mb0028 set 2
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1 Joshi Tarunkumar Bhupenrakumar : MBA – SEM 2 – MB0028- SET 2
Question 1. Explain how material flow information helps in work
centre decision. Consider the example of a shopping centre to
illustrate your answer.
Answer :
The decision which involves during uses of material flow information has
below-
A work center is a production facility comprising of one or more machinesand one or more workmen considered as a single unit for purposes of
estimation of capacity. This unit may have a single operation or a number
of them conducted on the input items. In the pipeline of production, each
work center’s contribution is vital as materials are scheduled, routed and
loads to be sent to it.
In most organization, they are even considered as cash centers. Location
trust means relative position of different centers so as to minimize the
movement of materials, meet technological sequences, to reduce
congestion, maximize throughput, improve part tracking ability and avoid
repetitive movements. In addition another consideration is to provide for
expansion of production.
Each work center receives information along with material that enter it the
material also leaves the word center with information. The route sheetcontains information about the material, process, quantities, and inspection
procedures. Etc. the drawings or instructions tell the condition of the
malarial of entry and the required condition at exit.
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In this sense every operation consists of material transformation occurring
on the basis of information. Activities conducted are on the basis of
information that flows with material. Different locations have to
accommodate the constraints of the basis of darning maximums benefit of the information that is available. Basically, each location is determined on
the basis of from and to: where does it receive material goes. Some
centers have to close as a matter of necessity, some need not to be and
some need to be as for away as possible.
This aspect has been given a rating scale in terms of alphabets as under:
Absolutely necessary to be close
Essential to be close
Ordinary closeness
Ordinary closeness
Unimportant that they are close or not
Not desirable that the centers are close
It can be seen that this is only a guide for Indian location as the work
centers as there will many competing factors that have to be
accommodated.
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Question 2. What are the reasons for failure of a project? Give
suitable examples.
Answer:
Before knowing the reasons of failure we have to know about project.
Project is a set of activities which are networked in order and aimed
towards achieving goal of a project.
Now, the reasons are project failure:
Incidence of Project failure
Projects being initiated of random at all levels
Project objective not in line with business objective
Project management not observed
Project manager with no prior experience in the related project
Non- dedicated team
Lack of complete support from clients
Factors contributing to project success not emphasized:
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Project objective in alignment with business objective
Working within the framework of project management methodology
Effective scoping planning, estimation, execution, controls and reviews,
project bottlenecks
Communication and managing expectations effectively with clients, team
merits and stake holders
Prior expectance of PM in a similar project
Overview of information and communication Technologies (ICT) project:
Involve information and communication technologies such as the word
wide web, e-mail, fiber-optics satellites
Enable societies to produce, access, adapt and apply information in greateramount, more rapidly and at reduce casts
Offer enormous opportunities for enhancing business and economic
viability
Common problems encountered during projects
No prioritization of project activity from an organizational position
One or more of the stages in the project mishandled
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Less qualified non-dedicated manpower
Absence of smooth flow of communication between the involved parties
These basic reasons lead a project to failures. In the project failures
business management and project management is directly involved. From
the management point of view it is basic things to care above topics to
success of a project. Project is the core business of a company. In the MBA
assignment its role has been defined from the management prospective
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Qustion 3. Explain the various phases in project management
life cycle ?
Answer:
This is the initial phase of any project. In this phase information
is collected from the customer pertaining to the project and the
requirements are analyzed. The entire project has to be planned and
it should be done in a strategic manner. The project manager
conducts the analysis of the problem and submits a detailed report to
the top project justification, details on what the problem is a method
of solving the problem, list of the objectives to be achieved, projectbudget and the success rate of completing the project. The report
must also contain information and the project feasibility, and the risks
involved in the project.
Project management life cycle is the integrated part of management.
It is attach with project responsibility or failure of a project. For the
MBA assignments it is the most valuable chapter in production
management.
The important tasks of this phase are as follows:
Specification Requirements Analysis (SRA): It has to be conducted to
determine the essential requirements of a project in order to achieve
the target.
Feasibility study: To analyze whether the project is technically,
economically and practically feasible to be undertaken.
Trade off analysis: To understand and examine the various
alternatives which could be considered.
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Estimation: To estimate the project cost, effort requires for the
project and functionality of various process in the project.
System design: Choose a general design that can fusil the
requirements.
Project evolution: Evaluate the project in terms of expected profit,
cost and risks involved marketing phase.
A project proposal is prepared by a group of people including the
project manager. This proposal has to contain the strategies adoptedto market the product to the customers.
Design phase: This phase involves the study of inputs and outputs of
the various project stages.
Execution phase: In this phase the project manager and the teams
members work on the project objectives as per the plan. At every
stage during the execution reports are prepared.
Control – Inspecting, Testing and Delivery phase during this phase.
The project team works under the guidance of the project manager.
The project manager has to ensure that the team working under his,
implements the project designs accurately, the project manager has
to ensure ways of managing the customer, perform quality control
work.
Closure and post completion analysis phase upon satisfactory
completion and delivery of the intended product or service the staff
performance has to be evaluated. Document the lessons from the
project. Prepare the reports on project feedback analysis followed by
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the project execution report. The phase which involve in the above
are:
The preparation stage involves the preparation and approval of project outline, project plan and project budget.
The next stage involves selecting and briefing the project team about
the proposals followed by discussions on the roles and responsibility
of the project member and the organization.
The project management life cycle:
A Life cycle of a project consists of the following:
Understanding the scope of the project
Establishing objectives of the project Formulating and planning
various activities Project execution and
Monitor and control the project resources
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Question 4. What are the seven principles of SCM?
Answer :
Seven principles of SCM are:
Group customer by needs- Effective SCM groups, customer by distinct
service needs, regardless of industry and then tailors services to this
particular segment.
Customize the logistic network- In designing their logistics network;companies need to focus on the service requirement and profit of the
customer segments identified.
Listen to signals of market demand and plan accordingly- Sales and
operations planners must monitor the entire supply chain to detect early
warning signals of changing customer demand and needs. This demand
driven approach leads to more consistent forecast and optimal resource
allocation.
Differentiate the product closer to the customer- companies today no
longer can afford to stock pile inventory to compensate for possible
forecasting errors. Instead, they need to postpone product differentiation
in the manufacturing process closer to actual consumer demand. This
strategy allows the supply chain to respond quickly and cost effectively to
change in customer needs.
Strategically manage the sources of supply- by working closely with their
key suppliers to reduce the overall costs of owning materials and services;
SCM maximizes profit margins both for themselves and their suppliers.
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Develop a supply chain wide technology strategy- as one of the
cornerstones of successful SCM information technology must be able to
support multiple levels of decision making. It also should afford a clear
view and ability to measure the flow of products, services and information.
Adopt channel spanning chain performance measures- Excellent supply
chain performance measurement system do more than just monitor
internal functions. They apply performance criteria to every link in the
supply chain-criteria that embrace both service and financial metrics
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Question 5. Explain what is meant by bullwhip effect and how it
could be prevented?
Answer:
An organization will always have ups and downs. It is necessary that the
managers of the organization keep track of the market conditions and
analyze the changes. They must take decisions on the organization to meet
the market demands. Failing to do so may adversely affect the functioning
of the organization resulting in lack of coordination and trust among supply
chain members. The changes may effect the information and may lead to
demand amplification in the supply chain. The bullwhip effect is the
uncertainty caused from distorted information flowing up and down the
supply chain. This has its affect on almost all the industries, poses a risk to
firms that experience large variations in demand. And also these firms
which are dependent on suppliers, distributors and retailers.
A bullwhip effect may arises because of-
Increase in the lead time of the project due to increase in variability of
demand
Increase in the stock to stock to accommodate the increasing demand
arising out of complicated demands models and forecasting techniques
Reduced service levels in the organization
Inefficient allocation of resources
Increased transportation cast
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How to prevent it?
Bullwhip effect may be avoided by one or more of the following measures-
Avoid multiple demand forecasting
Breading the single orders into number of batches of orders
Stabilize the prices avoid the risk involved in overstocking by maintaining a
proper stock
Reduce the variability and uncertainty in paint of sale (POS) and shavinginformation
Reduce the lead time in the stages of the project
Always keep analyzing the past figures and track current and future levels
of requirements
Enhance the operational efficient and outsourcing logistics to capable and
efficient agency
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Question 6. What do you understand by Line Balancing? What is
the importance of order picking in material handling? Give
suitable examples.
Answer:
Production lines have a number of work centers in a particular
sequence so that the material that gets proceed has to move further
without encountering any bottlenecks. The quantities produced the rate of
production at each center, the number of operations and the total
production required are factors taken into account.
The purpose of taking place between work centers and minimum inventory
gets created. We use the principles of JIT and lean Manufacturing to
achieve these. Linear programming, Dynamic programming and other
mathematical models are used to study these problems.
In order picking important pants are:
Order picking is a process by which items of products for supply is to bemade haves to be retrieved from specific storage location. It is found to
take 60% of labour activities in the warehouse. Since it is critical to the
business to meet customer’s demand expeditiously and accurately, lot of
attention is being given to this aspect of operations. In the manufacturing
arena, we desire to move towards small lot sizes and cycle time reductions.
Efficient order picking is necessary for being competitive. In the supply
chain Storage, retrieval and delivery do not add value to the product, but
are necessary.
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Material Handling:
The purpose is to take the job through the technological steps in which the
processing needs to be done for the transformation that is to be effectedon the material that is getting processed. The major concerns are about
the quantities that need to be processed and the time that the different
operations required. In case the product has to enter assembly, along with
other parts that are being manufactured parallel, will all the required parts
arrive at that point at the same time. Some components may be
outsourced. To handle different parts, we have material handling
equipments such as cranes lifting forks, trucks etc.
The problem for the manager is the limited supply of these equipments and
the need to optimize utilization of the equipment and see that the
manufacturing line has smooth flow. Our concern is to reduced inventory,
minimums movement and timely availability.