materials behavior for industry-basics (2)
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BASIC of MATERIALS SCIENCE
Steel
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Material Content of a Car
Most cars weigh between 400 kg to 2500 kg.
Contributors to the weight of car
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Fe: Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe(Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a
metal in the first transition series. Like other
group 8 elements, it exists in a wide range ofoxidation states. Iron and iron alloys (steels)
are by far the most common metals and the
most common ferromagnetic materials in
everyday use. Fresh iron surfaces appear
lustrous silvery-gray, but oxidize in air.
wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transition_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_8_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transition_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element -
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Steel Making
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El Fe es un material alotrpico
Cambios alotrpicos BCC: body centered cubic
1538
1394
912
770 FCC: fase centered cubic
austenite
ferrite
Exothermic reactions when cooling
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Phase Diagrams
WATER PHASE DIAGRAM
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Cooling Curve solidification of pure metals
Cooling curve for thesolidification of pure metals.
Note that freezing takes placeat a constant temperature;during freezing the latent heatof solidification is given off.
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Nickel-Copper Alloy Phase DiagramPhase diagram for
nickel-copper alloysystem obtained at aslow rate ofsolidification. Notethat pure nickel and
pure copper eachhas one freezing ormeltingtemperature. Thetop circle on theright depicts thenucleation ofcrystals. Thesecond circle showsthe formation ofdendrites (seeSection 10.2). The
bottom circle showsthe solidified alloy,with grain
boundaries.
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Lead-Tin Phase DiagramThe lead-tin phase
diagram. Note thatthe composition ofthe eutectic pointfor this alloy is61.9% Sn-38.1%Pb. A compositioneither lower orhigher than thisratio will have ahigher liquidustemperature.
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Diagrama Hierro-Carbono
Nombres comunes de las fases
Austenita
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Aceros HipoeutectoidesMicrostructuras
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Aceros Hipereutectoides
Microstructuras
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Diagrama Hierro-Carbono
Hierro puro y Fe3C (6.67%C
en Fe)-compuesto intersticial.
Fe3C es una fase metastable
(se descompondra en Fe ygrafito)
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Extended Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
Figure 4.12 Phase diagram for the iron-carbon system with graphite(instead of cementite) as the stable phase. Note that this figure is anextended version of Fig. 4.8.
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Microstructures for Cast Irons
(a) (b) (c)
Figure. Microstructure for cast irons. Magnification: 100X. (a) Ferritic gray iron with graphite flakes. (b)Ferritic Ductile iron (nodular iron), with graphite in nodular form. (c) Ferritic malleable iron; this cast ironsolidified as white cast iron, with the carbon present as cementite, and was heat treated to graphitize thecarbon. Source: ASM International.
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Tensile-Test Specimen and
Machine(b)
(a) A standard tensile-test specimen before and after pulling, showing original and final gagelengths. (b) A typical tensile-testing machine.
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Stress-Strain CurveA typical stress- strain curveobtained from a tension test,showing various features.
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Mechanical Properties of Various Materials at
Room Temperature
TABLE 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Various Materials at Room Temperature
Metals (Wrought) E (GPa) Y (MPa) UTS (MPa)
Elongation
in 50 mm
(%)Aluminum and its alloysCopper and its alloys
Lead and its alloys
Magnesium and its alloysMolybdenum and its alloys
Nickel and its alloysSteelsTitanium and its alloys
Tungsten and its alloys
6979
105150
14
4145
330360
180214190200
80130
350400
35550
761100
14
130305
802070
10512002051725
3441380
550690
90600
1401310
2055
240380
902340
34514504151750
4151450
620760
454
653
509
215
4030
605652
257
0
Nonmetallic materialsCeramics
DiamondGlass and porcelain
Rubbers
ThermoplasticsThermoplastics, reinforced
Thermosets
Boron fibersCarbon fibers
Glass fibers
Kevlar fibers
701000
8201050
70-80
0.010.1
1.43.4250
3.517
380275415
7385
62117
1402600
140
78020120
35170
350020003000
35004600
2800
0
10005101
0
00
0
0
Note: In the upper table the lowest values for E, Y, and UTS and the highest values for elongation are for pure metals.
Multiply gigapascals (GPa) by 145,000 to obtain pounds per square in. (psi), megapascals (MPa) by 145 to obtain psi.
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Loading and Unloading of Tensile-Test
Specimen
Figure Schematic illustration of theloading and the unloading of a tensile-test specimen. Note that, duringunloading, the curve follows a path
parallel to the original elastic slope.
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Hardness TestsGeneral characteristicsof hardness-testingmethods and formulasfor calculatinghardness. The quantity
Pis the load applied.Source: H. W. Hayden,et al., The Structureand Properties of
Materials, Vol. III(John Wiley & Sons,1965).
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Hardness
ConversionChart
Chart forconverting varioushardness scales.
Note the limitedrange of mostscales. Becauseof the manyfactors involved,these conversionsare approximate.
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Demostration of various materials
http://www.wiley.com/college/callister/04701
25373/vmse/index.htm
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Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels:
DP-Dual Phase Steels
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Intro: AdvancedHigh Strength
Steels
Ultra Light SteelAuto Body
Project (ULSAB)
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Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels
Ultra Light Steel Auto Body Project (ULSAB)
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Intro: Advanced High Strength Steels