JPRS: 189740 OS 3.19

17 April 1963 T:6219

MATHEM*C.~ AM! DATA PROCESSINGC? Rumania

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JPRSa 18,740

, TIMATZCS AND DATA PkOWCSSWIG

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This publication contains translation of two articles in theHungarian-language periodical Korunk (Our Ags), Kolozsvar, Vol XXII,No 2, February 1963, on the specific subjects reflected in the tableof contents, Complete bibliographic information accompanies eacharticlee

Table of. Contents

Visit to the Rumenian Institute of Mathematios 1

Mathemstical Methods and Rmsnian Unguistics 11

VISIT TO THE RUMANIAN INSTITUTE OF MATHDEATICS

Z-Following is the translation of an article byBela Laszlo in the Hungarian-language periodicalKorunk (Our Asg), Kolozovar, Vol XXII, No 2,February 1963, pages 154-160.37

The road in Kolozavar leading to the Academy Mathe-matics Institute (Akademia SzamItasi Intezet) makes a steepclimb. It makes the heart pound, as did the steep staircaseleading to the mathematics classes of the past.

At that time, however, in the decade of 1920, theheart pounding was acco•panied by a certain amount of emo-tion which dominated our thoughts which appeared reluctantto conform to strict mathematical, discipline. Secretly,we had dubbed our Instructor "Lucifer," and it was a sur-prise when he enacted the role of Adam in the school play.Mathematics and poetry bore this strange relationship tous students at that time. After two performances our In-structor ceased to be Adam, and lie took all measures toinstill his subject in us as an independent, disciplinedconcept. We began to believe that numbers governed theworld. We considered the graduates, and the youths hold-Ing positions in enterprises and in offices as slaves tomathematics, who piped away their lives laboring overenormous aocounting books with needle-sharp pencils: debitaccounts, credit accounts, transferrals, totals, and inthe meantime their pocket watch:F at their breasts monoton-ously marked off the passage of time.

Only a spark lacked, to Ignite our interest and toreveal the true poetry of mathematics to us. However, the"Luoifers" of the mathematics department were unable tolight the sole possible road to recognition of the truth,which leads from a vital viewpoint through abstract think-Ing and thence to practice. They were unable to impart to

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us the way in whiah mathematics may faithfully describethe most characteristic traits of reality, viz. changeand motion. They did not strive to train the studentsin the functional viewpoint, based cn known factors in afew given equations, to find quickly and reliably the valueof unknown, factors. They also neglected Imparting inspir-ing knowledge of the history of the subjeot. At thosetimes it would have been helpful to mount some kind oftime machine, and with the input of certain data fly throughages, from the domain of simple arithmetic to the world ofcybernetics.

Flight on the Time Maphine

It is a short trip to my goal4 one-fourth the dis-tsnce between the Beke Square (Peace Square) and the Astro-nomical Observatory. Expression of the new emotion is ur-sent, because within a few minutes I will be among scien-tists who are characterized by mathematization of the think-ing and action of modern man. Now I am swept up by thetime machine...

It is as though I were face to face with the pythagor-eans of old, as magically they review the numbers they havearranSed by themselves, believing that the numbers actuallycontrol the world. (At present, man exercises cybernetics,the "art of control," in respect to the orbits of unknowncelestial bodies.) Ancient orientals, Chaldean, Fgyptlanpriests and Shamane rise up from the misty past. Theynurture numerology with religious trembling, associatingthe numoer 5 with the major planets, and the number 7 withthe phases of the Moon. (In our era, liberated man realizesfive-, and seven-year plans with a confidence ellminatingcenturies of retrogression, and mounts the rings of theladder of scientiflc-technical development with gian steps.)

F'rom our time machine we may looU back with respectupon the Hindou masters. They contributed a seemingly In-significant, but actually epochal key to the simplificationand facilitation of computations, the zero, the numericalspace marker which is indispensable at present. (Thesesymbols aid man at the present day in computation of themillions of kilometers of rockets aimed at foreign celes-tial bodies.) Let us salute the Roman mathematicians bend-Ing over the counting table (abacus), and the Russian mas-ters perforiing complex computations while manipulatingthe ten beads per wire of the counting board (shtoshkhitly).Let us Sreet Neppert, the discoverer of the first logarithmictable. We must pause a moment to tell Laplace that he wasright. Discovery of the logarithm shortened the performanceof computations ordinarily extending over a period of months,

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thereby actually doubling the li.e ozý the astronomer. (Ohmaster, had it ever occurred to you that several thousandsof operationa could one day bo performed per second on thelatest devices, thereby rendering the "lifespan" of astron-omers born in the 20th century computable only be electronicmeans?)

StOp the time machine; for the moment we shall en-trust the trip to the area of science fiction literature.We have arrived.

e Loical" Value of • School of LathemAtfls

'ho villa-type building, surrounded b- an everarreenpark now covered with snow, is being painted at the moment.We thread our way thrmiugh a labyrinth of corridors and rooms,with "wet paint" signs framing the doorways.

We enter a not entirely unfamiliar surrotnding. Ourperiodical has enroyed contact for six years with thedirector of the Institute, Professor Tiberlu Popovioi, cor-responding member of the P.K Academy who is conductingworld-reknowned research work, and especially with EngineerLaszlo Nemeti, chief of the oomputor dtvislon, who has In-formed thousands of our readerg on timoly problems of tech-nical cybernetice. ,/ see NoteJ

(Z'.-Note_7 L.szlo Nemeti: "Electrcnic Computors,"Uree' 1957, pa~e 1665. Laszl- Ze-eti: "Computing Machinesinte-Public Economy," Kr , 196C., page 647.)

Six years ago we could have obtained only a partialanswer, in conformance with the modest degree of develop-ment of that period, to the question, phased in mathematicalterms: "What In the 'absolute and local' value of the In-stitute?(coasidering the national, as well as the internation-al level as absolute values)."

In the first year of our puolluatic: we were able togive a picture of the history of the development of theInstitute, which is the history of the creation of an essen-tially Xolozsvar school of mathematics.

Our popular system ban enabled mathematical researchto exceed the narrow limits of academic chairs of universi-ties at Kolozsv'r, also, enabling clearly defined problems

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to be undertaken through pr.•gr.es•a based on systoo'alc ool.leotion of data, enabling development in ,A well defineddirection, and enab•ing enrlohment of thia branch of scienoewith trained specialists ansd watLre research personnel. Be-ginninir in 1)531 resait.ch worlk has gravitated around theplan of t V1 Mathematios Deprtment of the Academy. However,quantitative and qualitative growth, activity in an increas-ingly large sphere, and tho theoretical and practickl re-salts attained quickly elevated the Department to instituterank.

According to the text of the charter, the field ofresearch of the institute is the approxiwation of Vinctions,and research on their applioation in numerical and graphiccomputation and in the aonmtructlon of computor machines.

The baesi of purposeful and eyeteaat'c research woreein conformance with plan ia axtensive information. At thepresen~t time applied mathematics in an ecoeptrona•.ly o~plexphenomenon; it may not be understood witho;t krowledge oft'qe entire mechanism of development of mathenatical th.nking.zecause of this fact, the Inforration of speolallcts and ex-Derts in our country is furthered extensivaly.

If the foreign v':ar. of associates of the Inatitutewere marked on a map with red tags, and if the directlon ofthe trips were indleated by lines bett•een Kolozsva.,, as thestarting point, arnd the groat metropolises, we would havea vital map cf International connections. OontactsI arnd In-formation included the Soviet Union, the I-ollsh PeoplesRepublic, the Ktungarian Peoples Republio, Austria, .*)rmanDemocratic iPkpublict, te Netherlands, France, Italy and Swedenduring the I'57-1'62 peri,:.,d. Nine rembera of tho perisonnelof the Institute have partý.cipated In various sciertifioconferences and study tours.

Tho visitor's registry of th- Institute, aa a doau-ment of vital contacts, lists visits by 33 scientific per-sonnel, from the Soviet UInion, ulgaria, "zechoslovaltia,China, Poland, Hungary, rernpany and Italy.

Continuin;z contact has been es.ablishea with theAcademy of Sciences of the folish Peoples Repuol'Vc (reg-ulated by a treaty of cooperation for the years 1950-19 )4on the subj0ect "Qualitative Theory and Numerloal Irntegra-

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To the present time six personnel of the Institutehave published valuable studies in the scientifia periodicalsof the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, the lerman DemocraticRepublio and Italy.

Scientific Secretary Laacu Bal may point with prideto the semiannual periodical of the Institute, entitledStudli ai ceroetari 4. matuMatiOA. Due to the publioationof this periodical, which as increasing in circulation, theInstitute enri.ches Its library with 200 forelign technicalperiodicals. 'Me majority of the articles in Studii~lj. r-.etarI de natematioa are reports of thework of Institute

personnel. -

Thus these few summary data offer obvious proof ofthe absolute value It. ccnnection with the world level.

The visitor may feel that he is in a special kindof school of nathevatics here. It the departments (I. con-structive functloral theory; 2. rumaerleal analysis; 3. com-putors) and in the two subdivisiors of each department thomajority of the expqrt personnel are young persons, traineddurýn,- tae u pswini period of our buildir'g of socialism. Themost strihing impressioia Is the nurposeful application madeof "narty directives in the course of research work, and forutilization of the various tathematical methods in thepublic economy, at the enterprise, reserve, branch and,lational levels. The department heads Professor DumitruVaslle lonescu, -'erenc Rlado and L~szlo Nemeti effectivelypronat~ate ,he concept that at this time research is to becharacterized prinaril~y by extensi're practical arp!.p.cationof theoretical achievements.

Reseasrch JOCC ia .:aerlalizL"n

W'e are ,*leaninr! for data relatir- to a high level ofconnection betw.een theory and practice. The prevaillinaslence becotaes tense because it In chareed with the ten-sion of the tasks., As an objective real.ty the computa-tions become embodied in drawings, tables and mechanicalaids furtherin. production prooesses: the research work ismaterializing.

Let as discuss the problem, nor al 'a;n in %hrono-logical order, but conformi.n to the individual task areas.

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The first systematio studies of' nomography in Rumaniawer'e undertaken at Kolozovar. Lasou Bal and Fereno Rado•.b•t :•ed the first Rumanian-lanzuae work dealing withnomoraphio research in 1956. "&n this connection we mayalreeoLy provide an answer to the problem affecting Rumaniaunder its conditions of domestic reality, of how the re-search conducted along this line may be applied.

lrapic solution of various compitation tasks, thenomoj,;ram serving planar depiction of multi-variable funotions,is In fairly broad use in technical practice at the .-0esenttime. The graphlo aymbols develo'ned, which occur as funo-tlons of known quantities in the given equations, yield thevalue of the unknowr. quantity simply by reading It off.ioomotr.rama are especially suitable for the nonferrous metalindus:,ýy, In the computations connected with gears.

At the request of the tractor plant at Brasso, theI.shitute determined the thictness of the tips of the cut-tirng blades used in the manufacture o- Rears with the aidof ncmo7raphlc data, as well as the minimal number of gear

ee-th enablnG processlng without danger of vibration.

Computation of the data of special tools needed forprodAction of screw-type oil pumps for the Kudseir plantpresented a different problem. This enabled production ofa deman2ding industrial product as a new step forward inour teohnical development.

The data of special tools also were computed for theUnites plant at Kolozsvar, necessary for manufacture of theso-c0lled linob-wheels of mechanical looms. This assistancere'.-);esented a savin- of 60,OCO lou per year for the plant.

The Institute may cite significant achievements,es-peoially in the field of numerical analysis. This is thetheor7 of computation technology aimed at development ofthe most purposeful, rapid and precise methods of resolu-tior. of problems, and It engages the Inrtitute personnel inan ever broadening field of research. The conference heldat 1olozsvar In 1ý60 was very impressive. Sixty researchersfror various parts of the oountry were Invited. A total of100 reports were presented at this conference.

]ihls large-scale meeting of research personnel re-sulted ih a high level of oontacts between the fields ofthecry and praotloe.

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At the request of the "uNiIcipal Develo.pment andArohiteotural Plan Bureau (Varosrendeszett es EpiteezetiTerviiivat~al) of Kolozovar the Institute developed numericalaid tables for simplifiqatlon of methods of planning illum-ination openings in buildings.

At the rqueut of the Bates-Bolyal University theInstitute developed the crystal grid constant of feldsparminerals. The Debye-Scherrer procedure was used in theinvestigation of the material structure. The places ofmaximum intensity were identified through the deflection ofX-ray beams by crystals comprieing the re;alar atomicspatial grid (the maxirumi intensity is indicated by theappearance of aark rings), and the orystallie structure wasderived with the aid of the diagram obtained in this manner.This computation simplified classification and separationof silicate feldspar varieties.

The researchers also made progress in the field oflinear programming. This type of computation furthersthemost favorable (optimal) solution of the preparation ofvarious plans and programs. it is used In the case of pro-Fraas in which the quantity investigated for optimum valuesIs in a linear (primary) relationship with the other quan-tities determining it.

Resolution of transportation problems on the basisof most economical distribution was one of the most specialtypes of linear proSramming performed. The Railroad Admin-istration of the ProvInce of Branso requested that theInstitute develop an iLproved. schedule for locomotives onthe Brasso-Irredeal section of the liue. The result of thisdevelopment was that the stock of locomotives was enabledto be reduced by two engines. The value of this computationtechnique may be appreciated from the fact that aeeping uppressure for the daily operation of one locomotive costs2,000 leu.

The Institute also received a request for applica-tion of the linear programming zetho6 from the KolozsvarTehnofrig plant. The task consisted of determination ofthe most economical composition of the charge of thecupola furnace of the foundry.

21s was no simple task. The given circumstancesrequired repeated revision of the oalculations already per-formed. The various economic and technical factors set

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a limit upon both the preparation and application of theprogram. ftat happened in the case of Tehnofrig? The firstversion of the linear prograeming was based on the suppo-sition that the plant had the neoesskry amount of usefulraw materials - During one-half year a saving of 20,000 leuwas efe•oted. however, when certain types of raw materialwere not available now computationa bOeame neeoseary. Nowversions of the computation had to be developed, taking Intoaooount incomplete stock of supplies and offering broaderpossibilities for Implementation of the program. The secondversion also may result in savings.

At the Tehnofrig plant personnel of the Institutewor1ked together with technical university personnel in study-Ing the dynamic balanoirS of the ammonia compressors. Thenecessary balances were aomputed at the site of location ofthe various Installations. This wort resulted in Improve-ment of product quality, together with a significant reduc-tion in vibration.

Sigineer and university lecturing professor DozesoMaros also is a very busy technical expert. He maintainsthe contact between the Institute and the lInustrial plants,&nd reviews falfillment of the so-called applicable plans.The Institute conoludes cooperative contraote with enter-prises. At present the problems of optimum planning andof programming production processes are under study on thebasis of ten oontracts. Researohers of the Institute areceoupled priwarily with production problems of the nonferrousm•etal industry. The list of "customiers" of the InstituteIncludes the !7o;2g Z~pzlo (Red Banner) Motor Vehiole Plantat •1rasso, plants of the Cable Industry at Aranyosgyeres,the Leather and Shoe Factory at Nolossvar, the FurnitureFactory at Libert'atea, the Poroelain Goods Paotory, andother Industrial plants.

In his article published in the No. 6, 1962 Issue of

a j s Profesor Tiberlu fopov * rep•ort-;0 that- 0h In tot Gs eveleping Its contacts with biol-

ogists, doctors and linguists. Since that time the doatorsan4 biologists bave undertaken close contact with the In-stitute and at present are participating In mathematicscourses. Crganized cooperation also has been establishedwith doctors of the neuroloe•gal clinic at Koloseborsai.They are developing a so-called matheatioal toet methodfor detection of fluotuations in the condition of patimts.

1,• e

(An example of the expansion of mathematics In the fact ofits progress in psychiatry.)

A new trend in the history of development of the In-stitute is the fact that concentrated work has been conduct-ed on the solution of statistical problems on the basis ofprobability computations.

MIARCA- ge Eirst OffanrInM

On our way to the cybernetios sectior, consisting ofthe machinery hall cf the computation division, we passthrough additional work rooms. We observe'pleasantly seriousyoung personnel at the desks, the so-called assistant research-personnel, who have graduated I to 3 years-ago. (Their occa-sional chuokles lead us to surmise that they are speculatingon the probability of our being smeared by the freshly paint-ed door frames.) We muse on the question of how many ofthem are old enough to have witnessed the "birth" of MAilICA.MARI•A, of course, is a maohm'e. Its complete name Is "•j•jAutomata cu Rgele A Inatltulu.. de lalc? &I dME .'

In his aforementioned article, Professor TiberluPopoviol brought up the question six years ago of whetherimportation of a computor would be the simplest solution.He also answered his own question: "No. this Is an improperstandpoint. 149 want to train experts, and we wish to utilizeo•r own theoretical achievements. We would like to, and wewill demonstrate that attainment of this goal is possible inRumania."

In this way XARICA, the oomputor, was created. Thisfirst-born of Rumanlan scientists, which understandably isesteemed, but also ts called by pet names, serves mainlyexperimental and demonstrative goals. Upon oatching sightof the computor' we were Impressed, and reminded of an Infantwhose features ani structural appearance suggest a potentialgiant at maturity. Almost all its parts may be seen clearlyin its small glass room. To a certain extent it resemblesa telephone central exchange. However, it Is incomparablymore sensitive and complex than the latter. At a telephoneexchange one may shout down the noise and clatter with con-centrated effort. ;n this case, however, one particle ofdust Is sufficient to cause possibility of error in the com-putation. Maintaining the Immaculate status of MARICA isan exoeptionally demanding process. Tlis first Instrumentis still too slow (it con perform only a fev operations per

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second), and its memory is too limited. •o various stepsmay be traced from the input unit (which senses oommandscontained on perforated tape and converts them into electricalimpulses) through the storage unit (in oaoe of neoesity, theOwemory" unit, the "electric brain"), the control unit (oo-ordinating organ), the arithmetic unit, which perform& thefour operations plus comparison, to the mechanical sectionwhich prints the results.

Thus we have the MARICA, the electromagnetic relaytcomputor. A person entering the world of modern electronicriaohines suddenly, without transition, sees praotioally no-thing. The modem oomputor has a complete "toilet" and Isnot as naked as MARICA; richly endowed with eleotronicelements, glittering with radio tubes and ferrite rings, un-hindered by ioving parts, it resolves its program withnumbing speed. We may point out the advantage of XARICA,however, and state that it Is equally suitable for praoticeconcerning perfection of mechanical design and for didacticpurposes. Because of this the small smile on the face ofthe graying blonde Laszlo NemetI behind his thiok eyeglassLenses is not depreoating, but appears to have a life of Itsovn, as we walk around Rumania' s first oouputor.

We may have no doubts that the second computor willbe more highly perfected than the first. Young electroanloengineers work at the laboratory desks. At first glance weare impressed by the integral relation hip between physicaland intellectual activity. These young engineers themselveswork on parts of the electronic computor with fine instruments.

Gyorgy Farkas, a tall, blonde young man, rises fro hiswork with a slightly abstract air to roeet uc. He graduatedat Mosoow with honors In 1958. He is especially InterestedIn Impulse technology. He is at the moment welding memoryunits onto the lines of the output unit, although he hasalready worked on mechanical memory systems. Opposite himIs Miss Jolan Juhasz, a graying red haired woman who grad-uiated at Bucharest, and at present is working on the memorydrum. Personnel at another table are worLing on the arith-metic unit. Every movement of this profound activity In-dicates without words that: It will suoceed!

I take may leave, and as I pass through the gate oftuo Institute and walk toward Bk*e Square In the cold Januarymorning air I find myself humming the refrain of Attila Jozsef:

Work is worthwhile only whenExact and beautiful so the movementof the star• In the skies.

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MATHC4ATICAL METHODS AND RUMANIAN LINGUISTIC8

J'Pollowing Is the translation of an article bylnese Kiss in the Hungarian-language periodicalKoru ', .Cur Age), Solozavar, Vol XXII, No 2,

riudary 1963, pages 179-184.Jý

!uwanian linguistics have a considerable traditionin lans age statistics. Essentially, the theory of B. P.Hasdeu relating to word circulation was the Intuitive, andfirst concept of certain basic statistical facts. Thevocabulary statistics of Dimitire 1A!acrea -published InR m ,,.o 10, 1943) is based on a sclentifti founda-tion, andl to :onsantly cited i4 both descriptive F.4manlanlinguistics and In historical linguistios. The author sup-plements his statemenIks with recent statistloal data. Inhis work Pmobleme dg ljgvlistica romina, published in 1961,he invstigaates the origin, structure and developments ofthe ftnanian language with combined utllizatlon of tradi-tional statistical methods.

The use of mathematical ,methoda begar In an or6gar-Ized, controlled form in 1958, when the matheiatical linguis-tics club was formed within the Linguistics Institute atBucharest, at tne initiative of Academician Al. Rosetti.Since 1959 the Mathematioal Linguistics Committee, headedby Academicians Ma. Petrovici, .r. C. Molsil and Al. Rosetti,has functioned as a subordinate organ of the AutomationCommittee In oonformance with the presidium resolution ofthe RIM Academy. At the meetings of the Committee mathema-tiolans, linguists, psychologists and machine translationexperts read and discussed their works, and later two seriesof reports were begun, discussing methods of mechanicallinguistics of the Rumanian language and mathematical lin-guistics. These discussions were connected with %.he oyber-notice and typological reports of 1961, the reports offoreign scientlsta, teohnical-soientific oonfeorences, anddescriptlon of the functioning of the CIFA-1 and OUFA-2

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computers axid the MECIPT-1 translating maahi.:,i. Many ofthe reports also were published. As in the ca&e of allnow branches of study, the majority of the published workspopularize knowledge, clarify basic concepts, aend offer anIntroduction to the technical processes.

hirvuistic Statistics. Computation of Pg:robabii

The first outstanding achievement In the field oflingulis~lo statisqios is the computation of the entropyvalue •~see Note/ of the Rumanian language. 'Ei. Nioolau

(who was the first to discuss the bases of the theory ofInformation in the Rumanian language), K. Sala and Al.Rocerlo dealt with this problem in the No. 1, 1959 issueof Studil-e& ceacetlri de ltn~viXtloa. They establishthat although the style and vocabulary material of Mninesouand Arghezi are radically differert, they impart essentiallyidentical Information from the point of view of the theoryof Information. The statistical structure of the Rumanianlanguage presents a fairly uniform picture from.the pointof view of Information, irrespective of the sources util-ized in the investigation.

(C-oteJ With respect to entropy and informationvalue, at. Zoltan Szabo, "Cybernetics and Linguistios,"Korn. 1961, pa&3e 41.

The generally popular and utillzod field of mathe-matical linguistics is that of sound statistics. TheRumanian phonology, however, offerred relatively littlein this area, perhaps due to the formation of many qohoolsof thought. In the 1b. Petrovlcl Memorial Issue of 9 -toI1 l +A1sAe 1958, P. Nelesou arrives at interestingconclusions through combined application of traditionaland statistical methods in an Investigation of the accentsof Rumanian words of Hungarian origin. LIvIu Onu estab-lishes word accentuation by the statistical method In re-spect to Rumanian neologisms terminating In "o" (such asradio: radiouri) In Stunt li ceroetgrido lingittca,No. 1, 1960; this group t uniquein the phonoloCical andmorphologioal system of the Rumanian language. Phoneticand phological research work in Rumania has not exploitedthe possibilities latent in mathematical methods as yet.

In the field of vocabulary research, however, do-velopment of this method has had considerable success.

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In d-Js•tud1: 8t ~t"No d, 1959, V. Buteurepczats on lexiao-sts attOa wor. based on 50,000 words ofton authors (inaludins s84dveanu, D'atesou-VoInesti, Rebreanuand Preda), He establishes that certain ,err ,ommon wordsare not inoluded in the basio vocabulary list of Al. 3raur,whiah already is In its second edition. Furthermore, someoV the words listed In the baslo vooabula7 (suoh as u•ft)

.were not observed among the 50,000 words studied.results oorreoted by the statistioal method comprise a sig-nifloant advanoe in the field of examination of the compo-sition of the Runanian vocabulary. A report of the workof 1. Bolooan, consisting of a statistical study of Jour-nallstic style, is published In the N•o 19, 1961 Issue of theper..odioal, drawing a parallel to the style of literarywort:s. He estabilshes the fact that Journalistic style Ischaracterized by the majority of neologisms, most of whiohare of French origin. The ratio of word types also differ-sfrom that of literature. In reference to the frequency ofocoLirranee of words in Jou•rnalistio style he states that51.06 percer.nt of the words are nouns, 16.6 percent r*e verbs,and V-.15 percent are adjectives. In literature, 39.65 per-cent of the worda are nouns, 26-.05 peroent are verbs, and6.61 percent are ad4ectives. These findins. relative tothe Rumanian language are in accord with previous wnalysesand provide scientific support for the latter. Thus thesayIng that the good author (such as Liviu Rebreanu) con-yerts all words Into verbs mrY have some basis. Similaranalysis of old Rumanian linguistic examples and determin-ation of the vocabulary oharaoteristlos of varioQs branchesof vmlence enables an Interest-ng historical comparison tobe made. V. Pamfil Is wor1king on this problem.

Although the statistical method may not L- consideredt.s having univeri~al application, esoocially If the investi-6atc'r is working on the basis of relUtlvely shallow material,the results achieved to date in the field of lexico-statistiosmay be considered as a starting poietf for the frequency-listof words of the Rumanian lan uage, whioh although a prao-tieal necessity, may be oonsidered merely as an idea at thepreuent time. Following publication of the dictionary ofliterary language of EuInesou the time will be rips forproduotion of a frequency list of the rioh and colored vo-cabulary of the poetry of Iainesou. This work, requiringgroet expenditures and considerable equipment, will begrOeIt2t7 aided by the perfeoted methods of the frequencydictllonary of tho Russian language now under prepaqation InEstonia, based on the frequenoy of ocurrence of words Inthe works of Pushkin.

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Proklems 24 the LinkUistic SAtein. Isoz'hm.GtoeNJ

The special charaoteristic of the mathematical methodsis that thiV provide a well developed system or method atany given level of the language for desoription of the rela-tionships between phenomena, as well as for precise determina-tion of the phenomena, themselves. The occurrence of sim-1er relationships and similar units at the various levelsof language (phonological, morphological, syntax and seman-ties) Is called Isomorphlsm. It relates to study of theisomorphism of the vartous levels of language, the rela-tionships between Individual elements, and the elements,themselves. Mathematioal methods are almost exclusivelyadapted to description of the relationships, and precise de-termination of the Individual elements also Is performed forthe most part by mathematical methods. In Studil s1 oe.,9-1a; do Wailts No I p1959, for examples, b. Visliudealsithricn and redundancy, and homology and Inter-relationship with respect to the phonological and morpho-logical level of the Rumanian language. Through synohron-cun and diaohronous analysis of linguistio faotors he arrivesat the conclusion that the analyzed factors are closely con-nected with the dovelopment of the language. The develop-ment may lead In the direction of reduction of redundancyelements. Redundancy and economy, however, may be consid-ered as factors In determination of the trend of develop-ment of language. Although not entirely in accord with eachother, the Czechoslovakian author Bohumil Trnka and theBelgian author &Io Buyssens published thought-provoking andInterestins articles on similaz problems in the Al. traurMemorial !Wition of 1960 of the aforementioned periodical.With respect to the future outlook of this problem, studyof the Isomorphism of the Rumanian language would be usefulin investigation of Rumanlan-Hungarian word borrowing, forexample. An. mentioned by the Soviet linguist Ye. A. Makayevon several occasions, there is close in't,e~ratIonship be-tween Isomorphism of the language levels and the necessityof the system applied by the borrowing language upon theborrowed word.

Study of the linguistic system by the mathematicalmethod assists determination of the language units on thophonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic levels.The fast that morphologioal phenomena may be counted andprocessed statistically indloates that morphology has foundits basic unit suitable for computation. Florica Duaitroeouhas dealt wIth words indioatlng the position of nouns (ds-

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monstrative pronous and adjectives, adverbs of place, andinterjections). Sorin Stat I is working on morphologicalhmonyme. In the pe•ek, latin and ozeohoolovakian languages,

T. Blama-Oasaou has obtained surprising results Inthe study of interrelationships betwmen speech and syntaxthrough the experimental application of both structural andstatistical methods. This work is described in his workentitled Lisbgi Mi context, 1959. Investigatins semanticunits, he arrive# at the conclusion that the individual mean-ings of the word, depending upon corresponding semantic re-lationships, develop and are qtrengthoned as a flover amidstfavorable surroundings, and wither and fade as soon as theirsyntactic relationships fail to bring out the appropriatemeaning.

In the study of the relationship of linguistic phenom-ena the dangwof placing excessive emphasis on the above weyarise, with the result that Individual phenomena and elementsare idealistically considered the products and foci of rela-tionships. The glottoohronology of M. Swadesh Nyugaton fellInto this type of trap. Ignoring the typological peculiar-ities of individual languages and the particular subject oflinguistics, he arbitrarily adopts the formula used in do-termination of geological strata through the decay of radio-active elements for determination of the date of separation oflanguages laaking written archives. The untenability ofthis theory is demonstrated by Istvan Fodor on the baais oflinguistic facts assembled from slavic language materials.In the 1961 issue of the Linguistic Journal (IirOetu4MoAqnRiW12302VI.) he notes that glottoohronology is essentiallyther se of marrism. The Marrists attempted to explainthe internal laws of development of a language on the basisof the social changes and history of the population speakingthe language. The unrealistic method of glottoohronologyis erroneous (though their results historically may coincidewith results obtained by other means), attempting to drawconclusions relative to the society and history of the pop-ulation speaking the language, or the external developmentof the language, from data of the internal historical reigu-larities of the linguisttc development. In

, No 4, 1959, V. GUtu-Roiaa1o ateMpEsto establish theiWe of separation of the hrumantan andDakorumanian dialects. through his glottochronologicalmethod X. 8wadesh obtains as his result the 13th OCntury,which Is disaetrioally opposed to historical and linguistic

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facts. The coefficievts sug6estod by R. Lees and 0. A.al1mov yield as a result the 6th to 10th Coettures, whiohranges within rather broad lalmts, and thus Is of no greatpractical value.

Annlied Ling•ultiSo-

The most outstanding domestic achievement In thisfield is the construction of the XZCIPT-1 machine at Tomoevar,which automatically translates mathematical text from Englishto Mmanian. (Its algorithi, the procedures serving resolu-tion of the task and to be executed in a given manner, wasdescribed In dotbil by Erika Domonkos In her July 1962 reportbefore the Matb-jaticaa Linguistics Couiw.ttee.) The text tobe translated is transferred In numerical form to punchedtape. If a word cannot be found In a form given In the text,the machine store the word In a work slot, after which Itconverts to a program of elimination of typical endings (-od,fts, -1s, -M', Wing, -or, -eat). If the machine does no findthe given word In its 80-word vocabulary, it inserts theuntranslated word In the Rwmanian text. The so-called1'special" words (aiu~xliary verbs, artiales) are not trans-lated by the machine, and are Indicated by numbers givinglinguistic information. After completing differontiationof linguistic homonyms (such as nouns and adjectives) themachine converts to placing the words In the order requiredby the syntax of the Rumanian language. Next, the secondportion of exeotion of dispatching, or "withdrawal," occurs.This consists of actual translation, or replacing INl5shwords with Rumanisai words, and of modifications IndioatingRumanian linguistic categories (snoh as number, gender,person). The last command actuates the keys of an electrictypewriter, whlch types out the translation of the appro-priate English word. Thus we have the generalized sequenceof: given the Suglish sentence; next step Is an abstractseries of English words, In nglish sequence; then we obtainthe abstract series of English words in Rmianian sequence;this is followed by an abstract series of Rumanian words,,in Rumanian sequence; the last stop Is the Rumanian sentence.

The practical tasks of machine translation have open-ed a now field of work, the organlization of the mechanicallinguistics of the Rumanian written language. Academicianor. C. Noisil performed pioneering work in this field, withthe Compilation of the mechanical morphology of conjugationof veobs. The problems of mechanical translation gave P.

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Diaooneeou the Idea for the development of an apparentlynew method of 3esiuription of the deoo.eneion of nonss, ac-cording to which all possible valke and form oombinations ofa word are taken into consideration In its writing. The.mathematical method, however, Is limited to use irt tenhnicalexpressions, an he oritioally noted In ",J.ta d4gmo l-sNovember 196 , a•xd thus the results are merely sechanioalrepetitions of ,•ertain conclusions which have been knownsince ancient times (ouch as determination of the oases ofnoun deolension). These form^1 and unproductive attemptsare not suitable for popula.rization of zuodern methods, andgive the impression tlat they actually are fruitless*

The Danish l3in•raut 0, Jespereen has dealT, with cero-tain procedures of modern theory of sets in the course ofsyntactlc analyeis, although he calls thom by another naze.For exnmple, In his view Inde.inite numeraise ditfer frompronouna in that they may not assume a predicative position;in this way the phrase "the experienced, well traitel doctor"may be rephrased as "this do.tor le experienced and welltrained;" nowevec, tie phrY e "the many dootors" may not beconverted Into "these doctors are n.•ny. " He calls titia pro-cess "Lra:i,.posItion." The US atruoturall.t 1'. Choamshy andZ Harria, who ocneidcr lin•lulstoe &at the theory of thestructure of language, also employ wodiflcations of thlsmethod in the course of t.eir syutactlo analyses, which treynave named "transformation." The Soviet resoar.hers 0. S.Kulagina and A. A. 4yapunov have recomended a meritoriousmethod for syntactic analysis of language. V. A. 1sp•enskjy,Professor of Mathematical LOCSc of tho XoSCow oMoDoScv Uni-versity is dealinr with problems of the c,,ganlzatlon oflinguistic models on the basis of tAe theory of nets; hefulfilled a very important need of rodern inguistios thrxoughhis fornal determination of the concept of parts of speech.Aooordir:g to the conoept of V. D. Andreyov, Head of the Lab-oratory oP Applied Linguistica of the Leningrad Departmetof Philology, combined application of t.he theory of setsand probability computation, i.e mos1 effeotive in the fieldof Tamanian linguistios research.

The transformation proced ure has outetanding posalbil.Ities In respeot to tVe -umanlan language: for axamplo, bothpronouns and indefinite numorals may be predlcative (aspredicate auxiliaries). The phrase MAU Ie g mentati

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maa m ay be transformed as MIii&S u. mediot way be transformed into

In Addition to the aforementioned, application of thetheory of information may be of Interest In research ondialects. In drafting the Indirect questions of the ques-tionnaires syntactic relationships must be created ensur-Ing. as low informative value as possible for the word asked;the more insignificant the strength of the ommninIcant, themore probable Is its appearance in the reply. It would bean immeasurable achievement o: Rumaniar linguistic historyIf the Yezerovo Ring found In 1912, and containing 61 sym-bols were to be solved with the application of modern methods.These symbols are in 4reek script, and the object probablyis Dacian. The text is brief, the words are not separatedfrom each other (scriptio continua), the number of previouslyknown Dacian words Is small, and nothing is known of themorph1ological and syntactical system of the language. Thus,the Initial data are considerably less numerous than In thecase of the Mayan texts.

In any event, the achievements attained to the presenttime in Rumanian lilnuistics with the use of mathematicalmethods are practical resulte, or else they are closely con-nected with practical problems of the language. In additionto the results obtained in the various problem areas and theexploitable possibilities, we must not overlook the short-oomins noted in the issue of Lue, do o1&8% cited. Criti-oism is lackin, of the theoretical wor~s of current bourgeoislinaulatic schools, which would reveal their Idealistic es-sence.

:'athematloal methods, and poubleci5 of the applicationof the theory of information in lin~ulstlcs are included asseparate plan themes within the cybernetics group of tasksin the development of long-ranae scientific plans. Bothdomestic and foreign achievements and results indicate thatthe role of these methods constantly is increasing in thefurther development of linguistics, and will serve as help-full means for linguistics in ever more applications.

5200 -END-,SO: 2000-D