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Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
A new era of Interactive Visualization
Matthias Kawski
Department of Mathematics
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona U.S.A.
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Outline
0. It is not just drawing / showing pictures
1. JAVA vector field analyzer
2. Examples from many courses linear algebra, diff equns, elect circuits, writing proofs,
complex anal, diff geom, applied discr.event syst. research
3. General observations, questions, tasks
4. More small JAVA samples to take home...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Thanks for generous support by
Department of Mathematics
Center for Research in Education of Science,
Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology
Arizona State University
INTEL Corporation through grant 98-34
National Science Foundation through the grants
DUE 97-52453 Vector Calculus via Linearization: Visualization and Modern Applications
EEC 98-02942 Engineering Foundation Coalition
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Vision
This is the beginning of a new era in which an
interactive visual language not only complements,
but often supersedes the traditional, almost exclusively
algebraic-symbolic language which for generations
has often been confused with mathematics itself,
and which may be largely responsible for the isolation,
poor public perception, and extremely difficult re-entry
into mathematics due to the imposed vertical structure.
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Changing environment
• New opportunities! foremost: information technology
• New needs, expectations
demands for higher efficiency/productivity
– Case in point: Attitude towards “black boxes”,
• not just graphing calculators and CAS
• numerical integration of any dynamical system…
• e.g. “record a macro” (EXCEL, Visual Basic/C/Java)
• Op-amps (PSPICE, SIMULINK)
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
What is our mission? Goal? Objective?
• Keep math alive -- raise next generation of mathematicians (React to changing demands/needs/environ’s, but don’t betray our tradition)
• Applications: service to other disciplines/society…
(what are willing to compromise, and what will we not compromise?)
• Math as a twin of philosophy, search for truth
learn to argue, prove beyond any doubt...
• Math as a science Experiment and discover...
Which of these (and others) require x and y symbols,
and which may (possibly better?) be served
via interactive graphical/visual languages?
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Outline
0. It is not just drawing pictures
1. JAVA vector field analyzer
2. Examples from many courses linear algebra, diff equns, elect circuits, writing proofs,
complex anal, diff geom, applied discr.event syst. research
3. General observations, questions, tasks
4. More small JAVA samples to take home...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Curl: Coherence or fragmentation?
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls….
ha
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all
s….
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nd
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all
s…. h
an
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raw
n b
rick
-wa
lls…
.
ha
nd
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wn
bri
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all
s….
hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls….
hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls….
ha
nd
-dra
wn
bri
ck-w
all
s….
ha
nd
-dra
wn
bri
ck-w
all
s…. h
an
d-d
raw
n b
rick
-wa
lls…
.
ha
nd
-dra
wn
bri
ck-w
all
s….
hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls…. hand-drawn brick-walls….
A fragmented curriculum: VC, LA, DE
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Coherence: VC, LA, DE
• The visual language
provides the glue that
connects different
“aspects”
of the same
mathemat.
objects!
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Outline
0. It is not just drawing / showing pictures
1. JAVA vector field analyzer
2. Examples from many courses linear algebra, diff equns, elect circuits, writing proofs,
complex anal, diff geom, applied discr.event syst. research
3. General observations, questions, tasks
4. More small JAVA samples to take home...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Multi-variable calculus
Changing orders of integration in iterated integrals:
Practically impossible using algebra alone…
Extremely hard to visualize for beginners w/o tools Can the students “check”
her/his work?
Do teachers’ need
devote much time /
effort for grading?
Language of this task is graphic:
“slices”, and
“projections”.
MAPLE makes
it interactive...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Linear algebra
The program as an interactive discovery tool……
The picture as a (list of) final exam questions…?!
• All coming from one picture:
– linear mapping
– under/overdetermined….
– eigen vectors and eigen values
– linear combinations
– singular value decomposition
– orthogonal transformations
– area magnification and determinant
– ….
A simple MATLAB program
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Differential Equations example from: Jerry C. Hamann, U Wyoming
E.g. Rossler attractor:
System of equations and the MATLAB-SIMULINK sample screen
Are the descriptions
equivalent?
Which is more
… useful for…?
… accessible w/o many extra courses? … gets the message across?
… doing analysis / math? experimentation / modeling / design …?
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Engineering: Electric Circuits
Kirchhoff’s laws
R, C, L, i, V, ….
matrices, systems DEs?
PSPICE
sample
screen (functionality
similar to
SIMULINK)
Analysis? Design? Simulation? --- Interactive?!
From:
Hadi Sadaat
Milwaukee
School of
Engineering
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Writing proofs, induction
•Summing finite sums?
•Towers of Hanoi?
•Coin-weighing?
write program!!
fun part = animation
Tiling with triominos
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Complex analysis: inversion z -> 1/z
The visual impact of dragging moving the object is a compelling connection to physics and E-statics
Construct from basic
geometric principles
observe and formalize,
then rigorously establish
general properties of
conformal mappings
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Mappings of the (complex) pane
• Very hard to visualize w/o tools
• Almost ideal for study via
interactive visualization
The details -- e.g. color-coding
& scales make all the difference
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Complex functions color-coded
xyIyxIyx 2)( 22
Color coding adapted from Frank Farris at Santa Clara U, see also Needham’s Visual Complex Analysis WWW-site
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Complex singularities
Start each class w/ some pictures to start discovery and developing mathematical concepts
The space and
color scales
have been
manipulated.
Want JAVA
zooming tool
with lots of
scaling control
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Complex analysis: Laurent series
• Convergence of
a Laurent series
of rational function.
Why the asymmetry?
Uniform convergence
on compact subsets
of open annulus !!?
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Uniform convergence of ((the error term of)) a
Laurent series on compact subsets of annulus
Mesmerizing beauty!
Observations, Questions, Conjectures, …..
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Diff Geometry: Gauss curvature
Which color-code? After proving (!) e.g. the Theorema Egregium with
MAPLE ((-- is that really doing mathematics?? ask
Thurston!)), the real exciting math is just beginning!
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Diff Geometry: Viewing tensors What is a
Riemannian
manifold?
Viewing and
making sense o/
tensor fields
Compare Geometry Center at U Minnesota
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Diff Geometry: Exponential map Geodesics on Riemannian manifolds
(here a paraboloid)
the exponential mapping and geodesic spheres,
conjugate points, and the distance graph.
Another almost ideal
playing ground for
interactive visual
studies ...
-- drag the mouse..
and study how the
spheres depend on
initial condition….
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Diff Geom: Curvature & geodesics The visual language makes a compelling “connection” -- compare Christoffel symbols??
Key interactive innovation: “drag the mouse” to study the influence of the initial conditions
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Outline
0. It is not just drawing / showing pictures
1. Sample: JAVA vector field analyzer
2. Examples from many courses linear algebra, diff equns, elect circuits, writing proofs,
complex anal, diff geom, applied discr.event syst. research
3. General observations, questions, tasks
4. More small JAVA samples to take home...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Excite and attract students
• Which classes are full, which cancelled?
• Do we want students to major in math,
or let them all go to CS or …?
• Can we teach honest math also w/ …?
(“How much math is in this picture?”)
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Research: Discrete Event Systems
• Simulation of Control strategies for
re-entrant manufacturing systems
(semiconductor manufacturing)
Discrete event system on quotients of spaces of finite sequences ...
F(t,x)=0 ????
“Near-periodicity” obvious for eye/brain.
This serves to define formal measure (metric).
Teaching uses tools of real research and industrial work!
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Matthias Kawski http:/ /math.la.asu.edu/~kawski/kawski.html
INFORMS New Orleans, October 95: Set-up times lead to conflict
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1SA1IBL1,2,4.XLS STARTS 1 / 10, A only ONES, B PULL
Linear “convergence” to ‘almost empty’ buffer
rest
arte
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/ u
sual
in
itia
l c
ond
, bu
t del
ayed
fir
st s
tart
s
x and y needed? any advantage?
Research/insights: Interactive visual
Discussion/dissemination: Visual
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Programming - formulas???
Even the programming uses the
more efficient “visual language”:
macros are recorded, via
point&click, color, resize, etc…
Thousands of lines of
“symbolic code”, here for a
large discrete-event-system
simulation, are visually gene-
rated in a very short time (w/
little text-editing at the end).
The programmer concentrates
on the essence of the mathe-
matical system using the more
efficient visual representation
almost throughout...
Compare: “training a “robot arm” to perform certain movements: “by-hand” moving
the arm along a path that is the initial value for an optimization routine…..
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Visual language as
a productivity tool
Single-letter variable names??
Rapid development relies on a
visual interface and language.
Precision. Efficiency.
Full of mathematics, but traditional
algebraic-symbolic language is
moved far into the background!
What can we, in math, learn from CS
(until recently a part of math… )?
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Who writes the code?
… rune, papyrus, books, photos, TV, overhead proj’s, .bmp, animated .gif, .vrml, …
What is the purpose / the objective????
shall student WRITE the code / USE the program/tool ?
Major investments (money, time to learn syntax) or freeware?
General purpose tools or dedicated single-use throw-aways?
hope for a reasonable set of competing languages to evolve no MS tyranny, no Tower of Babel
McNealy ”the network is the computer!”
Easy access to lots of tools. Rely on WWW search-engines ...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Visual language ?
Syntax, grammar, semantics … ?
xyyx
ABBA
BuAsI
y
1
BuAyy
, but
What purpose? Most efficiently/effectively use: • color, orientation, scale, perspective,
size, window, texture and reflectivity (!)
• drag, rotate, resize, stop, restart, rite/left-click,
copy, (un)group, ….
Expect different languages, cultures to evolve
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
How to use interactive visualization?
• Compare playful enjoyment versus serious study
to casual concert-goers versus professional musicians…
• The educator’s job:
Provide guidance to explore the depths...
Develop the effective exercises…
– “graph”, “plot”, “print”: … very little gain!
– “inverse questions” -- (“find parameter such that….”) !!!
one-parameter often do-able by trial&error
two- or three parameter problems usually good motivation for analysis!
– experiment, observe, conjecture, test, formulate desired theorem,
define, prove, …. generalize, experiment, ….. axiomatize….
• In visual language, too, insist on just as much precision...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Outline
0. It is not just drawing / showing pictures
1. Sample: JAVA vector field analyzer
2. Examples from many courses linear algebra, diff equns, elect circuits, writing proofs,
complex anal, diff geom, applied discr.event syst. research
3. General observations, questions, tasks
4. More small JAVA samples
to take home...
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
JAVA applets...
• Famous curves applets http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Java/
many others, just use WWW-search engine, e.g. start at: http://sunsite.ubc.ca/
• MK’s current project: provide template (“beans”) for student “honor’s projects”, e.g.
– time-varying linear systems (Mathieu equation: but unstable)
– reorientation of satellite (gymnast, falling cat) via internal shape changes
– complex mappings (winding numbers, branch-cuts)
– analytic continuations (click = center, image coded by color)
– exponential mapping (geodesic spheres, co-states…, curvature)
– connections / parallel transport along user drawn-curves…
– … many more ...
• Common: amenable to inverse questions that lead to the
development (discovery) of core mathematical concepts!
Ct)(
Matthias Kawski Interactive Visualization AMS / 23rd Scandinavian Congress Odense June 2000
http://math.la.asu.edu/~kawski [email protected]
Winding number & branch-cuts What are the
exercises,
questions,
desired insights
and discoveries?
This is just
a simple JAVA
proof-of-concept,
plan to include
full “parser”…
typical honors
visualization project