material flows between forests and atmosphereforests … · material flows between forests and...
TRANSCRIPT
MATERIAL FLOWS BETWEEN FORESTS AND ATMOSPHEREFORESTS AND ATMOSPHERE
Timo VesalaTimo Vesala
University of Helsinki
Department of PhysicsDepartment of Physics
Division of Atmospheric Sciences
Content:
• Terrestrial feedbacks
• Flux towers and carbon, water, nitrogencycles
• Tall towers and top-down flux estimates
• ICOS - Integrated GHG observationi finfrastructure
ion 0.8
1.0aHalf of the man-made
emissions stays in theAtmosphere
bo
rne
fra
ct
0.4
0.6
emissions stays in the atmosphere
Air
b
0.0
0.2Fraction into the atmosphere
tion 0.6
0.8bincreases
Terrestrial ecosystems
La
nd
fra
ct
0 0
0.2
0.4Fraction into terrestrial
-0.2
0.0
0 5
ecosystems stable
actio
n 0.4
0.5c
Fraction into Oceans
Oce
an
fra
0.2
0.3oceans decreases
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0.1Canadell et al. (2007) PNASRaupach et al. (2008) Biogeosciences
• Total positive radiative forcing comparable in magnitudeto other physical forcings/feedbacks
• Understanding of these very low (e.g. nitrogen cycle ti l ti li it ti f C t ti )stimulation or limitation of C sequestration)
Transport of CO2 by eddies: eddy covariance (EC)
Hei
ght
H
Concentration
”Everything” on footprint area is integrated to EC flux
Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (Scots pine)
WaterWater
EvapoEvapo--transpir.transpir.WaterWater
vapourvapour
pp
SourceSource
COCO22
SinkSink
Annual weekly averages
S. Launiainen
Meta-analysis of Net Urban Exchange vs. vegetation land-use fraction
N db t lNordbo et al.,GRL in press
Scaling up using MODISsatellite land-use datasatellite land use data
Global evapotranspiration (ET): ca. 65 Eg yr‐1Intro ― Soil & Earth System ― Interact & feedback ― Lateral BGC ― Global Earth Obs. & MDI
Crossvalidation Indep. validation
Jung et al. Nature MM. Reichstein
Continuous Measurements
Korhonen et al., Biogeosci. Disc.
““Astrophysicists have Hubble, nuclear physicists have CERN biogeochemists ha e FLUXNET”CERN, biogeochemists have FLUXNET”. a reviewer of Nature paper (Valentini et al., 2000)a reviewer of Nature paper (Valentini et al., 2000)
TallTall towerstowers ororTall Tall towerstowers ororhills/mountainshills/mountainsoror openopen seasea
Air planesAir planes
Flux towersFlux towersFlux towersFlux towers
ChambersChambers
Anthropogenici iemissions
O iOceanic exchange
Terrestrial ecosystem exchange
NH land sinkN a d s
NH CO2 land sink : Top-down inversion: 0.8 - 2.6 PgC/yr
(Ciais et al., 2010) Bottom-up land-based: 1.4 - 2.0 PgC/yr
• Inversion-based estimates of CO2-equivalentGHG emissions (Schulze et al 2009)GHG-emissions (Schulze et al. 2009)
• Sinks/sources of forests arable land peatlands and grasslands• Sinks/sources of forests, arable land, peatlands and grasslands
Science 320 1444 (2008)Science 320, 1444 (2008)
• Physical, chemical and biological processes affect the climatey g p(energy, hydrology and atmospheric composition)
• Complex and non linear interactions can damp and enhance• Complex and non-linear interactions can damp and enhanceanthropogenic changes
• Forests act as carbon sinks and feedbacks can increase ordecrease this climate forcing
• Transpiration of tropical forests cools and the darkness of borealforests (albedo) warms( )
• Net effects are not known
• Monitoring of concentrations and fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O
• Tentative ending year 2031
• Head Office to be located in Helsinki, Kumpula
Stations in Finland
LEVEL 1 ASSMEAR II-ICOS HyytiäläP ll ICOSPallas ICOSPuijo ICOS Eastern FinlandICOS Utö - Baltic sea
LEVEL 1 ESSMEAR II-ICOS HyytiäläyyICOS-Sodankylä
LEVEL2 ESLEVEL2 ESSMEAR II-ICOS Siikaneva
LEVEL 3 ESLEVEL 3 ESICOS LompolojänkkäSMEAR I-ICOS VärriöSMEAR III-ICOS Kumpula, HelsinkiICOS LettosuoICOS KaamanenICOS KenttärovaICOS Kuivajärvi, Boreal lake
COSTowards ICOS
Preparatory phase project (EC funded 2008 2013)(EC funded, 2008- 2013)
Transition phaseTransition phase (constructions, negotiations)negotiations)
ICOS establishedICOS established (operational 2013/2014)
You, the researhers, are the end-users of the data; you , , ; ycan also actively affect how well the data is used
Remember that the whole ICOS-Europe is available
Kuva: Sakari Uusitalo