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1Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ceramic Materials
F. Filser & L.J. GaucklerETH-Zürich, Departement Materials
WS 2006-07
2Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Persons in Charge of this Lecture
• I. Akartuna,HCI G 538, phone 36842, [email protected]. KraussHCI G 538, phone 3 68 34, [email protected]
• Dr. F. Filser, HCI G 529, phone 26435, [email protected]
• Prof. Dr. L.J. GaucklerHCI G 535, phone 25646, [email protected]
• Dipl.-Ing. J. KüblerEMPA Dübendorf, phone 044 823 4223, [email protected]
3Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Overview & preliminary schedule
Jan 8, 07 Introduction on ceramic materials, technology, applications
Jan 15, 07 Crystal structures of ceramic materials
Jan 22, 07 Potential well of bonding and physical properties &Examples of Structural ceramic materials
Jan 29, 07 Examples of structural ceramic materials
Feb 2, 07 term finish
4Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Overview & preliminary schedule
Mar 19, 07 term starts
Mar 20, 07 Glass
Mar 27, 07 Toughness (JK)
Apr 03, 07 Strength & Weibull statistics (JK)
Apr 10, 07 Subcritical crack growth, SPT-Diagrams (JK)
Apr 17, 07 Proof-testing, creep, thermical properties (JK)
Apr 24, 07 polymer part (Prof. D. Schlüter)
Jun 22, 07 term finish
5Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Documentation
http://ceramics.ethz.ch-> education-> courses-> Materialwissenschaft I und II
Visit our homepage @
6Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Sources of Information - ETH Bib -NEBIS
http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/
http://www.nebis.ch/
7Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Recommended Reading
• Askeland & Phulé: Science and Engineering of Materials, 2003
• Barsoum MW: Fundamentals of Ceramics. IoP Publishing, 2003
• diverse CEN ISO Standards (look at slides)• Y.-M. Chiang, D. Birnie, D. Kingery, Physical Ceramics,
Principles für Ceramic Science and Engineering, Wiley, 1997.
• G. Kostorz (ed), High-Tech Ceramics: Viewpoints and Perspectives. Academic Press, 1989. (Chapter 5, 59-101).
8Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Recommended Reading
• Munz, D., Fett, T.: Ceramics, Mechanical Properties, Failure Behaviour, Materials Selection, Springer, 1999.
• David Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering, Ed. 2, Dekker, 1992.
• Saito Shinroku, Fine Ceramics, Elsevier, 1988.• Verband der Keramischen Industrie e.V, Brevieral Technical
Ceramics, ISBN 3-924158-77-0, Fahner Verlag, 2004. (partly on the internet available)
• Ichinose Wataru, Introduction to Fine Ceramics, Wiley, 1987.
9Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science IRecommended Reading
Chapter IV: Examples of Structural Ceramic Materials
• Bevieral Technical Ceramics, • Silicon-Based Structural Ceramics (Ceramic Transactions),
Stephen C. Danforth (Editor), Brian W. Sheldon, American Ceramic Society, 2003,
• Silicon Nitride-1, Shigeyuki Somiya (Editor), M. Mitomo(Editor), M. Yoshimura (Editor), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990
• Zirconia and Zirconia Ceramics. Second Edition, Stevens, R, Magnesium Elektron Ltd., 1986, pp. 51, 1986
• Stabilization of the tetragonal structure in zirconiamicrocrystals, RC Garvie - The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1978
10Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science IRecommended Reading
Chapter IV: Examples of Structural Ceramics Materials
• Phase relationships in the zirconia-yttria system, HGM Scott - Journal of Materials Science, 1975 - Springer
• Thommy Ekström and Mats Nygren, SiAION Ceramics J Am Cer Soc Volume 75 Page 259 - February 1992
• "Formation of beta -Si3N4 solid solutions in the system Si, Al, O, N by reaction sintering--sintering of an Si3N4 , AlN, Al2O3 mixture" Boskovic, L J; Gauckler, L J, La Ceramica(Florence). Vol. 33, no. N-2, pp. 18-22. 1980.
• Alumina: Processing, Properties, and Applications, Dorre, E; Hubner, H, SpringerVerlag, 1984, pp. 329, 1984 9.
11Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Sources of Information – Journals (in general )
• Journal of the American Ceramic Society (J. Am. Ceram. Soc.)
• Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society (Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc.)
• Journal of the European Ceramic Society(J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.)
• Journal of Materials Science (J. Mat. Sci.)
• Journal of Materials Research (J. Mat. Res.)
12Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Introduction on ceramic materials, technology, applications
13Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Nitrides
Ferrites
Titanates
Oxide ceramics
Silicon Carbide
Steatites
Earthenware (Steingut**)
Fire-proof pottery
Porcelain
Stoneware (Steinzeug*)
Earthenware
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1700 2000
Ceramic pots (7000 BC)
Potter’swheel
Greek Vases
EuropaenPorcelain
History of ceramic materials
**): porous, low firing temp (900 -1200°C)*): dense, high firing temp (>1200°C)
14Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ceramic in the Past
Giant beaker, Erle4 000 BC
Closed FurnaceStilt houses in Unteruhldingen, Bodensee
15Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Egyptian wall relief
Rechmuir(1450 BC)ceramic formetallurgy
17Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Chinese Porcelain
14th century 18th century 19th century
Porcelain imports of the east indian company from china to europe:1600 – 1800: > 3 000 000 piecesanual dividends: up to 750% pa on the invested money
18Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
1600 - 1800 AD , in 1000 pieces
Europaen imports of chinese porcelain
19Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Europaen Porcelain
August der Starke (1670 - 1733)
Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus
(1652 - 1708)
20Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Europaen Porcelain
Feldspar ClayKaolin
Quartz
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
20 40 60 80
Dental ceramicsHard porcelain
Steinzeug
techn. porcelain
Steingut
21Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Func
tion
electrical and magnetical
nuclear
technical
thermical
optical
chemical & biological
mechanical
Prop
erty
elektr. insulation piezoelectrical ferroelectrical semiconductor magnetical
temperature resist. n- absorption radiation resist. corrosion resist.
heat - conductor - insulator - storage
translucency controllable refraction index
Surface activity Corrosionresist. compatibility
strength (T) hardness wear resistency
App
licat
ion
substrates sensors condenser / capacitor oscillators igniting elements high-temp. conductor „low-temp.“ PTC cond. superconductors batteries
fuel shielding storage contain.
heat exchanger heat shields insulation heat storage
Na-vapor lamp IR-window Laser material Light switch
Cat-Carriers Filters DeNOx-Cat. Gas-Sensors Elektrods Implantats
Cutting bits bearings seals Engine components
High-performance / hightech Ceramics
22Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Func
tion
electrical & magnetical
nuclear
technical
thermical
optical
chemical & biological
mechanical
Mat
eria
l
Al2O3 AlN BeO BaTiO3 SrTiO3 PZT SiC ZnO-Bi2O3 YBa2Cu3O7 U2O5 TiO2 NiO β - Al2O3 ZrO2 Li3N
UO2 PuO2 C SiC B4C BN Al2O3 Glass
SiO2 MgO Si3N4 Faser SiC Mg2SiO4 3 Al2O3 2SiO2
Al2O3 MgO Mg Al2O3 Y2O3 / ThO2PLZT
Cordierit Al2O3 ZrO2 MgO Mg2SiO4 ZnO Fe2O3 SnO2 MgCr2O4-TiO2 Fe2ZnO4 Fe2NiO4 Titanate
TiB2
SiC ZrO2 B4C BN Al2O3 Si3N4
High-performance / high-tech Ceramics
23Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Funk
tion
Elektrisch &magnetisch
Nuklear-technisch
thermisch optisch Chemisch &biologisch
mechanisch
Eige
nsch
aft
elektr. IsolationpiezoelektrischferroelektrischHalbleiterMagnetisch
Temperaturbest.n-AbsorptionStrahlenbest.Korrosionsbest.
Wärme- leitung- dämmung- speicherung
TransluzenzSteuerbarer Brechungsindex
OberflächenaktivKorrosionsbest.Verträglichkeit
Festigkeit (T)Härteverschleissfest
Anw
endu
ng
SubstrateSensorenKondensatorenOszillatorenZündelementeHeissleiterKaltleiterSupraleiterBatterienBrennstoffzellen
BrennstoffAbschirmungEndlagerung
WärmetauscherHitzeschilderIsolationWärmespeicher
Na-DampflampeIR-FensterLasermaterialLichtschalter
Kat-TrägerFilterDeNOx-Kat.Gas-SensorenElektrodenImplantate
Schneidwerkst.GleitlagerDichtungenMotorenteile
High-performance / high-tech Ceramics
25Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Property
Requirement at…
… Condition
Heat conductivity (λ)
< 100 W/mK …
…RoomTemperature (RT)
Thermal Expansion Coeff. (α)
3 - 4 x 10-6/K …
…RT – 200°C
Electrical Resistance (ρ)
> 1014 Ωcm …
…RT
Rel. permittivity (εr)
< 4 …
…1Mhz
Dielectric loss (δ)
< 10-3 …
…1Mhz
Bend strength (σ)
> 500 MN/m2 …
…3 P bend strength
Requirements for substrate materials
26Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
+ +
- -
++ ++++ ++
- -- - - -- -+ + + +
+ + + +
- - - -- - - -++ ++++ ++
- -- - - -- -
++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++
- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -
- big distance- small area- no dielectric
- small distance- large area- no dielectric
- big distance- large area- with dielectric
low low storage capacitystorage capacity
higher higher storage capacitystorage capacity
8080’’000 x higher 000 x higher storage capacitystorage capacity
Electrical Condenser: Principle
27Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
fixed capacitor trimming capacitor feedthroughcapacitor
Condenser: prinziple types
28Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Condenser/Capacitor device: buildup
soldering tag
nickel layer
contactelectrode
ceramic dielectric
30Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
F
F
mechanical →electrical
electrical →mechanical
Piezo ceramics as electro-mechanical transformer
31Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
mechanical →electrical
elektrical →mechanical
Piezo ceramics as electro-mechanical transformer
32Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Positioning by piezo-ceramics
http://www.physikinstrumente.de/products/index.php
PZT = PbZrTiO3A B O3
34Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
OXIDE APPLICATION Metallic
ReO3, RuO, Li2TiO3
electrode, circuits / conductors
Piezo-ceramic Pb (Zr,Ti)O3 sensor, actuator
Pyro-ceramic (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 sensor
PTC “low temp.” conductors
BaTiO3 + doping
heat element, switch, temperature compensator
NTC “high temp.” conductors
Fe2O3, NiO, FeCr2O4, La, Sr, CoO3
temperature sensors
IOC Ionic conductors
ZrO2(Y2O3), Al2O3
battery, oxygen sensor, ph-meter, solid oxide fuel cell
HTC Super conductors
YBa2Cu3O4
sensor etc.
Applications of oxide ceramic materials
35Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Communication Technology
Piezo - Microphons Optical Fibres
37Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Nanoscale & Microscale
0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000 nm
C-nanotube
atom molecule
quantum dot
transistor
field emitter
ceramicpowder
38Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Filling of Capilaries
Capillary flow of suspension
Cutting edges, plac-ing PDMS on glass substrate and infil-trating capillaries with suspension
Si wafer with photo-resist structures
Pouring with PDMS
Removing of PDMS, sintering.
5 μm
39Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Multi–walled Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes
20 nm50 nm
F. Krumeich, H.-J. Muhr, M. Niederberger, F. Bieri, B. Schnyder, and R. Nesper, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121 [36] 8324–8331 (1999)
42Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Sensor
„smart“ mikrosensor-arraywith doted CeO2
[Co] [Cu]
• hydrocarbons• COx• NOx...
CeO2
Co/Fe/NiO
„nano“-structures on CeO2ss
1-2 nm
detection of:
storage media
45Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fuel Cell Principle
Luft
CathodeElectrolyte
Anode
H2 + CO H2O + CO2
47Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fuel Cell: Sulzer HEXISHEXIS = Heat EXchanger Integrated Stack
water
Speicherexhaust
heatingce
ll st
ack
stor
age
air
natural gas
48Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fault currentLimited currentNormal current
Protection of distributions and transmission systems against overcurrents and -voltages.
Prototype
HT Superalconductor: Current Limiter Device
50Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
High-performance / high-tech CeramicsFu
nktio
n
Elektrisch &magnetisch
Nuklear-technisch
thermisch optisch Chemisch &biologisch
mechanischEi
gens
chaf
t
elektr. IsolationpiezoelektrischferroelektrischHalbleiterMagnetisch
Temperaturbest.n-AbsorptionStrahlenbest.Korrosionsbest.
Wärme- leitung- dämmung- speicherung
TransluzenzSteuerbarerBrechungsindex
OberflächenaktivKorrosionsbest.Verträglichkeit
Festigkeit (T)Härteverschleissfest
Anw
endu
ng
SubstrateSensorenKondensatorenOszillatorenZündelementeHeissleiterKaltleiterSupraleiterBatterienBrennstoffzellen
BrennstoffAbschirmungEndlagerung
WärmetauscherHitzeschilderIsolationWärmespeicher
Na-DampflampeIR-FensterLasermaterialLichtschalter
Kat-TrägerFilterDeNOx-Kat.Gas-SensorenElektrodenImplantate
Schneidwerkst.GleitlagerDichtungenMotorenteile
52Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hightech Ceramics - Chemical Application:
catalysts
cleanloaded
& filters
54Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hip Joint ImplantsPolymer Abrasion
20 000xhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/ttoday/fall/implant.htm
55Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hip Joints Implants
M-P: Metal-PEM-M: Metal-Metal
operating timefric
tion
coef
ficie
nt
0
0.1
0.2
C-CM-P
M-M
natural joint
BioceramicsMaterials-Properties-ApplicationsA. Ravioglioli, A. Krajewski (ed.)chapman & Hall, London, 1992
wea
r in
arbi
tray
units
0
1
2
C-C
M-P
M-M
operating time
K-K: Ceramic-Ceramic
56Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hüftgelenk-Implantate
acetabulum: polyethylen(socket) or ceramic materialball: metall or ceramic mat.(head)
shaft: metall (coated)
bone cement: polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)
57Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hip Joint Implant
metal / polymer ceramic / polymer
ceramic / ceramic
59Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Tooth Crowns and Bridges
metal framework and ceramic veneer
61Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Dental ceramics
0 200 400 600 800 10000
2
4
6
8
10
Tou
ghne
ss [M
Pam
1/2 ]
Bendstrength [MPa]
GlassGlass--infiltrated infiltrated AA22OO33
Glass CeramicGlass Ceramic
PorcelainPorcelain
HighHigh--TechTechKeramikKeramik
In-Ceram
In-Ceram
In-Cerammit 30%
ZrO2
(Vita-Celay)Alumina
Dicor MGC
IPS Empress
Omega
MK II
ZirconiaZirconia
Empress2
64Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
HochleistungskeramikFu
nktio
n
Elektrisch &magnetisch
Nuklear-technisch
thermisch optisch Chemisch &biologisch
mechanisch
Eige
nsch
aft
elektr. IsolationpiezoelektrischferroelektrischHalbleiterMagnetisch
Temperaturbest.n-AbsorptionStrahlenbest.Korrosionsbest.
Wärme- leitung- dämmung- speicherung
TransluzenzSteuerbarerBrechungsindex
OberflächenaktivKorrosionsbest.Verträglichkeit
Festigkeit (T)Härteverschleissfest
Anw
endu
ng
SubstrateSensorenKondensatorenOszillatorenZündelementeHeissleiterKaltleiterSupraleiterBatterienBrennstoffzellen
BrennstoffAbschirmungEndlagerung
WärmetauscherHitzeschilderIsolationWärmespeicher
Na-DampflampeIR-FensterLasermaterialLichtschalter
Kat-TrägerFilterDeNOx-Kat.Gas-SensorenElektrodenImplantate
Schneidwerkst.GleitlagerDichtungenMotorenteile
65Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Strength of Ceramic Components
ZrO2
Stre
ngth
(GP
a)
Year19801850 19601950 19701900 1990 2000
0
1
2
3
earthenware/ porcelain
hardmetal
superalloy
Si3N4
fiber composite
SiC
glass ceramic
Al2O3
refractory
High Speed Steel
66Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
martensic phase transformation of ZrO2
brittle failure
Crack is stopedbymartensictransformation
69Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Mechanical properties through hierarchical and nanoscale integration of phases
Ilhan A. Aksay, Princeton University
70Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Cutting Bits
hard
ness
& w
ear r
esis
tanc
e
Bendstrength & Toughness
coated HSS
uncoated HSS
fine-grained hardmetall
coated hardmetalcermets
nitrideceramic
oxideceramic
CBNPKD
uncoated hardmetall
71Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fibre Composite MaterialsFailure in monolithischem and fibre-reinforced SiC
Crack length (mm)
10 000
7 500
5 000
2 500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
sintered SiC
failureF
Fai
lure
Ene
rgy
(J/m
2 ) Fibre-reinforedSiC
72Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fabrication of SiC – fibres from polymers
SiC N SiSin
CN NSi Sin
SiC N SiSi
nB
BSi
C N
B
Si
C
N
MonomericUnits
“Single Source
Precursors“
Compoundswith Desired
Elements
Polyborocarbosilazanes
Polycarbosilazanes
after J.Bill, F.Aldinger, Z.Metallk., 87, 1996, 827
73Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
SiC fibers: high strength at high temperatures
Rupture strength behavior for various high-performance SiC fibers at 1400 °C in air. SA, Tyranno SA fiber from UBE Industries (polycrystaline SiC fiber with small amount of Aluminium);Hi-Nic. S, Hi-Nicalon Type S fiber from Nippon Carbon.
74Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ceramic Materials
• high melting temperature• high hardness• high strength
• electrical, magnetical properties• ferroelektrical properties• optical properties• catalytical properties• biological properties
75Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ceramic materials: their future
• communication technology
• electronic application
• medical application
• energy technology
• machining technology