masterclass: bio-based geo & civil engineering€¦ · 4 current biogeocivil projects...
TRANSCRIPT
23-11-2014
Challenge the future
Delft University of Technology
Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering
Leon van Paassen
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STW program BioGeoCivil
Bio-Based Geo & Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Society:
Develop Bio-based materials and processes that substantially mitigate the pressure from the geo & civil engineering activities on the environment.
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Why Bio-based?
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Current BioGeoCivil projects
• Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments: Van Paassen (TUD), Van Loosdrecht(TUD), Hicks (TUD), Heimovaara (TUD).
• Lift up Lowlands: Upgrading of natural materials and methods for sustainable lift up of low lying polder areas: Grotenhuis (WUR), Reinaarts (WUR), Van Paassen (TUD), Van Tol (TUD).
• Biocement: Towards the development of carbondioxide neutral renewable cement: Jonkers (TUD), Grotenhuis (WUR), Coomans (WUR/ECN).
• Bioretrofit: Biobased Repair and Performance Improvements of Aged Concrete Structures: Jonkers (TUD), Van Loosdrecht (TUD), Muyzer (TUD).
• Biocoatings: Engineering of biobased substrates on buildings and infrastructure: Heimovaara (TUD), Hassanizadeh (UU), Van Veen (NIOO).
• BioWoPro: Biofilms for Wood Protection: Samson (KNAW-CBS), Adan (TUE), Huinink (TUE).
www.biogeocivil.nl
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BioFix: Using bacteria to improve
soil strength
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Lake Clifton,Yalgorup National Park, Australia
Algea, cyanobacteria precipitate CaCO3
Micro-organisms precipitate CaCO3
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Initial concept: Biogrout
1. Select and cultivate suitable bacteria. 2. Inject bacteria in the subsurface. 3. Inject substrates in the subsurface. 4. Bacteria produce calcium carbonate. 5. Remaining products are removed.
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CO(NH2)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O 2 NH4Cl + CaCO3 (s)
Urease
(Sporosarcina Pasteurii)
Sporosarcina pasteurii Urea CaCO3 crystals
MICP by urea hydrolysis
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Scale-up in 5 years: 2004-2009
10 cm 1 m 1m3 100m3
2004 2005 2007
1D 2D-radial 3D
2009
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2009: Sand to sandstone in 12 days
40m3 solidified, but heterogeneous
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2010: First full scale application:
Stabilizing a borehole in gravel
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Conclusions after Biogrout field trial
• Biological ground reinforcement is possible!
• But…
• Costs: 400.000 Euro (about 400 Euro /m3 soil)
• Resources (Urea and Calcium chloride)
• Ammonium chloride removal
• Cultivation of bacteria
• Environmental impact?
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calcium-fatty acid + calcium nitrate Biomass + CaCO3 + N2(g)
Urea hydrolysis
Resources Waste Sandstone
ureum + calcium chloride CaCO3 + ammonium chloride
Denitrification
Resources Sandstone
Denitrifying micro-organisms
Microbes
Microbes
Sporosarcina pasteurii
Waste
Alternative processes
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N-rich waste stream organic waste stream
Biological nitrification
reactor
Biological Acidification
reactor
CaCO3
Calcium - fatty acids Calcium nitrate
N2, CO2
Sand Sandstone
N2, CO2
CaCO3
MICP by denitrification:
using waste as a resource
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Proof of principle on denitrification
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Research challenges
• Unproven technology
• Reactive transport of liquid, solutes, gas, bacteria and solids?
• Reaction Rates?
• Accumulation of toxic intermediates N2O, NO?
• Bacterial growth the role of biomass?
• Gas production?
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Biogas: threat or potential?
• Biogas reduces liquefaction potential
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Research team
• TU Delft: GeoScience and Engineering/Environmental
Biotechnology/Numerical mathematics:
• Luke Bergwerff: use numerical models to define the optimum process
rates and how substrates and products are distributed in the
subsurface.
• Vinh Pham: define the requirements for liquefaction and piping
mitigation and prove experimentally that these requirements can be
fulfilled.
• Miranda van Wijngaarden: develop a numerical models which can be
used to predict the effect of biocementation at full scale.
• Industrial partners: Deltares, Volker Wessels
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Lift up lowlands
Using and upgrading dredged sediments to mitigate subsidence in low
lying polder areas
© Deltares
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Subsidence
• Subsidence rates up to 1 cm /year
due to:
• Gas extraction
• Peat oxidation
• Dewatering and compaction
• Associated problems
• Increased flood risk
• Salinization, land deterioration
• Increased energy for water
management
www.kennislink.nl
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Dredging
100 million m3/year dredged sediments
For
• Maintaining water ways
• Water quality
• Remove Nutrients
• Remove Contamination
99% not contaminated
5% is reused as construction material
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Lift up lowlands strategies
Three scenario’s to reverse the process of land subsidence are
envisioned:
1. Accelerate peat formation in constructed wetlands,
2. Use of dredged materials to mitigate subsidence
3. Use enhanced dredged sediments for civil engineering
structures e.g. dike reinforcement (high strength, limited
deformation).
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Field site Wormer & Jisperwater
x N P
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Installing equipment at depot X
level gauges access platform
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Sampling and monitoring monthly
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Studying the effect of crack formation and
plant growth
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Research questions
• How much dredging sludge is required?
• How do volume and consistency change in time? What is best
strategy to accelerate drying?
• How do cracks develop? And how do they affect the physical and
biological ripening process?
• How does the composition change (moisture, organic content,
grain size distribution, nutrients)?
• What is the role of plant?
• How does a change in composition affect the mechanical
properties?
• What is the feasibility for reusing the sediments?
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Lift up lowlands research group
• Wageningen University
• Bruna Oliveira: study the environmental and physical requirements
for reuse of dredged sediments to mitigate subsidence and can added
materials improve the material properties
• Delft University of Technology
• Roderick Tollenaar: develop a mechanical model to quantify volume
change and crack formation due to physical ripening.
• Nor Hazwani: study how the decomposition of organic matter affects
the compressibility of organic soils
• Industrial partners
• Arcadis, Deltares, Tauw, Witteveen & Bos, Hoogheemraadschap
Hollands Noorderkwartier