appropriate monitoring and oversight structures Draft and finalize MCA-Indonesia sexual harrasment policy. Contractors included MCA-Indonesia sexual harrasment policy and abide by the guidelines

On-going MCC to provide guidelines on TIP risk management plan.

MCA-Indonesia proposes to sign an IEA with MOWE, and provide capacity building support to MOWE staff at national and sub-national levels on gender issues in GP.

Contract a firm for training provision MOWE staff develop action plan for follow up.

MOWE staff are trained on GP. Implementation of action plan.

December 2014

Follow up of action plans.

Communication on gender issues in GP

SGA will develop leaflets, brochures on gender issues in GP. The content will be shared with GP and Communication teams for inputs/comments.

Gender and GP communication materials.

June 2015

Policy research with BPS (Statistics Department) to adopt a clear definition of household head.

Contract a firm for household survey on economic and social contribution for helping

Report on economic and social contribution to household completed.

Report completed June 2015

BPS requested survey. TOR for firm drafted.


bring clarity to definition of household head. Share research report with BPS and MOWE for policy dialogue with key stakeholders for adopting definition.

Notes drafted for policy dialogue

B. Activities carried out by GP team, gender and social support given by MCA-Indonesia SGA team

Stakeholders/Public Consultation (MSF)

Ensure inclusive consultation criteria are applied, and women and vulnerable groups are able to actively participate and learn about project opportunities. Conduct separate FGDs with women and potentially marginalized to get their inputs before the MSFs, if their participation is low.

SGA Handouts and presentation for facilitator training Printed materials on SGA topics and its relevance with GP (the equal access and benefit issues)

On-going

Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP) and Village Boundary Setting (VBS)

Ensure participation criteria and requirements to involve women and vulnerable groups for balanced and inclusive discussion in land use planning and village boundary setting, included in village boundary mapping Guidelines and public consultations. Land use assessments to consider the interest men’s and women’s different usage, rights and ownership patterns Ensure women are able to participate in any team that is established, such as, for village boundary setting and project implementing organization

Guidelines include social and gender criteria for inclusive approach. Consultation report reflects concerns of women’s and the vulnerable groups, including how many participated. Report reflects to what extent land use, rights, and claims may differ for women and men as well as the extent to which their priorities and patterns of land use differ

On-going


GP Facility (general – staffing/criteria)

Any implementing entity agreements (IE) signed for GP include SGA requirements and clarify responsibilities on this between MCA-Indonesia and IE, with TA to meet SGA issues provided through MCA-Indonesia's TA mechanisms (some initial training may be done using the GP gender training materials developed by MCA-Indonesia, and others may draw upon GP funds for additional technical support) GP investment criteria to include evaluation for equal access of women and vulnerable groups Terms-sheets/ co-financing agreements outline technical criteria for social and gender issues Both commercial and grant facility track and report how equity objectives are being met and whether women and vulnerable groups benefit from GP Embed SGA requirements emerging from the analysis into the GP Operational Manual that includes guidelines for commercial, large and small grants, including specific criteria to ensure involvement of women and vulnerable groups

Implementing Entity hire SGA staff with competency to help comply with equity requirements for evaluating funding proposals Implementing entity ensures equal access for women and vulnerable group Evaluation criteria for equal access of women and vulnerable group is included in investment criteria Equity objectives identified by reporting guidelines in the pipeline review process Report includes number of women hired in project implementation/operations and maintenance Report includes number of individuals benefitting from skills building/ trainings (disaggregated by sex, age, income) Number of micro and small enterprises (including women-owned enterprises) benefitting

On-going

Program Management Consultant (PMC)

PMC TOR includes SGA criteria, staffing and capacity to support SGA requirements, including on TIP and monitor compliance during implementation PMC staffs to be trained using GP gender modules (will be conducted by the SGA team using the complementary gender funding)

PMC support MCA in SGA requirements as needed

Technical assistance and oversight

Ensure firms/consultants doing TA and oversight have adequate social/gender knowledge on staff IDIQ to include staffing and skills areas on social/gender competency Support project developers in incorporating the evaluation criteria for equal access of women and

Implementing partners understand and apply gender requirements fin developing GP proposals


vulnerable group into their proposals Ensure preparation studies, feasibility assessments and ESIAs include the social and gender analysis

Green Knowledge Capacity building and knowledge sharing on green development to include topics of role of women in environmental conversation and renewable energy Cooperation with study centers or gender study centers in universities on gender and environment issues/knowledge gathering

Project-specific ESIAs/ESMPs

As per ESMS requirements, ensure there is a detailed social and gender section focusing on women, vulnerable groups and other marginalized groups in the ESMP with detailed actions and resources allocated to implement them.

Communication on GP activities The contents will be shared with SGA team for providing inputs and comments.

4.2. The Community Based Health and Nutrition to Reduce Stunting Project (CBHN) The Community Based Health and Nutrition to Reduce Stunting project is a $131.5 million intervention that seeks to reduce and prevent low birth weight, childhood stunting and malnourishment of children in project areas. The project builds on the existing community-driven intervention, Generasi, which has supported community efforts to improve health, nutrition and education indicators. The MCC commissioned and the World Bank carried out a gender assessment of Generasi during the compact development process. The assessment identified a number of gender issues and recommended entry points to address them. The assessment found that even though PNPM Generasi has a strong focus on women and children, it has missed opportunities for well-rounded gender integration. One omission has been the absence of fathers in PNPM Generasi interventions. By focusing so exclusively on the role of women as mothers and by excluding fathers from the process, important roles that fathers can play are missed. The assessment also highlighted women’s low status within the community and their lack of confidence to make active and well-informed health choices as key concerns. In summary, issues of men’s participation and women’s empowerment (rather than numeric participation) are key gaps for PNPM Generasi. The objective of CBHN SGIP is to identify (a) key social and gender issues within Indonesian families and communities that affect nutrition and stunting in children; (b) highlight opportunities by addressing constraints for reducing malnutrition and child stunting, by empowering women and engaging men.


Gender based discrimination is one of the underlying causes of malnutrition and child stunting. However, most nutrition programs have, until recently, focused primarily on women. This is based on the assumption that nutrition, childcare, and household tasks are women’s responsibility, and that mothers are most responsible for their child’s health, growth, and development. This approach does little to address social and gender inequalities that affect nutrition and stunting. Programs and activities need to effectively identify culturally significant and realistic approaches to ending maternal malnutrition and child stunting. This requires understanding power relations and social diversity, and engaging both men and women in problem solving and raising awareness – through critical learning, reflection, and questioning of their own (often discriminatory) behaviors and practices. 4.2.1 Social and Gender Issues that affect Nutrition and Stunting Relations of power between men and women affect household dynamics, control over decision-making and resource allocations (including food). Throughout Indonesia young women have subordinate status vis-à-vis men and senior women in the family. Cultural practices encourage early marriage and child bearing, as well as food restrictions (taboos or reduced intake for females), especially in times of scarcity and even during pregnancy and lactation. Women are often the last to eat the already limited quantities of food available for the family because culturally, even when pregnant or lactating, they are expected to defer to their husbands, children, and mother-in-laws. Malnourished pregnant women lead to low weight births (as many as 20% of births, IDHS 2012). The lack of nutritious food for lactating women reduces milk production, resulting in malnourished infants. When breast milk is insufficient, less nutritious foods are provided and there can be issues with bottle hygiene, increasing the probability of diarrhea and malnutrition. Other factors affecting the birth weight of infants include frequent pregnancies, lack of birth spacing, lack of access (mobility) to anti- and pre-natal care, and the fact that contraception decisions are usually taken by men. Smoking, which is mostly done by men, reduces the percentage of the HH budget that can be used for food, and increases the potential for acute respiratory infection (ARI) in infants. Women are also burdened with a double workload, and often lack knowledge. They work within the household and outside. This work is sometimes paid, and generally under-valued. This leaves them with insufficient time to prepare balanced and healthy meals. Women are less exposed to information as they tend to not go outside the village, and have lower rates of literacy and fewer networks than men. Women (and men) lack knowledge about the importance of nutritious and balanced meals, safe water, sanitation, and hygiene. From literature reviews and field visits, it is clear that the following are critical to support women’s empowerment and men’s participation in ways that will reduce incidences of child stunting and malnutrition in Indonesia: a) Improve women and men’s access to and use of user-friendly information (i.e., stunting, maternal health, exclusive breastfeeding, weaning and child feeding practices, effective parenting and rights to services); b) Improve men’s sense of responsibility for maternal and child health as both a community and family issue; c) Increase men’s willingness to share household responsibilities (so that there is more time for healthy food preparation and proper child feeding practices); d) Increase women’s capacity for decision-making in the home related to time use, allocation of resources for healthy nutrition and use of health services


e) Improve women’s capacities for leadership and decision making in the community f) Improve the capacity of service providers to address the gender dimensions of maternal and child nutrition and stunting, including for improved sanitation. The gender dimensions of these are explored in greater detail below. Women and men’s access to and use of user-friendly information that supports stunting reduction and rights to services Lack of knowledge and user-friendly information or services negatively affect health and nutrition. The field visits revealed that the majority of community members want more knowledge about nutrition and good feeding practices, and that women are keen for their husbands to be better informed. Access to adequate and timely information on maternal nutrition, pre-natal care, micronutrient intake, breastfeeding, weaning and child feeding practices, effective parenting and sanitation and hygiene is vital to ensure child growth and development. Husbands (and mother-in-laws), based on their limited knowledge/beliefs, still strongly influence what pregnant and postpartum women eat and their access to prenatal and other health services. Both sexes are also highly influenced by adat rules and local “wisdom” on what pregnant and nursing mothers can eat, highlighting the important role that adat leaders play in family nutrition. There are very few Indonesian studies on cultural and social beliefs about nutrition and food in Indonesia, but one such study found that some women tried to eat more nutritious food in secret, thereby subverting culture and the authority of husbands and mothers-in-law. While pregnant women and mothers can get information from the bidan desa (village trained birth attendant) and posyandu (village health center) cadres, this is not necessarily well-presented or easily understood and young women without children still have limited access. Few men access information directly about nutrition because they do not attend the Posyandu, which they see as limited to women and children. So it falls to the women to make sure their husbands (and children) are informed, which is turn depends on what they themselves have understood and on their partners’ level of interest. Very few people, particularly poor and marginalized, know their rights and entitlements to health services (and limitations to these rights) or how they can pursue these. Women, in particular, lack confidence (or experience) to question professionals or cadres and make complaints. This is illustrated in the case of the new hot line to Belu health department, where all complaints have been made by men and are about excessive costs of services provided to their wives. Improving access to information on citizen’s rights and how these can be pursued are a critical aspect of community empowerment in support of the decentralization agenda. Women with disability face greater challenges in availing services, visiting health care centers and caring for the infant and children. Families, especially husbands and health workers need to pay special attention to women with disability. Men’s sense of responsibility for maternal and child health as both a community and family issue Traditional gender roles in Indonesian villages assign women primary responsibility for child health and the domestic sphere. Husbands, legally defined as “head of household”, retain primary control over household and community resources and decision making.


Gender roles are generally regarded as indisputable, and relations between men and women are treated as a private matter. While this is changing somewhat, with some community women feeling that improved education has given them greater freedom than their mothers (including more mobility, income-earning opportunities and voice in household matters), family obligations remain paramount for Indonesian women. Lack of spousal support and feelings of responsibility for children add to women’s distress and stress in dealing with children’s health problems. Men state that their children’s health and well-being are their primary concern. They view their role as primarily to provide income to buy food and, at times, to give their wives instructions on how to look after the children. There is very little hands-on activity, including bringing children to the posyandu or preparing food. Since women are the target for services, men will not attend the Posyandu or so-called mothers’ information sessions and child health classes, and women are more likely to go if they think their child has a problem. Husbands usually accompany their wives to the Puskesmas (sub-district level health center) as this involves travelling and aligns with their role as family protector. Women state that while they inform their husbands about results of posyandu visits (especially if a child is not growing properly), this appears to have little impact on men’s knowledge, behaviors (e.g., improving sanitation or sharing domestic responsibilities) or perceptions of family health being a “women’s concern”. Women’s capacity for decision-making related to time use, family nutrition and use of health services A key issue for improving family nutrition is women’s control over decision-making in the home, including time use and allocation of resources (including food) and access to services. Unequal allocation of household resources puts women at greater risk of food insecurity because they are more likely to reduce food intake during times of scarcity and this increases their risk of under-nutrition and anemia which impacts infants’ health and nutrition. While there are no comparable data in Indonesia, a study in South Asia found that improvements in women’s power relative to men within the household and community strongly influence their own and children’s nutritional status as they have greater ability to make decisions regarding their own and their children’s care and nutrition. It found that if women and men had equal status, with all other factors held constant, the percentage underweight children would decline by 13 percentage points (46 to 33%). Women’s ability to negotiate for more time to focus on their own and their family’s nutrition depends on a range of factors related to their level of education, wealth and men’s understanding of the impact of women’s workload on family health and nutrition. In Indonesia, ethnicity also plays a role on decision making with women having greater say in some ethnic groups, such as those with matrilineal traditions. A study using Indonesia Family Life Survey (2003) found that a wife’s education is a measure of her relative power to make decisions about food expenditures and children’s health. Lack of education can also affect age at first pregnancy. A WHO report (2006) on human rights and maternal health notes that as many as 14% of women with no formal education in Indonesia became mothers during adolescence. Gender division of labor is rigidly segregated, affecting time use. Most women work longer hours, multi-tasking to manage multiple domestic and productive responsibilities. In rural areas, both sexes commonly perceive men’s work as more physically demanding. Men’s roles in the home are considered one of “helping” rather than sharing responsibility, and necessary only when wives are ill, have given birth or are busy with other chores – if there are no other female family members to help. In


these instances, men cook, bathe and feed children, wash clothes and clean the yard (although rarely the house). It may be the case that men feel no social pressure to do take on more of the domestic burden so that they feel their contribution is already sufficient. Women usually work without pay in the fields with their husbands for several hours a day (more during harvest time) in addition to their domestic tasks and, if time allows, engage in income generating activities such as weaving, cake making and petty trading at warungs and local markets. Limited childcare options mean that women often take their young children to the fields which potentially exposes them to risks of animal-borne disease and harmful pesticides. Alternatively, young children are left with older children, usually girls, who have little nutrition knowledge. This impacts both the care of the children and the older girls’ schooling. In addition, men sometimes bring pesticide residue into their homes, because of poor training, and the lack of safety gear or cleaning facilities, exposing children and other vulnerable family members (particularly pregnant women) to agrochemical exposure. When women are overworked they lack time and energy to gather vegetables, cook nutritious food, and ensure children eat properly. Women report serving boiled rice with salt when they lack time to cook, in some cases up to four times per week. This is accepted by family members because the priority is for quantity over quality of food (in order to feel full). Men and women report often feeding children with instant noodles because this is fast and cheap or giving into children's demands for unhealthy snacks (jajan) to stop them crying or because they refuse to eat healthy alternatives. This points to a lack of parenting, prioritizing, planning and financial management skills to ensure nutritious ingredients are available in the home and that children are fed properly. Men and women state that they share decision making about use of household finances, although there are different patterns of budget management. The woman might receive an allocation to cover food, education, health, clothing and household items, while the man retains an undisclosed portion for personal use. In other instances, the woman may receive all the money but have to anticipate her husbands’ requests. Also, some men keep full control so that women have to ask every time they need something (i.e., milk for the children). Women’s bargaining power and control over assets and decision making is constrained because their contribution to the household economy (largely unpaid) is invisible, and any money they do earn is seen as “supplementary”. In Indonesia, like most parts of the developing world, men and women use their money differently. This affects what the family eats and the services it uses. Women’s income is predominantly spent on food, education, health, capital for small-scale business and savings. Men’s income is used mostly to purchase assets (e.g., motor bikes, hand phones, inputs for agriculture) and for personal use, including cigarettes that are regarded as a “need” by men to give them the motivation to work (“semangat berkerja”). The high level of smoking, affecting around 60-70% of Indonesia men, compared with around 10% women (mostly in urban areas) is a huge drain on family finances. About 20-25% of household budget is reportedly spent on cigarettes, and strongly associated with an increased risk of severe malnutrition and stunting in children. In eastern Indonesia, family income is also used for sirih pinang (beetle nut) which is used by both sexes. Appropriate communication strategies can bring about profound behavior changes in men. An example of this is in Desa Tomo in Sumedang (West Java), where men


agreed to implement a non-smoking rule in the home because of a better understanding of the impact of passive smoking. Women’s capacities for decision making in the community Despite greater attention to women’s participation and decision-making, men continue to be treated as “head of household” and the main decision-makers. Women are keen to participate in public meetings – although more to get information than to express their demands – as they are not yet aware of their rights or how such processes work. In practice, they normally attend meetings because they are sent by husbands or are specifically invited, project rules require their attendance or they are the target group of the project. Even so, participants tend to be elite or better-off rather than poor women, with the same people involved in most public activities. Moreover, they are not expected to speak. Such limited participation means that most women have little idea about village development processes (e.g., five year (RPJMDes), annual (Musrenbangdes) village planning or annual budgeting (Alokasi Dana Desa) systems), and limited or no access to information about their entitlements. They also have few opportunities to develop the confidence and skills to vocally participate in public meetings. This means that what tend to be women’s priorities (i.e., improved health, education, water, sanitation and other services or social justice (e.g., domestic violence regulations)) rarely get a hearing or are not well considered in the final decision-making. Capacity of service providers to address the gender dimensions of maternal and child nutrition and stunting, including for improved sanitation. The prevailing service delivery paradigm for maternal and child health tends to treat women as passive beneficiaries and their husbands as bystanders. Women and men are generally not well informed about their entitlements and the quality of services they should receive. Posyandu cadres follow a traditional treatment rather than prevention medical model, with no training provided on community empowerment and very little on health topics (which are mostly provided by bidans through mentoring). It is unclear to them whether they are advocates for the community for better services or part of the service delivery itself. The Family Welfare Movement (PKK), which provides substantial community health education, uses a similar didactic approach relying on one-way communication. 4.2.2. Behavior Changes Needed Understanding how the relations of power between men and women affect household dynamics (and their respective level of control over decision making about resource allocation including food) and the division of labor is central to understanding how to bring about behavior change in the family. Similarly, understanding how societal and gender norms affect women and men’s capacity to engage in the public domain is central to strengthening their capacity to influence the quality and quantity of services delivery so they can better manage family health and nutrition. Higher levels of maternal and paternal education are associated with reduced malnutrition and stunting, and protective and preventative care-giving behaviors. These include taking vitamin A capsules, completing childhood immunizations, better sanitation, and using of iodized salt. There is international evidence that increasing men’s knowledge and skills for optimal breastfeed practices (using culturally appropriate strategies) positively impacts exclusive breastfeeding rates and nutrition. Addressing the issue of stunting requires significant and long lasting behavior changes among services providers and community members to ensure:


Improved understanding about family nutrition including stunting

Effective breastfeeding, weaning and parenting practices for boy and girl

children

Better allocation of household budget to buying nutritious food

Better time use planning so that more nutritious meals can be prepared and

eaten

Improved family hygiene and sanitation behaviors (including hygienic bottle

feeding) to reduce incidence of diarrhea and enteropathy

Improved access to and use of quality health services for pre and post natal

care and for delivery

Reduction of smoking (predominantly by males), particularly in the

presence of children and pregnant women

Behaviors that support these kinds of changes and outcomes are highly influenced by the different kinds of knowledge, skills and attitudes of men and women, which in turn are shaped by societal and gender norms based on customary (adat), personal and formal laws, customs and practices. Improving women’s control over resources allocations and men and women’s partnership in addressing family health will improve sustainability through long term behavior changes and increased community empowerment to address the external factors that influence access to quality services and nutritious food. 4.2.3. Promoting Gender Equality for Improved Outcomes Gender equality and positive health outcomes are mutually reinforcing. Women’s control over financial resources and decision-making are fundamental to their capacity to access and use information about health and nutrition, and to make informed decisions about food. This improves the nutrition status of the entire family. Studies have shown that when women are able to have greater access to and control over household budgets, make decisions about the types of food to prepare, and have time to prepare healthy and nutritious meals, nutrition levels improve even in households that have similar budgets. As noted, a woman’s economic status, level of education and age of marriage have been identified as factors that affect maternal health and the birth outcomes. In this regard, there has been recent notable progress in Indonesia, including: later marriage age, parity in education and literacy, and increased female labor market participation. However, women’s lower status in society is clear from issues that remain, such as: a slower rate of poverty reduction for female-headed households than male headed households; unequal division of labor; discriminatory employment; unequal rights in personal laws; domestic violence; continued early and forced marriages; poor access to health and financial services; and, low participation in decision making. All of these have significant ramifications for intergenerational maternal and child health outcomes. 4.2.4 Women’s Empowerment: Increasing Involvement and Voice A recent study identifies five domains of empowerment in the agriculture sector, which are production, resources, income, leadership, and time. This framework is adapted for the nutrition sector and the following are the six domains for empowerment:

Production: Sole or joint decision-making over food and cash-crop farming,

livestock, and fisheries as well as autonomy in agricultural production


Reproduction: Ability to achieve reproductive intentions (decision-making and

control over contraceptive use, birth spacing, pregnancy and number of

children).

Resources: Ownership, access to, and decision-making power over productive

resources such as land, livestock, agricultural equipment, consumer durables,

and credit

Income: Sole or joint control over income and expenditures

Leadership: Participation and membership in community-based economic or

social groups, and comfort in public speaking.

Time: Agency or ability to allocate time to productive and domestic tasks, and

satisfaction with available time for leisure activities.

A woman is defined as empowered if she has adequate achievements these domains. A key innovation of the Index is that it is able to show in how many domains women are empowered and at the same time reveal the connections among areas of disempowerment. This enables decision makers to focus on improving the situation of the most disempowered women. In addition to tracking the nature of empowerment in these domains, this also measures how empowered women are relative to men in the same household, which is critical to understand the gender empowerment gap. The Indonesia Nutrition program can help empower women and men in improved nutrition through training, counselling, group formation and behavior change. The program can also build on women’s interest to have a stronger voice in family health and welfare at household and community level, including readiness to use complaints mechanisms, and improve their bargaining position in the home related to division of labor and use of resources. This can be done by providing opportunities to reflect about community norms in order to better understand the links between factors such as early marriage, access to maternal health and nutrition services and division of labor and child bearing and rearing. This involves creating spaces for women to meet regularly to discuss new information and how they can take action on their own behalf. Lessons from other programs show the benefits of organizing vulnerable women into groups improves women’s knowledge of their rights, builds their confidence, supports their collective action and elevate their social position in the community by improving access to resources and the opportunity to adopt new roles and responsibilities in their families, communities and broader society. Consideration could also be given to engaging with complementary programs for economic empowerment, for example, encouraging diversified gardens with more high-value crops and small livestock in order to increase dietary diversity, provide sources of additional income, and enable women to accumulate small assets. 4.2.5 Engaging Men: Participation and Awareness Build on men’s interest in increasing their awareness of health and nutrition and support them in developing innovative ways to be more involved. There are opportunities for reaching men, although this requires sensitive and incremental approaches, starting with a comprehensive and localized gender analysis. Men indicated a preference for informal mechanisms and easy to use information, including using existing groups for informal discussions such as farmers’ groups, Friday prayers and Desa Siaga.


Particular efforts are needed to reach those are marginalized. Many villages have a Desa Siaga program, with varying levels of activity (for example, it is more active in West Java than NTT) which involve men in assisting pregnant women to get to medical facilities. Emphasizing men’s responsibility to “protect” their families is more likely to attract their attention as this relates directly to their gender interests and roles. Consideration could also be given to establishing minimum requirements for men to attend counselling sessions with bidan desa on pregnancy and child nutrition as a project rule as well as engaging men in discussions on the health risks and opportunity costs for child nutrition from smoking. Increasing men’s willingness to become cadres, take children to posyandu, be aware of what their children eat and share responsibility to ensure babies/children eat healthy food is more likely to gain traction if nutrition and stunting are identified as a “community issue” rather than at the household level and is supported by key community figures (including, adat and religious leaders). There are already a few men who can be role models as they either take their children to the posyandu (only in NTT and not at all in West Java) or have become posyandu cadre. Different strategies have worked in encouraging men to take on this role – including an incremental approach to awareness raising, “persuasion” (i.e., female cadres encouraging men) and direct requests from the Puskesmas to communities. These mini “success stories” can be captured on video, and used as promotional/advocacy tools. 4.2.6 Improving Family Health and Children’s Futures Empowerment is a process through which an individual’s ability to make strategic life choices is expanded. This includes women as well as men, and the level of agency and/or autonomy achieved in different domains (production, reproduction, resources, income, leadership, and time allocation). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) need to change within households and communities in order to achieve transformative long-term social change and improved outcomes in nutrition and health. Men and women need to be empowered to take responsibility for household nutrition. Stunting can be reduced when:

Women have influence and participation in decision-making

Women’s workloads are reduced, with division of labor less segregated

Programs to combat or reduce stunting in children focus on both men and

women, as responsible caregivers and decision-makers

Men have a new awareness about the shared responsibility for their children’s

growth and development

Men experience a transformation of awareness about the burden of household

duties that should be borne together

Men influence their communities when they see benefits from behavior

changes (e.g. in HH relationships, allocation of work, and decision-making)

through healthy children, reduced medical expenses related to poor nutrition,

and brighter more-intelligent children


Community Based Health and Nutrition: Social and gender Integration Plan (CBHN SGIP)

Activity

Actions

Outputs

Deadline

Status (updated annually)

A. MCA-Indonesia SGA-Director will be responsible for carrying out the following activities using the Complementary Gender funds, and in close cooperation with Nutrition team

1.Develop a social inclusion and gender strategy for Nutrition

Conduct a social and gender assessment (areas to be decided), strategy to improve food habits and nutrition availability, local innovation on nutrition security, fathers’ involvement, commitment by LG and leaders/elders, women’s empowerment.

Food habits and nutrition availability; Potential local nutrition innovation; Strategy to improve male participation and commitment from LG, local leaders

2015 TORs for IC & firm to be developed.

2.Support sensitization of key stakeholders to gender issues

Organize a stakeholder workshop to socialize gender issues and identify priorities for joint responses within Generasi Plus among key agencies, including MoHA, PSF, NMCs, and others.

National and provincial workshops.

Initiate June 2015

Will be initiated once assessment is completed.

3. Support capacity building on gender

integration, especially

male/father’s participation and

women’s empowerment in

Generasi plus training module.

SGA discussed with major stakeholders and developed gender module for Generasi plus and it was incorporated in the Generasi community facilitator training modules.

Gender module developed and incorporated in Generasi training. A gender training session was included in Generasi CF training program.

Module drafted and shared with MOHA March 2014

Module completed Follow up: SGA to assess Generasi gender training and if needed update it for the refresher training for 2015.

4. Gender and nutrition training for

MoH and MoHA Master Trainers

Provide a specific 2 day gender training for Master trainers of MOH and MOHA

Master trainers trained on gender issues in nutrition and family health.

December 2015

Follow up: assess Master trainers TOT and undertake refreshers training if needed.

5. Gender and nutrition training for health workers in 130 Kecamatan puskesmas workers.

Support training for behavior change: women’s empowerment (including the issue of girls’ early marriage) and increasing males participation in child stunting. Contracting firm for training provision.

Training completed for 130 Kecamatan puskesmas staff

June 2015 Follow up: Observe puskesmas training of village cadres and revise modules if necessary.

6. MCA proposes to sign an IEA with

MOWE, and provide capacity building

support to Women’s Empowerment Units

at Provincial and District levels on gender issues in reducing child

stunting.

Contract a firm for training provision MOWE staff (women’s empowerment units) develop action plan for follow up.

MOWE staff (women’s empowerment units at provincial and district level) are trained on GP. Implementation of action plan.

June 2015 Follow up on the action plans.


7. Communication on SG issues in reducing

child stunting

SGA will develop and disseminate material in public media on SG issues in reducing child stunting. The contents will be shared with Nutrition and communication teams for their inputs and comments before finalization and dissemination.

Gender and Nutrition materials for dissemination.

B. Activities carried out by Nutrition team, gender and social support given by MCA-Indonesia SGA team

Training of MOH staff on MIYCF program

Cascading training of health workers on MIYCF. About 17,000 staff will be trained among them 10,800 village and posyandu cadres and midwives in 5400 villages, for providing counselling to father, mother and caregivers in monthly kelas Ibu hamil. SGA conducts a review of the trainings and help revise the modules with improved gender integration for refresher training in 2015.

SGA developed gender and nutrition module that stressed the importance of male/father’s role and women’s empowerment in reducing child stunting.

Module drafted March 2014

Done. Follow up: SGA to observe the trainings and suggest improvements for refreshers trainings.

PNPM Generasi manual

Ensure revision of the manual to include the stronger and explicit focus on gender and father involvement

SGA discussed stronger gender integration in the manual with MoHA and the issues were integrated in PTO and manual.

2013 Completed

Health Provider Modules

Final health provider training modules to include a more balanced representation of family roles and encouraging messages regarding father’s involvement

SGA provided inputs to the modules (MIYCF, growth monitoring and sanitation) and the issues were incorporated.

2014 MIYCF Completed, follow up on others.

Formative research Formative research for the national nutrition campaign to apply a gender lens, and integrate an assessment of the differential roles, behaviors and expectations of women and men in facilitating behavior change, with a particular focus on the role of a father and other men in the community can contribute to behavior change.

SGA provided inputs in firm TOR and formative research

Follow up: SGA will continue to provide inputs into the work of the firm in developing research approach, review reports and content for media campaign.

Communications awareness campaign

Communications awareness campaign to include a dedicated focus on fathers through a ‘healthy families’ campaign by promoting responsible fatherhood and father’s involvement in child rearing and nutrition and women’s as well as the issue

Firm contracted in June 2014.

Follow up: SGA will provide inputs in the work of the firm so that appropriate content incorporating SG issues are developed and


of early marriage and how it affects mortality rates/nutritious outcomes

processes followed for reaching women, men, caregivers, ethnic communities and other stakeholders at all levels, especially in remote areas

Private Sector Activity

Incorporate opportunities for women’s proactive involvement and economic potential in interventions into this activity design (e.g. use women as peer educators. distributors)

SGA to provide input in the Market Research TOR.

Impact evaluation Incorporate a specific gender focus into the PNPM Generasi impact evaluation strategy and plans

SGA provided inputs, especially male/fathers participation and women’ empowerment in the evaluation design

Follow up with baseline study questionnaire

Sanitation and hygiene

Incorporate gender into the ongoing design of triggering event activities

Activity not designed yet.

Communication on activities

SGA will provide inputs on content prepared by CHNP team.

4.3 Procurement Modernization The Procurement Modernization Project will support two Activities (1) improving the procurement function by increasing the capacity and professionalization of the procurement function (the “Procurement Professionalization Activity”); and (2) supporting the development of procurement policies and procedures which would improve procurement outcomes, the rate and success of public private partnerships (“PPPs”), and environmental sustainability (the “Policy and Procedure Activity”). Along with the implementation of these Activities, the Procurement Modernization Project will work to strengthen LKPP’s capacity to integrate gender concerns into the procurement realm. During Compact development, various activities were initiated to support an understanding of gaps and opportunities for gender integration into this activity. A gender assessment was carried out, followed up by additional analysis of key areas, including a gender assessment of key relevant regulations, an attempt to sex-disaggregate data on procurement staff and gain a better understanding of key issues facing female procurement professionals, as well as the commissioning of a gender vendor survey, which examines the extent to which female enterprises are able to benefit from government procurement opportunities. Key findings are as follows:

GOI does not actively seek out diverse vendors or collect statistics on women

owned businesses that register as vendors, submit proposals, or win contracts. While government procurement does not explicitly discriminate against women, bidders have unequal access to procurement resources and qualifications. Small


bidders – where women are more likely to be found - are particularly disadvantaged, but concrete lack of data on this subject is lacking, as is any analysis of differential access to procurement opportunities.

The lack of a formal definition of a female enterprise compounds this problem of tracking access.

Lack of representation of women among procurement committee bodies may lead to missed opportunities to integrate gender perspectives or women’s exclusion from available opportunities.

From the limited data made available, it appears that the procurement realm is a male dominated profession in which women are employed at lower positions, with lower levels of education. This is an important consideration, indicating the need to closely monitor the gender balance of procurement professionals that will benefit from opportunities through this project.

Procurement professionals at the moment do not receive gender training, or knowledge to help them incorporate this issue into their work.

The gender vendor survey was commissioned to help fill the above noted gap in knowledge about female entrepreneurs’ access to government procurement. The survey is limited in scope and regional focus, and its conclusions are therefore to be interpreted as providing the project with initial key issues to consider in efforts to improve access for women entrepreneurs rather than with complete and comprehensive answers. Nonetheless, the results highlight a number of issues worth considering: There are substantial gender differences among Indonesian firms in terms of business size, focus, and structure. Businesses owned by women tend to be smaller and younger than male-owned firms. Female-owned businesses are also more likely to be in retail trade or services, and less likely to be in construction, mining, and wholesale trade than male-owned businesses. Female-owned businesses are more likely to be organized as sole proprietorships, less likely to be incorporated and about as likely to be organized as partnerships as male-owned businesses. Female-owned firms employ a higher share of female workers and are more likely to have female managers. Although in terms of overall size female-owned firms are smaller than male-owned firms, the average number of employees they have is higher. Data collected for our survey show that male-owned firms exhibit much higher participation in government procurement. Out of the total number of firms contacted for this survey that are currently government vendors, only 5% were female-owned enterprises. Firms with certain types of legal incorporation structures have a

higher likelihood of taking part in government procurement. Male-owned firms have

much better access to and success in obtaining direct appointment contracts than female-owned firms. Business location matters, with home-based businesses being less likely to obtain government contracts but being more likely to be female-owned. There is a correlation between business association membership and the ability to successfully win government contracts. Around half of the owners of firms that have participated in public tenders also report being active in a business association. Being active in business association therefore appears to have positive impacts on firms’ participation in public tenders, a finding with gender implications given that women tend to be less likely to be active in business associations. There are also clear gender differences in the ways that female and male-owned enterprises obtain their contracts. Male-owned firms are also more likely to obtain their contracts through direct appointments, without competition.


There are some clear gender differences and gaps in the knowledge, experiences and perceptions of government procurement among male and female-owned firms. Knowledge of procurement regulations, especially on the Presidential Decree 54/2010 Article 100 that would allow small companies to become suppliers up to Rp. 2.5 billion, is still limited, and this knowledge is lower among female enterprises. Half of female-owned firms and 40% of male-owned firms do not know about this regulation. There are strong gender gaps in the firms’ access to financial services. The main barriers to access government funded tenders or projects cited are: too many regulations, Sistem Pengadaan Secara Elektonik or Electronic Procurement System (SPSE) confusing and often troublesome, confusing regulations, and KKN (Corruption Collusion, Nepotism). Around one-fourth of female owned firms that did not participate in a tender believe that they would not get the contract as this tender is only a formality process, and the government has decided the winner already. Fifteen percent of survey respondents (both female and male-owned firms) report that corruption is one of their main reasons for not participating in a government tender. In the focus group discussions, participants noted that although e-procurement could be an effective way to reduce corruption, however, some “room for maneuver” still remains. One of the obstacles in the usage of e-procurement is the lack of skills. Procurement Modernization Project Social and Gender Integration Plan (PMP SGIP)

Activity

Actions

Outputs

Deadline

Status (updated

annually)

A. MCA-Indonesia SGA-Director will be responsible for carrying out the following activities using the Complementary Gender funds, and in close cooperation with PMP team.

Gender vendor survey

Gender Vendor Survey (GVS) completed, published, and widely disseminated Key recommendation agreed upon and follow up actions initiated.

Publication/reports printed and uploaded to MCA-Indonesia website. Public launch of the report. Recommendations being implemented. # of Seminar/workshops held

Report Launch August 2014

Achievement in 2013/2014: Gender Vendor Survey Report recommendation being implemented. Planning for 2014/2015: Socialization of GVS report in Jakarta, Medan, Surabaya, and Makassar.

Capacity building for female entrepreneurs to improve their access to public procurement system.

Train women entrepreneurs in public procurement and bidding process for enhancing their capacity in participation in public procurement. Support campaigns encouraging women to become involved in tender process (e.g. posters, flyers, etc.)

# of women entrepreneurs trained Communication campaign.

Initiated by June 2015

Planning for 2014/2015:

Consultant recruitment

Modules and training materials are drafted

Capacity building training begins

Capacity building for women

Establish Women’s Circles for procurement

# of female procurement specialists participating in

Women Circle established

Achievement in 2013/2014:


procurement professionals

specialists in Jakarta and other provinces for networking, information sharing, training; transfer of knowledge to other ULP female staff Develop content for women’s circle that can be included in training of professionals, on key social and gender gaps and issues

the women’s circle activities

December 2014

Consultant contracted. Planning for 2014/2015:

Stakeholder consultation

Identifying the ULP that will be selected for women’s circle activities

Women’s circle activities

Policy research on gender and Taxation with DG Tax and LKPP to understand gender based inequity, if any in the tax code. Also compile global experiences on taxation that provides incentives to women and marginalized groups for their enhanced economic participation.

Carry out discussions/FGDs with LKPP, tax authorities, and other stakeholders to develop TOR, methodology, approach and key questions for the research. Contract consultant with global expertise and Firm for in-depth research/ survey In-depth research/survey finalized and findings disseminated

Report on policy research, and findings shared with key stakeholders

Initiate research by December 2014


Consultant and firm recruitment

Research methodology development

Survey begins

Policy research on definition of gender-based ownership of enterprises with LKPP and other stakeholders

Contract consultant to facilitate FGDs/workshops and consultation with key-stakeholders. Drafting of the definition of enterprises by using global experiences. Awareness-raising and socialization on the new definition and follow up.

A position paper that contain the proposed definition that will be shared with MoWE, LKPP and other stakeholders for policy dialogue. Outreach sessions/events

Initiate activities September 2014


Consultant recruitment by June 2014

The activity begins (consultation, etc.)

Survey on procurement specialist with LKPP

Contract an individual consultant and a firm for survey Conduct survey on procurement specialists for understanding their work related challenges. Organize seminars and take feedback for follow up activities.

Report on procurement specialists published and launched.

March 2015 Planning for 2014/2015:

Consultant and firm recruitment

concept and methodology designed

Survey begins

Support to develop procurement specialists database under LKPP

Discussion with relevant unit in LKPP and for detailing the approach for database development MCA-Indonesia will support the creation of

The concept of the database is agreed by LKPP and MCA-Indonesia The database is established and launched

December 2014

Achievement for 2013/2014: Consultant is onboard Planning for 2014/2015: The activity begins (commitment from


procurement specialists’ database at LKPP.

LKPP and the concept note of database is ready)

MCA proposes to sign an IEA with MOWE, and provide capacity building support to MOWE staff at national level on gender issues in Procurement.

Contract a firm for training provision. Facilitate networking with Women Circle of procurement specialist, and entrepreneurs

MOWE staff are trained on gender issues in procurement.

June 2015 Planning for 2014/2015:

IEA drafted

IEA with

MoWE signed

Contract

firm/IC for

training

B. Activities carried out by PMP team, gender and social support given by MCA-Indonesia SGA team

Sex-disaggregated data collection and monitoring

Start collecting sex-disaggregated data on procurement professionals Initiate discussions with PMIS consultant on whether collecting data on female enterprises accessing tenders can be accommodated

A set of sex-disaggregated data produced and reported PMIS to include commentary / strategic and tactical options in the PMIS Inception Report

Discussions held with PMIS consultant

Support gender balance among procurement professionals recruited for the PM capacity building program, in particular through targeted outreach for women

Encourage women to obtain certificate in procurement – to increase their capacity and interest If midway through recruitment process, gender balance is poor, consider remedial measures to address the gap

# of female and male participants

Discussions held with LKPP and PMP teams.

Consider how to incorporate sex-disaggregated data collection into e-procurement processes

Providing inputs and suggestions for sex-segregated data collection (add field on sex of bidder firm)

PMIS to include commentary / strategic and tactical options in the PMIS Inception Report

Discussions held with PMIS consultant

Sustainable procurement policy to include social/gender provisions, as appropriate

Provide inputs for the SPP policy development process for integrating gender and social issues, as appropriate

Market analysis research to include SGA issues Social/gender provisions integrated into the SPP related policy, if appropriate

Planning for 2014/2015: Discussion on the follow up of market analysis

5. Cross-Cutting Gender Concerns: Policy Research and Pilot Innovative Activities

While relevant social and gender issues are being addressed in each Compact activity, some policy research and pilot innovative activities are also needed to contribute to


GoI’s efforts to address some crosscutting gaps and inequalities at the policy, institutional and community levels. These gaps were identified during the due diligence process, which potentially can impact women’s ability to participate in and benefit from across the three projects. Policy research is needed to substantiate gender based differential impacts, and address those policy constraints in the Compact. These policy research will be conducted with relevant GoI agencies and findings will help government to undertake policy dialogues and reforms. Similarly, small grants will be provided to agencies working on exclusion, vulnerability and empowerment for piloting innovative activities linking synergy among three projects and promote economic opportunities through inclusive entrepreneurship and value chain development. The policy research and grant activities proposed meet the following criteria: 1. Significant gender-based policy constraint that impacts women’s economic

participation and ability to fully benefit from MCC Compact activities 2. Solid link and positive contribution to leverage several MCC Compact themes

rather than impact just one Compact activity 3. A good opportunity for MCC Compact to potentially make a significant contribution

and demonstrate leadership on gender.

a) Policy research to contribute to Adopting a Formal Definition of a Gender

Based Ownership of Enterprise

The Indonesian government does not have a definition of gender-based ownership of enterprises. As a result, it is unable to track the opportunities afforded to these enterprises, including whether they are able to access public procurement system. MCA Indonesia conducted a Gender Vendor Survey and it revealed that only 5% bids are awarded to women owned enterprises. Without a formal definition, it will not be possible to collect sex-disaggregated data under the procurement modernization project on access to government procurement opportunities. Having a formal definition would be useful not only for tracking access to government contracts, but would also provide clarify in targeting for other projects that seek to support women’s entrepreneurship.

b) Policy research to contribute to Heads of households definition

As noted earlier, Indonesia does not meet the MCC scorecard indicator on the Gender in the Economy criterion as only men are recognized as head of the household. The non-recognition of female headed households have led to several disadvantages, as these household are not able to avail legal papers such as ID cards, family cards, birth certificates etc. The Indonesia Bureau of Statistics (BPS) definition of the head of household allows two people to be considered as the head: i) the person who is actually responsible for the daily needs of the household; ii) the person who is considered the head of the household. This definition is confusing as only one person can be named the head through the BPS national survey process, and most often, men are defined as heads because they are “considered” head of household, whether or not they are present or contributing. During consultation, women’s groups pointed out that head of household definition has important implications for national policy planning and the eventual trickling down of benefits to women – both single and married ones. It contributes to making other regulations (e.g. tax code) discriminatory, and leads to a loss of benefits to female headed households who have trouble registering their status, as well as a skewed system of national statistics that does not appropriately take into account the needs and interests of female headed households. This definition of the head of household


impacts women’s potential access to MCA-Indonesia funded activities and project benefits.

c) Policy research on gender and taxation

The inequality embedded in the head of household definition directly impacts other regulations, including the tax code. Income tax liabilities are calculated based on the head of household status. Since men are generally recognized as household heads, women are likely to have higher marginal tax rates than married men, with implication for productivity and formal labor force participation. 40 According to the World Bank’s Women, Business and the Law Database, a woman’s tax-liability as a percentage of a man’s is 120% in Indonesia. 41 This situation may also increase the difficulty for married women to engage in formal financial activities, such as apply for credit if this requires independent tax IDs. Being taxed at higher rates (for married women) will become especially burdensome as Indonesia’s economy grows and more women join the formal labor force. At the moment,

Indonesia has a very low labor force participation rate for women, and it will be important not to dis-incentivize their greater participation through discriminatory tax regulations. The newly initiative launched by the US Government, the Equal Future Partnership (EFP) in which the GOI is partaking, the Compact has an opportunity to further examine these types of legal barriers, and MOWE, which is the lead agency for EFP, has signaled willingness to cooperate on this with MCA-Indonesia.

d) Inclusive Entrepreneurship and Empowerment (IEE) Grants:

The objectives of IEE Grant will be to improve women and marginalized groups’ economic opportunities and income, transfer knowledge and technology at community level for household nutrition security, enhance capacity of women entrepreneurs through market access and linking with business associations. SGA team will provide IEE grants for piloting inclusive entrepreneurship and empowerment activities that will support the Compact as well as social inclusion and gender equality objectives. Those activities will be selected that support crosscutting approaches for achieving outcomes related to the three projects. These grants will specifically support activities undertaken by small organizations working in remote areas on exclusion, vulnerability and empowerment issues (these small organizations may not be able to access large scale GP and other Compact grants). The particular focus of these grants will be to enhance economic opportunities for women and marginalized groups in entrepreneurship and value chain development, linking local products to national and global markets. These

40 Sheng, Claire Ye. 2007. MCC Control of Corruption Project Gender Assessment. Prepared for USAID. 41 World Bank Women, Business and the Law Database. Accessed January 14, 2011: http://wbl.worldbank.org/ExploreEconomies/Indonesia

Individual taxpayers in Indonesia are viewed through the lens of the head of household as a unit. Indonesia tax regulations determine the family as an economic entity. The elucidation part for article 8 in Law No.8/1983 of Income Taxes Law and its amendment in Law No.36/2008 stated: “Taxation system under this Law construes a family as a single economic unit which means that the income or loss of all family members is combined into one taxable unit and the fulfilment of the tax obligations is carried out by the head of the family. In certain cases, however, the fulfilment of tax obligations is conducted separately.”


grants will be complementary and parallel to other large scale GP funded activities, such as enhanced management of watersheds and forests, renewable energy and/or agriculture investments and support rural livelihoods and economic development. IEE grant has a particular focus on ensuring that women’s organizations, local NGOs, community groups, and other CSOs or community-based organizations can participate and benefit from MCA-Indonesia investments, and support economic opportunities, income, nutrition security and entrepreneurship development of women and vulnerable groups.

6. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)

In general, both the MCC Gender Policy and the M&E Policy require that data be sex-

disaggregated to the extent possible and that gender be integrated into impact

evaluations, as appropriate. Given below are some indicators. These will be discussed

with M&E team and finalized.

Green Prosperity42

# of individual trained on SGA topics (including TIP) disaggregated by sex and social groups

# or value of gender or vulnerable focused grants disbursed

# of women trained on various skill development

# of women hired for project works (temporary employment)

# of women trained on renewable energy (RE), natural resource management (NRM) and sustainable agriculture.

# and ratio of women involved in consultations

# and percentage of entrepreneurs benefitting from project investments,

disaggregated by sex

Procurement Modernization

# of procurement professionals trained disaggregated by gender

# of female entrepreneurs receiving capacity building training

Health

# of community facilitators trained on stunting and gender

# of males who attended nutritional group counseling sessions Impact evaluations and special studies

A number of impact evaluations are planned under the Compact and in the early stages of conceptualization. Below are the initial recommendations to incorporate these from a social and gender perspective. The impact evaluation below might need to consider both qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods. For the Community-Based Health and Nutrition project, the impact evaluation should include a dedicated focus on gender. The first impact evaluation of the program carried out by the World Bank did not do so, missing out on important opportunity to learn and adjust approaches. The impact evaluation might consider the following evaluation

42 While the M&E Plan in the first year is focused mostly on process related indicators, as the focus of activities and potential beneficiaries become clearer, the GP related gender indicators highlighted here should be included in the M&E Plan revisions to be able to track information on beneficiaries.


question: - Do PNPM Generasi interventions result in broader positive changes in women’s

lives and foster their empowerment? - What are the impacts on intra-family decision making regarding children’s health? - Impacts of engaging men in infant feeding practices - The extent to which gender inequalities contribute to high rates of maternal and

child malnutrition. For Green Prosperity, a dedicated focus on both positive and negative potential impacts on women and vulnerable groups should be included. Potential evaluation questions might include: - How do changes in electricity affect women’s time use, and what are the resulting

re-allocations of their time to other activities? Is productivity impacted and how? How will it impact household and women’s income? In what ways does this impact power relations within project communities and families? How does it impact women’s roles and activities in their community?

- How do intra-household decision making patterns impact how families use improved electricity: e.g. who determines what appliances are purchased in the home and to what use are these being made (productive vs. leisure)? What are the impacts on household costs (do household costs decrease – e.g. costs of running household)?

- Impacts on education and knowledge: this applies both to children’s learning outcomes but also to women in the home (e.g. does increased TV viewing broaden knowledge and awareness of broader social issues. Does it result in lower productivity/less time spent on homework?)

- Do more secure/certain land rights strengthen women’s productive potential? Do land delineation processes undermine access for certain groups?

- What types of NRM investments have bigger payoffs for women’s productivity? A separate qualitative assessment on the quality of participatory and consultative processes within GP and the ability to ensure meaningful involvement of women and vulnerable groups as well as the extent to which results in substantive benefits should be carried out mid-course in implementation, to allow us to learn and correct course and approaches, if needed. For Procurement Modernization, the data assessment work should incorporate to the extent possible, sex-disaggregated data collection into the phase one assessment. Once the impact evaluation approach for phase two is determined SGA should incorporate evaluation questions, as appropriate.

7. Communications

The importance of MCA-Indonesia’s commitment to gender equality is crucial in

enhacing its image and encouraging all potential beneficiaries to take advantage of the

opportunities. The strategies to comminucate this message are:

A decided section of the MCA-Indonesia website should address SGA issues

and highlight success stories.

Ensure all major materials by MCA-Indonesia include social/gender

objectives and images of broad range of beneficiaries (women, men, children,

elderly)


A brochure will be developed on the SGIP.

Additional materials for GP gender and available opportunities should be

developed for GP and for procurement modernization.

Press releases for any important event and milestone of the gender-related

Compact activities (e.g. upon completion of SGIP).

Hold events at key milestones or holidays celebrating accomplishments on

gender under the Compact (e.g. International Women’s Day, Kartini’s day,

Hari Ibu December 22nd)

8. MCA Capacity Assessment The MCC Gender Milestone require that gender training be carried out for MCA staff,

and relevant implementing partners.

The MCA staff hired to date have demonstrated basic gender awareness. Even though

they have basic gender awareness it is important that they are supportive for the effot

to implement gender requirement and really understand the value of it.

To help them understand requirements going forward, an intiail training should be

carried out once all staff are board (by end of summer 2013). This is expected to help

them not only understand what is required but also the underlying reasons why a

gender focus is important and how it results in improved project outcomes.

The gender training materials should include MCC gender policy, gender integration

guidelines/milestones, the SGIP and responsiblities for staff/implementing partners

embedded within it, and TIP. The topic of sexual harrasment should be covered once

MCA-Indonesia develops this policy, and MCA HR shuold lead that session.

Implementing entitites/partners/any contractors hired to date should be invited for this

training such as LKPP, PNPM Generasi, and those who will be the implementing

entities for GP.

Project specific capacity building entry points are also included in the Gender Targeted

Activty. Some of these activities may be modified as project needs change or are re-

assessed during Compact implementation.

A separate capacity building modules for GP is now in the drafting process. It will be utilized for various GP stakeholders (government, non-government, project developers, and other relevant stakeholders). Some of the module may be appropriate for other projects.


9. SGIP and Its Implication to Compact Documents, Contracts and Reports

The SGIP has implications for other documents such as the ESMS and the M&E Plan, draws upon them and complements them. The M&E section is discussed separately. The ESMS is developed in tiers: tier 1 ESMS contains cross-reference to SGA issues, while the expectation for the tier 2 to incorporate relevant provision from this plan, as appropriate. This includes, for example, key ESP issues and requirements emanating from the IFC Performance Standards, such as on resettlement, where equitable compensation should be incorporated as a requirement in Tier 2 ESMS. Other ESP triggered actions and assessments will include social and gender issues, as appropriate, based on consultations between ESP and SGA and IFC Performance Standards guidance.

Reference to this SGIP and required compliance with relevant provision of it should be included in all major contract and bidding documents.

Quarterly reporting by MCA to MCC, including quarterly disbursement requests, should contain language and relevant updates emanting from this plan and its requirements.

10. SGIP Review and Update Process

MCA-Indonesia will submit the updates of SGIP annually for MCC review, to track

progress against each proposed activity and note any issues and plans to rectify them.

The updates will include progress against meeting MCC Gender Integration Milestones

and Operational Procedures. SGIP updates will be prepared according to the following

schedule:

Update 1: June 2014

Update 2: June 2015

Update 3: June 2016

Update 4: June 2017

SGIP Final summary report: March 2018


Bibliography

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The World Bank. Gender Equality and Development. World Development Report, 2012. The World Bank. Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific. A Companion to the World Development Report, 2012. The World Bank. Improving access to financial services in Indonesia, 2009. UNDP. Women’s Participation in Politics and Government in Indonesia. A Policy Paper, 2010. Vazques and Novirianti. Applying a Gender Lens to the Government-Procurement Modernization Project in Indonesia Assessment, August 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/vulnerable_groups_en.htm http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table4.pdf http://www.masterintelligence.com/ViewInsights.jsp?hidReportTypeId=1&hidSectionId=180&hidReport=253&hidReportSection=1131&hidViewType=null&hidUserId=null http://www.menkokesra.go.id/content/20-provinsi-masih-miliki-masalah-kesehatan-ibu-dan-anak http://www.mcc.gov/documents/scorecards/score-fy13-indonesia.pdf http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/23/05393810/Komnas.Perempuan.Temukan.282.Perda.Diskriminatif http://pewglobal.org/2010/07/01/gender-equality/ http://pnpm-support.org/peduli/operational-manual-2012 http://wbl.worldbank.org/ExploreEconomies/Indonesia http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/Development_Studies/link.php?id=76

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http://www.masterintelligence.com/ViewInsights.jsp?hidReportTypeId=1&hidSectionId=180&hidReport=253&hidReportSection=1131&hidViewType=null&hidUserId=null



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http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/11/23/05393810/Komnas.Perempuan.Temukan.282.Perda.Diskriminatif

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http://wbl.worldbank.org/ExploreEconomies/Indonesia

http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/Development_Studies/link.php?id=76

mca-indonesia-sgip.pdf

Documents

gender gaps

gender concerns

gender issues

gender statistic

gender integration action

indonesia province

indonesia overtime

gender development index