mbbrace-uk? mmbrace-uk? mbrrace-uk?. hsu chong nihr clinical lecturer st5 o&g
TRANSCRIPT
MBBRACE-UK?MMBRACE-UK?MBRRACE-UK?
Hsu ChongNIHR Clinical Lecturer
St5 O&G
Background
• Confidential enquiry into maternal deaths• Saving Mothers’ Lives• MBRRACE- Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk
Through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK
Sombre facts• Each death is a personal tragedy for every family• Between 2009 and 2012 - 321 women died
– The women who died gave birth to 235 infants of whom 173 survived
– The women who died left behind a further 408 surviving children
– In total 581 motherless children remain
Maternal death rate 2003-12(Three year rolling averages)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Mid-year of each three-year period
Rat
e p
er 1
00 0
00 m
ater
nit
ies
Direct and Indirect maternal death rate
Direct maternal death rate
Indirect maternal death rate
Causes of maternal death
Other
Indir
ect c
ause
s
Cardia
c dis
ease
Neuro
logica
l
Throm
bosis
Psych
iatric
cau
ses
Genita
l tra
ct s
epsis
Haem
orrh
age
Pre-e
clam
psia
Amnio
tic fl
uid e
mbo
lism
Early
preg
nanc
y de
aths
Anaes
thes
ia
Indir
ect m
align
ancie
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0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Rat
e p
er 1
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00 m
ater
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ies
Solid bars show indirect causes, hatched bars show direct causes
74% of women who died 2009-12 had a pre-existing medical disorder
Learning lessons to improve care
“We owe it to those left behind to learn from the death of their mother, partner, daughter or
friend and to make changes for the future to prevent other women from dying”
Dr Sara Kenyon, MBRRACE-UK, Dec 2014
Maternal mortality in the UK, France and the Netherlands
Netherlands 2009-12 France 2007-09 UK 2010-120
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DirectIndirect
Rate
per
100
,000
Sources: Dutch Maternal Mortality Committee 2014, MBRRACE-UK 2014, CNEMM 2013
Maternal mortality rate by age
Rate per 100,000
maternities
95% CI Relative risk (RR)
95% CI
Age <20 8.7 4.9-14.3 1.26 0.65-2.3320 – 24 6.9 4.9-9.3 1 25 – 29 8.3 6.5-10.4 1.21 0. 81-1.8130 – 34 9.6 7.7-11.9 1.40 0.96-2.0935 – 39 15.2 12.0-19.0 2.22* 1.50-3.32≥ 40 22.7 15.1-32.8 3.30* 1.96-5.47
*Significantly raised compared to women aged 20-24
Maternal mortality rate by area of residence (IMD quintile)
Rate per 100,000 maternities
95% CI Relative risk (RR)
95% CI
IMD Quintiles (England only) I (Least deprived/ highest
20%) 8.2 5.6 to 11.6 1 -
II 8.2 5.6 to 11.4 1.00 0.60 to 1.67III 8.9 6.4 to 12.0 1.09 0.67 to 1.77IV 11.0 8.5 to 14.0 1.34 0.87 to 2.12V (Most deprived/ lowest 20%)
12.1 9.7 to 14.9 1.48* 1.00 to 2.29
*Significantly raised compared to women in least deprived areas
Maternal mortality rate by ethnic group
Rate per 100,000
maternities
95% CI Relative risk (RR)
95% CI
Ethnicity (England only)
White (inc. not known) 9.0 7.8 -10.4 1 Indian 20.5 11.9-32.8 2.27* 1.30-3.74Pakistani 13.9 7.8-22.8 1.53 0.84-2.60Bangladeshi 11.1 3.0-28.4 1.23 0.33-3.20Other Asian 8.1 2.9-17.6 0.90 0.32-1.99Caribbean 18.5 6.0-43.2 2.05 0.66-4.87African 26.9 17.6-39.4 2.98* 1.90-4.51Others/ mixed 10.2 5.6-17.1 1.13 0.61-1.94
*Significantly raised compared to white women
Maternal mortality rate according to country of birth
Woman's country of birth
Rate per 100,000
maternities
95% CI Relative risk (RR) 95% CI
UK 8.6 7.5 to 9.8 1 -Outside UK 15.2 12.5 to 18.3 1.77* 1.39 to 2.24
Bangladesh 9.0 1.9 to 26.3 1.05 0.21 to 3.11India 14.5 6.3 to 28.6 1.69 0.72 to 3.39Pakistan 10.9 4.7 to 21.4 1.27 0.54 to 2.54Sri Lanka 29.4 8.0 to 75.1 3.42 0.92 to 8.89Ghana 22.0 4.5 to 64.2 2.56 0.52 to 7.59Nigeria 34.2 16.4 to 62.9 3.99* 1.88 to 7.48Somalia 17.8 4.8 to 45.5 2.07 0.56 to 5.38Poland 8.9 3.6 to 18.3 1.03 0.41 to 2.17
*Significantly raised compared to women born in the UK
Other characteristics of women who died
Medical condition/ characteristic
Direct (n=106)Frequency (%)
Indirect (n=215)Frequency (%)
Total (n=321)Frequency (%)
Body mass index (BMI) kg/m2
<18 1 (0.9) 5 (2.3) 6 (1.9)18 – 24 35 (33.0) 89 (41.4) 124 (38.6)25 – 29 28 (26.4) 44 (20.5) 72 (22.4)≥ 30 31 (29.3) 56 (26.0) 87 (27.1)Missing 11 (10.4) 21 (9.8) 31 (10.0)
Mental health problems
Yes 12 (11.3) 42 (19.5) 54 (16.8)No 87 (82.1) 165 (76.7) 252 (78.5)
Any pre-existing medical condition (excluding obesity)
Yes 74 (69.8) 163 (75.8) 237 (73.8)No 25 (23.6) 44 (20.5) 69 (21.5)Missing 7 (6.6) 8 (3.7) 15 (4.7)
Direct deaths
• Thrombosis• Genital Tract Sepsis• Haemorrhage
VTE RiskRisk of VTE per 10000 healthy women/year
Relative risk
No contraception & not pregnant 2 1
1st and 2nd generation COCP ( levonorgestrel, norgestimate, orethistrone)
5-7 2.5
Etonogestrel (ring) or norelgestromin (patch)
6-12 3
3rd /4th generation (gestodene, desogestrel, drospirenone)
9-12 4.5
Pregnancy 29 14.5
Post-partum 300-400 150-200
RCOG Guideline 37a
RCOG Guideline 37a
Postnatal risk assessment
Postnatal risk assessment
Genital tract sepsis
Characteristics of Women who Died• Age
• Median age 30 years (range 17- 45)• 35% (n=7) of women who died from Genital Tract Sepsis were > 35 years,
whereas for the influenza and other groups the figure was 22% & 26%• Primiparous = 33% • Minority ethnic groups = 33% • Born outside the UK = 24%• Died in the postnatal period = 82%• Smoked = 24%
– the majority of women who smoked (13 out of 20) died from a respiratory cause
• Obese = 22%
Comparison between women who died and women who survived
Classification of care received
Percentage of women who died
Percentage of women who survived
Good care 23% 26%
Improvements to care which would have made no difference to outcome
14% 53%
Improvements to care which may have made a difference to outcome
63% 21%
Figure 2. Distribution of causative organisms according to source of infection and mode of delivery.
Acosta CD, Kurinczuk JJ, Lucas DN, Tuffnell DJ, Sellers S, et al. (2014) Severe Maternal Sepsis in the UK, 2011–2012: A National Case-Control Study. PLoS Med 11(7): e1001672. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosmedicine/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672
Figure 2. Distribution of causative organisms according to source of infection and mode of delivery.
Acosta CD, Kurinczuk JJ, Lucas DN, Tuffnell DJ, Sellers S, et al. (2014) Severe Maternal Sepsis in the UK, 2011–2012: A National Case-Control Study. PLoS Med 11(7): e1001672. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosmedicine/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001672
Genital Tract Sepsis: Delays in Management
• Delay in identification of the source of infection
• When recognised as genital tract – not fully investigated or monitored
• Over-reliance on antibiotics to control the infection at source
• Poor recourse to imaging & repeated imaging – MRI / CT scan
• Reluctance to take surgical measures - appropriate drainage of collections or
surgical excision of infected tissue
“A woman presented in labour and was noted to have genital tract sepsis. She was delivered by caesarean section. The operation was complicated by a lateral tear and atony with an estimated blood loss of 1500mls. She was given intravenous antibiotics for 48 hours after delivery but her sepsis did not improve. There were several changes of antibiotics.
On day 5 postpartum a CT scan was performed and found what was thought to be an area of sepsis in the wound communicating with the uterine cavity.
On day 6 she worsened and a laparotomy was performed. The uterus was necrotic and the abdomen contained a great deal of pus. She had a sub-total hysterectomy and wound debridement. Despite intensive care she developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, deteriorated and died”
“A woman admitted in second trimester with vomiting and preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes. Septic - chorioamnionitis caused intrauterine death of the fetus.
The sepsis resuscitation bundle was promptly applied and following blood cultures and discussion with a consultant microbiologist, antibiotics were commenced within one hour of diagnosis. Despite resuscitation she failed to improve. The team then proceeded to hysterotomy to remove the source of the sepsis. After two days of supportive care on the intensive care unit she made a full and complete recovery.
Her treatment was prompt and effective with rapid source control when she failed to respond to conservative treatments. The time from admission to control of the sepsis was 18 hours.”
Recommendation Genital Tract Sepsis
When sepsis is present the source should actively be sought with appropriate imaging and consideration given to whether surgical or radiologically-guided drainage is required
(RCOG Green-top guideline 64b, 2012)
Deaths from haemorrhage
• 0.46/100 000• (Deaths from Cardiac disease =2.25/ 100 000)
• Causes: 4Ts – Uterine Tone– Retained placental Tissue– Trauma– Thrombin (clotting disorders)
Haemorrhage
RCOG guidelines: Post-partum haemorrhage
Deaths from cardiac disease
Deaths from cardiac disease
• Saving Mothers’ Lives report (BJOG, March 2011)
Causes of death
• MI– 0.48/100 000 deaths– UKOSS: 0.7/100 000 non-fatal Mis
• Aortic dissection– Marfan’s– Type IV Ehlers-Danlos
• Cardiomyopathy– Rare
Recommendations
• Thorough history and examination• Phone a friend (the Medical Reg)• Repeat investigations
– ECG– Troponin– Early recourse to angioplasty– CXR/MRI/Echo
DEATHS FROM NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE
Neurological disease
• Epilepsy-commonest neuro disease– P/N advice (showers not baths etc)
• Post-natal conception/contraception counselling in women with neurological disease is as much our responsibility as the GPs/ neuro team
• Much needed:– Research into SUDEP (Sudden unexpected Deaths in
Pregnancy)
Case 1• Admitted for induction• BP 140/95• Given Dinoprostone gel• Syntometrine at delivery• Sudden severe headache,
seizure, asystole-SAH
Oxytocin alone (without ergometrine) is the drug of choice
for the routine active management of the third stage of labour
NICE CG107, CG55
Ischaemic Stroke
Rare0.03 per 100 000 maternities
Neither pregnancy, caesarean section delivery nor the immediate
post-partum state are absolute contraindications to thrombolysis (intravenous or intra-arterial), clot
retrieval or craniectomy.
ACTIONS FOR DOCTORS, MIDWIVES AND ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
Causes of maternal death
Sepsis
Observations
All women with any symptoms or signs of ill health, including those who are postnatal, should • basic observations taken (temperature, pulse rate,
respiratory rate and blood pressure)• results documented • AND acted upon
Influenza
Communication
• Do not hesitate to seek senior advice.
• Consultant to consultant referral is appropriate when specialist advice is needed.
• All staff should participate in the review of care for the Confidential Enquiry.
Key Messages• Pre-pregnancy counselling by doctors with experience of managing
their disorder in pregnancy.
• Coordinated multidisciplinary obstetric and medical clinic, thereby avoiding the need to attend multiple appointments and poor communication between senior specialists responsible for their care.
• Individualised care plan made together by members of the multidisciplinary team including a midwife, obstetrician, obstetric anaesthetist, obstetric or specialty physician, psychiatrist, surgeon and members of the allied health professions as appropriate.
Key messages• Appropriately trained senior physicians should be involved in the
care of pregnant and post partum women with new onset symptoms suggestive of or known underlying medical disorders.
• All pregnant women presenting with acute respiratory compromise require urgent assessment by a physician and an anaesthetist or intensive care specialist.
• Routine advice for pregnant women with diabetes mellitus should include the increased risk of hypoglycaemia and education of family members about optimal management of this condition.
Key Messages• All women with proteinuria should have this quantified and further
investigated if found to be significant.
• Super morbidly obese pregnant women should be looked after by specialist multidisciplinary teams.
• Senior surgical opinion is essential when dealing with surgical complications in pregnancy or postpartum and should not be delayed by team hierarchy. Early discussion between consultant obstetrician and consultant surgeon is vital.
Go save some lives