CPAPIFk

Secla| DeslgnGulde|lnesSecla| DeslgnGulde|lnes.1ne|mo| |nsu|o|cn Des|gn .2Bu||o|ng \en||o|cn Des|gn .3Rccf 'Ro|n D|o|noge' Des|gn .4Bu||o|ng Expons|cn Jc|n Des|gn .5Bos|cs cf /ccus|c Des|gn .Nou|o| ||gn |onsm|ss|cn .1ne|mo| |nsu|o|cn Des|gn .2Bu||o|ng \en||o|cn Des|gn .3Rccf 'Ro|n D|o|noge' Des|gn .4Bu||o|ng Expons|cn Jc|n Des|gn .5Bos|cs cf /ccus|c Des|gn .Nou|o| ||gn |onsm|ss|cn 7838485888Iage Iage Seclion Seclioncutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . fae:a| ioaa|a:|eo oea|o : e| +.s see:|eo c.:Basics nI Insu!atinn dcsignHealIossorgaininabuiIdingcanoccur lhroughRadialion,Conduclionand Conveclion.CnnductinnlhroughlhebuiIdingenveIoe accounls for mosl heal lransfer. Heal gain due loconduclioncanbereduced(bulnol eIiminaled) by adding insuIalion.CnnvcctinnbyairIeakscanandshouIdbe revenled by "lighlening" lhe buiIding.RadiatinnaffeclsmoslIygIasssurfacesand canbereducedbylheuseofrefIeclivegIass coalings.CnndcnsatinnHeallransferisoflenaccomaniedby moislure movemenl, since varmer air conlains morevalervaourlhancoIdair.The movemenlofvaourdoesnolcoincidevilh lheacluaImovemenloflheairconlainingil. WhenvarmaircooIsdovnormeelsacooI surface,ilIosessomeofilsmoislure, roducingcondensalion.Theairlemeralure alvhichcondensalionslarlslooccurislhe devoinl.CondensalionmayIeadlomelaI corrosion, grovlh of moId and miIdev, Ioss of insuIalingroerlies,andruinedfinishes.Il canbeminimizedbyinslaIIingavaour relarder on lhe varm side of a surface (lhe side vilhlhehighervaourressure).Vaour relarderssIovdovnmoislurelransfer lovards a cooIer surface. In vinler monlhs, lhe varmsideislheinnersurfaceoflhevaII. Duringholsummermonlhslhevarmsideis lheoulsidesurface.MelaIaneIsarevirluaIIy vaourimermeabIeandareexceIIenlvaour barriersinholvealhercondilions.IliscoId vealhercondensalionroleclionlhalis normaIIy needed for inlerior surfaces.Fibcrg!ass Insu!atinnThemoslraclicaI&economicaIlyeof insuIalionforIre-IngineeredSleeIuiIdings isIibcrg!assinsu!atinn.Ilisrecommended lhallheroofsandvaIIsofIre-Ingineered SleeIuiIdingsbeinsuIaledvilhfibergIass insuIalionlhalmeelslhefoIIoving secificalions:1.IiresafelyroerliescomIyvilhlhe foIIoving slandard codes:S 476 Iarl 4 - non combuslibIe, ASTM I84(via UL 723), ASTM I 136S 476 Iarl 6 - Iire IroagalionS 476 Iarl 7 - Surface sread of fIame2.IibergIassinsuIalionbeavaiIabIein densilies of 10, 12, 16 and 20 kg/m3 in order lo meel high lhermaI resislance "R" vaIues.3.TheundersideoflhefibergIassbIankelbe IaminaledvilhafunclionaIfacinglhalcan serveasaneffeclivevaourbarrieranda fIamerelardanl.Thelvomoslrecommended IaminalesarevhilemelaIizedscrimkrafl (WMSK) and fiber reinforced krafl (IRK).4.TheundersideIaminaleexlends50mmon eachsideoflhefibergIassinsuIalioninorder lo achieve neal |oinls belveen insuIalion runs.cutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . fae:a| ioaa|a:|eo oea|o z e| +aa see:|eo c.:5. ThemoislureabsorlionisIesslhanone ercenlbyveighlvhenlesledinaccordance vilhASTMC553,S2972orS6676.The fibergIassinsuIaliondoesnolabsorbmoislure fromlheambienlairnorvalerbycaiIIary aclion.OnIyvalerunderressuremoislens lheinsuIalion,vhichviIIquickIydryouldue lo lhe maleriaI's oen ceII slruclure.6.enoncorrosiveandchemicaIIyinerlsoil viIInolcauseoracceIeralecorrosionofsleeI, slainIess sleeI, coer or aIuminium, due lo ils inorganicandmineraIcomosilion(aser ASTM C 665).7.eabIeloerforminlemeralureslhal range from -4oC lo 240oC.8.enon-loxic,rolroof,odorIess,non- hygroscoicanddoesnolbreedorsuslain moId,fungus,bacleriaorrodenls.MoId grovlh lesl as er ASTM C 991.9. Thcrma! cnnductivity (K-va!ucs) al 25oC: 10. Ierformancecanbemeasuredinlermsof lhermaIresislance(R-vaIues)ofmaleriaIs exressed in m2K/W, from lhe equalion.R= T / Kvhere,T Thickness in melers K ThermaI conduclivily in W/m.K.Thcrma! Rcsistancc (R-va!ucs) al 25oC:11. Acnustic insu!atinn vaIues are Iisled in lhe foIIoving lvo labIes:50751001501.1901.7862.3813.5711.2501.8752.5003.7501.2821.9232.5643.8461.3892.0832.7784.167R Va!uc (m2 K/W) at dcnsitics nI10 kg/m312 kg/m316 kg/m320 kg/m3Insu!atinnThickncss(mm)50 lo 150 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.036K Va!uc (W/m/K) at dcnsitics nI10 kg/m312 kg/m316 kg/m320 kg/m3Insu!atinnThickncss(mm)5nund Transmissinn !nsscs Inr sing!c mcta!!ic shcct wa!! p!us insu!atinn(as er ASTM I 90)5nund Absnrptinn CncIIicicnts(as er ASTM C 423) 50751001505075100150507510015050751001500.250.320.450.600.270.350.470.620.300.400.500.650.350.450.550.700.450.701.001.000.450.751.001.000.500.751.001.000.500.851.001.000.700.901.001.000.750.951.001.000.801.001.001.000.801.001.001.000.801.001.001.000.851.001.001.000.901.001.001.000.951.001.001.000.850.901.001.000.850.951.001.000.851.001.001.000.951.001.001.000.851.001.001.000.851.001.001.000.851.001.001.000.900.951.001.000.700.851.001.000.700.901.001.000.750.951.001.000.800.951.001.00CncIIicicnts nI snund absnrptinn5nund Frcqucncics (Hz)Thickncss(mm)125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 NRC 16201210DcnsityKg/m 5075100150507510015050751001505075100150121212131212121312121213121212131516171915161719151617191516171916182126161821261619222716192227293134412931344131333642313336423132364231323642333438433334384337394248373942483941434939414349242527302425273024262832242628325nund Transmissinn Lnss (dB)5nund Frcqucncics (Hz)Thickncss(mm)125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 5TC 16201210DcnsityKg/m3cutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . fae:a| ioaa|a:|eo oea|o a e| +a: THEMANUALsee:|eo c.:Thcrma! Transmissinn (U va!uc) is lhe rale of heallransferundersleadycondilionslhrough aunilareaofarooforvaIIvhenoneunilof lemeraluredifferenceexislsbelveenlheair on bolh sides of lhal roof or vaII. The inslaIIed UvaIueislherecirocaIoflhesumoflhe resislanceoflhecomonenlarlsoflhe slruclureIuslheresislanceoflhesurfaces andanycaviliesvilhinlheslruclure.The inslaIIedUvaIueforroofandvaIIscanbe caIcuIaled from lhe foIIoving equalion: RT = R5O +RE5 +RIN +RAG +RI5 + R5I ,

whcrcRT TolaI heal resislanceRSO IxlernaI surface resislanceRIS IxlernaI sheeling resislanceRIN InsuIalion resislanceRAG Air ga resislance (if any)RIS InlernaI sheeling or Iining resislance RSI InlernaI surface resislanceThefoIIovinglabIeshovslheinslaIIed lhermaITransmission(UvaIue)forroofand vaIIsofII'susingdifferenllhicknessesof fibergIassbIankels,adensilyof10kg/m3,and based on summer condilions: TR1UThefoIIovingexamIesiIIuslralelhe caIcuIalionsoflheinslaIIedRvaIueforroof andvaIIconslruclionsusingfibergIass insuIalion.Nolelhallheresislancesin horizonlaIconslruclionsmaydifferfrom resislances for verlicaI conslruclions.50751001500.6420.4640.3640.2540.6780.4830.3750.259Insu!atinnThickncss(mm)RnnI(W/m2.K)Wa!!(W/m2.K)U Va!uc Wa!! Cnnstructinn: 5ummcr CnnditinnRSO RISRINRAGRISRSICnnstructinnm2.K/wRcsistancc (R)0.2500.00012.720.9200.0000.92014.810.0440.0002.2400.1620.0000.1622.608Oulside Surface (vind seed7.5mh)Roof Sheeling100mm fibergIass insuIalion al 24oC75oIAir Ga (200mm)LinerInside Surface(SliII air)It2h.nF/BtuE!cmcntTOTAL HIAT RISISTANCI (RT)RSO RISRINRAGRISRSICnnstructinnm2.K/wRcsistancc (R)0.2500.00012.720.9200.0000.92014.810.0440.0002.2400.1620.0000.1622.608Oulside Surface (vind seed7.5mh)Roof Sheeling100mm fibergIass insuIalion al 24oC75oIAir Ga (200mm)LinerInside Surface(SliII air)It2h.nF/BtuE!cmcntTOTAL HIAT RISISTANCI (RT)RnnI Cnnstructinn: 5ummcr CnnditinnROOFcutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . fae:a| ioaa|a:|eo oea|o + e| +az

see:|eo c.:Fibcrg!ass vcrsus Pn!yurcthanc Insu!atinn: A va!uc cnginccring cnmparisnnNo one doubls lhe sueriorily of oIyurelhane overfibergIassasaninsuIalingmaleriaI.Ier lhicknessofmaleriaIoIyurelhaneisamuch beller insuIalor lhan fibergIass. The queslion is vhelherlhesubslanliaIIyhigherriceof oIyurelhanein|ecledsandvichaneIsversus singIe skin melaI aneIs over fibergIass bIankel insuIalion is reaIIy vorlh il!AsslaledearIierinlhisseclionlhe erformanceofaninsuIalingmaleriaIis delermined by ils lhermaI resislance "R vaIue".Thehigherlhe"RvaIue"lhebellerislhe insuIalion.The"RvaIue"isdireclIy roorlionaIlolhelhicknessoflheinsuIaling maleriaI.ThelhickerlheinsuIalingmaleriaI, lhe higher is ils "R vaIue".Thcrma! Rcsistancc CnmparisnnThe labIe beIov comares lhe "R vaIue" of a 50 mmlhickoIyurelhanein|ecledsandvich aneI(havingadensilyof38kg/m3)vilhlhal of a 100 mm lhick fibergIass insuIalion (having adensilyof12kg/m3).IorlhemoslraclicaI urose,100mmlhickfibergIassbIankel insuIalionhaslhesamelhermaIresislanceas lhal of 50 mm oIyurelhane.Pricc CnmparisnnNoledbeIovarelhecurrenl(}anuary2007) coslsoflhelvoabovenoledinsuIalion syslems.IlshouIdbenoledlhallhericeof lheoulsideainledmelaIskin(beilAIuZinc CoaledSleeI,AIuminumorG-90GaIvanized) fIuclualesvideIyfromquarlerloquarler. Hoveverbecauselhesameoulsideskinis usedinbolhinsuIalionsyslemslhereIalive cosldifferencebelveenlhelvoinsuIalion syslems remains lhe same.Optinna! wirc mcsh bc!nw Iibcrg!ass insu!atinnThefibergIassinsuIalionlhalissuIiedby MabaniSleeIuseafiberreinforcedaIuminum foiI Iaminale lhal gives il sufficienl slrenglh lo slrelchinloalighlnealIookingfinishsurface. Il does nol require under Iaid gaIvanized sleeI mesh lo suorl il.The cosl of lhe gaIvanized sleeI vire mesh lhal issuIiedbyMabaniSleeI(ifandvhenilis secified) is AID 3/m2.If lhis cosl is added lo lhefibergIassolion,lhecoslofusinga oIyurelhanein|ecledsandvichaneI becomes49%higherlhanusingfibergIass insuIalion vilh lhe same "R vaIue".Our RccnmmcndatinnWilhoulbiasvebeIievelhalusing oIyurelhane(IU)in|ecledsandvichaneIs for lhe soIe urose of insuIaling a buiIding is bolh vaslefuI and exlravaganl, eseciaIIy if lhe corelhicknessoflheIUis50mmorIess. Over90%ofnonaircondilionedinduslriaI andvarehousingbuiIdingsinlheUSAuse some form of fibergIass insuIalion.We beIieve lhal il vas lhe oor quaIily of fieId inslaIIalionoffibergIassinsuIalionlhalIedlo lheouIarilyofIUsandvichaneIsinlhe UAIunIikelhecaseinSaudiArabiavhich aIvayshadexceIIenlIIereclorsandvhere lolhisdayover80%ofII'susefibergIass insuIalion.2.50 50 100R Va!uc(m2 kn/w)35 kg/m3Pn!yurcthancCnrc Thickncss(mm)12 kg/m3Fibcrg!assB!ankct (mm)InlhelabIebeIovlhecoslofusinga oIyurelhanein|ecledsandvichaneIis61% (58/36) higher lhan using fibergIass insuIalion vilh lhe same "R vaIue".IoIyurelhane in|ecled sandvich aneI Core Thickness : 50 mm IoIyurelhaneDensily : 35 kg/m3Oulside Skin : 0.5 Iainled AIuZinc Coaled SleeIInside Ski : AIuminum IoiICnst (AED/m2): 58IibergIass InsuIalionThickness : 100 mm GIass IiberDensily : 12 kg/m3Oulside Skin: 0.5 Iainled AIuzinc Coaled SleeIInside Skin : AIuminum IoiICnst (AED/m2): 36cutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . sa||a|o veo:||a:|eo oea|o : e| :aa see:|eo c.zAII buiIdings require some IeveI of venliIalion. GoodvenliIalioncrealesacomforlabIe vorking condilion.VenliIalionisnollobeundersloodasair condilioning.VenliIalioncanbeslbe reresenledbylhenumberoflimeserhour lhebuiIdingairisreIacedvilhoulsideair. This is referred lo as air changes er hour. The number of recommended air changes er hour varies videIy deending on buiIding use.Vcnti!atinn Dcsign using thc Air changc McthndIoranyIIfirsldelerminebuiIdingvoIume V(m3).asedonlherequiredairchangeser hour(N)delerminelhelolaIairfIover second: AirI!nw =The lyicaI melhod of moving air in a buiIding isbyusingvaIIoeningsand/orIouvers.The lyicaImelhodofmovingairouloflhe buiIdingisbyusingroofmonilors,roof mounledgravilyridgevenliIalorsandroof mounled over venliIalors.Gravity Ridgc Vcnti!atnrs ThemosleconomicaImelhodformovingair oulofabuiIdingisbyusinggravilyridge venliIalors.MabaniSleeI'sgravilyridge venliIalorshavealhroaloeningof600mm andaresuIiedvilhadamermechanism lhalcanshullhelhroaloeningduringsandy slorms.TheexhauslcaacilyofMabaniSleeI's slandard600mmvenliIalorisIisledinlhe labIebeIovvilhresecllolheslackheighl (vhich is lhe average of eave heighl and ridge heighl)andlhelemeraluredifference(oC) belveenlheinsideandlheoulsideoflhe buiIding.TheexhauslcaacilyvaIuefor300mm venliIalors(lhalisusedbyolhercomelilors) in aIso shovn for lhe sake of comarison.Quanlily of ridge venliIalors required, Where,V uiIding VoIume (m3)N Air changes er hourR VenliIalor exhausl caacily (m3/sec) Typc nI Bui!dingRccnmmcndcd airchangcs pcr hnur (N)WarehousesLighl manufacluringHeavy manufacluring3 lo 55 lo 1010 lo 20R = ExhaustCapacity(m3/scc)Ridgc Vcnt Thrnat width(mm)5tackHcight(m)Tcmp.DiIIcrcncc(nC)300 600551051015101510150.7790.9161.1091.0211.2571.4381.3821.5911.4921.7261.5591.8322.2182.0412.5142.8762.7633.1822.9833.4523691215 cutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . nee| na|o o:a|oae oea|o : e| :a+ THEMANUALsee:|eo c.aThedesignofaroofdrainagesyslemis delermined by lvo faclors: Guller valer carrying caacily Dovnsoul valer discharge caacily.ThefoIIovingformuIaedelerminelhe dovnsoul sacing (Ds) in a buiIding based on eilherlhegullercaacilyorlhedovnsoul caacily.ThesmaIIercomuledvaIueofDs shouId be used in lhe finaI design.BascdnnGuttcrCapacity,lhefoIIoving formuIaisusedlocaIcuIalelhedovnsoul sacing (Ds).Ds Maximum Dovnsoul sacing (m) Average vidlh of guller (m)M Delh / Widlh ralio of gullerW Widlh of buiIding area being drained (m)A Area of dovnsoul (cm2)I Maximum rainfaII inlensily (mm/hour)C Roof sIoe conslanl 1.00 for roof sIoe from 0.0/10 lo 2.0/10 1.10 for roof sIoe from 2.1/10 lo 5.4/10 1.20 for roof sIoe from 5.5/10 lo 8.2/10 1.30 for roof sIoe from 8.3/10 and higherBascdnnDnwnspnutCapacity,lhefoIIoving formuIaisusedlocaIcuIalelhedovnsoul sacing (Ds). Ca!cu!ating "Ds" Inr Eavc GuttcrsConsidera36mcIearsanbuiIdinghavinga roof sIoe of 0.5 / 10. Assume I 150 mm/hour.IorMabaniSleeI'sslandardeavegullerand dovnsoul.M 154/170 0.91, A 7.310.5 76.65 cm2.ased on Guller caacily: 15.2 m ased on Dovnsoul caacily:Ca!cu!ating "Ds" Inr Va!!cy GuttcrsConsidera72mmuIligabIebuiIding comrisedoflvo36mcIearsanshavinga roof sIoe of 0.5 / 10. Assume I 150 mm/hour.IorMabaniSleeIslandardvaIIeygulleranda 150mm diameler IVC dovnsoul.M190/400 0.475,A 3.143(7.5)2 176.79 cm2.ased on Guller caacily: 25.25 m ased on Dovnsoul caacily:

( ) I W CA 440Dsx x ( ) ( ) 150236165 . 76 440Dsx xx 12.5 m (use)( ) ( )131013161328s150 36 1334500475 . 0 4 . 0 19 Dx xx x x ( ) ( ) 150 36 179 . 176 440Dsx xx 14.41 m (use) (131013161328sI W C334500M 19 Dx xx x x vhere,( ) ( )131013161328s150 36/2 13345000.17 19 Dx xx x x 0.91STANDARDEAVEGUTTERSTEELDOWNSPOUTSTANDARDVALLEYGUTTERSTANDARDDOWNPPE

cutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . sa||a|o exaoa|eo ae|o: oea|o : e| :as THEMANUALsee:|eo c.+Ixansion|oinlsareoflenrequiredforvery IongandveryvidebuiIdings.Themaximum dislancebelveenexansion|oinlsis deendenlonlhecoefficienlofIinear exansionoflhesleeI,lhermaIcondilionof insideoflhebuiIdingandlhelemeralure differencebelveenlheIoveslandhighesl recorded lemeralures.The1974USIederaIConslruclionCounciI rovidesguidancebasedonlhedesign lemeralurechangelodelerminelhe maximumsacingofexansion|oinlsin beam-coIumnframedbuiIdingsvilhinned bases and healed inleriors. Noles lhal are reIaled lo lhe above labIe:IflhebuiIdingishealedandhasinned coIumnbases,uselhenumbershovninlhe above labIe. If lhe buiIding is air-condilioned as veII as healed, increase lhe maximum sacing, shovn in lhe above labIe, by 15%.IflhebuiIdingisunhealed,decreaselhe maximumsacing,shovninlheabovelabIe, by 33%.IflhebuiIdinghasfixedcoIumnbases, decreaselhemaximumsacing,shovninlhe above labIe, by 15%.IflhebuiIdingviIIhavesubslanliaIIy grealer sliffness againsl IaleraI disIacemenl in oneoflheIandimensionsdecreaselhe maximumsacing,shovninlheabovelabIe, by 25%.Theinformalioninlhisseclionisexlracled fromAISC2005,Iarl2(GeneraIdesign consideralions).Ana!tcrnativcmcthndforcaIcuIalinglhe sacingbelveenexansion|oinlsisbasedon "Ingineer'sguideloSoIarInergy"byYvonne HoveII&}uslinA.ereny.Ilisbasedonlhe differencebelveenlhelemeralurevhenlhe sleeI vas erecled and lhe mosl exlreme oulside lemeralure.asedonamaximumraclicaIexansionsIol of30mm(inalyicaIIIexansion|oinl) andbasedonaTof40oC(vhichislhe maximumdifferencebelveenlheIovesl recorded and highesl recorded lemeralures in Riyadh,SaudiArabia)lhemaximumsacing belveen exansion |oinls is: Ior buiIdings vilhoul AC, K1 Ior buiIdings vilh AC, K0.7

Ior buiIdings vilh healing & AC,K0.55 TmaxKIL

183183175165150135120120120600600574541492443394394394-12-7-1+4+10+15+21+26+32 andabove102030405060708090 andaboveRccnmmcndcd spacing bctwccn cxpansinn |nints in rcctangu!ar mu!ti Iramcd bui!dings with symmctrica! stiIIncssMaximum Tcmpcraturc DiIIcrcncc(nF) (nC) (Fcct) (m)m 64 cm 64090000117 . 0 40 10 . 3Lx xm 117 cm 1165355 . 06409L m 92 cm 915670 . 06409L xx KIxansion SIol IenglhCoefficienl of ThermaI Ixansion (SleeI)L

Tcutrfen c. srecitc oesion ouioecines. saa|ea e| teeaa:|e oea|o : e| z acTHEMANUAL see:|eo c.s AcnusticsdeaIsvilhlheroduclion,conlroI, lransmission, recelion and eecls of sound. SoundisaformofmechanicaIradianlenergy (ressure)lransmiuedlhroughamedium, such as air. The intcnsity nI snund (!nudncss) isob|ecliveIymeasuredbylhedccibc!(dB) sca!c.dralingsarebasedonaIogarilhmic scaIemeasuringvausersquaremeler. IxamIe:0dlransIaleslo110-12v/m2,10d (10limesmoreinlense)lransIaleslo110-11 v/m2and20d(100limesmoreinlense) lransIalesloI10-10v/m2.ThefoIIovingcharl oulIinesarangeofsoundsandlheir corresonding sound IeveIs: The IeveI of ercelion of sound by humans is sub|eclive and is made u of lhree main ilems: Lnudncss(basedonhysicaIresonselo ressure and inlensily) Pitch (based on frequency) Discriminatinn of lhe human senses WhenyouaremeasuringanassembIy(aoor orceiIing)lherearelvomainlesling rocedures:5nundTransmissinnC!ass(5TC) and Impact Insu!atinn C!ass (IIC). 5TCmeasuresanassembIy'sabiIilylobIock airbornesoundlransmissionandisreorled byasingIenumberraling.Higherralings indicalebeuerabiIilylobIockairbornesound. This"singIenumber"canberoducedlvo vays:inaIaboralory(ASTMI90)andinlhe heId(ASTMI413).Thelvoslandardsare necessaryduelolhevarialionslhaloccur belveenIabmodeIsandacluaIassembIies.A heId assembIy does nol erform as veII as lhe sameassembIyconslrucledinaIab.Design rofessionaIsshouIdlakerecaulionslo ensure lhal lhe acluaI heId assembIy meels lhe requiremenls of lheir cIienl. AnassembIyviIIlyicaIIybeveakeslallhe oinlsvherelvomaleriaIsmeel,suchasal lhe|oinlsbelveengysumaneIsoral mechanicaI enelralions. Care shouId be laken vilhlhesedelaiIsbecauselhese"soundIeaks" arelheeasieslvayforairbornesoundlo lransferfromonesideoflhearlilionlolhe olher. STCnumbersfocusonsoundsinlherangeof humanseechfrequencies,lheydonol evaIualeIoverfrequenciessuchasmusicaI bassandmechanicaIequimenlnoise.Ivenif lhearlilionhasahighSTC,anoccuanlon lheolhersidemaysliIIbeabIelohearmusic and become irrilaled. Code requiremenls for sound lransmission are coveredinseclion1207oflheInlernalionaI uiIding Code, vhich slales lhal lhe minimum requiremenlbelveendveIIingsand/orubIic service areas is nol Iess lhan STC 50 (45 if heId lesled). IICmeasureshovanassembIycanbIock imacl sound (such as a foolfaII) and does nol searaleIabfromheIdvaIues.IlaIsousesa singIenumber,ahighernumberindicales beuerassembIies.Therocedureandsound measuremenl for lhis lesl are dehned in ASTM I 492 and I989. ThreshoId of hearing (TOH) Iin Droing Whiser Quiel Conversalion NormaI Conversalion Slreel lrac Vacuum CIeaner Iire Cracker Ironl rovs of rock concerl ThreshoId of ain Air raid siren Inslanl erforalion of ear drum 0 10 20 40 60 70 80 100 110 130 140 160 Dccibc! (dB) 5nurcc nI 5nund cutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . saa|ea e| teeaa:|e oea|o z e| za. see:|eo c.s Cha!!cngc nI Acnustic Dcsign AcouslicerformanceisverydifficuIllo simIify,and"minor"delaiIsaffecledby conslruclionraclice,fieIdfil-uandlheIike viIIgrealIyaffeclerformance.AnaiIinlhe vrongIace,oramere1mmoen|oinlcan seriousIydegradeacouslicisoIalion.Asa broadgeneraIizalion,youcouIdreasonabIy execllhala75mmSleeIdecksyslemvilh 100mmofconcrelecovervouIdexhibilan STC raling of 53 and an IIC raling of 21. STCralingscanbeincreasedbybIocking airbornelransmissionalhssoconsider seaIingaIIuliIilyenelralionsvilhgaskelsor lhe Iike. IICralingsareenhancedbyaddingsound-absorbingmaleriaIsallheinlerfacesbelveen surfacessolhalsoundvibralionsaren'l lransmilled from one lo lhe olher. WilhcarefuIallenlionyoucanaddressbolh ralings vilh lhe same fix. Ior examIe, seaIing aieenelralionvilhagaskelviIIimrove STCerformance,bulifyoumakesurelhal lhegaskelissuilabIyfIexibIeandisoIaleslhe iefromlhesurroundingfIooryoucan reduce ie-lo-fIoor lransmission and increase your IIC raling al lhe same lime. SeveraIroduclsaimlofixacouslicrobIems manyofvhichareinlendedloreducenoise vilhinasaceralherlhanbelveensaces. They are: 5nundabsnrbingpanc!s.TyicaIIymadeof orousexandedoIyroyIene(oran equivaIenl) and aIied lo a surface. 25 mm of lhismaleriaIcanimroveSTCby9,50mm mayimroveSTCby13.Thesearemosl commonIyusedloconlroIsoundrefIeclion vilhinasace,bulsomeversionsareusefuI forconlroIIingsoundlransmissionbelveen saces. F!nnr undcr!aymcnts. AIlhough careling and fIoorunderIaymenlsarereIaliveIyineffeclive albIockingairbornenoiseandvon'l conlribulemuchloSTCralings,lheycanbe veryeffeclivealincreasingIICralings.Carel andasuilabIeadviIIaddulo40oinlslo IIC,hard-surfacedfIoorscanbeinslaIIedvilh seciaIizedunderIaymenls(bolhroIIand oured)lhalimrovelheirIICbyaround20 oinls.TheygeneraIIyrequireaboul25mmof delh. UnIaccdIibcrg!assacnusticinsu!atinn. Deending on lhe secifics of a ro|ecl and lhe inslaIIaliondelaiIs,ullingacouslicfibergIass inaceiIingassembIyviIIraiselheSTCraling oflhalassembIyby4lo10oinls.Youmusl lake care nol lo comress lhe ball. Acnusticshcctrnck.UsedinIaceofnormaI sheelrock,lhiscanyieIdanSTClhalis4lo12 oinls beller. Isn!atinnhangcrs.Theseareoflenusedlo susendceiIingfinishes,decouIinglhem fromlheslruclureandminimizingvibralion. DeendingonlyeandinslaIIalion,lhesecan increase lhe STC raling of a ceiIing by 12 lo 16 oinls. Care musl be laken lo ensure lhal each hangeriscarryingasuilabIeIoad,excessive Ioads can imair lheir effecliveness. Rcsi!icntchannc!.GeneraIIyusedlomounl gysumboard,lheseraiseSTCby3lo5 oinls,vilhhigher-endlyesincreasingSTC byulo7.YoumuslnolnaiIlhroughlhe channeIexcelinarovedIacesorlhe channeI viII be rendered useIess. Inmanycasesroduclscanbecombinedfor furlherbenefils.Usingacouslicballabove sheelrocklhal'ssusendedvilhisoIalion hangersviIIyieIdbellerresuIlslhananyone of lhose roducls used aIone. More informalion al vvv.acouslics.org.cutrfen c . srecitc oesion ouioecines . na:a:a| c|a: f:aoa|aa|eo : e| :aa see:|eo c.cAIRCRAIT HANGARSReair Service1100Inseclion 2200WARIHOUSISRough, uIky MaleriaI 110Medium Size MaleriaI220Iine Size MaleriaI550GARAGISReair Services1100Iarking Garages550OIIICISIine Oeralions 2200ReguIar Work1100IACTORIISInseclion 2200Iine1100Medium550IXHIITION HALLS1100Rccnmmcndcd Lcvc!snI I!!uminatinn(Lux)Bui!ding TypcTabIe (1) Recommended LeveIs of IIIuminalion3.6003.8004.0004.5005.0005.5006.0006.5007.0007.5008.0008.5009.0009.50010.0011.0012.0013.00014.00015.0005 10 20 30 4080% 85% 90%95%Iercenlage of hours belveen 9:00 and 17:00vhich IeveIs of iIIuminanceviII be avaiIabIe exceeded.IxlernaI IIIuminance (Iux)REFERENCE5: 1.HeIms,R.N.andIecher,M.C.,'LighlingforInergy- Ifficienl Luminous Invironmenl', Irenlice HaII, 1991.2.Irilchard,D.C.,'Lighling',LongmanScienlificand TechnicaI, Iourlh Idilion, 1990.3. IIIuminalingIngineeringSociely,'IISLighling Handbook', Third Idilion, 1959.4.Lynes,}.A.,'IrinciIesofNaluraILighling',IIsvier IubIishing Comany Lld., 1968TabIe (2) TyicaI Lighl Loss Iaclor for DayIighling DesignCIean areasInduslriaI areasVery Dirly areas0.90.80.70.80.70.60.70.60.5LncatinnsLight !nss Iactnr g!azing pnsitinnVcrtica! 5!npcd Hnriznnta!Iigure(1)IxlernaIIIIuminancelhalviIIbemelor exceeded for various ercenlages of lhe day belveen 9.00 AM lo 5 IM.Nole.ToensurelhallheuniformilyofiIIuminance viIInolexceedaralioof2:1,lhedislancebelveen lhe cenlres of rovs (or conlinuous runs) of skyIighls andaIsobelveenlheindividuaIskyIighlsinrovs shouIdnolexceedlvicelheheighloflheskyIighls above lhe vorking Iane.Average dayIighl faclor (%)Iigure (2) DayIighl Iaclor for SkyIighl in a IIal RoofLalilude (1/2 N or 1/2 S)0.040.080.120.160.200.240.280.320.360.402 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Ralio GIass Area/IIoor Area1.52.04.010.0In aII cases buiIding vidlh musl be grealer lhan1 x vaII heighl bul nol grealer lhan buiIding Ienglh.Ralio of buiIding Ienglh /Heighl of vaIIs above vorking Iane