matter properties and changes edited

7/29/2019 Matter Properties and Changes EDITED

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Chapter 3: MatterProperties

and Changes

Section 3.4 Types of Matter

Elements & Compounds


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What is matter?

Anything that has mass and

takes up space

Mass is a measurement of theamount of matter in an object. It

is different than weight which

measures the amount of matterAND the gravitational pull on an

object.


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Now that youre an expert, which of the

following is matter?

1. A book

2. A house3. A thought

4. Your brain

5. Light6. Your cell phone

7. Radio waves

Matter Not Matter


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There is so many different kinds of

matter, that we need to organize it.Substances have a uniform and unchanging

composition

examples: salt,

water,

sugar


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Chemical symbols

Make it easy to write the formulas for chemical

compounds

Ex: salt water

NaCl

H2O


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Elements

A pure substance that cannot be broken downinto simpler substances by physical or chemical

means

91 naturally occurring elements Symbolized by one capital letter or one

capital letter and 1 lower case

ex: S = sulfur Na = sodium

In mid 1800s, no chart for organizing the

elements that were known at the time


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Dmitri Mendeleev--1869

-Organized the known

elements into a table ofrows and columns based

on their similarities and

masses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2_4.gif


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Periodic table

Organized into horizontal rows calledperiods and vertical columns calledfamilies

Called periodic because properties ofelements repeat as you move from period toperiod

Mendeleevs table left blank spaces forelements yet to be discovered and predictedtheir properties


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Compounds

A combination of 2 or more different elements

that are combined chemically

Most of the matter in the universe are compounds

Ex: water (H2

O), sugar (C12

H22

O11

), salt (NaCl),

aspirin (C9H8O4)


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Can be broken down into simpler

substances by chemical means

Usually requires energy

Compounds


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Properties of a compound are different from

its component elements

Ex: waterliquid at

room temp.

Compounds

Hydrogena

colorless,

tasteless gas

Oxygena

colorless,

tasteless gas


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Sodium chloride

As a compound, it is a white, unreactivesolid that adds flavor to food

Its component elements:

Chlorinepoisonous, pale,green gas Sodiuma highly

reactive element

that fizzes in water
http://periodictable.com/Items/011.9/index.htmlhttp://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable.s/Samples/017.6/index.s12.htmlhttp://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable.s/Samples/017.1/index.s12.html


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Classification based upon the following:

Particle arrangement

Energy of particles

Distance between particles

State of matter is dependent ontemperature and pressure of thesurroundings

States of Matter


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3 states of matter


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States of Matter

1. Solidhas a definite shape and volume

exs: wood, desk, shoes, sugar

-particles are tightly packed,

incompressible


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States of Matter

2. Liquidshave a constant volume,

-no definite shape

-takes the shape of its container

-particles are not held rigidly in place,allows material to

flow


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Section 3.3

Mixtures of Matter


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2. Homogeneoushas a constant

composition throughout

-called asolution

Types of Mixtures


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Types of Solutions

Gas-gas: air

Gas-liquid: soft drinks

Liquid-gas: moist air

Liquid-liquid: vinegar

Solid-liquid: Crystal Light

Solid-solid: steel (called

alloysmixture of metals

producing greater strength)


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Separating Mixtures

1. Physical separation:

hand selection or

pouring through sieves


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3. Distillationbased on

differences in the

boiling points of thesubstances involved

Separating Mixtures


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5. Chromatographyseparating thecomponents of a mixture

based on the tendency ofeach to travel across thesurface of anothermaterial.

Separating Mixtures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cromatography_tank.png


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Matter

MixturesPure

substances

HeterogeneousMixtures

HomogeneousMixtures

Elements Compounds

Dirt, blood,

milk

Lemonade,

gasoline, steel

Oxygen, gold,

iron

Salt, baking

soda, sugar


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Physical Properties of Matter

A characteristic that can be observed

or measured without changing the

composition of the sampleProperties such as density, color, odor,

taste, hardness, melting point, boiling

point


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1. Extensive: dependenton the amount ofsubstance present

--length, volume

2. Intensive: independentof the amount ofsubstance present

--density, melting point, boiling point

--used to identify substances

Physical Properties of Matter: Two Types


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Chemical Properties

Ability or inabilityof a substance to

combine with or change into one or

more other substances


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Classify each as a physical or

chemical property:1. Iron and oxygen form rust.

2. Iron is more dense than aluminum

3. Magnesium burns brightly when ignited.

4. Oil and water do not mix.

5. Mercury melts at -39C.


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Section 3.2

Changes in Matter


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Physical Change

Changes in a substances appearance, not in

composition


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Types of physical changes:

Bend, grind, crumple

Split, crush, twist

Boil, freeze, melt, vaporize

(changes of state or phase)


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2. Energy change:absorbed or released


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3. Odor changes

or production

4. Gas production

5. Precipitateformation


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Classify each as a physical or

chemical change:1. A dead fish rotting

2. Dissolving salt in water

3. Boiling salt water until only salt remains

4. Melting steel

5. Bending steel

6. Cracking ice


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Section 3.3 & 3.4

Laws of Matter


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Antoine Lavoisiera

French scientist

o 1743-1794

o Father of Modern

Chemistry

o One of the first to use

an analytical balance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Antoine_lavoisier_color.jpg


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In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide

powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it

is converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. Theliquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the

mass of oxygen formed in the reaction?


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Practice problemspg. 65 #6, 7, 9


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To find percent by mass:

Percent by mass = mass of element x 100

mass of compound


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Analysis of sugar:

Carbon 8.44 g 42.2%

Hydrogen 1.30 g 6.5%

Oxygen 10.26 g 51.30%

20.0 g sugar

Carbon 211.0 g 42.2%

Hydrogen 32.5 g 6.5%

Oxygen 256.5 g 51.30%

500.0 g sugar


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Therefore

Sugar always has the same proportions of

ingredients

If a substance has different proportions, it isa different substance


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Practice problemspg. 76 #21-24


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Carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide

O=

C=

O=

C=

1

1

2

1

CO CO2


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matter properties and changes edited

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