mathematical association of america …bressoud/talks/2016/bressoud...teaching calculus now: current...
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Teaching Calculus Now: Current Trends &
Best Practices
Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI November 3, 2016
PDFfileoftheseslidesavailableatwww.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks
David Bressoud St. Paul, MN
MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA
CSPCC#0910240PtC#1430540
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The Problems
1. Economic realities
2. Demands of the client disciplines
3. The rush to calculus
Solutions
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EconomicRealiHes
Source:AMS
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
PostedDoctoralPosi.ons:Ra.ooftenuretracktonon-tenure-track
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Career goals of students in mainstream* Calculus I
DemandsoftheClientDisciplines
Source: MAA CSPCC
Mathematical sciences
2%
Physical sciences
4%
Engineering 31%
Computer & IT 5% Geo sciences
2%
Bio sciences (includes pre-med)
30%
Teaching 5%
Social sciences 1%
Business 7%
Other 5%
Undecided 8%
*“Mainstream”impliesitcanbeusedaspartofthepre-requisitestreamformoreadvancedmathemaHcscourses.
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Gender differences of career goals of students in mainstream Calculus I
math2% physsci
5%
eng38%
comp10%
geo2%
bio19%
teacher4%
social1% business
9%
other3%
undecided7%
CareerGoals,allmenmath1% physsci
4%
eng14%
comp2%
geo3%
bio43%
teacher10%
social2%
business7%
other5% undecided
9%
CareerGoals,allwomen
DemandsoftheClientDisciplines
Source: MAA CSPCC
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0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
IntendedSTEMMajors
Engineering BioSciences PhysicalSciences
MathemaHcalSciences ComputerScience
94% increase from 2007 to 2015
DemandsoftheClientDisciplines
Source:TheAmericanFreshman,HERI
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Report to the President: Engage to Excel Feb., 2012
DemandsoftheClientDisciplines
Recommendation 3-1: “This national experiment should fund … college mathematics teaching and curricula developed and taught by faculty from mathematics-intensive disciplines other than mathematics, including physics, engineering, and computer science.”
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Report to the President: Engage to Excel Feb., 2012
DemandsoftheClientDisciplines
Rationale: “Discipline-based education [research] on effective undergraduate mathematics teaching also appears less developed when compared with other STEM disciplines.” “Many college students … often are left with the impression that [mathematics] is dull and unimaginative, and they can extend this judgment to all STEM disciplines.”
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0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
APCalculusExams
allexams bystudentsbeforegrade12 bystudentsbeforegrade11
TheRushtoCalculus
Between800,000and900,000highschoolstudentsenrollincalculuseachyear,morethanhalfthe1.5millionwhomatriculateasfull-Hmestudentsinfour-yearundergraduateprograms.
Source:TheCollegeBoard
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0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
GrowthofAPCalculusExams
Allexams,year1=1981 examstakenbeforegrade12,year1=2001
TheRushtoCalculus
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
FirstCollegeMathClassforthosewhotookCalculusinHighSchool
(thousands)
CalcIIorhigher
CalcI,earnAorB
CalcI,earnCorlower
BusinessCalc,Stat,ornomath
Precalc,CollegeAlgebra,orlower
TheRushtoCalculus
EsHmatesbasedonmulHplesources
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Today we teach greater numbers of students, who are less prepared, using fewer resources, and with increased expectations for student success.
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insightsandrecommendations
fromthe
nationalstudyof
collegecalculus
maa
EDITORS DAVID BRESSOUD VILMA MESA CHRIS RASMUSSEN
Bressoud, Mesa, & Rasmussen (eds.). 2015. Insights and Recommendations from the MAA National Study of College Calculus.
Chapters describing best practices in • Placement • Student support • Pedagogy • Departmental dynamics • Preparation for teaching for graduate students
maa.org/cspcc
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8 Features of Successful Calculus Programs
1- Attention to placement issues 2- Attention to local data 3- Support for active learning 4a- Coordination of courses 4b- Regular meetings of course instructors 5- Solid GTA professional development 6- Strong student support services 7- Rigorous courses
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PI: David Bressoud co-PI’s and senior personnel:
Chris Rasmussen San Diego
State
DUE I-USE #1430540
Jess Ellis
Colorado State
Estrella Johnson Virginia
Tech
Sean Larsen
Portland State
Linda Braddy Tarrant County College
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Spring 2015, surveys on the precalculus through single variable calculus sequence sent to all 330 US math departments offering a graduate degree in mathematics. Response rates:
PhD departments: 134/178 = 75% MA departments: 89/152 = 59% Overall: 223/330 = 68%
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NSF Award #1430540
(((:6>!;?#(&@!ABCDEBD!
Gotomaa.org/cspcc UnderProgress through Calculus
clickonPublications and Reports
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Varia.on PhD(133) MA(89)Precalc over 2 semesters as option 33 29
Precalc contemporaneous with calculus 2 1 Stretched out Calculus I 13 7 Stretched out Calculus 1 & 2 6 1 Calculus infused with precalculus 7 4 Mainstream Calculus for biology 11 4 Mainstream Calculus for engineering 14 0 Mainstream Calc for another subject 3 0 Calculus for first-timers 1 0 Accelerated/AP Calculus 12 2 Transition to mainstream 2 1
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CC
UCC
RIM
UoD
SP
GTAT
SSP
AL0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Succ
essf
ul
Important
UCC=uniformcoursecomponents
CC=challengingcourses
GTAT=graduateteachingassistanttraining
SSP=studentsupportprograms
SP=studentplacement
RIM=regularinstructormeeHngs
UoD=useofdata
AL=acHvelearning
Weighted average of responses: very important or successful, +1 somewhat, 0 not important or successful, – 1
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
WhatisimportantvswheretheyaresuccessfulPhDprograms
veryimportant verysuccessful
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
PhD Masters
Percentage of respondents using placement tool (could select multiple placement tools)
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From 2010 to 2015, use of ALEKS for placement at universities with PhD programs has jumped from 10% to 28%. Adaptive questioning Includes focused instructional modules Opportunities for retesting Does not use multiple choice questions
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Number (out of 223) using each placement tool With degree of overall satisfaction with placement
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SaHsfied Adequate,couldbeimproved DissaHsfied
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Across all placement instruments 9% are not satisfied
39% consider them adequate, but could be improved
30% are currently replacing or have recently replaced their placement instrument(s)
29% are considering changing their placement instruments
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60
65
70
75
80
85
90
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1Pred
ictedGrade
inCollegeCalculus
CutoffPrepara.onScoreforAssignmenttoPrecalculus
PrecalcboundaryNoPrecalcboundary
Source:Sonnert,G.,&Sadler,P.M.(2014).Theimpactoftakingacollegeprecalculuscourseonstudents’collegecalculusperformance.Interna0onalJournalofMathema0calEduca0oninScienceandTechnology,45(8),1188-1207
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Lecture63%SomeacHve
learning18%
MainlyacHvelearning
3%
Lecture+CBI3% Other
13%
PrimarystyleofinstrucHonforMainstreamCalculus
SomeacHvelearning(e.g.clickers),mostlylectureMainlyacHvelearning(e.g.flippedclasses),minimallectureCBI=ComputerbasedinstrucHon“Other”includestoomuchvariaHontospecifyonestyle
35% of surveyed universities are using active learning in at least some sections
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ApplyingtheScienceofLearningtotheUniversityandBeyond
“ItwouldbedifficulttodesignaneducaHonalmodelthatismoreatoddswiththefindingsofcurrentresearchabouthumancogniHonthantheonebeingusedtodayatmostcollegesanduniversiHes.”
Halpern&Hakel,Change,July/August2003
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Donovan & Bransford (eds.). 2005. How Students Learn: Mathematics in the classroom. National Research Council Search for How Students Learn at nap.edu
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Freeman et al. 2014. Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc. National Academy of Sciences. 111(23)
Kober, N. 2015. Reaching Students: What research says about effective instruction in undergraduate science and engineering. National Research Council
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TPSEMath.org
Mission:TPSEMathwillfacilitateaninclusivemovementtostrengthenpost-secondaryeducaHoninmathemaHcs…TPSEMathwillidenHfyinnovaHvepracHceswheretheyexist,advocateforinnovaHonwheretheydonot,andworkwithandthroughpartnerstoimplementandscaleeffecHvepracHces.
Governors:PhillipGriffiths(IAS)EricFriedlander(USC)S.JamesGates,Jr.(UMD)MarkGreen(UCLA)
TaraHolm(Cornell)KarenSaxe(Macalester)UriTreisman(UT-AusHn)Execu.veDirector:BritKirwan
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Saxe, K., & Braddy, L. 2016. A Common Vision for Undergraduate Mathematical Science Programs in 2025. Joint report of AMATYC, AMS, ASA, MAA, SIAM. Search for Common Vision at maa.org
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Active Learning in Post-Secondary Mathematics Education 15 July 2016
“We call on institutions of higher education, mathematics departments and the mathematics faculty, public policy-makers, and funding agencies to invest time and resources to ensure that effective active learning is incorporated into post-secondary mathematics classrooms.”FullstatementatCBMSWEB.org.SignedbypresidentsofAMATYC,AMS,ASA,MAA,SIAMand10othersocieHes
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SEMINAL A new 5-year, $3,000,000 collaborative NSF grant: Student Engagement through an Institutional Network for Active Learning. Faculty will collaborate with APLU to better understand both how to sustain success in implementing active learning in undergraduate mathematics classes and how to influence similar success at other institutions.
PDFfileoftheseslidesavailableatwww.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks