maternal changes during pregnancy for undergraduate
TRANSCRIPT
Maternal cahnges Maternal cahnges during pregnancyduring pregnancy
DR Manal BeheryProfessor Ob&GyneZagazig University 2014
Reproductive tract (1)Reproductive tract (1)
UterusUterus: from 50g-1100g: from 50g-1100g
from <10ml – 5Lfrom <10ml – 5L
from pyriform to globularfrom pyriform to globular
Fundl levelFundl level
From 7.5cm -35cm From 7.5cm -35cm
Lower uterine segment Lower uterine segment
Braxton Hicks contraction:Braxton Hicks contraction: sporadic, irregular, asymmetrical, sporadic, irregular, asymmetrical, and painless, low pressure, and painless, low pressure, lasting < 30 seclasting < 30 sec
Reproductive tract (2)Reproductive tract (2)
Cervix and vulva —— Chadwick’s signCervix and vulva —— Chadwick’s sign
congestion of the pelvic vasculature, cause bluish congestion of the pelvic vasculature, cause bluish
or purplish discoloration of the cervix and vulva or purplish discoloration of the cervix and vulva
Leukorrhea:Leukorrhea: increase in vaginal discharge, rich in increase in vaginal discharge, rich in
glucose, lactic acid, low vaginal pHglucose, lactic acid, low vaginal pH
Ovary:Ovary: slightly enlarged, corpus luteum regresses slightly enlarged, corpus luteum regresses
after 10 weeks’ gestationafter 10 weeks’ gestation
Reproductive tract (2)Reproductive tract (2)
Breasts: Breasts: increase in increase in
circulationcirculation Engorgement and venous prominenceEngorgement and venous prominence
Mastodynia (breast ternderness):Mastodynia (breast ternderness): tingling tingling to frank pain caused by hormonal responses to frank pain caused by hormonal responses of the mammary ducts and alveolar systemof the mammary ducts and alveolar system
Montgomery’s tubercles:Montgomery’s tubercles: enlargement of enlargement of circumlacteal sebaceous glands of the areolacircumlacteal sebaceous glands of the areola
Colostrum secretion: Colostrum secretion:
Breast Breast changeschanges
Montgomery tubercles
non pigmented nodules (12-20) around the areola in 2nd month (enlarged sebaceous glands or rudimentary lactiferous ducts).
(2) Cardiovascular system (2) Cardiovascular system changeschanges
Cardiovascular changes Cardiovascular changes (2(2))
Position and size of heartPosition and size of heart
ECG changesECG changes
Increased heart rate (+15%)Increased heart rate (+15%)
15-degree left axis deviation15-degree left axis deviation
Cardiovascular changes Cardiovascular changes (2)(2)
Inferior vena cava syndrome: Inferior vena cava syndrome:
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular changes (cont)changes (cont) Stroke volume +30%Stroke volume +30% Heart rate +15%Heart rate +15% Cardiac output +40%Cardiac output +40% Oxygen consumption +20% Oxygen consumption +20% SVR SVR (systemic vascular resistance)(systemic vascular resistance) -5% -5% Systolic BP -10mmHgSystolic BP -10mmHg Diastolic BP -15mmHgDiastolic BP -15mmHg Mean BP -15mmHgMean BP -15mmHg
Blood volume +30%Blood volume +30%
Plasma volume +40%Plasma volume +40%
Red blood cell volume +20%Red blood cell volume +20%
Delusional anemiaDelusional anemia
Increase cardiac outputIncrease cardiac output
Decrease blood viscosityDecrease blood viscosity
Vasodilatation Vasodilatation
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular changes (4)changes (4)
unchanged in the upper bodyunchanged in the upper body
Significantly increases in the lower Significantly increases in the lower
extremities, extremities, esp. during supine, sitting or esp. during supine, sitting or
standing position, returns to near normal in standing position, returns to near normal in
lateral recumbent positionlateral recumbent position
Venous pressureVenous pressure:: Venous Venous blood flowblood flow
((3) Urinary system 3) Urinary system changeschanges
Increased frequency of micturationIncreased frequency of micturation
Kidney slightly Kidney slightly enlargedenlarged
Renal plasma flow +35%Renal plasma flow +35% Glomerular filtration rate +50% Glomerular filtration rate +50% Serum creatinine, uric acid Serum creatinine, uric acid
and urea nitrogenand urea nitrogen Renin, angiotensin I and IIRenin, angiotensin I and II
Renin substrateRenin substrate Glucosuria (50%) +Glucosuria (50%) +
Renal changesRenal changes
renal pelves dilatedrenal pelves dilated Ureters (esp. right side) dilatedUreters (esp. right side) dilated Bladder tone reducedBladder tone reduced Bladder capacity reducedBladder capacity reduced Residual volume increasedResidual volume increased Chance of pyelonephritis increaasedChance of pyelonephritis increaased
Pulmonary changesPulmonary changes
Mucosal hyperemia Mucosal hyperemia
Subcostal angleSubcostal angle
Chest circumference and diameterChest circumference and diameter
Diaphragmatic excursionDiaphragmatic excursion
Tidal volume +30-40%Tidal volume +30-40%
POPO22 is increased, PCO is increased, PCO22 is decreased. is decreased.
Total lung capacity decrease -15%Total lung capacity decrease -15%
Minute ventilation +30-40%Minute ventilation +30-40%
Mild respiratory alkalosisMild respiratory alkalosis
Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal changechange
SkinSkin changeschanges
ChloasmaChloasma
Striae gravidarumStriae gravidarum
Linea alba——linea nigraLinea alba——linea nigra
Vascular spidersVascular spiders
Skin neviSkin nevi
Nervous system Nervous system disordersdisorders
MuscloskeletalMuscloskeletal systemsystem
MetabolismMetabolism
Basal metabolism rate, BMR +15-20%Basal metabolism rate, BMR +15-20% Weight gain 12.5Weight gain 12.5 Fetus 3400gFetus 3400g Placenta 650Placenta 650 Amniotic 800Amniotic 800 Uterus 960Uterus 960 Plasma, red cells 1450Plasma, red cells 1450 Mammary glands 405Mammary glands 405 Extracellular, extravascular water 1480Extracellular, extravascular water 1480 Deposition of fat and protein 3345Deposition of fat and protein 3345 Insulin resistanceInsulin resistance
A quizA quiz
1. In a normal singleton pregnancy, maternal blood volume
A. increases by 10-15%B. increases by 45%C. decreases by 10-15%D. decreases by 45%
Which of the following is not Which of the following is not characteristic of a normal characteristic of a normal pregnancy?pregnancy?
A. cardiac volume increases by 10%A. cardiac volume increases by 10%
B. the ECG shows deviation to the leftB. the ECG shows deviation to the left
C. the rest pulse rate increases by approximately C. the rest pulse rate increases by approximately 10-15% beats per min10-15% beats per min
D. arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance D. arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance increasesincreases
E. The heart is displaced upward and to the leftE. The heart is displaced upward and to the left
33. . Epulis is a pregnancy-related Epulis is a pregnancy-related vascular swelling of thevascular swelling of the
A. GumsA. Gums
B. NailbedB. Nailbed
C. LarynxC. Larynx
D. NaresD. Nares
E. EpiglottisE. Epiglottis
THANK THANK YOUYOU