material available on web at · 9/3/2011 · – can include full-color text and graphics ......

Material available on web atMaterial available on web athttp://vijayvorafrommgi.wordpress.com

–– After all the contents have been prepared and After all the contents have been prepared and

done, it is now the time to give good looks to done, it is now the time to give good looks to

reports and interface. reports and interface.

–– System Design talks about how the endSystem Design talks about how the end-- product product

will be delivered to its users and what techniques will be delivered to its users and what techniques

can be helpful to make the product easier to can be helpful to make the product easier to

manipulate.manipulate.manipulate.manipulate.

by:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora

(SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot)

2

Output DesignOutput Design

•• Output DesignOutput Design

–– Output means Information delivered to usersOutput means Information delivered to users

–– Design means give appropriate look to the outputDesign means give appropriate look to the output

–– Output have two different type of formOutput have two different type of form

• Hard-Copy

–printed reports –printed reports

• Soft-Copy

–computer screens, microforms, and audio

–– To create output design, the analyst works To create output design, the analyst works

interactively with the user until the output is interactively with the user until the output is

satisfactorysatisfactory



4

–– A quality output is one that meets the A quality output is one that meets the

requirements of the end user, and a suitable requirements of the end user, and a suitable

format, a number of questions need to be asked:format, a number of questions need to be asked:

• Who receives the output?

• Under what circumstances will the output be

received?

• What use will be made by the receivers of the • What use will be made by the receivers of the

information on the output documents or

screens?

• When and how often is the output needed?



5

•• Output Output Design ObjectivesDesign Objectives–– Output should be designed to:Output should be designed to:

•• Serve the intended purposeServe the intended purpose

– if the output is not functional, it should not be created, there are lost of time and materials with all output from the system.

•• Be meaningful to the userBe meaningful to the user

–on the basis of interviews, observations, cost considerations, and prototypes, it is possible

–on the basis of interviews, observations, cost considerations, and prototypes, it is possible to design output that addresses what users need and prefer.

•• Deliver the right quantity of outputDeliver the right quantity of output

–the system must provide what each person needs to complete



6

•• Deliver it to the right placeDeliver it to the right place

–Make sure the output is where it is needed and where it to be used and useful, output must be presented to the right user.

•• Provide output on timeProvide output on time

–accurate timing of output can be critical –accurate timing of output can be critical to business operations.

•• Choose the right output methodChoose the right output method

–There are tradeoffs in output methods; costs differ, accessibility, flexibility, durability, distribution, storage, retrieval, transportability, overall impact.



7

•• Types of Output Content/DocumentTypes of Output Content/Document–– Content of output must be considered as Content of output must be considered as

interrelated to the output methodinterrelated to the output method

•• Internal Internal

–staying within the business

–Internal Output is used within the corporation.

–Examples:–Examples:

»Summary reports

»Detailed reports

»Historical reports

»Exception reports

»Might consist of material available on an intranet



8

•• External External

–going outside the business

–External Output is used outside the organization.

– It differs from internal output in its design and appearance.

–Examples:

»Utility bills

»Advertisements

»Paychecks»Paychecks

–Differs from internal output in:

»Distribution

»Design

»Appearance

•• Turnaround Turnaround

–Turnaround Document is the one sent out and then returned.



9

•• Output Output TechnologyTechnology

–– When considering output technology, there are two When considering output technology, there are two main alternatives:main alternatives:

•• PrintingPrinting

–using any of a variety of different types of printer;

•• Displaying the information on a screenDisplaying the information on a screen

–– Producing different types of output requires different Producing different types of output requires different technologies.technologies.technologies.technologies.

•• PrintersPrinters

•• Display screenDisplay screen

•• Video, Audio and AnimationVideo, Audio and Animation

•• DVD, CDDVD, CD--ROM and CDROM and CD--RWRW

•• Electronic outputElectronic output

•• Push and Pull TechnologyPush and Pull Technologyby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora


10

•• PrintersPrinters––The trend in printers is toward increased flexibilityThe trend in printers is toward increased flexibility

––Key factors of printers:Key factors of printers:

»»ReliabilityReliability

»»Compatibility with software and hardwareCompatibility with software and hardware

»»Manufacturing supportManufacturing support

•• Display screenDisplay screenAdvantages:Advantages:–– Advantages:Advantages:

»» Result in cost savingsResult in cost savings

»» May be desirable from the user’s standpointMay be desirable from the user’s standpoint

»» Easier to keep up to dateEasier to keep up to date

–– Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

»» Different screen resolutionsDifferent screen resolutions

»» Problem of Fonts not supported Problem of Fonts not supported



11

•• Video, Audio and AnimationVideo, Audio and Animation

��VideoVideo

»»Combines the impact of audio with a visual Combines the impact of audio with a visual channelchannel

»» Video clips are useful for many ways. Video clips are useful for many ways.

»»It supplements static, printed output. It supplements static, printed output.

»»It is an aid to enable distance collaboration It is an aid to enable distance collaboration and to show how to perform an action. and to show how to perform an action. and to show how to perform an action. and to show how to perform an action.

»»Moreover, video clips, provide brief training Moreover, video clips, provide brief training episodes and helps shift the time of an actual episodes and helps shift the time of an actual event by recording it for later output. event by recording it for later output.

»»With video clips, we(one) can reserve an With video clips, we(one) can reserve an important occasion for addition to an important occasion for addition to an organization's archives.organization's archives.



12

��AudioAudio

»»Transient, usually output for the benefit of one Transient, usually output for the benefit of one

useruser

»» It includes..It includes..

•• Sound Sound

–– Sound can enhance a presentationSound can enhance a presentation

–– various formats various formats –– MP3, .WMP, WAV …MP3, .WMP, WAV …–– various formats various formats –– MP3, .WMP, WAV …MP3, .WMP, WAV …

•• TelephoneTelephone

•• Podcasting Podcasting

–– Technique of putting downloadable voice Technique of putting downloadable voice

files on the Web as RSS filesfiles on the Web as RSS files



13

��AnimationAnimation

»»The presentation of different images in a The presentation of different images in a

series, one at a timeseries, one at a time

»»Animation is composed of four elements Animation is composed of four elements

namely namely the elemental symbolsthe elemental symbols, which , which

makes it fun to see, makes it fun to see, the spatial the spatial

orientation orientation which adds to its being which adds to its being orientation orientation which adds to its being which adds to its being

realistic, and realistic, and the transition the transition and and

alteration effectsalteration effects where the virtual where the virtual

becomes the reality.becomes the reality.



14

••DVD, CDDVD, CD--ROM and CDROM and CD--RWRW

–Less vulnerable to damage from human

handling

–Can include full-color text and graphics

as well as audio and video

••Electronic outputElectronic output••Electronic outputElectronic output

–Electronic mail (email)

–Faxes

–Bulletin board messages



15

••Push and Pull TechnologyPush and Pull Technology

–Pull Technology allows the user to take

formatted data from the Web.

–Push Technology sends solicited or

unsolicited information to a customer or

client.client.



16

•• A A comparison of output methodscomparison of output methods



17

•• Factors in choosing Output TechnologyFactors in choosing Output Technology

––Who will use the output? Who will use the output?

–– How many people need the output? How many people need the output?

––Where is the output needed? Where is the output needed?

––What is the purpose of the output? What is the purpose of the output?

––What is the speed with which output is needed? What is the speed with which output is needed?

–– How frequently will the output be accessed? How frequently will the output be accessed?

–– How long will the output be stored? How long will the output be stored? –– How long will the output be stored? How long will the output be stored?

–– Under what special regulations is the output Under what special regulations is the output produced, stored, and distributed? produced, stored, and distributed?

––What are the initial and ongoing costs of What are the initial and ongoing costs of maintenance and supplies? maintenance and supplies?

––What are the environmental requirements for What are the environmental requirements for output technologies?output technologies?



19

•• Report Design Report Design Considerations/ ConventionsConsiderations/ Conventions

––Constant information does not change Constant information does not change

when the report is printed. when the report is printed.

––Variable information changes each time Variable information changes each time

the report is printed. the report is printed.

––Paper quality, type, and size should be Paper quality, type, and size should be ––Paper quality, type, and size should be Paper quality, type, and size should be

specified.specified.



20

•• Designing Designing ConsiderationsConsiderations/ / Conventions at the time Conventions at the time of Printing the Reports [Designing of Printing the Reports [Designing Printed Printed Reports]Reports]

–– Functional attributesFunctional attributes• the heading or title of the report

• the page number

• the date of preparation

• the column headings

• the grouping of related data items together

• the use of control breaks• the use of control breaks

–– Stylistic considerationsStylistic considerations• if printed output is unattractive and difficult to read, it

will not be used effectively or may not be used at all.

––Well organizedWell organized• the report should be readable from top to bottom and

left to right.



21

•• Display Screen GuidelinesDisplay Screen Guidelines

––Keep the display simple. Keep the display simple.

––Keep the display presentation consistent. Keep the display presentation consistent.

––Facilitate user movement among Facilitate user movement among

displayed output. displayed output.

––Create an attractive display.Create an attractive display.––Create an attractive display.Create an attractive display.



22

Designing a Web SiteDesigning a Web SiteDesigning a Web SiteDesigning a Web Site

•• Designing Designing a Web Sitea Web Site

––Design principles must be used when Design principles must be used when designing Web sites. designing Web sites.

–– These include using These include using • professional tools,

• studying other sites,

• using Web resources,

• examining the sites of professional web site designers.• examining the sites of professional web site designers.

––Additionally, one can use tools that familiar Additionally, one can use tools that familiar with, consult books, examine poorly designed with, consult books, examine poorly designed pages, or create web templates. pages, or create web templates.

–– For create web templates, Style sheets allows For create web templates, Style sheets allows to format all web pages in a site consistently.to format all web pages in a site consistently.

––Using plugUsing plug--ins, audio, and video.ins, audio, and video.by:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora


24

•• AArea/things keep in mind while Designing a rea/things keep in mind while Designing a Web SiteWeb Site

[Guideline for [Guideline for Designing a Web SiteDesigning a Web Site]]

[critical things while [critical things while Designing a Web SiteDesigning a Web Site]]

––A web designer should pay attention toA web designer should pay attention to•• StructureStructure•• ContentContent•• ContentContent•• TextText•• GraphicsGraphics•• Presentations stylePresentations style•• NavigationNavigation•• PromotionPromotion

[Describe each point]by:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora


25

•• Creating Creating Blogs (Web Logs)Blogs (Web Logs)

––A blogs are written for both internal A blogs are written for both internal

and external communicationand external communication

––Blogs are used for advertising and to Blogs are used for advertising and to

build social networks for consumers, build social networks for consumers, build social networks for consumers, build social networks for consumers,

clients, and vendors around their clients, and vendors around their

products, building trust and customer products, building trust and customer

relationships.relationships.



26

–– Inside a Blog (Web Logs)[Blog contains..] Inside a Blog (Web Logs)[Blog contains..] [element of blog] [Blog Features][element of blog] [Blog Features]

•• Permalink Permalink

–– Permalink specific for the blog post, it should never changePermalink specific for the blog post, it should never change

•• The headline or title of the postThe headline or title of the post

•• The primary linkThe primary link

–– The primary link connects the reader to the subject under The primary link connects the reader to the subject under discussiondiscussion

•• An optional summaryAn optional summary

•• The blog text or commentaryThe blog text or commentary•• The blog text or commentaryThe blog text or commentary

–– A block quote contains quotations or material from other A block quote contains quotations or material from other sources that contribute to the discussion. It often uses sources that contribute to the discussion. It often uses indenting or a different font to set it apart from the main indenting or a different font to set it apart from the main text.text.

•• An optional imageAn optional image

•• A block quoteA block quote

•• Other blog software featuresOther blog software features

–– Other blog software includes calendars, search forms, and Other blog software includes calendars, search forms, and other universal features.other universal features. by:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora


27

Input DesigningInput DesigningInput DesigningInput Designing

•• Input DesigningInput Designing–– Input designing is to ensure that the data Input designing is to ensure that the data

that will be processed by the system is that will be processed by the system is collected and entered into the system collected and entered into the system efficiently, according to the specified efficiently, according to the specified requirements, and with the minimum of requirements, and with the minimum of errors.errors.errors.errors.

––Method of input designing is costMethod of input designing is cost--effective effective and acceptable to the end users. and acceptable to the end users.

––The process of input design, like output The process of input design, like output design which was described earlier, design which was described earlier, consists of four stages:consists of four stages:

by:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 29

––The process of input design consists of The process of input design consists of four stages:four stages:1. Identifying the inputs into the system, by

listing the data flows on the required logical data flow diagram.

2. Determining the content of these inputs by inspecting the data dictionary;inspecting the data dictionary;

3. Choosing an appropriate input device to change the user’s data into a form that can be read and processed by the computer system;

4. Completing the detailed design work involved in specifying forms, input screens and any other data collection documents


•• Objectives of Input DesigningObjectives of Input Designing–– EffectivenessEffectiveness

• Effective in specific purposes for users of the information system.

–– Accuracy Accuracy • design that ensures proper completion.

–– Ease to useEase to use• straight forward and require no extra time to decipher. • straight forward and require no extra time to decipher.

–– Consistency Consistency • group data similarly from one application to the next.

–– SimplicitySimplicity• keeping designs in such a manner that focuses the

user’s attention.

–– AttractivenessAttractiveness


Form DesignForm DesignForm DesignForm Design

•• Form DesignForm Design

––Form often serve as source documents for Form often serve as source documents for users users

–– It an ecommerce applications that user It an ecommerce applications that user must enter/fill information.must enter/fill information.

––A good form designing…A good form designing…––A good form designing…A good form designing…

•• Make forms easy to fillMake forms easy to fill

•• Ensure that forms meet the purpose for which Ensure that forms meet the purpose for which they are designedthey are designed

•• Design forms to assure accurate completionDesign forms to assure accurate completion

•• Keep forms attractiveKeep forms attractive


•• How to Make How to Make forms easy to forms easy to fill?fill?

––Three steps/ three thing keep in mind Three steps/ three thing keep in mind

to make forms easy to fillto make forms easy to fill

•• Form flowForm flow

•• Seven sections of a formSeven sections of a form

•• CaptioningCaptioning


––Form flowForm flow

• First is to design forms with proper flow,

• Flow should be from left to right and top

to bottom.

• Flow design in such a way that it can

minimize the time and effort expended by minimize the time and effort expended by

employees in form completion

• Illogical flow takes extra time and it is

frustrating.


––Seven sections of a formSeven sections of a form•• Heading Heading – usually includes the name and

address of the business originating the form.

•• Identification and access Identification and access – include codes that may be used to file the report and gain access to it at a later date.

•• Instructions Instructions – tell how the form should be filled out.

•• BodyBody – contains explicit, variable data.

•• Signature and verificationSignature and verification

•• TotalsTotals

•• comments comments – above Last three describe a logical way to provide closure for the person filling out the form.


–– Seven sections found in wellSeven sections found in well--designed forms designed forms


––CaptioningCaptioning• Captions tell the user to filling out the form what

to put in a blank line, space, or box.

•• Line caption Line caption –Putting the caption on the same line or below the

line

•• Boxed caption Boxed caption –Providing a box for data instead of a line–

•• Check off caption Check off caption –Lining up choices or alternatives vertically

•• Horizontal check off caption Horizontal check off caption –Lining up choices or alternatives horizontally

•• Table captionTable caption–Work well in the body of a form

•• CombinationCombinationby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 38

–– Figure shows captioning alternatives Figure shows captioning alternatives


•• Meeting Meeting the Intended Purposethe Intended Purpose

––Sometimes Form is desirable to provide Sometimes Form is desirable to provide different information to different different information to different departments or users but still share some departments or users but still share some basic information.basic information.

––Systems analysts may use different types Systems analysts may use different types of specialty forms for different purposesof specialty forms for different purposesof specialty forms for different purposesof specialty forms for different purposes

––Specialty formsSpecialty forms

• Multiple-part

• Continuous-feed

• Perforated


•• Ensuring Ensuring Accurate CompletionAccurate Completion

––Design forms to make people do the Design forms to make people do the

right thing with the formright thing with the form

––To reduce error rates associated with To reduce error rates associated with

data collection, forms should be data collection, forms should be

designed to assure accurate completiondesigned to assure accurate completion


•• Keeping Keeping Forms AttractiveForms Attractive

––Aesthetic forms draw people into them Aesthetic forms draw people into them

and encourage completionand encourage completion

––Forms should look in order, and drawForms should look in order, and draw--

out information in the expected orderout information in the expected order

––Using different fonts and line weights Using different fonts and line weights

within the same form can help make it within the same form can help make it

more attractive for usersmore attractive for users


•• ComputerComputer--Assisted Assisted Form Form DesignDesign

[Electronic form Design] [e[Electronic form Design] [e--form Design]form Design]

––Electronic forms can have intelligenceElectronic forms can have intelligence

––They supports users to make their tasks They supports users to make their tasks

easyeasyeasyeasy

––There are number of form design There are number of form design

packages are available for PCspackages are available for PCs



(SOOADM) MCA-III

(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar

Road , Rajkot)44

•• Controlling Controlling Business FormsBusiness Forms

––Making sure that each form in use fulfills Making sure that each form in use fulfills its specific purposeits specific purpose

––Making sure that the specified purpose is Making sure that the specified purpose is integral to organizational functioningintegral to organizational functioning

––Preventing duplication of information Preventing duplication of information collected and of the forms that collect itcollected and of the forms that collect itcollected and of the forms that collect itcollected and of the forms that collect it

––Designing effective formsDesigning effective forms

––Deciding on how to reproduce forms in the Deciding on how to reproduce forms in the most economical waymost economical way

––Establishing procedures that make forms Establishing procedures that make forms available, at the lowest possible costavailable, at the lowest possible cost


•• Guidelines Guidelines for Good Display and Web Forms for Good Display and Web Forms DesignDesign

––Keep the display simpleKeep the display simple

––Keep the display presentation consistentKeep the display presentation consistent

––Facilitate user movement among display Facilitate user movement among display screens and pagesscreens and pages

––Create an attractive and pleasing displayCreate an attractive and pleasing display

–– Insert Video, Blinking Cursors, and Font Insert Video, Blinking Cursors, and Font TypesTypes

––Use Icons in Screen DesignUse Icons in Screen Design

[Describe Each Points][Describe Each Points]by:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 46

•• Graphical Graphical User Interface (GUI) ControlsUser Interface (GUI) Controls

––Text boxesText boxes

––Check boxesCheck boxes

––Option or radio buttonsOption or radio buttons

––List and dropList and drop--down list boxesdown list boxes

––Sliders and spin buttonsSliders and spin buttons

–– Image mapsImage maps–– Image mapsImage maps

––Text areaText area

––Message boxesMessage boxes

––Command ButtonsCommand Buttons

––Hidden FieldsHidden Fields


•• EventEvent--Response Response ChartsCharts

–– Used to: Used to:

• list the variety of events that can occur

• show what should happen

• build a Web form that requires minimal action

from the userfrom the user

• explore improvements to the Web page

–– Events may be used to: Events may be used to:

• control navigation between Web pages

• change the contents of drop-down lists


•• Dynamic Dynamic Web PagesWeb Pages––Web pages that change themselves as the Web pages that change themselves as the

result of some user action is call Dynamic Web result of some user action is call Dynamic Web PagesPages––Dynamic Web pages use JavaScript as well as Dynamic Web pages use JavaScript as well as

server side Script to modify some part of the server side Script to modify some part of the Web page, or a style.Web page, or a style.––Modify themselves quickly Modify themselves quickly –– since they have since they have

fewer interruptions to send and receive data fewer interruptions to send and receive data fewer interruptions to send and receive data fewer interruptions to send and receive data from the server.from the server.––AdvantageAdvantage

• Modify themselves quickly

––DisadvantageDisadvantage• Will not work if JavaScript is turned off• Dynamic Web pages may not be compliant with the

American Disabilities Act


•Data Storage

•Databases•Databases

•Normalization

•• Data Data StorageStorage–– Data storage is considered to be the heart of an information Data storage is considered to be the heart of an information

system.system.–– The information obtained from the stored data must be in a The information obtained from the stored data must be in a

form useful for managing, planning, controlling, or decision form useful for managing, planning, controlling, or decision making.making.

–– The data must be available when the user wants to use themThe data must be available when the user wants to use them–– The data must be accurate and consistentThe data must be accurate and consistent–– Efficient storage of data as well as efficient updating and Efficient storage of data as well as efficient updating and

retrievalretrieval–– It is necessary that information retrieval be purposefulIt is necessary that information retrieval be purposeful–– It is necessary that information retrieval be purposefulIt is necessary that information retrieval be purposeful–– There are two approaches to the storage of data in a There are two approaches to the storage of data in a

computercomputer--based system:based system:• Store the data in individual files, each unique to a

particular application• Build a database

– A database is a formally defined and centrally controlled store of data intended for use in many different applications


DatabasesDatabasesDatabasesDatabases

A database is a central source of data meant to A database is a central source of data meant to

be shared by many users for a variety of be shared by many users for a variety of

applications.applications.

•• Objectives Objectives of the of the DatabaseDatabase::––Ensuring that data can be shared among Ensuring that data can be shared among

users for a variety of applicationsusers for a variety of applications––Maintaining data that are both accurate Maintaining data that are both accurate

and consistentand consistent––Ensuring data required for current and Ensuring data required for current and

future applications will be readily future applications will be readily availableavailable––Allowing the database to evolve (open) as Allowing the database to evolve (open) as ––Allowing the database to evolve (open) as Allowing the database to evolve (open) as

the needs of the users growthe needs of the users grow––Allowing users to construct their Allowing users to construct their

personal view of the data without personal view of the data without concern for the way the data are concern for the way the data are physically storedphysically stored


Data ConceptsData ConceptsData ConceptsData Concepts

•• RealityReality, Data, and Metadata, Data, and Metadata––RealityReality

• Within the realm (area) of reality are entities and attributes

––DataData• Collected about people, places, or events in

reality and eventually stored in a file or databasedatabase

• within the realm of actual data are record occurrences and data item occurrences

––MetadataMetadata• Information that describes data• within the realm of metadata are record

definitions and data item definitions.


•• RealityReality, Data, and Metadata, Data, and Metadata


•• EntitiesEntities

––Any object or event about which Any object or event about which someone chooses to collect datasomeone chooses to collect data

––May be a person, place or thingMay be a person, place or thing

––May be an event or unit of timeMay be an event or unit of time

––Examples:Examples:––Examples:Examples:• a salesperson

• a city

• a product

• a month or yearby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 57

•• Entity Entity SubtypeSubtype––An entity subtype is a special oneAn entity subtype is a special one--toto--

one relationship used to represent one relationship used to represent additional attributes, which may not additional attributes, which may not be present on every record of the first be present on every record of the first entityentity––This eliminates null fields stored on This eliminates null fields stored on

database tablesdatabase tables––This eliminates null fields stored on This eliminates null fields stored on

database tablesdatabase tables––For example, students who have For example, students who have

internships. internships. The STUDENT MASTER should not The STUDENT MASTER should not have to contain information about have to contain information about internships for each studentinternships for each student


•• RelationshipsRelationships

––OneOne--toto--oneone

––OneOne--toto--manymany

––ManyMany--toto--manymany

•• EntityEntity--relationship symbolsrelationship symbols•• EntityEntity--relationship symbolsrelationship symbols

[Self Study][Self Study]


•• AttributesAttributes, Records, and Keys, Records, and Keys

––AttributesAttributes represent some represent some

characteristic of an entitycharacteristic of an entity

––RecordsRecords are a collection of data are a collection of data

items that have something in items that have something in items that have something in items that have something in

common with the entity describedcommon with the entity described

––KeysKeys are data items in a record used are data items in a record used

to identify the recordto identify the record


•• Key Key TypesTypes

––Primary key Primary key –– unique attribute for the unique attribute for the recordrecord

––Candidate key Candidate key –– an attribute or an attribute or collection of attributes, that can serve collection of attributes, that can serve as a primary keyas a primary key

––Secondary keySecondary key, a key which may not , a key which may not ––Secondary keySecondary key, a key which may not , a key which may not be unique, used to select a group of be unique, used to select a group of recordsrecords

––Composite keyComposite key, a combination of two , a combination of two or more attributes representing the or more attributes representing the keykey


•• MetadataMetadata

––Data about the data in the file or Data about the data in the file or

databasedatabase

––Describe the name given and the Describe the name given and the

length assigned each data itemlength assigned each data itemlength assigned each data itemlength assigned each data item

––Also describe the length and Also describe the length and

composition of each of the recordscomposition of each of the records


–– Example shows Metadata includes a description Example shows Metadata includes a description

of what the value of each data item looks like of what the value of each data item looks like


•• FilesFiles––A file contains groups of records used to A file contains groups of records used to

provide information for operations, planning, provide information for operations, planning, management, and decision makingmanagement, and decision making

–– Files can be used for storing data for an Files can be used for storing data for an indefinite period of time, or they can be used indefinite period of time, or they can be used to store data temporarily for a specific purposeto store data temporarily for a specific purpose

–– File TypesFile Types–– File TypesFile Types

•• Master fileMaster file

•• Table fileTable file

•• Transaction fileTransaction file

•• Report fileReport file


••Master fileMaster file

–Contain records for a group of entities

–Contain all information about a data

entity

–Each record of a Master file generally

contains a primary keycontains a primary key

••Table fileTable file

–Contains data used to calculate more

data or performance measures

–Usually read-only by a programby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 65

••Transaction fileTransaction file

–Used to enter changes that update

the master file and produce reports

••Report fileReport file

–Used when it is necessary to print a –Used when it is necessary to print a

report when no printer is available

–Useful because users can take files

to other computer systems and

output to specialty devices


•• File File OrganizationOrganization

––Sequential organizationSequential organization

––Linked listsLinked lists

––Hashed file organizationHashed file organization


••NormalizationNormalization

••DenormalizationDenormalization

[Self Study][Self Study]


•• Integrity Integrity ConstraintsConstraints

––Entity integrityEntity integrity

––Referential integrityReferential integrity

––Domain integrityDomain integrity


––Entity integrityEntity integrity• It States that “Primary key cannot have

NULL value”

• If the primary key is a composite key, none of the fields in the key can contain a null value

––Referential integrityReferential integrity• A referential integrity constraint is that in • A referential integrity constraint is that in

which a row in one table cannot exist if a value in that table refers to a value in another table that does not exist.

• In other words Referential integrity means that all foreign keys in the child table must have a matching record in the parent table


––Domain integrityDomain integrity

•Domain integrity rules are used to

validate the data

•Domain integrity has two forms:

–Check constraints, which are defined at

the table level

–Rules, which are defined as separate

objects and can be used within a

number of fields


•• Anomalies (abnormality)Anomalies (abnormality)

[Exception [Exception in Integrity Constraints]in Integrity Constraints]

––Insert anomalyInsert anomaly

––Deletion anomalyDeletion anomaly

––Update anomalyUpdate anomaly––Update anomalyUpdate anomaly


–– Insert anomalyInsert anomaly• Occurs when the entire primary key is not known

and the database cannot insert a new record, which would violate entity integrity

• Can be avoided by using a sequence number for the primary key

––Deletion anomalyDeletion anomaly• Happens when a record is deleted that results in the

loss of other related dataloss of other related data

––Update anomalyUpdate anomaly• When a change to one attribute value causes the

database to either contain inconsistent data or causes multiple records to need changing

• May be prevented by making sure tables are in third normal form


•• Steps to Retrieving Steps to Retrieving and Presenting and Presenting Database DataDatabase Data

1.1. Choose a relation from the databaseChoose a relation from the database

2.2. Join two relations togetherJoin two relations together

3.3. Project columns from the relationProject columns from the relation

4.4. Select rows from the relationSelect rows from the relation4.4. Select rows from the relationSelect rows from the relation

5.5. Derive new attributesDerive new attributes

6.6. Index or sort rowsIndex or sort rows

7.7. Calculate totals and performance Calculate totals and performance measuresmeasures

8.8. Present dataPresent databy:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 74

Data WarehousesData WarehousesData WarehousesData Warehouses

•• Data Warehouse Data Warehouse –– Complex decision support queries that look at Complex decision support queries that look at

data from multiple sites are becoming very data from multiple sites are becoming very important. important.

–– The paradigm of executing queries that span The paradigm of executing queries that span multiple sites is simply inadequate for multiple sites is simply inadequate for performance reasons. performance reasons.

–– One way to provide such complex query support One way to provide such complex query support –– One way to provide such complex query support One way to provide such complex query support over data from multiple sources is to create a over data from multiple sources is to create a copy of all the data at some one location and to copy of all the data at some one location and to use the copy rather than going to the individual use the copy rather than going to the individual sources. sources.

–– Such a copied collection of data is called a Such a copied collection of data is called a Data Data Warehouse.Warehouse.


••Data Data Mining Mining

––Data mining, or knowledge data Data mining, or knowledge data

discovery (KDD), is the process of discovery (KDD), is the process of

identifying patterns that a identifying patterns that a

human is unable to detecthuman is unable to detecthuman is unable to detecthuman is unable to detect


HumanHuman--Computer Computer

InteractionInteractionInteractionInteraction

•• Understanding Understanding HumanHuman--Computer Computer

InteractionInteraction

––Knowledge about the interaction Knowledge about the interaction

among users, tasks, task among users, tasks, task

contexts, IT, and the contexts, IT, and the contexts, IT, and the contexts, IT, and the

environments in which the environments in which the

systems are used the basis of systems are used the basis of

humanhuman--computer interactioncomputer interaction


••Fit Fit

––The “fit” means exact interaction The “fit” means exact interaction

between the HCI elements of the between the HCI elements of the

human, the computer, and the human, the computer, and the

tasktask that needs to be performed that needs to be performed tasktask that needs to be performed that needs to be performed

leads to leads to performanceperformance and and wellwell--

beingbeing


•• The The Technology Acceptance Model Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Attitude(TAM) and Attitude–– TAM is a way for analysts to organize their thinking TAM is a way for analysts to organize their thinking

about whether users will accept and use information about whether users will accept and use information technology.technology.

–– It can be used to shape training after a system has been It can be used to shape training after a system has been developeddeveloped

–– It can be used to gather user reactions to prototype, so It can be used to gather user reactions to prototype, so systems can be changed early on in the development systems can be changed early on in the development systems can be changed early on in the development systems can be changed early on in the development process to increase the likelihood of their adoption and process to increase the likelihood of their adoption and use.use.

–– Use to Perceived (supposed) usefulness and perceived Use to Perceived (supposed) usefulness and perceived simplicity of use and both can be used to understand simplicity of use and both can be used to understand how users intend to interact with a proposed system.how users intend to interact with a proposed system.

–– Attitude is that in which Attitude is that in which -- shape of the system is base shape of the system is base on the psychological statement of the userson the psychological statement of the users


•• Physical Physical Considerations in HCI DesignConsiderations in HCI Design

––VisionVision

• length of the distance from the display to

the person performing a task.

• the angle of the display in relation to the

person viewing it.person viewing it.

• the size and uniformity of the characters,

the brightness, contrast, and whether a

display is blinking or stable.


––HearingHearing

• noisy laser printers and phone

conversations can lead to overload on

human hearing.

––TouchTouch

• Keyboards• Keyboards

• direct manipulation

• using a stylus

• a mouse

• touch screensby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 85

•• Interface Interface Design ObjectivesDesign Objectives

[Self Study ][Self Study ]


Types of User InterfacesTypes of User InterfacesTypes of User InterfacesTypes of User Interfaces

•• TTypes of User Intefaces ypes of User Intefaces

––NaturalNatural--language interfaceslanguage interfaces

––QuestionQuestion--andand--answer interfacesanswer interfaces

––Menus Menus

––FormForm--fill interfacesfill interfaces––FormForm--fill interfacesfill interfaces

––CommandCommand--language interfaceslanguage interfaces

––Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

––Web interfacesWeb interfacesby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 89

––NaturalNatural--language interfaceslanguage interfaces• Permit users to interact with the computer in their

everyday or "natural" language

• Implementation problems and extraordinary demand on computing resources have so far kept natural-language interfaces to a minimum

––QuestionQuestion--andand--answer interfacesanswer interfaces• The computer displays a question to the user on the • The computer displays a question to the user on the

display

• The user enters an answer

• The computer acts on that input information in a preprogrammed manner

• Users unfamiliar with applications may find question-and-answer interfaces most comfortable


––Menus Menus

• Provides the user with an onscreen list

of available selections

• Not hardware dependent

• Can be put aside until the user wants to

use themuse them

• Can be nested within one another to

lead a user through options in a program

• GUI menus

• Object menu


––FormForm--fill interfaces (fill interfaces (Input/OutputInput/OutputForms)Forms)• Onscreen forms or Web-based forms

displaying fields containing data items or parameters that need to be communicated to the user

• Advantage• Advantage

–The filled-in form provides excellent documentation

• Disadvantage

–Users experienced with the system or application may become irritated


• An example of the form-fill interface


––CommandCommand--language interfaceslanguage interfaces

• Allows the user to control the

application with a series of keystrokes,

commands, phrases, or some sequence

of these

• Affords the user more flexibility and • Affords the user more flexibility and

control

• Require memorization of syntax rules

• May be an obstacle for inexperienced

users


• Example of Command-language interfaceType EXIT to return to MenuC:\>A:DIR

Not ready reading drive AAbort, Retry, Fail?R

Not ready reading drive AAbort, Retry, Fail?R

General failure reading drive AAbort, Retry, Fail?F

Invalid drive specificationBad Command or file name

Type EXIT to return to MenuC:\>


––Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

• Provide users constant feedback on task

accomplishment

• An appropriate model of reality or an

acceptable conceptual model of the

representation must be inventedrepresentation must be invented


––Other User InterfacesOther User Interfaces

• Pointing devices

• Touch-sensitive screens

• Speech recognition and synthesis


•• Evaluating Evaluating Interfaces Interfaces Many different interfaces are available, and it is Many different interfaces are available, and it is important that an effective interface goes a long way important that an effective interface goes a long way toward addressing key HCI concerns.toward addressing key HCI concerns.

–– Training period for users should be acceptably Training period for users should be acceptably shortshort––Users early in their training should be able to Users early in their training should be able to

enter commands without thinking about enter commands without thinking about them, or referring to a help menu or manualthem, or referring to a help menu or manualthem, or referring to a help menu or manualthem, or referring to a help menu or manual–– The interface should be faultless so that errors The interface should be faultless so that errors

are few, and those that do occur are not are few, and those that do occur are not occurring because of poor designoccurring because of poor design–– Time that users and the system need to Time that users and the system need to

bounce back from errors should be shortbounce back from errors should be short–– Infrequent users should be able to relearn the Infrequent users should be able to relearn the

system quicklysystem quicklyby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 98

Dialog DesignDialog DesignDialog DesignDialog Design

•• Dialog Dialog Design Design ––Dialog is the communication between Dialog is the communication between

the computer and a person.the computer and a person.––For most users of computer systems, For most users of computer systems,

the main contact with the system is the main contact with the system is through an onthrough an on--screen dialogue, and screen dialogue, and their view of how ‘friendly’ the system their view of how ‘friendly’ the system is well depend on the characteristics of is well depend on the characteristics of their view of how ‘friendly’ the system their view of how ‘friendly’ the system is well depend on the characteristics of is well depend on the characteristics of this dialogue. this dialogue. ––Ambiguities and difficulties in the Ambiguities and difficulties in the

dialogue cause problems in training dialogue cause problems in training and operation, and lead to systems and operation, and lead to systems underperforming.underperforming.


•• Guidelines for Guidelines for Dialog Dialog Design Design ––Meaningful communicationMeaningful communication

––Minimal user actionMinimal user action

––Standard operation and Standard operation and consistencyconsistencyconsistencyconsistency


––Meaningful communicationMeaningful communication•• Meaningful communication Meaningful communication –– so that the

computer understands what people are entering and people understand what the computer is presenting or requesting.

•• The system should present information The system should present information clearly to the user clearly to the user -- means having an appropriate title for each display, minimizing the use of abbreviations, and providing clear user feedback.the use of abbreviations, and providing clear user feedback.

•• Users with less skill with a computer require Users with less skill with a computer require more communication more communication –– for example Web sites must display more text and instructions to guide the user through the site.

•• Easy to use help screens Easy to use help screens - Often these contain hyperlinks to other related help topics.


––Minimal user actionMinimal user action•• Keying codes instead of whole wordsKeying codes instead of whole words

•• Keying is often the shortest part of a Keying is often the shortest part of a computer system, and good dialog will computer system, and good dialog will minimize the number of keystrokes required.minimize the number of keystrokes required.

•• Entering data that are not already stored on Entering data that are not already stored on filesfilesfilesfiles

•• Using Using default values for fields on entry default values for fields on entry screensscreens

•• Designing an inquiry, change, or delete Designing an inquiry, change, or delete program so that the user needs to enter only program so that the user needs to enter only the first few characters of a name or item the first few characters of a name or item descriptiondescription


––Standard operation and consistencyStandard operation and consistency•• Locating titles, date, time, and operator and feedback Locating titles, date, time, and operator and feedback

messages in the same places on all displaysmessages in the same places on all displays

•• Exiting each program by the same key or menu optionExiting each program by the same key or menu option

•• Canceling a transaction in a consistent wayCanceling a transaction in a consistent way

•• Obtaining help in a standardized wayObtaining help in a standardized way

•• Standardizing the colors used for all displays or Web Standardizing the colors used for all displays or Web pagespagespagespages

•• Standardizing the use of icons for similar operations Standardizing the use of icons for similar operations when using graphical user interfacewhen using graphical user interface

•• Using consistent terminology in a display or Web siteUsing consistent terminology in a display or Web site

•• Providing a consistent way to navigate through the Providing a consistent way to navigate through the dialogdialog

•• Using consistent font alignment, size, and color on a Using consistent font alignment, size, and color on a Web pageWeb page


•• An example of good An example of good GUI design is the tab GUI design is the tab control dialog box.control dialog box.

•• This tab control dialog This tab control dialog box has seven tabs. The box has seven tabs. The chosen tab “Paper” chosen tab “Paper” appears as if it is in appears as if it is in appears as if it is in appears as if it is in front of the other tabsfront of the other tabs


FeedbackFeedbackFeedbackFeedback

•• Feedback Feedback ––All systems require feedback to All systems require feedback to

monitor and change behaviormonitor and change behavior

––Feedback compares current Feedback compares current behavior with predetermined goals behavior with predetermined goals behavior with predetermined goals behavior with predetermined goals and gives back information and gives back information describing the gap between actual describing the gap between actual and intended performanceand intended performance


Designing QueriesDesigning QueriesDesigning QueriesDesigning Queries

•• What is Queries?What is Queries?––When users ask questions or When users ask questions or

communicate with the database, communicate with the database, are said to query.are said to query.


•• Benefits/Purpose of Designing Benefits/Purpose of Designing QueriesQueries

––Help the user to reduce time spend Help the user to reduce time spend in querying the databasein querying the database

––Help them to find the data they Help them to find the data they wantwant

––Result in a smoother user Result in a smoother user ––Result in a smoother user Result in a smoother user experience overallexperience overall


•• Query TypesQuery Types–– Each query involves three items: an entity, an Each query involves three items: an entity, an

attribute, and a value. In each case, two of these are attribute, and a value. In each case, two of these are given, and the intend of the query is to find the given, and the intend of the query is to find the remaining item.remaining item.

––Query Type 1 Query Type 1 • What is the value of a specified attribute for a

particular entity• E.g. – What was the income of employee • E.g. – What was the income of employee

number 73712 in year 2011?

––Query Type 2Query Type 2• What entity has a specified value for a

particular attribute• E.g. – employee(s) that earned more than Rs.

3 lakhs in year 2011 by:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 111

––Query Type 3Query Type 3

• What attribute(s) has (have) a specified value for a particular entity

• E.g. – year in that employee number 7011 earned more than Rs. 3 lakhs?

––Query Type 4Query Type 4

• List all the values for all the attributes for a particular entity

• E.g. - list all the details of employee number 7011


––Query Type Query Type 55• List all entities that have a specified value

for all attributes

• List all employees whose income exceeded Rs. 3 lakh in any of the years.

––Query Type Query Type 66––Query Type Query Type 66• List all the attributes that have a specified

value for all entities

• List all the years for which earnings exceeded Rs. 3 lakh for all employees.


Effective CodingEffective CodingEffective CodingEffective Coding

Coding is the process of putting ambiguous(unclear)

or unmanageable data into short, easily entered

digits or letters.

•• Effective Effective CodingCoding––Data that are coded require less Data that are coded require less

time to entertime to enter

––Coding helps to reduce the number Coding helps to reduce the number of items enteredof items entered

––Coding can help in sorting of data Coding can help in sorting of data ––Coding can help in sorting of data Coding can help in sorting of data during the data transformation during the data transformation processprocess

––Coded data can save valuable Coded data can save valuable memory and storage spacememory and storage space


•• Human Human Purposes for CodingPurposes for Coding

•• Keeps track of somethingKeeps track of something

•• Classifies informationClassifies information

•• Conceals informationConceals information

•• Reveals informationReveals information•• Reveals informationReveals information

•• Requests appropriate actionRequests appropriate action


•• Keeps track of somethingKeeps track of something– It means keep track on entity like a person, place, or

thing just to identify it.

•• Simple sequence codeSimple sequence code– Sequence codes should be used when the

order of processing requires knowledge of the sequence in which items enter the system or the order in which events unfold.

•• Alphabetic derivation codesAlphabetic derivation codes•• Alphabetic derivation codesAlphabetic derivation codes

– It is the code which is the combination of the different alphabet or alphanumeric

– Single code contain different portion with specific meaning

– A commonly used approach in identifying an account number


•• Classifies informationClassifies information–Classifications are necessary to manage data

or information, for e.g reflecting what parts of a medical insurance plan and employee carries, or showing which student has completed the core requirements of his or her coursework.

–It have ability to distinguish between classes of items

–It have ability to distinguish between classes of items

–There are mainly two way to classifies information

••Classification codesClassification codes

••Block sequence codes Block sequence codes


•• Classification codesClassification codes––Used to distinguish one group of data Used to distinguish one group of data with special characteristics from with special characteristics from anotheranother

––Can consist of either a single letter or Can consist of either a single letter or a numbera numbera numbera number

––A shorthand way of describing a A shorthand way of describing a person, place, thing, or eventperson, place, thing, or event

––Listed in manuals or posted so that Listed in manuals or posted so that users can locate them easilyusers can locate them easily


Figure Figure shows shows Grouping taxGrouping tax--deductible items through the use of deductible items through the use of

a onea one--letter classification codeletter classification code


•• Block sequence codes Block sequence codes

––An extension of the sequence codeAn extension of the sequence code

––Data are grouped according to Data are grouped according to

common characteristicscommon characteristics

––Simplicity of assigning the next Simplicity of assigning the next ––Simplicity of assigning the next Simplicity of assigning the next

available number (within the block) available number (within the block)

to the next item needing to the next item needing

identificationidentification


––Example shows block sequence Example shows block sequence codecode


•• Conceals informationConceals information

–Sometimes Codes may be used to conceal

information

–There is one way to conceal information

i.e. Cipher Codes

–Cipher code use the direct substitution of –Cipher code use the direct substitution of

one letter for another, one number for

another, or one letter for a number


–– Encoding markdown prices with a cipher code is a way of concealing Encoding markdown prices with a cipher code is a way of concealing

price information from customersprice information from customers


•• Reveals informationReveals information

–Sometimes it is desirable to reveal information to specific users through a code

–It makes the data entry more meaningful for humans

–Basically there are different three ways to –Basically there are different three ways to expose the information

••SignificantSignificant--Digit subset codesDigit subset codes

••Mnemonic codesMnemonic codes

••UnicodeUnicodeby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 125

••SignificantSignificant--Digit subset codesDigit subset codes

–– Used to help describe a product by good Used to help describe a product by good

feature of its membership in many feature of its membership in many

subgroupssubgroups

–– Possible to locate items that belong to a Possible to locate items that belong to a

certain group or classcertain group or classcertain group or classcertain group or class

–– Inquiries may be performed on a portion of Inquiries may be performed on a portion of

the codethe code

–– Useful for a marketing productUseful for a marketing product


–– EE.g. Using .g. Using a significanta significant--digit subset code helps digit subset code helps

employees locate items belonging to a particular employees locate items belonging to a particular

departmentdepartment


••Mnemonic codesMnemonic codes

–– A mnemonic (pronounced nîA mnemonic (pronounced nî--môn'môn'--ïk) is a ïk) is a human memory aidhuman memory aid

–– Any code that helps the dataAny code that helps the data--entry person entry person remember how to enter the data or the remember how to enter the data or the user remember how to use the user remember how to use the user remember how to use the user remember how to use the information is a mnemonicinformation is a mnemonic

–– Using a combination of letters and Using a combination of letters and symbols affords a clear way to code a symbols affords a clear way to code a product so that the code is easily seen and product so that the code is easily seen and understoodunderstood


–– Figure shows Mnemonic Figure shows Mnemonic codes function as memory aids codes function as memory aids

by using a meaningful combination of letters and numbersby using a meaningful combination of letters and numbers


••UnicodeUnicode

–– Includes all standard language symbolsIncludes all standard language symbols

–– Has room for 65,535 charactersHas room for 65,535 characters


•• Requests appropriate actionRequests appropriate action

–Instruct either the computer or the decision maker about what action to take

–The Way which is use code is call Function Function CodesCodes

––Function Codes Function Codes uses Short numeric or alphanumeric codes used to spell out alphanumeric codes used to spell out exactly what activities are to be accomplished


–– Example shows Function codes efficiently Example shows Function codes efficiently capture functions that the computer must capture functions that the computer must performperform


•• General General Guidelines for CodingGuidelines for Coding•• Be concise (brief)Be concise (brief)

•• Keep the codes stableKeep the codes stable

•• Ensure that codes are uniqueEnsure that codes are unique

•• Allow codes to be sortAllow codes to be sort--ableable•• Allow codes to be sortAllow codes to be sort--ableable

•• Avoid confusing codesAvoid confusing codes

•• Keep the codes uniformKeep the codes uniform

•• Allow for modification of codesAllow for modification of codes

•• Make codes meaningfulMake codes meaningful


Effective and Efficient Effective and Efficient

Data CaptureData CaptureData CaptureData Capture

•• Effective Data Effective Data CaptureCapture––To ensure the quality of data users To ensure the quality of data users

enter into the system, it is important enter into the system, it is important to capture data effectively.to capture data effectively.

––There are few things keep in mind to There are few things keep in mind to capture effective datacapture effective datacapture effective datacapture effective data•• Deciding what to captureDeciding what to capture

•• Letting the computer do the restLetting the computer do the rest

•• Avoiding bottlenecks and extra stepsAvoiding bottlenecks and extra steps

•• Starting with a good formStarting with a good form

•• Choosing a dataChoosing a data--entry methodentry method


•• Deciding Deciding what to what to capturecapture

–The decision about what to capture leads

user interaction with the system.

•• Letting the computer do the Letting the computer do the restrest

–It means hire the rest of computer

–By employing the best features of –By employing the best features of

computers, efficient data capture design

avoids needless data entry, which in turn to

improve much human error and boredom

and permits people to focus on higher-level

or creative tasks.


•• Avoiding Avoiding bottlenecks and extra bottlenecks and extra stepssteps

–Data are poured rapidly into the wide mouth of the system only to be slowed in its “neck” because of an artificially created instance of insufficient processing for the volume or detail of the data being entered

–One way a bottle neck can be avoided is by ensuring that there is enough capacity to handle the data that are being entered.handle the data that are being entered.

•• Starting Starting with a good with a good formform

–With effective forms, it is not necessary to re-enter information that the computer has already stored, or data such as time or date of entry that the computer can determine automatically


•• Starting Starting with a good with a good formform

–With effective forms, it is not necessary to re-enter information that the computer has already stored, or data such as time or date of entry that the computer can determine automatically

•• Choosing a dataChoosing a data--entry methodentry method

––KeyboardsKeyboards––KeyboardsKeyboards

––Optical character recognitionOptical character recognition

––Magnetic ink character recognitionMagnetic ink character recognition

––MarkMark--sense formssense forms

––Bar codesBar codes

––RFIDRFID


Input ValidationInput ValidationInput ValidationInput Validation

•• Ensuring Ensuring Data Quality through Data Quality through

Input ValidationInput Validation––The critical importance of catching The critical importance of catching

errors during input, prior to errors during input, prior to processing and storage cannot be processing and storage cannot be processing and storage cannot be processing and storage cannot be overemphasizeoveremphasize

––Two ways for input validationTwo ways for input validation

•• Validating input transactionsValidating input transactions

•• Validating input dataValidating input data


•• Validating input transactionsValidating input transactions– It can prevent..

»Submitting the wrong data»Submitting of data by an unauthorized person»Asking the system to perform an unacceptable

function

•• Validating input dataValidating input data– It can…

»Test for missing data»Test for missing data»Test for correct field length»Test for class or composition»Test for range or reasonableness»Test for invalid values»Cross-reference checks»Test for comparison with stored data»Setting up self-validating codes (check digit)


•• The The Process of ValidationProcess of Validation––Check first for missing dataCheck first for missing data

––Check the syntaxCheck the syntax

––Check the semanticsCheck the semantics

––GUI screens can help to reduce the GUI screens can help to reduce the number of human input errors number of human input errors ––GUI screens can help to reduce the GUI screens can help to reduce the

number of human input errors number of human input errors when they incorporate radio when they incorporate radio buttons, check boxes and dropbuttons, check boxes and drop--down listsdown lists

––Regular expressionsRegular expressionsby:-Assist. Prof. Vijay Vora (SOOADM) MCA-III(Murlidhar Group of Institutions,Bhavnagar Road , Rajkot) 142

The EndThe End

Material available on web atMaterial available on web at

vijayvorafrommgi.wordpress.com


material available on web at · 9/3/2011 · – can include full-color text and graphics ......

Documents