Matter and Energy

By: David Hein

MillerPeriod 3

Atoms Atoms are made up of three parts.• Protons with a positive charge.• Neutrons with no charge.•And Electrons with a negative charge. The protons and neutrons compose the

nucleus and the electrons are in the electron cloud.

Different atoms with different numbers

of protons and electrons make different elements

Examples of elements

Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon

+

-

Helium

Bonds between Atoms

•Most atoms don’t exist alone, they bond with other elements to create new molecules.

•This is created by the electron shells not being filled with enough electrons. The first shell, “inner shell,” has 2 electrons, the next has 8, then 8 in the third and 16 in the fourth shell etc.

•These shells need to be finished or complete to be stable.

•The exceptions to this bonding are the noble gases because of their already complete shells.

Bonds continued

When these elements bond they create new substances, molecules. Such as

Water or carbon dioxide

There are two major types of bonds ionic and covalent.

OO

HH H

CC OO

Ionic bonds

•An ionic bond is created by an atom missing a electron to fill a shell (+ charge) and another having one extra electron (- charge) combine so one gives up an electron to the other to make full shells.

Example of NaCl moleculeSodium Chloride commonly known assalt

Covalent bondsCovalent bond is created by the shell wanting to be complete so they share their electrons so if two hydrogen wanted to bond with each other they would both have 2 electrons to complete the first shell.

H2++ ++

ee

ee

Types of energy? There are 5 basic types of energy

Chemical: the combustion and separation of molecules release energy

Mechanical: the motion or lack of motion in an object Electrical: the flow of electric power through a conducting metal

Radiant: Energy from the sun (heat and light)

Nuclear: the energy in uranium atoms nucleus is released by fission (splitting) or fusion (joining).

More specific: Chemical energy

•Forms of chemical potential energy. Examples are food and fuels.•Example fuels. When oil or coal is

burned, the potential energy is release from the bonds with combustion creating kinetic and mechanical energy.

•Example food. Our bodies breaks down carbohydrates to create energy and nutrients.

Mechanical energy

• Potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object. This exists in two forms, elastic, such as in a spring and gravitational, the force of gravity on an object.

• Kinetic energy is the power and energy of motion and movement such as a moving bicycle.

Electrical energy is the flow of an electric charge.

This is found in static electricity, electromagnetic fields, and lightning.

Electricity can be carried by conductive metals such as copper. It carries electricity created by generators powered by variety of sources.

Electrical energy

Radiant energy is electromagnetic wave energy.

Examples of these are light, micro, radio, infrared,ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma waves.

Radiant energy can be used by solar panels and plant photosynthesis.

Radiant energy

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.

There are two types fission and fusion.

Fission is the process of splitting nuclei of uranium atoms.

Fusion is the process of joining hydrogen atoms.

U

Sources and pictures

•www.oralchelation.com/technical/images/atom2.jpg

•http://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/bonding_types.htm