Mature DC

Immature DC

Antigen capture

PAMP recognition and activation

T cell expansion

B cell expansion

Figure 1. DC activation and maturation.Adapted from Wack, A. and Rappuoli, R. Current Opinions in Immunology 2005

Figure 2. Human DC subsets and lineage origins.

Shortman, K and Y. J. Liu Nature Reviews Immunology 2002

Figure 3. Within the immune synapse formed between APCs and T cells, three signals are required for antigen-specific T cell activation. Gutcher, I. and Becher, B. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007

Figure 4. APC-derived cytokines guide the differentiation of naive T cells into an effector T cell subtypes in mouse. Gutcher, I. and Becher, B. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007

Figure 5. Structures of the IL-1R family. Sims, J. et al Current Opinions in Immunology 2007

Figure 6. TLRs localization and their ligands.Verstak, B. et al Inflammation Research 2007

Table 1. Synthetic and endogenous TLR ligands.Kanzler, H. et al Nature Medicine 2007

Figure 7. IRF Activation by Cytosolic Pattern-Recognition Systems; Operation of a Positive-Feedback Mechanism.Honda, K. et al Immunity 2006

Figure 8. Summary of TLR signaling pathways. Dunne, A. and O’Neill, L. FEBS Letters 2005

Figure 9. Type I IFN positive feedback loop. Adapted from Doyle, S. et al, Immunity 2002

TBK1IKK

TRIFTRIF

Figure 10. Schematic representation of IRF-3 and IRF-7 activation and dimerization by virus-induced phosphorylation. Lin, R. et al. Cellular and Molecular Biology 1999

Figure 11. Enhanceosome formation and IFN-β gene transcription. Kenya, H. et al Immunity 2006

Figure 12. IL-12 family members: composition, receptors and regulatory functions. Adapted from Goriely, S. and Goldman, M. Transplantation 2007

IL-23

IL-27

Figure 13. Regulatory functions of IL-27.Adapted from Colgan, J. and Rothman, P. Nature Immunology 2006

Figure 14. The classification and structure of the PKC family of isozymes. Kheifets, V. and Mochly-Rosen, D. Pharmacological Research 2007

Figure 15. Model of PKCα phosphorylation. Bornancin, F. and Parker, P.J. Journal of Current Biology 1996

TLR3

IL-12p35IL-27p28

IL-12/23p40IL-23p19

Adapted from

PKC

Figure 16. Schematic of PKC activity in TLR3 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Adapted from Akira, S. and Takeda, K. Nature Reviews Immunology 2004