master plan study for the rehabilitation …...1995/06/01 · master plan study for the...

Govemment of Sierra LeoneSierra Leone Ports Authority

TRANSPORT REHABILITATION PROJECT

MASTER PLAN STUDY FOR THE REHABILITATIONOF

FREETOWN PORT

m s142

P- ~~~~~Vol.)%

FINAL REPORT

JANUARY 1996

Prepared by

PORTCONSULT, Consulting Engineers A/S. Denmarkin association with

TeanEcon, Economic & Transport Consultants GENAC, Consuling Engineers and ArchitectsUnited Kingdom Sierra Leone

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REHABILITATION STUDf 15. ENVIRONIMNTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT 15-1

15. ENVXRONMENTAL IXPACT ASSUBS8KZNT

The purpose of an environmental impact assess-ment, EIA, is to evaluate, whether existing orproposed activities might have adverse effects onthe surrounding environment or on the human util-isation thereof.

An EIA is generally structured in the followingway:

- description: the environment around the siteor area in focus, section 15.1,

- evaluation: present and expected futuresources of pollution, and how they might af-fect the environment, section 15.2,

recommendations: mitigation measures to reducesuch adverse effects, section 15.3.

Pollution can be defined as 'the introduction nyman, directly or indirectly, of substances orenergy into the environment resulting in suchdeleterious effects as harm to living resources,hazards to human health, hindrance to activities,impairment of quality for use of land or sea andreduction of amenities'.

15.1 ENVIRaONMErTCONDITIONS - TIMCOASTAL ZCOSYT

15.1.1 Introduction In this section the basic characteristics of thenature around Freetown Port is described.

The environmental conditions of the marine en-vironment off the West African coast in generaland around Sierra Leone especially have beentreated in some reports in recent years, see re-ferences /18/, /19/ and /20/. /22/ deals with theflora of the marine bottom, and /21/ outlines theflora and fauna of the Sierra Leone River estu-ary. Some reports focus on the pollution problemsthat especially the river and estuary is facing/21/, /23/, /24/ and /2s/.

The coastline facing the Atlantic around the es-tuary is to the north characterised by extensivemud banks with areas of swamps and mangroves.South of the estuary the Peninsula is bordered byalternating rocks and sandy beaches.

PROJECT FOR FREETOwN PORT - SIERRA LEM -25 January 1996

PORTCONSULT with TecnEcon and GENAC

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215. ENVIRONMETL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REHABILZTATION STD=r

p 15-2 FNAL REPORT

1 . Freetown is situated at the, entrance to the ap-prox. 260 3m' large estuary of the Sierra LeoneRiver, see Figure I5.lA.

*1*

A

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I.~ /--, C

i, [ / \ Fnn~~~~~~~~~ir rown > t t;

; t s8 ~~~~~~~~~~~~Peninsula i w-s; ' ' t ' 'aV 9b~~~~~~~~~Muntains

I .

1.- a I

Figure 15.1A Map of the Sierra Leone River estuary

one of the main features of the estuary is theextensive areas of mangroves that borders itsshores.

Except for the Peninsula. where Freetown is situ-ated, the shores of the estuary are low-lying anddeeply indented by creeks and rivers entering theestuary. Therefore the coastline of the estuaryis very long.

15.1.2 Climate andHydrogrqphy Sierra Leone is situated in the Equatorial Hlmid

Zone. The climate is characterised by the north-east trade winds. When blowing from Sahara Thesewinds are called the Harmattan. This wind domi-nates mainly during the winter, and reach itssouthern limit in March. Consequently the dryseason in the Freetown area is from December toMarch. The monsoon, the humid south westerlies,brings the rainstorm from May to November with

25 January 1996 PROJECT FOR FREETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE


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,, qqww"' RZDBRILIZTATIO STUDY 1S. 5!WRONMEWT IMPACT ASSISSNI

FIlAL REPORT 15-3

maxima during May/June aid during September/Octo-ber, see Figure 1.1S.

A

' fEv~~~~~~Vedbg 1

cc un te oa

25D 209 1,5- 10s ^'

Longitude (W )

rigure 3l5.3B. The general patte= of winds and surface currents offthe coast of Slerra Leone.

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PRWECT FOR FREETOVN PORT - S.AM LEOS 25 Januazy 1996

PO RT CO N S ULT with TeCllEcon and GENRC

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-~~15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSSSMENT REHABSLITATION STUDY

15-4 FINAL REPORT

The off-shore sea-water circulation is dominatedby the Equatorial counter current with some in-fluence by the Canary current during the dry sea-son, see Figure 15.13. Sierra Leone in situatedjust to the south of the North African up-wellingzone in which nutrient rich deep water is broughtto the surface layers during October to April. Inthe. Freetown estuary, however, the water qualityseems to be dominated by seasonal fluctuations inthe flow rates of the river discharges, see be-low.

In. the estuary the water depths vary between afew meters at Middle Ground in the northern partof the entrance, to 5 to 10 meters in large partsof the estuary, and up to approx. 30 meters in achannel that enters the estuary along the Free-town coast.

The tidal amplitude is from 1 to 3 meters atlowest neap and highest spring respectively. The

' I~ current speed varies from less than 1 knot in the* n ~~~~~~~~~~~dry season at neap flood to 5 knot during the wet

season at spring ebb.

In the Freetown area three water masses are d s-tinguished:

. * - bay water, in the bays along the shores ofFreetown,

- estuary water, extends from the bays to about250 meters off shore,I.. - oceanic water, extends from midstream to the

| ] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~northe-rn shores.

Bottom conditions: The bottom of the estuary con-sists of areas of mud, silt or sand. These de-posits are more of less unconsolidated, and thisresults in rapid redistribution of the sedimentscaused by the tidal streams.

15.1.3 Water Quality Temperature and salinity:

Situated in a tropical climate, the temperatureof the waters of the estuary fluctuates verylittle seasonally. In both the surface waters andin the bottom waters temperatures vary from ap-prox. 27 CO to approx. 28 CO. The variations inthe salinity is considerable, which is often cha-racteristic of estuaries. The variations in theSierra Leone River are to the greater part at-tributed to the fluctuations in river run-offbetween the dry and the rainy season. In theFreetown area, variations are from 34 o/oo duringthe dry season to approx. 29 o/oo during the wetseason. In the central part of the estuary amarked difference between the surface and bottomwater salinities is observed during the rainyseason. The salinities in the bottom waters are


P o R T C o N S U L T with TecnEcon and GENAC

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RENABILITATrON STUDY 15. ENVZRONI4ENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT 15-5

going down to 16-20 /0o in the central areasand down to 10 o/oo in :the inner parts.

Turbidity:

Turbidity is variable, and it is greatest duringthe rainy season. Throughout the year the turbid-ity is greater at springs than at neaps.

Oxygen and nutrients and plankton:

No marXed depletion in the oxygen content of thewaters have been observed. The oxygen content ofthe bottom water is often lower than in the sur-face layers. This has been attributed to thebreakdown of organic matter at the bottom of theestuary.

Inorganic plant nutrient:

The amount of phosphorus and the nitrate/nitritevaries with the season. From a minimum in andaround February the concentration is built upuntil the onset of the dry season in November/December, when the phytoplankton bloom sets in.This bloom is using up all the nutrients leadingto the February minimum. The phytoplankton bloomis also followed by increasing amounts of zoo-plankton that forms the food basis for the largeamounts of Bonga and sardines, that enter theestuary during the dry season.

15.1.4 Flora and Fauna The estuary with its bordering mangroves is avery productive ecosystem. The nutrient-rich bot-tom of the estuary holds large amounts of mol-luscs, crustaceans and polychaetes (sea-worms).They serve as food for numerous birds and demer-sal (living at the bottom) fishes. On the aerialroots of the mangrove, dense populations ofoysters are found.

Together with many other species, the juvenilesof the commercially important shrimps, includingthe pink shrimp and the tiger shrimp, use the mudflats among the mangrove as nursery grounis. Herethe water depths are less than 1 meter. Laterthey move to the deeper parts of the estuary, andas adults they migrate to the sea to spawn. Thedrifting larvae then return to the estuary.

The seasonality in the plankton production isreflected in the lives of several commercialfishes. Most demersal fishes living in the estu-ary breed during the dry season, so the driftinglarvae can take advantage of the abundant amountsof pLankton as food. The awefu/bonga migrate intothe estuary during this season. Also the spentsardines and their newly hatched juveniles mi-grate to the richness of the estuary.

PROJECT FOR FREETowN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996

PORTCONSULT with Tecnucon and GENAC

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15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REhAErLITATZON STSDY

15-6 FINAL REPORT

As described, mangroves provide the basis forseveral ways of exploitation by the populationliving around the estuary.

In summary, mangroves are important parts of thenature in several respects:

- rich habitats for many pilants, fishes, birdsand other organisms;

- highly productive areas for fishing and aqua-culture;

- source of fire-wood;

- coastal protection.

15.1.5 Environmentalt , Conditions in the

5 Port and its nearVicinity Data on environmental conditions specifically for

Freetown Port are sparse. This section presentsinformation that has been collected in the portand its vicinity. An evaluation of the state ofr g pollution is given on this basis.

Diving inspection along the quay:

The submarine walls of the quays were inspectedby SCUBA-diving, and notes were made of the floraand fauna. The findings are described in detail

4 together with photos in /2/. The general findingsare shown in Figure 15.1C. The figure shows thatthe walls from the low-water mark and almost tothe bottom are covered by hydroids, octocoralsand sponges, The hydroids (small colonial polypanimals) are slightly covered by a layer of silt.

X, sIn the tidal zone the walls are covered by cal-w - ~~~~~~~~~~careo w tubes and skeletons of marine worms and

barnacles. Most of the tubes are empty, and only| ~~~~~~~~~very few live specimens were observed. Also empty

oyster shells could be seen.

Apart from obvious garbage, no visible sign ofpollution was observed on the sea bottom.

All along the quays were several species of fish-es observed, single or in small schools.

Some observations in the intertidal zone in thevicinity of Freetown was conducted from a smallboat:

- on the rocks along LEOCEM no oil pollution wasobserved,

; - on a free-standing mooring post at the en-trance to the marine slipway, hydroids andcalcareous worms were seen. No visible oil,


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REHABILITATION STODY IS. ENVIRONMUNTPL DMPACT ASSESSNI

.I_ L REPORT 15-7

If.

| X , ^~~~~~~~~~~~~a;c14 a.

l ~ ~~~~~~Fgre3SI Typical marn grwhi_eerlzdfr

t: ~ ~ ~ ~~RC /,l *4rGow PORT SrR 5 EN SJnaY19

*ENAC PORTCONSULT with T'on. and or-

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{~~~~~~~ / I6a/rr.5.io 1pc,

L_C:2S - - _-

Figur 1.5.1C Typical marine growthl in generalized form

PRtOJECT FOR FETOUN PORT - SIERRA LEONiE 25 January 19596

GERAC ~P O RT C oXS ULTS with Tecnoon and GENAC

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- 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENS REABSILZTATION STUDY

15-8 FINAL REPORT

- at the oil-jetty at the,storage tanks: fromlow-water and approx. 2. meter up barnacleswere forming a band and above these and fur-ther two metres up, probably to the high-waterlevel, a band of large and live oysters wereseen. No oil film on the water nor on thepiles.

Further south-east of Freetown down to Wellingtonthe coast has only very sparse occurrence of man-grove, and in general only very little is left ofthe vegetation in this coastal zone.

From Wellington and up the Bunce River the man-grove grows thicker. Dense populations of oysterswere observed on the roots of the mangrove, andpeople were collecting oysters at low tide on themud flats. Many different species of birds werenoted foraging on the mud flats, among theseterns. 4 species of egrets and herons and an

r' ^ ' osprey.

In recent years investigations have been con-ducted on the pollution state of the bay and nearshore waters from Cape Sierra Leone to Welling-

r ton, /15.5-15.8/. In summary the conclusion ofthese works are the following:

- the concentrations of the plant nutrientsphosphates and nitrate/nitrite are very low,

- in the bay water off the central parts ofFreetown the BOD (the biological oxygen de-mand, which is one way of expressing the orga-CL nic load) and the concentrations of faecalcoliform bacteria are high. This indicatesthat these waters are loaded with organicmatters and human waste.

I15.2 POTE sL SODRCES

OF POLLUTON A general review of the pollution problems in theWest African waters is given in /18/ and /19/.

Within the Freecown Port area four possiblesources of pollution may be recognised: 1) Indu-stry, 2) Built-up area including workshops andshipyard, 3) Ships and 4) Dredging. Also potenti-al sources outside the port should be considered.

These sources may pollute the air, the land areaand the marine environment (the fresh water en-vironment is not considered in this context). andmay affect public health.

The present state of discharges and the potentialsources of pollution within the port are evalu-

; ated based on existing information, site visitsand discussions with the authorities. It shouldbe noted chat if properly handled, discharges andreleases need not lead to pollution.

25 January 1996 PROJECr FOR FREETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE

P O R T C O N S U L T with TecnEcon and GENAC

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REHABILITATION STUDY 15. ENIVRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT l5-9

15.2.1 Present Sourceswithin the Port - industry:

There is relatively little industry in theFreetown area. In the port area there is theFlower Mill and LEOCEK is situated between themain port area and the shipyard. Some dust mayarise from the loading/unloading at the FlowerMill, but not to an extent that is consideredserious. The dust from the unloading of clin-kers to LEOCEM may at times have botheringeffects in the residential area depending uponthe wind direction. In Ghana. GHACEM islooking into the solution to this problem byadding spraying devices along the transportsystem.

- built-up areas:

The total number of staff and workers in theport area varies with the activities in theport; on the average about 2,300 persons areoccupied in the port. This number of peoplenaturally gives rise to a proportionate. amountof sewage and solid waste. The lavatoriesdrain into the outlet west of the port, andthe toilets are connected to septic tanks.that are emptied by bowsers from the citycouncil. Garbage bins and containers areplaced in the port area for the solid waste.Pipes from the Cline Town Health Centre emptyvia a malfunctioning disintegrator at thequay.

Very little oil was observed in the vicinityof the quays. From the present knowledge itcannot be concluded whether or not any of thisstems from the workshops within the port. /19/quotes investigations that show that from allwaste oil sources in Nigeria, 97,5t was wastelubricating oil, mainly used crank- case oil.In the workshops within the port, waste oil iscollected in oil-drums. However, some oilywaste was observed in the open drainage chan-nels though. There is a possibility of oilentering the port waters from outside sources.

At the shipyard oil and grease is used for theslipway. Some of this oil will enter the baywater. There are plans for a new slipway sys-tem. Some heavy metals may come from anti-fouling ship-paintings, depending on whetherold or new types of paint are used.

- ships:

The oil close to the quays might also comefrom the ships as leakage or oil-spills. How-ever, this was not observed or reported. Sew-age and solid waste from the ships are notallowed to be emptied into the port waters.From the loading/unloading of the ships, pol-lution problems are not reported except for

A LENE PROJECT FOR FREETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996

id GENAC P o R T C o N S U L T with TecnEcon and GENAC

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t 1S. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REHABILITATION STUDY

15-10 FINAL REPORT

some dust connected with the unloading ofclinkers. Ukloading of wheat only creates dustvery locally in the port area. Shipwrecks arefound in shallow water east of the port. wherethey are clearly vsible protruding out of thewater close to the shore. The wrecks are main-ly smaller fishing vessels, so future leakageare supposed to consist of small amounts ofoily wastes.

Apart from the more or less continuous smalloutlets of waste oil, it should be taken intoaccount that a large accidental oil spillcould have long-lasting detrimental effect onthe estuary and mangrove ecosystem. Mitigationmeasures are considered in section 15.3.3.

- dredging:

in some ports and harbours hazardous sub-stances from industries may have been accumu-lated in the sediment of the sea-floor. Ifsuch ports are dredged, these substances mayenter the food webs. This can take placeeither by re-suspension in the waters or bythe dumping of the dredged material in produc-tive areas of the sea bottom. For FreetownPort this is not likely to have taken place.

; There is very little possibility of chemicalsto have accumulated in the sediment, becauseof the absence of any significant chemicallypolluting industries. Small quantities of

2 '. metals may have come from the anti-foulingship-painting at the shipyard.

r

- sources outside the port:

f ust as the port may pe-sible influence itsa , ., surroundings, the port itself may in turn be

influenced from its surroundings. From the twocity dumps seepage are likely to take place inthe rainy season, especially from the unpro-tected dump site at mouth of Kissy Brook. Fromthe fishing industry in Cline Bay there may beorganic loaded process water. For the timebeing this industry is closed down.

The bay water along the coast of Freetown isalso affected by organic pollution from themunicipality; the rivers and streams thatenter the bays along the coast are loaded withsewage, and also garbage and solid waste isemptied into the bays. Also there may be arisk of oil spills at the power plant, the oilrefinery and from the storage tanks. For thetime being the refinery is out of function andno oil pollution was observed at the time ofthe Consultants inspection.

A problem that most parts of Freetown is ex-periencing during the rainy season is a heavysiltation of the street drains. This is caused


PORTCONS U L T with TecnEcon and GENAC

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REHABILITATION STUDY 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT 15-11

by erosion of the hill sides, as most of thevegetation has been cut down.

15.2.2 Potential Saurhesand Xmpact Sensitive areas:

In section 15.1 the coastal environment aroundFreetown was described. Some types of areas aregenerally considered specially vulnerable to pol-lution. A list of such areas are given at the endof section 15.3.2.2. Some environmental elementsplay an essential role in the Freetown estuaryecosystem. Significant elements are:

- mangrove; they are among the most productiveof all nature systems and their importance waspointed out in section 15.1.4. Here it shouldbe noted that if an oil slip accident happens,extensive areas of mangrove might be affected,as this stretch through the intertidal zone.Oily products will accumulate in the sediment.and for several years toxic substances willseep out with harmful effects on the produc-tion of the system,

- the sea bottom of the central estuary is animportant area for many exploited fish speciesthat find their food at the bottom. This areais dependant on the water quality, which willaffect the organisms living in or on the bot-tom,

- Freetown. The main concern in the close vicin-ity of the city is that of human health. Thisto a large part is connected to the sanitarysituation,

- the sandy beaches along the Atlantic coast ofthe Peninsula have importance as recreationalareas. They might be adversely affected bydrifting waste oil and garbage.

As described in the previous section, the poten-tial sources of pollution in the port area are:

- industry,

- built-up areas including workshops and ship-yards,

- ships and the lading/unloading of these,

- dredging and dumping of material from theport.

To this list should be added sources outside theport.

Present data do not allow a quantification of thedevelopments of pollution within these cat-egories, but some expected tendencies can begiven.

PROJECT FOR FREETOUN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996

d GENAC PORTCONSULT with TecnEcon and GENAC

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15. ENVXRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT RE9ABLITATION STUDY

15-12 FINAL REPORT

- industry:

The industries in the port area might developfurther. Whether this will be the case is ofcause partly dependent on economic evalu-ations. but also dependent on possible physi-cal space within the port area. If furtherdevelopment taken place, increased amounts ofsewage and solid waste should be considered.The systems for dealing with the increasedamounts of dust should be developed by theindustries. Presently, there are no plans fornew types of industries within the port area.

- built-up areas:

With an expected increase in the activities ofthe port, increased number of staff andworkers can be expected, depending among otherthings on the increase in efficiency of cargohandling that will take place. More peoplemeans more sewage and solid waste, and thisshould be considered in the planning of thesanitary and garbage-collecting systems. Also,an increased volume of waste-oil can be ex-pected.

- ships:

3 According to the forecasts in this report. thei _ developmtnt in the types and numbers of ships

calling at the port vary in the differentscenarios. The different combinations of typesand numbers of ships indicates in general thatthe amount of sewage, solid waste and waste-

.~. * oil can be expected to rise only little.

t Even small increases in ship traffic givesrise to increased risk of small or large-scalespills of oil and hazardous substances.

- dredging:

It is evaluated in the previous section thatthe risk of hazardous substances accumulatingin the sediment of the port is small. Con-sequently there is little chance of such sub-stances being spread in the environment, ifdredging is to be conducted.

- sources outside the port:

A considerable part of sewage from the munici-- b pality is ending in near-shore waters- Also

some waste oil from the workshops enters thecoastal waters. As the population of Freetown

* is growing and an increased traffic and use of. engines can be expected, the need for sewage,

solid waste and waste-oil collecting andtreatment systems will be accentuated.

At the moment neither the refinery nor thefish processing industry are in function, and

25 January 1996 PROJECT FOR FRSETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE


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REHABZLITATION STUDY 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT 15-13

the power plant is under rehabilitation. Theseand ocher industries will possibly come toactive status, and the demand for further de-velopment in power supply will increase. Thiswill further stress the need for safe hundrlingof oily products.

Conclusion: it can be concluded on the state ofpollution in and around the Freetown Port, thatthe activities in the port only occasionally leadto pollution of the waters and the air of theport and its vicinity. One main threat to theenvironment is the risk of accidental oil-spillscaused for instance by damage on pipes or colli-sion or grounding of ships.

This statement should be seen in relation to ob-jectives for water quality standards that aregenerally set for commercial ports, as outlinedin section IS.3.2.1.

For the estuary the main potential threat fromthe port and the ship traffic is the risk thataccidental larger oil-spills might enter the man-groves. This will have detrimental effects on theproduction of live organisms in the estuary forseveral years.

15 3 MITIGATIONKZABUINS The present situation of the environment for

Freetown Port and its coastal surroundings hasbeen described above. In this section mitigationmeasures to counteract future potential increasein pollution are suggested.

15.3.1 Present Znviron-mental Measures The measures are a combination of practices ac-

cording to port regulations and physical facil-ities to handle sewage and garbage.

Arriving ships are informed that the port is run-ning garbage collecting trucks. Sewage is notallowed to be discharged into the port area.Neither is it allowed to pump out waste oil,bilge or ballast water in the port waters.Therearm, however, no reception facilities for any ofthese discharges.

within its area the solid waste collecting trucksof the port empties the content of the garbagebins on the city dump. As mentioned in sectionIS.2.1, the septic tanks are emptied by the citycouncil.

There are no emergency gear to use in case ofaccidental leakages or oil-spills. An oil-spillcontingency plan is in preparation and a draftplan is being evaluated by the authorities. -

PROJECT FOR FREETXOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 2s January 1996


j8 1 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REHABILITATION STUDY.~~~~~~

15-14 FINAL REPORT

The import and export of hazardous substances ordangerous cargo is only of limited magnitude:exact figures are difficult to extract.

15.3.2 Legislation andRegulations Sierra Leone is in an ongoing process of estab-

lishing legislations and regulations concerningrhe protection of its environment.

Many countries have now established administra-tive systems for the protection and conservationof the environment against pollution. As waterquality is an essential environmental factor inconnection with port and coastal pollution, anoutline of such a system will be given here:

One of the main objectives of these systems is toreduce the pollution of the waters by controllingof emissions.

The main steps of the system are:

- establishment of objectives for water quality

15.3.2.1;

4 - establishment of emission standards, section15 15.3.2.2;

- control of the water quality, section15.3.2.3.

The establishment of water quality standards andemission standards are generally based on the

* following criteria:

- restrictions on effluent are based on environ-mental impact assessments:

- hazardous substances are evaluated separately,and their outflow are restricted as far astechnically and economically possible.

The principles behind the general lines of en-vironmental policy are common to a number ofcountries. To relate the present situation forSierra Leonian ports and harbours to interna-tional measures, a review of relevant regulationseli and international conventions are given.

*5 In relation to ports and harbours attentionshould be paid to pollution stemming from: har-bour activities in general like handling of

I' goods, liberation of substances from ships paint,oil-spills from vessels, dredging activity and

l; re-suspension of sediment by deep-draughtvessels. Furthermore, from fisheries ports andharbours pollution might come from rinsing offish on the fishing vessels or in the fish mar-kets as well as sewage outlets from fishing in-dustries.


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pMWABLITATION STDY 15. EVIRONMNAL IMPAC ASSESSMT

FINL REPORT 15-15

15.3.2.1 Objectives forwater QualityStandards In the planning of the use of the coastal areas,

the different waters should be classified ac-cording to one of the following categories ofobjectives for the en-ironment:

- objectives with rigid control and specific re-quirements;

- general objective;

- objectives with modified requirements.

The general objective for a coastal area is thatpollution should be avoided. Discharge of pol-luting substances must not cause changes in thenatural environment in these areas, nor must theycause any impact on the open sea areas.

For certain areas, such as sewage discharge near-fields and comsercial ports and harbours. thegeneral objective cannot be fulfilled. Theseareas must be identified and delimited, andmodified requirements can be set and applied tothem.

Examples of water body classification and waterquality standards have been given below (for Tai-wan, U.S.A. and Hong Kong).

Water BodyClassificationand WaterQuality Standard,Taiwan R.O.C. Clause 9. sea area water bodies are classified

into class A, B, and C according to the purposeof their use:

1. Class A: Suitable for use as class 1 water formarine culture, swimming, class B and class C.

2. Class B: Suitable for use as class 2 water formarine culture, class 12 water for industrialuse and environment protection use.

3. Class C: Suitable for minimum requirementsstandard of environment protection conserva-tion.

Clause 10. Water quality standards for class Asea area are as follows:

I. pR value should be 7.5 to 8.5

2. Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.J is more than 5.0 mg/litre.

3. Coliform group (Maximum possible number inevery 100 millilitre) is less than 1,000.

PROJECT FOR FREETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996


15. ENVIROwMZNAL z}ACT ASSESSMENT REHABILITATION STUDY

15-16 FINAL RSPORT

4. Maximum allowable limits of following waterquality parameters are as follows (in mg/litre).

Table 15.3.1 Water Quality Standards. Clasm ASea Area, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Constituent Maximum allowable 11it

(1) Biochemical oxygen De_md(5 don 20) 2

(2) CyanIde 0.01

(31 Phenols 0.01

, (C42 Minerol oil and Grease Z

(5) navy Metals_i ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~Cadets 0.01

Lead 0 1. CChrmiui 0.05

Arsenic 0.05Mercury 0.002Selenium 0.05Copper 0.02Zinc 0.04

(6) PesticideOrgwophosphorus CoeipoLds 0.1NCPtrthioen, Dfaintn, TAceROi,iHeApoerin, ENP) aCort Crox0teCIIPC, CI2RBORURAII, L nate)

Oind it dra

CirOOT 00OE)0.0012

Toxophm 0.0D4IEdrnulfrn 0.002

£; Mepntachlor wed its Cerfvatives 0001I1 (Nqtechtor, tseptmhlor epxide)s 0.001Door and its derivatives

COOT. DOD, ODE) 0.001Aldrin-Dietdrin 0.002

4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pentachtoraphenol tPCP) aud itsI B~~~~etts O OOS

HerbicidesCtutachlor, Paraguat, 2-4 D) 0.1

1! 5. For other Pesticides harmful to water quality.; the central government agencies should prom-

ulgate the maximum allowable limit.

Clause I1. water quality standards for class Bsea area are as follows:

L. PR value should be 7.5 to 8.5

2. Dissolved Oxygen is more than 5.0 mg/litre.



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REHABILITATION STUDY 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT 15-17

3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (five days 20C) isleass than 3 mg/litre.

4. Maximum allowable limits of cyanide, phenls,mineral oil and agrees, heavy metals andpesticides are the same as indicated in clause10.

Clause 12. Water quality standards for class Csea area are as follows:

1. PH value should be 7.0 to 8.0.

2. Dissolved Oxygen is more than 2.0 mg/litre.

3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (five days 200C) isless than 6 mg/litre.

4. Cyanide is less than 0.02 mg/litre.

5. Maximum allowable limits for phenols, heavymetals and pesticides are as indicated inclause 10.

Water QualityCriteria, U.S.A. Table 15.32 below shows examples of water qual-

ity criteria from the Environmental ProtectionAgency of the U.S.A.

Table 15.3.2: Water Quality Critseria. U.S.A.:

COMPOUND SALTWATER

Criterion CriterionMaximum ContinuousConc. Conc.(ug/L) (ug/L)

____ ____ ___ ____ ___ ____ ___ I II

Arsenic 69 36

jeCiulL 43 9.3

Chromium (VI) 1100 50

Cor 2.9 2.9

Lead 140 5.6

Mercury 2.1 0.025

Nickel 75 8.3

Setenium 300 71

Silver 2.3

Zinc 95 86

Cyanide 1 1

PentachlorophenoL 13 7.9

Aldrin 1.3

PRozCT FOR FREETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996

PORT CONSULT with TecnEcon and GENAC

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15. DWIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REHABILITATION STUDY

15-18 FINAL REPORT

Table 15.3.2 Water Quality Criteria U.S.A.(Continued)

COMPOUND SALTWIATER

Citerion Criterionmaxim1 Contimous

(ug)L) uL)

g-SHC 0.16

Chtordwn 0.09 0.004

4-4'DDT 0.13 0.001

OletdrIn 0.71 0.0019- a. 4 - *wfntX .

* , - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~alEndosutfan 0.034 0.0057

- _ @ b-EndosuLfmn 0.034 0.0087

Endrin 0.037 0.0023

Ha LcLor 0.053 0.0036

HeptachLor Epxide 0.053 O.W36

PCU-1242 0.03

PIC-1254 0.03

PCO-1221 O.OS

PCB-1232 o.03

PCB-1248 0.03

PC3-1260 0.03

& i | PU-1016 0.03

Taxatopm 0.21 0.0002

3 . Water QualityObjectives of

: * Tolo Harbour,* 4 Hong Kong For most countries, there are no criteria spec-

if ically for harbours. As one of the fewexamples, criteria from Hong Kong are given be-

t ~~~~~~~~~~~low.

s Watur Quality Objectives

A. ASTHEZTIC APPZtR5NCE

4 Odours, taints and colours

waste discharges shall cause no noxious or4 offensive odour of offensive taint or colour

in either waters or edible aquatic organismsin the harbour to be present in concentrationsdetectable by bioassays or organoleptic tests.



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REEAEILITATION STUDY 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FINAL REPORT 15-19

B. BACTZRXA

waste discharges shall not cause the level ofEscherichia coli to excceed I 000 per 100 ml inwaters if the harbour, levels to be calculatedus a running medium of the most recent S con-secutive samples taken at intervals of between7 and 21 days.

C. CHLOPHL-A

Waste discharges shall not cause the level ofchlorophyll-a in waters of the harbour to ex-ceed 20 milligrams per cubic metre, calculatedas a running arithmetic mean of 5 dailymeasurements for any single location anddepth.

D. DISSOLVED OXDOZ7

Waste discharges shall not cause the level ofdissolved oxygen in waters of the harbour tobe less than 2 milligrams per litre within twometres of the bottom, or to be less than 4milligrams per litre in the remainder of thewater column.

3. LIGHT PZN3TR&TZON

No changes in turbidity, suspended material,colour or other parameters arising from wasted-scharges shall reduce light transmission bymore than 20% of the normal level in the har-bour at any location or at any time.

F. PH

waste discharges shall not cause the normal pHrange of any waters of the harbour to be ex-tended by more than 0.5 pH units at any time.

0. SALZHZTY

waste discharges shall not cause the normalsalinity range of any waters of the harbour tobe extended by more than 3 parts per thousandat any time.

H. SETTLIABLE MATERIAL

Waste discharges sball give rise to no bottomdeposits or submerged objects which adverselyinfluence bottom-living communities, alter thebasic Harbour geometry or shipping channels,present any hazard shipping navigation or af-fect any other beneficial use of the water ofthe harbour.

1. TUIPEATURE

Waste discharges shall not cause the naturaldaily temperature range in water of the har-bour to be extended by more than 1.0 degree

PROJECT FOR FREEOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996


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! t t 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REHABILITATION STUDY

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Celsius at any location or time. The rate oftemperature change shall not exceed O.5OC perhour at any location, unless due to naturalphenomena.

J. TOZZCMNT

Waste discharges shall not cai se the toxicantin water of the harbour to attain such a levelas to produce significant toxic effects inhumans, fish or any other aquatic organism,with due regard to biologically cumulativeeffects in food chains, and to toxicant inter-actions with each other.

Generally, fishing ports and harbours will notfulfil the general objectives for coastal areasdue to the different sources of pollution. There-fore, modified requirements will have to beapplied to areas impacted by such inputs, dis-charges and depositir4 of pollutant substances.

15.3.2.2 EmissionStandards Several international conventions on marine pol-

lution have now become ratified by a considerablenumber of countries. Outstanding conventions are:

Worldwide conventions:

:' NARPOL LONDON

Regional conventions:

i PARXS ABIDJAN

* . MARPOL 73/78, The International Convention forthe Prevention of Pollution from Ships. The ob-jective of MARPOL is to prevent polluting dis-j charges of primarily oil and chemicals from ships

* s at sea and in ports and harbours.

Decisions are taken by the Marine EnvironmentProtection Committee (MEPC), which meets onceevery nine months. The secretariat of MARPOL isin London, in the headquarters of IMO (Inter-national Maritime Organisation, UN' s agency fortechnical, maritime questions).

D LCWDONLondon Dumping Convention, LDC. The con-vention regulates the dumping of waste and pol-luting substances from ships and aeroplanes, aswell as combustion of waste at sea. It covers theWorld oceans and the territorial seas of thecoastal states.

Decisions are taken at consultative meetings oncea year. The secretariat is in London togetherwith the MARPOL in the headquarters of the IMO.The meetings are prepared by LDC's ScientificGroup on Dumping, in which experts from severalcountries participate.

25 January 1996 PROJECT FOR FREETOMWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE


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guiABILITATION STUDy lS. ENVTRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FrNAL REPORT 15-21

PARIS, Convention for the Prevention of MarinePollution from Land-Based Sources. The conventioncovers the northeast Atlantic and the North Sea.The objectives of the convention are to preventpollution from almost all types of substances andfrom all land-based sources. As a general workingprinciple, the total flow of a substance is fol-lowed - the so-called waste stream approach.

Decisions are taken by the Paris Commission (PAR-COM), which has a secretariat in London. The com-mission has two permanent groups, the TechnicalWorking Group (TwG), and the Joint MonitoringGroup (JMG), as well as several affiliated ad hocgroups. The commission meets once every year.

In the process of preventing pollution, the con-vention emphasises the use of non-waste technol-ogy, if available, and the use of the best avail-able techniques. By 'best available techniques,is meant the latest stage of development (stateof the art) of processes, of facilities or ofmethods of operation. For a particular processthese techniques will change with time in thelight of technological advances, economic andsocial factors, as well as changes in scientificknowledge and understanding. If the reduction ofdischarges and emissions resulting from the useof the best available techniques does not lead toenvironmentally acceptable results, additionalmeasures have to be applied.

Few general standards are given in the appendicesof the convention. Each situation should beevaluated separately, and criteria are given toassess the nature and extent of the programmesand measures and their time scales. Substanceswhich shall be subject to programmes and measuresinclude:

- heavy metals and their compounds;

- organohalogen compounds (and substances whichmay form such compounds in the marine environ-ment);

- organic compounds of phosphorus and silicon;

- biocides such as pesticides, fungicides, her-bicides, insecticides, slimicides and chemi-cals used, inter alia, for the preservation ofwood, timber, wood pulp, cellulose, paper,hides and textiles;

- oils and hydrocarbons of petroleum origin;

- nitrogen and phosphorus compounds;

- radioactive substances, including waste;

- persistent synthetic materials which mayfloat, remain in suspension or sink.

PROJECT FOR FREETOWN PoRT - SIERR LENNE 25 January 1996

P O R T C O Nq S U L T with TecnEcon and GENAC

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*~ I. - 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACr ASSESSMENT REHABILITATION STUDY

15-22 FINAL REPORT

AmiZrAN, Convention for Co-operation in the Pro-tection and Development of the Marine and CoastalEnvironment of the West and- Central African Re-gion. The general obligations of the conventionare to prevent, reduce, combat and control pollu-tion of the convention area and to ensure soundenvironmental management of natural resources.Th'% convention covers sources of pollution in-cluded in the above mentioned MARPOL. LONDON andPARIS conventions as well as pollution from ac-tivities relating to exploration and exploitation

P of the sea-bed and pollution from or through theatmosphere. Also coastal erosion is covered. Thecontracting parties meet once every two years,and the UNEP is designated as the secretariat of

the convention.

The convention holds a separate article on pro-tection and preservation of rare or fragile eco-systems. For the Sierra Leonean coastline, thisis specially relevant for the lagoons.

4t -- on the national level several countries have setup emission and discharge standards. These stan-dards are set up in relation to the differenttypes of pollutants, which for ports and harboursgenerally falls into the following groups in ac-cordance with the source groups that are dis-

I cussed in section 15.2:

r > ] - waste water discharge, domestic or industrial;

- pollution caused by activities in the harbour;

f . - dredging activities;

.i - shipyards;

i4 ~ -- cleaning of tanks or accidental spills;

- disposal of solid waste;

* - leakage from solid waste dump sites.

Additionally, for fisheries ports and harboursespecially, pollution are likely to stem from therinsing of fish and from sewage outlets fromfishing industry. Mu Table 15.3.3 effluent stan-dards for discharge of waste water into ports andharbours and seas are given from Singapore.


P O R T C L N S U L T with TecnEcon and GENAC

1 a.

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REHABILITATZON STUDY 15. ENVIRONMENTAL INPACT ASSESSMENIT

FINAL REPORT 15-23

TABL 15.3.3: Allowable Limits for Trade ZffluentDischarge to 8vre/Vatercurse/Controlled Water-couras, lngapore:

ControlledNos I Item of Analysts Sewer Waterwourse Watercourse

(Units Inisltl gri

per litreor other-wise stated)

'N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~I Taeupersture of 450C 450C 4S*C

discharge

2 Colour r7 Lovibond 7 LowIbandUnits Units

3 pH Vtlue 6-9 6-9 6-9

4 R.OD. (Cdas at 400 50 20ZO-C

5 C.O.D. 600 100 60

6 Total Suspended 400 50 30Sotids

7 TotaL Dissolve 3W000 2000 1o000SoLids

a Ch8torid(as chloride 1.0W0 600 400I ran

9 sutphate (as SOu 1.000 500 200

10 Sutphide (as I 0.2 0.2Sulphur)

I I Cyanid Cas CN) 2 0.1 0.1

12 ODatromnts (Linear 30 15 5alkyLats sulphaiateas "ethylerne blueactive substaces)

13 Creae ad oft 60 10 5

14 Arsenic 5 t 0.05

15 Bsriua 10 5 S

16 Tin 10 10 _ 5

17 Iran Ca Fe) 50 20 1

1S leryLtiufn 5 0.5 0.5

19 Boron 5 5 0.5

20 Mange 10 5 0.5

21 Phenotic Co Cound 0.5 0.2 NilCexprsesad as

and AIecItwtS phenol)

Sienm Leone 22 Cftdaliu 1 0.1 0.01


anct G&MA4- PORTCONSULT with TeenEcon and GENAC

1 15. ENVIRONMENTAlL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Ra D ZLITATION STUDy

, Z 15-24 FZNAL REPORT

Table 15.3.3 Allowable Limits for TradeEffluent DiBcha-ge(Continued)

' - ControlledNos Itm of Amlysis Sewr Watercourse Watercourse

* d ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CUnlits in

per litre

,________________ _ mwfs stated)

23 Chranlun (trfvaLent 5 1 0.05ard hebavlnt)

i 24 *Copper 5 0.1 0.1

25 Lead 5 0a1 0.1

26 Nercury 0.5 0.05 0.001

27 Nickel 10 1 0.1

28 *Setenium 10 0.5 0.01

29 Nilver 5 0.1 0.1

30 'Zinc 10 1 0.5

31 ^Metala in Total 10 1 0.5

32 Chlorine (Free) - 1 1

33 Phosahate (P04) - 5 2

34 CaLcium - 200 150

35 Mnpnij . 200 1S

36 Nitrate (NO ) - - 20

Note: * The Concentration of Toxic Metal shallnot exceed the limits as shown, indi-vidually or in total.

In order to lay down emission standards, it isnecessary to have some basic data on the re-

I ~~~~~~~~~ceiving waters in question. As a minimum. there* I ~~~~~~~~~~should be a knowledge of the topographical andthe hydrographical conditions in the area as wellas an estimation of the load contribution in thewaters of the considered substances. If thisestimation procedure will be more costly than thesuggested mitigation measures, at least some pre-liminary evaluations on the dispersion of thepolluting substances in the waters should becarried out.. I

The estimation of the load contribution is mainlybased on measurements of material transport bythe current. An important element in this estima-tion is a division into a background, or Ina-turalla load and the culture dependant or 'tan-

25 January 1996 PROJECT FOR FREETOW PORT - SIERRA LEON

PORTCONtSULT with TecnEcon and GEmaC

REHABILITATION STUDY L5. RNVWRONlME AL IMPACT ASSESSNEZIT

FINAL REPORT 15-25

made' load. Also the seasonal fluctuation of theload in of interest.

To evaluate the impact ot the load, the dilutionand the decay and turn-over time of the sub-stances should be considered. If nontoxic organicmater, for instance, is discharged in amountsthat are small compared to the 'natural' primaryproduction, there is no strong need for removalof the discharged matter unless the dischargesare close to specially sensitive areas.

Accumulation of the substances might occur insidethe ports and harbours. Once the discharged sub-stances are transported to the outside waters,their concentration should be evaluated in rela-tion to the natural net transport of the consi-dered substances. If the discharge is compara-tively small, it is hardly necessary to demand afurther removal.

In any evaluation on the impacts of pollutingsubstances, nearby sensitive areas must be takeninto consideration. As outlined above such areasfall under the objectives with rigid control andspecific requirements. Types of areas withinthese objectives are:

- areas of scientifical or recreational in-teresting marine flora and fauna;

- reproduction or nursery grounds for fish;

- important fishing grounds;

- fishing grounds for oysters and mussel;

- areas with aquaculture;

- bathing beaches;

- areas with natural oxygen depletion;

- areas acting as references for comparison pur-poses.

For the Sierra Leonean coastal zone the mangroveswill typically fall into this category, aspointed out in section 15.2.2.

15.3.2.3 EnforcementProcedures Enforce.ent procedures cover a range of topics

including the topics dealt with above. They arecombined in a network, which generally can be setup as follows:

PROJECT FOR FREETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996P o R T C o N S U L T with Teocncon and GENAC

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15. ENVIRONMENTAL rMPACT ASSESSM ENT REHBXLZTATION STUDY

15-26 FINAL REPORT

Internatinl a1 1*l regloalt crnmtl |

p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Natioal legIslatfon, [Dcntrat, regienst ptmng[ Envirorwuntal Protect1on Acts e r *

Recipfent quaity pLan dentification ofobjectives and arean

| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Water qualfty ard OLauaity req1reartsemission standards

Pollution controL regulations

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

IPollution regulations generally include theestablishment of control programmes, which needthe specification of:

- sampling stations (their number and posi-tions);

- variables (types of measurements to be con-¶ . ductedl;

- frequency (razmber of samples in a given per-iod).

Pollution control programmes most often cover thecontrol of waste water from factories, industrialfacilities and municipal treatment plants. Inorder to make comparisons to 'natural, backgroundlevels, reference stations are placed in presum-ably non-polluted areas.

The pollution control regulations can also in-clude pretreatment standards for waste water dis-charges.

Of special importance for ports and harbours areregulations for the control of oil pollution.Regulations include demands for receiving facil-ities in the ports and harbours and penalties ifdischargers fail to report a discharge.


PORT CONSULT with TecnEcon and GENAC

REHADZLITATION STUDY 15. ENVZROTMTAL 1MPACT A9.SSNW

FINAL REPORT 15-27

1533.3 RecesmendedMeasures The systems and procedures for collecting the

sewage, solid waste and waste-oil should be de-veloped according to the increase in activitiesin the port with respect to the industries, thebuilt-up areas and the ships. For the ships, themeasures outlined in connection with the MARPOLcorvention should be implemented stepwise in ac-cordance with the economic possibilities. This isrecommended whether or not this convention isratified by Sierra Leone. The agreements made inseveral ports and harbours (among others Copen-hagen) between the harbour and a refinery on thewaste oil fractions could be considered for adop-tion.

Oily waste can be divided in the following maingroups:

- used lubricating oil,

- fuel residues,

- sludge,

- oily bilge water,

- dirty ballast water,

- oily tank washing.

A problem in the treatment of waste oils is thatthey are often contaminated with cleaning agents,which emulsify the oil.

Taking into consideration that the oil refineryin Freetown is presently out of operation, an-other possible solution will be suggested here:

Considerinra

- the present and the expected trend in volumesof waste oil from the ships (section 15.2.21indicating that the immediate and near-futureneeds of reception facilities are fairly smallcompared to ports, which are more heavily im-pacted from industry and intense ship traffic,

- the existing and growing motorization and useof other engines in Freetown,

- that the Port of Freetown is surrounded by avery sensitive environment, the mangrove, thatk s great importance in several respects forthe population around the estuary, see section15.1.4,

it is recommended that an integrated plan for ehecollection and treatment of waste-oil from theport and the larger Freetown area should be con-sidered in closer detail. The outlines of a sug-gested plan is given in the following:


and GE$1C PORTCONSULT with TecnEcon and GENAC

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IP J:7, 15. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REHABIXITATION STSDY

i 1 15-28 FINAL REPORT

4-~-

Waste-oil from the sources all over Freetown andthe port, such as workshops, existing and comingindustries, the port workshops and the shipyardand ships calling at the 7ort, is collected bybowsers and taken to the existing storage tanksthat are situated near the entrance to the port.These tanks are presently not in use, and theymight be rebuilt into a reception tank and aseparation tank respectively. The oily part fromthe separator is then taken to the power plant torun a small, maybe 2 XWatt, power unit.

An incentive to such an integrated plan is thatthere may be several sources of economic revenue:charges on the deliverers of the waste oil andfrom the generation of energy. Closer investiga-tion into the potential amounts of waste otl fromthe different sources and the economy in the sug-gested plan will have to be carried out.

The shipwrecks in the shallow waters east of theharbour should be removed to reduce high tracemetal concentrations in the estuary.

It should be ensured that waste disposals from* X 2 the port are eliminated from the estuary.

* . Q The dumping sites for dredged material should bechosen in agreement with the Environmental Pro-tection Council.

* - A long term monitoring programme for the environ-mental quality in the port and its vicinityshould be initiated.

An emeraency plan for serious pollution accidentsshould be given high priority. Serious pollution

4 , accidents could primarily be caused by accidentalspills from industries or ships in the harbour

b ' * area. It is noted that a National Oil Spill Con-* . tingency Plan for Sierra Leone is in draft.

Spill response capability should be developed byinvesting in some locally-held equipment fordealing with smaller spills, starting with low-cost equipment made of local materials ratherthan waiting for expensive gear. For largerspills, practical details for co-operative as-

* sistance from within the region should be workedout in accordance with the Abidjan convention.

it is recommended, that an oil-spill sensitivitymap of the area around Freetown and the estuaryis worked out in accordance with the types ofsensitive areas described in section 15.2.2 andthe objectives for water quality standards givenin section 15.3.2.1.

The Port of Freetown is well off with respect toenvironmental conditions compared to many otherlarger ports and harbours. Especially, the port

- does not carry a large piled up 'load' of pollu-tants that would be extremely expensive to clear.

25 January 1996 PROJECT FoR FREETOWN PORT - SIE2RA LEONE

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BRSNA3ILITATION STUDY 1S. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENS

rIA REPORT 15-29

In this situation, investments in environmentalmeasures will give a bigger yield the sooner theexpected increases in potential polluting activ-ities are handled.

PRO7ECT FOR FREETOWN PORT - SIERRA LEONE 25 January 1996PORTCoNSULT with 'ecnEcon and GENAC

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