matlab 및simulink를이용한운전자 지원시스템개발 · code generation. 14 ... access...
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1© 2015 The MathWorks, Inc.
MATLAB 및 Simulink를이용한운전자지원시스템개발
김종헌차장
Senior Application Engineer
MathWorks Korea
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Example : Sensor Fusion with Monocular Vision & Radar
Configuration
– Monocular Vision installed on Wind Shield
– Radar installed in Front Grill
High Level Sensor Fusion
2 Different Scenario
– Closest In-Path Vehicle Selection
– Stationary Vehicle Detection
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Why Sensor Fusion?
– To complement weakness of individual sensor
– More Coverage
Radar Camera
Accurate Range Poor
Measureable Directly Range Rate Estimated
Poor Angle Resolution Relatively Good
Not Available Classification Available
Sensor Fusion
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Issues?
Max Doppler
RCS
InterferenceNoise figure
Power@50
SGM
KLT Tracking
HOG
TTCLQR/LQG
AUTOSAR
Communication Risk of Vehicle Test
Huh!!
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How do we bridge the gap between engineers
who speak different languages and reduce risk?
Max Doppler
RCS
InterferenceNoise figure
Power@50
SGM
KLT Tracking
HOG
TTCLQR/LQG
AUTOSAR
Communication Risk of Vehicle Test
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Solution: Model based Multi-domain Modeling and System Level
Simulation
“Here’s the
verification
model”
“Here are
the specs”
• Model serves as the executable specification and test environment
• Multiple engineering teams can collaborate more effectively
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Example : Sensor Fusion with Monocular Vision & Radar
Vision
– Lane Detection
– Vehicle Detection
– Extended Kalman Filter based Tracking
Radar
– FMCW Radar Modeling
– Extended Kalman Filter based Tracking
Sensor Fusion
– Data Association
– Data Fusion
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Abstract
Vision
– Lane Detection
– Vehicle Detection
– Etc.
Radar
– FMCW Radar Modeling
Tracking
– Extend Kalman Filter based Tracking
Sensor Fusion
– Integration
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Captured Image
ROI (Region Of Interest)
Cropped Image
ROI (Region Of Interest)
Curve FittingSelecting Candidate PtsEdge Mapping to World
Lane Detection
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Captured Image
ROI (Region Of Interest)
Cropped Image
ROI (Region Of Interest)
Curve FittingSelecting Candidate PtsEdge Mapping to World
Lane Detection
Image Processing Function
MATLAB Built-In Function
CVST Function
Easy Matrix Calculation
Easy to Debug Scripting
Language
Pixel level, 2D, 3D Visualization
Code Generation
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Lane Detection
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Abstract
Vision
– Lane Detection
– Vehicle Detection
– Etc.
Radar
– FMCW Radar Modeling
Tracking
– Extend Kalman Filter based Tracking
Sensor Fusion
– Integration
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Cascade Detector
Applications in Automotive of Cascade Detector
Vehicle detection
Pedestrian detection
Traffic Sign Recognition
Difference between applications is “Feature”.
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4 Easy Steps to Create a Car Detector
Collect Car Image Data
(Training Images)
Label Objects of Interest
Train Object Detector
Test Detector Performance
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Step 1: Collect Training Image Data
Collect many images that represent object you want to
detect
Ensure that images represent different conditions
– Lighting
– Different variations of object – size, color , model etc.
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Step 2: Label Training Images
Select and assign regions of interest
Images from: www.emt.tugraz.at/~pinz/data/GRAZ_02/
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Step 3: Train Object Detector
Single line of ML
code
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Step 4: Test Detector Performance
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Comparison Data from Vehicle Dynamics S/W
and Result of Cascade Detector
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Further Information about Cascade Object
Detector
See documentation for detail explanation http://www.mathworks.com/help/vision/ug/train-a-
cascade-object-detector.html .
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Abstract
Vision
– Lane Detection
– Vehicle Detection
– Etc.
Radar
– FMCW Radar Modeling
Tracking
– Extend Kalman Filter based Tracking
Sensor Fusion
– Integration
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Camera Calibration App.
Original image Undistorted image
Camera Calibration App.
MATLAB commands for camera calibration are also available.
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Camera Calibration App.
𝐾 =
𝑓𝑥 0 0𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0
𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑦 1
𝑐𝑥, 𝑐𝑦 - camera center in pixels
(𝑓𝑥, 𝑓𝑦) - focal length in pixels per world unit
– 𝑓𝑥 =𝑓
𝑝𝑥, 𝑓𝑦 =
𝑓
𝑝𝑦
𝑠 – sensor axes skew coefficient
– 𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 tan𝛼
Intrinsic Matrix
Radial Distortion
• 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 2𝑝1𝑥𝑦 + 𝑝2 𝑟2 + 2𝑥2
• 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑝1 𝑟2 + 2𝑦2 + 2𝑝2𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 1 + 𝑘1𝑟2 + 𝑘2𝑟
4 + 𝑘3𝑟6 𝑥
𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 1 + 𝑘1𝑟2 + 𝑘2𝑟
4 + 𝑘3𝑟6 𝑦
𝑥 and 𝑦 are in normalized image coordinates
– in world units relative to the optical center
Tangential Distortion
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Image Processing
Image Enhancement
– Deblurring
– Noise Removal
Image Segmentation
– Active Contours
– Watershed
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Feature Detection, Extraction and Matching
Corner Template SURF MSEREdge
Image MatchingFeature Point Tracking
Video Stabilization
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Stereo Vision (2014a)
Stereo calibration
Semi-global disparity matching
– Better results than block matching
3D scene reconstruction from
disparity
New demos available
– Estimate real distance to objects in
video
– 3D scene reconstruction
– Pedestrian detection (2014b)
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Stixel based Object Detection
Available to detect objects which are not easy using
other sensors
– Stationary object, overlapped object, kid….
* Stereo and City, Franke Uwe, Daimler Research Center
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Disparity Image
Stixel Representation
3D Reconstruction
Bird View
KLT Point Tracking
Stereo Vision Demo
Computer Vision System Toolbox
– Stereo camera calibration
– SGM based Stereo matching
– 3D reconstruction using camera
calibration data
– Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi point tracking
– 2D/3D plotting
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Point Cloud Processing (2015a)
pointCloud object
– Fast search using kdtree
– Tree is constructed implicitly when a
search is called first time
Downsampling
– Two method : ‘gridAverage’, ’random’
Visualization
Rigid registration
– ‘Iterative Closest Point’ Algorithm
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OCR – Optical Character Recognition (2014a)
Highly requested in Frontlines
Support for English, Japanese
Users can download additional
language support
Shipping demo with text detection
and OCR workflow
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Abstract
Vision
– Lane Detection
– Vehicle Detection
– Etc.
Radar
– FMCW Radar Modeling
Tracking
– Extend Kalman Filter based Tracking
Sensor Fusion
– Integration
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Modeling FMCW Radar for Automotive
The received signal is a delayed copy of the
transmitted signal
Ultra-large signal bandwidth (>100MHz)
Ultra high frequencies (>77GHz)
Car+Radar Target
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FMCW Radar: How Does it Work?
PA
LNA
Target =
Delay
DSP
RF
time
delay
beat
frequency
fre
qu
en
cy
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What Behavior Can Be Modeled?
PA
LNA
DSP
Determination of waveforms
(range, resolution)Algorithms for data analysis
Channel modeling
(interference, noise)
Modeling of antenna arrays
(no of elements, position)
Modeling of RF Impairments
(noise, non-linearity, frequency dependency)
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Which MathWorks Tools Can Help?
PA
LNA
DSP
Phased Array System Toolbox
Signal Processing Toolbox
Instrument Control Toolbox
Phased Array System Toolbox
DSP System Toolbox
Communications System Toolbox Phased Array System Toolbox
SimRF
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Waveform
GeneratorTransmitter
Transmit
Array
Signal
ProcessingReceiver
Receive
Array
Environment,
Targets, and
Interference
Phased Array System Toolbox
Waveforms
Pulse, LFM, FMCW, etc.
Tx Antenna Arrays
ULA, URA, etc.
Rx Antenna Arrays
ULA, URA, etc.
Beamforming, Matched
Filtering, Detection, CFAR,
STAP, etc.
Transmitter
Monostatic and Bistatic
Receiver
Monostatic and Bistatic
Environment effects,
impairments, interference
Algorithms
Simulation Tools
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Waveform
GeneratorTransmitter
Transmit
Array
Signal
ProcessingReceiver
Receive
Array
Environment,
Targets, and
Interference
Phased Array System Toolbox
Waveforms
Pulse, LFM, FMCW, etc.
Tx Antenna Arrays
ULA, URA, etc.
Rx Antenna Arrays
ULA, URA, etc.
Beamforming, Matched
Filtering, Detection, CFAR,
STAP, etc.
Transmitter
Monostatic and Bistatic
Receiver
Monostatic and Bistatic
Environment effects,
impairments, interference
Algorithms
Simulation Tools
Design & Analyze
Tools
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Radar Simulation
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Abstract
Vision
– Lane Detection
– Vehicle Detection
– Etc.
Radar
– FMCW Radar Modeling
Tracking
– Extend Kalman Filter based Tracking
Sensor Fusion
– Integration
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Moving From Detections to Tracking
Detect moving objects
Estimate motion of each object
Assign detections to tracks using data association
Innovate track data from detected objects
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Kalman Filter
Kalman Filter (Linear)
Predict
a priori state estimate
a priori estimate covariance
Update
Innovation residual
Innovation covariance
Kalman gain
a posteriori state estimate
a posteriori estimate covariance
From Wikipedia,
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Kalman Filter
Kalman Filter (Linear)
Predict
a priori state estimate
a priori estimate covariance
Update
Innovation residual
Innovation covariance
Kalman gain
a posteriori state estimate
a posteriori estimate covariance
Function in MATLAB (Computer Vision System Toolbox)
– Define :
kalmanFilter = configureKalmanFilter(MotionModel, InitialLocation,
InitialEstimateError, MotionNoise, MeasurementNoise)
– Prediction :
pred_location = kalmanFilter.predict()
– Correction :
corrected_location = kalmanFilter.correct(observed_location)
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Kalman Filter
Kalman Filter (Linear)
Predict
a priori state estimate
a priori estimate covariance
Update
Innovation residual
Innovation covariance
Kalman gain
a posteriori state estimate
a posteriori estimate covariance
Blocks in MATLAB (DSP System Toolbox)
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Extended Kalman Filter
Extended Kalman Filter
Prediction
Innovation
Prediction
Innovation
Jacobian Matrix !!!
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How to Make Jacobian Matrix
From Wikipedia,
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Solution
MuPAD in Symbolic Math Toolbox
Define X vector
Calculate 𝜕𝒇
𝜕𝒙
Define f vector
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Solution
MuPAD in Symbolic Math Toolbox
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Data Association for Tracking Multiple Objects
James Munkres's variant of the Hungarian assignment
algorithm
– [assignments,unassignedTracks,unassignedDetections] =
assignDetectionsToTracks( costMatrix,costOfNonAssignment)
– Example of costMatrix
costMatrix = zeros(nTracks,nDetect);
for i = 1:nTracks
costMatrix(i, :) = distance(predictedTracks(i), Detections);
endPredicted
location
Detection
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Abstract
Vision
– Lane Detection
– Vehicle Detection
– Etc.
Radar
– FMCW Radar Modeling
Tracking
– Extend Kalman Filter based Tracking
Sensor Fusion
– Integration
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Integration in Simulink
Input : Image &
Target Info.
Radar Module
. Radar
Modeling
. Detection
. Tracking
Fusion Module
. Data Association
. Data Fusion, TTC
. In-Path Vehicle
Visualization
Camera Module
. Lane Detection
. Vehicle
Detection
. Tracking
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• Use a single file for multiple
engineers
• Chaotic
• Keeping track of file dependencies
How Can I Reduce Inefficiency
when Integrating Models?
What’s the problem which this
model has in terms of
“Integration”?
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Partitioning a Model using Model Blocks
Model Reference used to
partition top-level model into
components
Signal Buses & Bus Objects
used to define the interfaces
between components
One file-per-component fits well
with Revision Control packages
Enabler for parallel development
of components
Parent Model
OLD MODEL
Child Model
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One model Variation Management
Variant Subsystems
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• Use a single file for multiple
engineers
• Chaotic
• Keeping track of file dependencies
How Can I Reduce Inefficiency
when Integrating Models?
What’s the problem which this
model has in terms of
“Integration”?
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Simulink Projects
Search, manage, and share
project-related files
Conduct peer review of
changes using Simulink XML
comparison tool
Access source control
functionality for team
collaboration
Manage project-related files
efficiently within Simulink
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Simulation Result
* : Vision Target
o : Radar Target
x : Fusion Target
Yaw Rate Based
Lane Based
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Simulation Result
Stationary Vehicle
No Radar Target
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Simulation Result
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Conclusion
MATLAB/Simulink and etc. provide an environment to
develop algorithm, modeling environment and integrate
algorithms and various types of sensor models.
– For Vision or Lidar Sensor :
Image Acquisition Toolbox
Image Processing Toolbox
Computer Vision System Toolbox
– For Radar Sensor
Phased Array System Toolbox
SimRF
Signal Processing Toolbox
Simulink is a good platform for team collaboration
– Simulink Project
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More Information
Computer Vision
– Computer Vision Workflow in MATLAB/Simulink
http://www.matlabexpo.com/kr/2015/sessions/t1-s2.html
– Object Detection and Tracking
http://in.mathworks.com/videos/computer-vision-with-matlab-for-object-detection-and-
tracking-81866.html?s_tid=srchtitle
– Face Recognition with MATLAB
http://in.mathworks.com/videos/face-recognition-with-matlab-98076.html?s_tid=srchtitle
Radar Design
– Modeling and Simulating Radar Systems Using MATLAB and Simulink
http://in.mathworks.com/videos/modeling-and-simulating-radar-systems-using-matlab-and-
simulink-81966.html?s_tid=srchtitle
– Design and Verify RF Transceivers for Radar Systems
http://in.mathworks.com/videos/design-and-verify-rf-transceivers-for-radar-systems-
81990.html?s_tid=srchtitle
Users Stories
– Traffic Recognition System from Continental
– Radar Sensor Alignment Algorithm from Delphi