What is plagiarism ?

What is plagiarism ?By: Dr. Cheng Wei HinThe meaning of Plagiarism- Latin word- which means thiefIt means to take or own something and pass them of as your own Why plagiarism is an Academic Sin?It violates the trust given to usIt shows we have no moral- because we are dishonestWe have no integrity and we have no originality

Can you distinguish between plagiarism and acceptable borrowing? Common knowledge and undisputed facts Rule of thumb information is found in at least five general references Taking a selection of material from more than one page of an authors work without citationDirect copying of a single sentence or significant parts of a sentence or paragraphs without quotation marksMinor changes of a paragraph or sentence without identifying the idea or owner of the ideaWhat is plagiarism?Cutting or pasting statements from multiple sources and putting them together without citing where the idea come fromHow to avoid plagiarism?Provide citationDirect quoteParaphraseReference or bibliographic entryQuoting exact copyPut within the quotation marks Cite author and pageUse minimally : no more than 10% of graduate writing ( Valukenas, 1987)Use to support your idea , cite as authorityExample: To the Indians, knowing English is like possessing the fabled Aladdin s lamp which permits one to open the linguistic gate of India to international business (Kachru,1991, p.1) Quoting secondary sourcesHellsten ( as cited in Stoner, 2004, p. 73) pointed out that literature provides mankind the models of appropriate behavior, attitude and communication skills. No wonder the supremacy of any race is measured by the literature that the race or ethnic possesses. CitationCitation is most commonly use to avoid plagiarismYou can vary your citation styles:According to Smith( 2008).Smith ( 2008) reported thatPlagiarism is very rampant among university students ( Smith, 2008)Paraphrasing : Specific restatement in your own wordsUse different words but keep the original meaningKeep technical wordsAttribute to the author, without page numbers ( APA style)No quotation marksMay end up longer than original texts but keep the meaningExample of ParaphrasingOriginal text:

There is clear research support for teaching all students to be strategic readers, but what is not so clear is why strategic reading leads to improved comprehension . ( Alverman & Eakel,2003)ParaphraseWhile research has established that students should be taught to read strategically, the reasons why strategic reading improves comprehension remain unclear ( Alverman & Eakle, 2003)Paraphrases meansAn attempt to move away from the original wording and sentence structure of the sourceRetain the original idea or meaningLanguage can be simpler than the originalSteps to ParaphraseRead and understand the gist Write key words elsewhere and do not underlineRemove the original source Use only the notes to remind you of the messageRewrite the gist in your own wordsUse reporting verbs and linkersReporting VerbsThe verb choices which should express your own perception of what the writer has said or how s/he has expressed the viewExample:Argue, analyze, assumeDefine, classify, reiterate, claimState, propose, highlight, Acknowledged, reveal, ignore,LinkersUse linkers to change arrangement or the sequence of the sentence:And, but, so, or Although, while, whereas, because, sinceHowever, nevertheless, consequently, in contrast, unlike, despite, otherwise Therefore, hence, because of, in addition, due toUse Summary TechniqueSelect and reduce to only the most important relevant ideas, without changing its meaningRewrite and rearrange to highlight main points of the original in your own wordsAttribute to original source, without page numbers. ExampleStudents frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. ( James D. Lester, 1976: 46-47)Sample ParaphraseIn research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded ( Lester, 1976)Sample SummarySample SummaryStudents should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper ( Lester, 1976).Check listHave you retained the message?Is there a string of 4 or more of the original words?Have you moved away from copying the original wording in terms of structure /form?Have you cited correctly?Tenses in Citation: Present or Past?Present tense when reporting factual statementsExample: Personal investment theory ( Mayo, 2004) explains how people choose to invest their energy in.Present perfect tense ( Have/has + action word + ed) when citing what other authors have discovered up to the time of writing Tenses in CitationExample: Research has shown that a deep level approach leads to superior learning outcomes( Biggs, 1993; Knight, 1995)Past tense when reporting findings of a specific research.Example: Smith and Jones ( 2011) found thatTan (2006) who studied Chinese banks observed that PractiseThe main parent child relationship in society is determined by parenting style practices, as manifested in role models and beliefs about human development processes. Malay parents , for instance , believe that negative behaviors in a child will eventually disappear by adulthood. Therefore correction of such behaviors at a young age is unnecessary. Instead the main role of the parent is to protect and show affection ( Abdul Halim Othman , 1993) AnswerThe parent-child relationship in society is determined by parenting style practices, as manifested in role models and beliefs about human development processes. Halim ( 1993) claims that Malay parents believe that negative behavior in a child will eventually disappear by adulthood, hence the main role of the parent is to protect and show affection. Writing JournalWhat is an abstract?An abstract is the synopsis of the researchAn abstract length should only be around 100 wordsCan be informative or structuredCharacteristics of An AbstractAn abstract generally talks about:What the research is aboutThe purpose or objectives of the researchThe methodology of the researchWhat is/are the main findingsWhat is/are the value of the findings An AbstractUses the following verbs:Examine, suggest, describes, discussesIdentifies, presents, proposes, outlines, shows, suggest, summarises, argues thatExample of an AbstractThe research exploredIt focused on.The study examined..The findings suggest that..The results showed that.The study proved that ..Example of A Structured AbstractPurpose:Design/Methodology:Findings:Practical Implications:Originality/Value:

Introduction of A JournalIntroduce the research question/research objectives and the motivation of study State the definition of key termsInclude a bit of background of the issue or problem/how the issue startedUsually starts from general to specific issueShould not be more than 300 wordsLiterature ReviewReview on what others ( earlier researchers) have found on the topicDemonstrate how the present research is linked to the previous researchShow how the variables of study comes into picture how our research framework is developed and how our hypotheses come aboutMethodologyDetails how the research was carried outShow who were the samples interviewed and how the interview was carried outWhat statistical tests were usedHow data was interpreted and analysis of data was doneDiscussionLink together the previous section especially literature review section with the findings , make the comparison with previous research findings and provide reasons/justifications.Link back what was found with research objectives/questions- did we achieve our research objectives and did we answer our research questions?ConclusionSummarize rationale of the research and findingsReaffirm the value of the researchOutline future research Should not be more than 200 wordsMoving on with your writingSummarize what was done- abstractDescribe and introduce IntroductionCite key research , reflect and link to current research- Literature ReviewDiscuss, analyse,reflect and evaluate- Findings and DiscussionRecommend, Collaborate and conclude- ConclusionThank You