massachusetts institute of technologysunnyday.mit.edu/papers/tcas-intent.pdf · 2015. 12. 11. ·...

�� !�

"$#&%('*),+�-/.10�230 4657%8#&%:9,;#&?@57%8AB0C0 460D #FEG0�HI#&JK0MLN%PO7QR%(0C0JSQR%/O�TU57JKVW5XJ6#ZY[QR57%

\3]_^a`b`dcfehg_iajX^lknmojpkKm

¼ ½�¾�¿PÀÂÁ�¾

\3]*j:y{vxiliwvâk_ªWâ`cfk°jG®6cfehg_iaj(vxy¹cfk¶^lknmojpkKm`qgCjprpâs_rtcfmu^wvxk_ùâk_ª1\~}3�¶cx`cfk°j®6cfe�g6iwjx/k¡âkKmojpkKm~ùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxk¡6âÃjp|o`Äy»|dvxeÅc1`qm«cfk_*cf|d¡ùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxk°g_|o^lec|oâilÆâk°âmo`ùmu|o*r¯mo6|djxÇ:£P^wjG|«cf|ord]_^wrcfi

cf|ojhk*vfm*`q�cfilia¦mu|«cxrpj�mov¡mu]*j�g�c|omd`WvxyÄmu]*j1âehg_iwjGe¬jGknmdcfmoâvxk§mo]_jp�cfÃjrpm°\3]K*`mo]_jùn`qmdjpe�òcfy{jpmÌ�jGk*ªx^lk*jjG|�ect¦ÜKk*vâmu]�cfmWc¶`dcy{jpmÌcfk�cianùâ`�cxò`q_ehg_moâvxk�]�cx`rd]�cfk*ªxjájfãª6l¢Fmo]*jhg�cxrjGecÜjp|o`Æcf|oj�k*v�jpâk_ª¡*ùjµvxk�rd]_âia6|djGk�|dcfmo]*jG|mu]�cfkUmu]*j¬cf6_iamo`Wy{vf|]_ârd]mu]*jÆ_jGnârjÆ3cx`�vx|oâªxâk*cfiail¶_j`q^wªxk_jcfk*§fcfiaâ*cfmoj�¢__m�^lm(â`�cjp|u§6^lº�rG_iamcfk*B|djpòvx6|drj¯¤^lknmojpk*`qâxjNg_|ov[rpjò`hmdv�s*ªx_|ojNvf_m1]�cfmhg�cf|omo`1vxy(mu]*jN6jùâªxk�_òjImo]�cmcxùù_ehg_moâvxk

×7cxrd]µvxyÄmu]*j�s6j�^lkKmdjpkKmWiwjGjpia`â`ciwòvNvx|dªcfk_^wÙpj�âk�mdjp|ue¬`Wvxy©mo]*jhe¬vx|oj1rvxehe¬vfkg�cf|umu¯]*vxiwjcf*`qmo|dcxrpmu^wvxk*`p¢^ãjfl¢ g�cf|«ciaiwjGiZ_jrpvxehgCv`qâmu^wvxk cfk*¦|ojps_k*jGe¬jGkKmt�Ó3jprtcf_òjzmo]_jòjGg�cf|dcfmoâvxkvxy]K_e¬cfkyÖcfrpmdvf|d`Äck*¬mo]_j:_j`q^wªxkvxy¥mo]_j(]K_eck6¯Ìrpvxe�g6_mdjG|©^lknmojp|uyÖcxrjPy»|dvxemo]_j/e¬cfâkhùn`qmdjpeäcfk*¬rvxehgCvfk*jpkKm©_j`q^wªxk¬rtcfkiajtcx1mdvòjG|o^wvf*`©6jps*rG^wjpk_rp^wjp`3âk�jtcfrd]¢[©j]�ctjhcfmumdjGe�g_moj�mdv^lknmojªx|dcfmdjzvxmu]mÌKgj`WvxyXùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxk*`cfmjcxrd]�iajpxjpiXcfk*cxrG|dvùìwjGjGiw`¬·¤knmojp|uyÖcxrj�ùgjrp^ls*rtcmo^wvfk*`ck*�`qgCjprpâs_rtcfmu^wvxk�vxy3^le�gvx|um«cfkKmWcx`qgCjprpmd`vxyÄjGkKn^l|dvxk[¯e�jpkKm«cfiFrpvxe�gvxk*jGkKmd`:c|djcfiwùvh^lknmojªx|dcfmdjpN^lknmovhmu]*j^lkKmdjpkKm/ùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxk~¨¹^lk�cfiail¢_jcxrd]iwjGjGiCvxymu]*j/^lkKmdjpkKm3ùgjrp^ls*rtcmo^wvfk¬âk_rpia__j`3cùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxkvfymo]*jP|djÕS_^l|djGe¬jGknmo`Äcfk_¬|dj¯ù6iamd`¹vxy*jG|o^ls*rtcfmu^wvxkzcfk*fcfil^w*cmo^wvfkcfrpmo^lKâmoâj`Fvxy*mo]_j©âk6y{vx|oe¬cfmoâvxkcfm&mu]�cfm¹ùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxkiwjGjGi¤

\3]*jÄ`qgCjprpâs_rtcfmu^wvxkzcx`bc/]_vxiwj©cfiaiav~`&c(ùjtcfehiwjpò`Fmo|«ck*ù^lmo^wvfky»|ovxe�ùnùmojpeåmdv(rpvxehgCvf¯k*jGknm:Ö^lk*rpil*6âk_ªùvxy»mÌÄc|dj7ùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxk*`Äck*¬mo]_jP^lknmojªx|dcfmoâvxk�vxy¥y{vx|uecfi ck*¬âk6y{vx|oe¬cficx`qgCjprpmd`/vxyb`qnùmdjGe�cfk*¡òvxy»mÌ3cf|dj_jpxjpiavxg_e�jpkKmtÓ©jrtc*òjWmo]*jùmu|o*rGmo_|uâk*ªh^w`�cxùjNvxk]�cfm&^w`ZÜnk_v¸k�cfvx_m¹]K_eckzg_|dvf_iwjGeåùvxiaK^lk*ª_¢f©j3jpil^wjpxj©mu]�cfm&mu]_^w`FmÌKgCjÄvfy�ùgjrp^ls*rtç¯moâvxkhâiai_jpk_]�ck*rjP]n6ecfk�g_|dvnrjpò`qâk*ªcfk*�_òj(vfy¥ùgjrGâs*rcfmoâvxk*`Xcfk*hâili cfiwùvjGk_]�cfk*rpjvx_|:cf_^liaâmÌ¬mdv¬jGk*ªx^lk*jjG|:y{vx|/ÕK*cfia^lmÌ¡cfk* mov¬__^liw jGvxilfcf_iwjcfk* rd]�cfk*ªjcf_iajùn`qmdjpe�`âmu]*vx_m_jªf|«cx6^lk*ª ÕS�ciaâmÌx \3]_jùmu|o*rGmo_|oj¬^w`_j`q^wªxk*jp�mdvNyÖcxrp^liaâmdcfmdjzmu]*j�mu|«cxrGâk*ªNvxyùn`qmdjpe�iajpxjpi_|ojÕS_â|ojpe�jpkKmd`7ck*1rvxk*`qmo|dcfâkKmd`b^lkKmdv:mo]_j_j`q^wªxk�cfk*zmu]*j~cxùù_|dcfk*rjPvxy�fcf|u¯^wvf*`©`qnùmdjGeäg_|ovxgjp|omu^wjp`:á`q*rd]¡cx`©`dcfy{jGmÌ_

×X}(Ç�×bkKn^l|dvxk6e¬jGknm(}3vxk_ùmo|dcfâkKmjGjpi ±�²Ç ±(gCjG|«cfmovx|CjG]�ctK^wvx|dcfi¥|djpÕS_â|ojpe�jpkKmt¢�cxùù_ehg_mu^wvxk¢6vx|~rvxk_ùmo|dcfâkKmjGjpi

é À�ê�¾âÀÔëIì

\3]_^a`P`qgCjprp^ls*rtcfmu^wvxk¶^a`vxk_il¶cfk¡jG®6cfehg_iajx

é ò�ó ëB¾ ó ëIì

ôXõKö õn÷(ø�ùzúCûüpýõnþ ÿ��üpõ��

�$ÿ��

ôXõKö õn÷/.ùzúCûüpýõnþ 0¡õnü1�324�ÿ��5�6

7,�6�¹÷Öõnü 8�9ç jGk*jp|dcfiFÚ:jùrp|uâg_mu^wvxk:�� æ(�\~}3�NnnùmdjGe�}3vxehgCvxk_jpkKmd` �� #6n_|ujp^liaiwcfk*rjck*¦}3vfiaiaâùâvxk¶/xvx^w_cfk*rjWvªxâr�� # æç jGk*jp|dcfiF}3vxk_rjpg6md`�� # æ

n_|ujp^liaiwcfk*rj;�� # �\Z|dcxrdÜKâk*ª

ôXõKö õn÷XWZùÿ�Q ûZü1�67&�*÷Y��

�ØôY��24�67&�*÷Y0°õnü1�32ZP[õ��\�¸õnüõOý��6ý��6�4 W4WM9£P_e¬cfkRB[}3vxe�g6_mdjG|~·¤knmojp|uyÖcxrjÚ:j`q^wªxk ngjrGâs*rcfmoâvxkF��:&�/^l|drp|dcfy»mP¨¹il^wªx]Km~NcfkK�cfiG��:Kæ [vxy»mÌ3cf|djÚ:j`q^wªxk ngjrGâs*rcfmoâvxk*`:��:Kæf

±(jp|dcfiaiÚ:jùâªxk]��:Kæç iavx�cfi¥Ú�cfm«c1Kmo|o_rpmo6|dj`]��:Kæxæ\~}3�°²

x �Gy �� z

�|{~}�� x �y�� Ø�} �`��41�� d} � � �E}�!�Ø��d}

¥Ð*ËÆÐnÈÐ*Ë«ÝGÊ/aËxË3ÒÑxÉµÈ»É*ÊÌËGÉ*ÊPÝ¤à�ËGÈ qoÑxÊÖÈÒÉP«ÒÉ*ÊÑxÈ»É6ÝhÊ{Ð*ËhC¶ÝÝGÊRËGßDnÒÑ( Ý¬ÑxÉ4�dË ÞnÈ«ËGß¬ËGÉ*Ê»Ýv:ÝÝGÊRËGß'aËxË�nË«ÝGÈxÉh«ÒÉ6ÝGÊ uÑxÈ»É*Ê»Ý¡rÑÝ«ÝGÞnß/àÊáÈÒÉ6Ý/ÑxÉ4� È»ßÆÈ»Ê¤ÑxÊÖÈÒÉ6Ý:ÒÊ»Ð*Ë3ÝÝGÊRËGß�¢£(�nË«ÝGÈxÉ°ËÑ( Þ6ÑxÊÖÈÒÉ:È»ÊRËÈÖÑÑxÉ43àZÈÒKÈ»ÊáÈË«ÝFÑxÉ4¤C¥¦dË«ÝGÞO Ê{Ý/Ò~ÑxÉ Ñ(§ÝË«ÝtÒK:Ý¸ÝGÊÌËGß'aËxË Þ6Ñ( È»ÊáÈË«Ý(ÝGÞ�«Ð ÑÝ3àZdË È»ßÆÈ»É Ñ(¨�ÑxÉ4hÝ¸ÝGÊÌËGßäÐ6Ñ�©Ñ(ªÑxÉ Ñ(§ÝË«Ýv«

��!1�¬-Â� ��

\~}3�¬^w`Äcfk°cf^l|ovx|ok*j/rvxiliaâù^wvfkctvf^w*cfk_rj:`q[`qmdjGe 7·¤mÄ^lknmojp|u|dvªScmdj`Äcfâ|Xmo|dcfºhr:rvxk[¯mo|ovxiCmu|«cfk_ùgvxk*_jG|d`vxk¡cf^l|drG|«cfy»m©âk^lmd`3K^wrGâk_^lmÌ�cfk*¶iaâùmdjGk*`©y{vf|Ämo]*j:mu|«cfk_ùgvxk*_jG|Ä|djGg_iaâj`Ó©�cfk�cianÙp^lk*ªWmu]*jùj(|djGg_iaâj`7âmu]¬|djpùgjrGmÄmdvz`qi»cfkKmX|«cfk_ªj(ck*¬|djGi»cfmuâxj(cfilmo^lmo*_jf¢n\~}3�_jGmdjp|ue�^lk*j`X]_^wrd]¶cfâ|orp|«cy»mX|ojpg_|ojùjpkKmgCvfmdjpkKmu^»cfi rvfiaiaâùâvxkÆmo]_|ojtcfmo`Äcfk_¬g_|dvK^w6j`cfg6g_|dvf¯g_|u^»cfmoj�6^w`qg_i»ct¬^lk*6ârtcfmu^wvxk*`:ávx|Pcx[nâòvx|u^wjp`«©mdvÆmu]*j�î_^wªx]Km~rG|djp!mdvhcxò`q_|djWòjGg�cf|dcfmoâvxk

/kMcfâ|orp|«cy»m¶^w`°_jrGi»cf|oj�mdvBCj�cBrvxilia^w`q^wvxk�mo]_|ojtcfm¡mdvBmo]*j�\~}3�>cfâ|orp|dcfy»m¶âyWâmo`rp6|o|djGkKm¹gvù^lmoâvxk¢vx|Zâmo`g_|dvfñqjprpmojgv`qâmoâvxk¢`qâez_ilm«cfk_jvx*`qia/nâvxi»cmdj&|dcfk*ªj©cfk*|djGi»cfmuâjcfilmoâmu*_jPrp|uâmdjG|o^wc6 ç jpk*jG|«cfiliax¢[ck°cfâ|orp|dcfy»m©^liai*j:_jprpi»c|dj�mdvj:crpvxiail^w`q^wvxk1mo]6|djtcm~ � ¯ � ùjrvfk*_`CjGy{vx|dj(rpiwvxòj`qmPcfg_g_|ovScxrd]¢[g_|dvK^w6^lk*ªmuâe�j/y{vx|~ck°jòrcfgj:ecfk_jp_xjp|Kmo]_jg_^liwvxm&\3©vÆrpiwcxòùj`3vfyZcx6K^wùvx|oâj`Xrtcfk¬Cj~g_|dvK^w6j¥Ç7~jùvxia_mu^wvxk�([nâòvx|u^wjp`(áP/`«©ck*\|«cfºhr(6Kâòvx|u^wj`Wá\F/`«G®/Ë«ÝÒK Þ[ÊÖÈÒÉUÑ,(ÈaÝÒKÈË«ÝWáP/`«âk*6ârtcfmojxjp|omu^wrcfi¹e¬cfk*jG_jG|d`(mu]�cfm:cf|djg6|dj[^wrpmoj movâk_rp|djcxòjjp|umoârtcfi&òjpg*cf|«cfmu^wvxk y»|dvxeÂmo]6|djtcmdjpk6âk*ª¶câ|drG|«cfy»m:~(`�c|djrd]_vòjGk�mov¬g_|dvK^w6jcÆùgjrGâs*r�e¬cf|dªx^lk¶vxyFòjGg�cf|dcfmoâvxk°âmo]Ncehâk_^lez_eÔrd]�cfk_ªj�âk¶mo]_jWj®n^wùmuâk*ªzî6^wªx]Kmg�cfmu]vxyFmo]*jW\~}3:¡·o·©cf^l|drp|dcfy»mt

\33vÆmÌKgj`vxyZ|djpòvxil_moâvxk¶cf6K^wòvf|o^wjp`cf|oj(^wùù*jp¥àZdËxËGÉ*ÊáÈxË7|ojùvxia_mu^wvxk¶cx6K^wùvx|o|djpÕS_â|oj`k*v1âehe¬jp6^»cfmoj(cfrpmoâvxk°__m~3cf|ok*`mu]*jrp|djGMk*vxmmov1rpia^lez¢[_jùrjpk_¥¢vf|PcxfñR*`qmjG|omu^wrtci3`qgCjpjU6_j�mdv¡k*jtc|oK�mu|«cfºhrf¡¯«ÒK¨dËGÊáÈxË�|ojùvxia_mu^wvxk�cx6Kâòvx|u�[â|djprpmo`mo]_jg_^liwvxmZmdv:cfiamojp|Fmo]*jXjp|umoârtcfi[ùgjjpÆvxy*mo]*j3cfâ|orp|dcfy»mZmdv:jGk*ù_|ojÄ`dcy{jÄòjGg�cf|«cmo^wvfky»|dvfe�k_jtcf|unmo|dcfºhr�âk°mo]*j�xjp|omu^wrcfi¥g_iwcfk*jx?uÑª°)¬Ñ,(ÈaÝÒKÈË«Ý1\Z(`dWâk_6^wrcfmdjÆmo]_j�gvù^lmo^wvfk*`vxyÄâkKmu|o*6^lk*ªNcfâ|orp|«cy»mWmu]�cfmWecti»cmdjp|3rtcf_òj�|djpòvxil_moâvxk°cx6Kâòvx|u^wj`©mdvzj�6^w`qg_i»ctjp¥

\~}3��^wè¬jcfkKmmdv~g_|dvK^w6j7*cxrdÜS¯¤_gòjGg�cf|«cmo^wvfkzcxùù_|dcfk*rpjXy{vx|mu]*j7jG®n^w`qmo^lk*ª/rpvxkKjGk6¯moâvxk�cficf^l|3mu|«cfºhr(rpvxkKmo|ovxi¥`q[`qmdjGeÅâmu]*vx_m©g_|dvn6*rGâk*ª6kn3cfkKmdjp¡cfi»cf|ue¬`7âkjpk*rpvx_kKmdjG|d`y{vx|P]_^wrd]Nmo]*jrvxiliaâù^wvfk¶|o^w`qÜ°_vnj`/k_vxm/3cf|u|«cfkKm/jòrcfgjeck*jp_xjp|o`P\3]*jzvxgjp|dcfmoâvxk¡vxy\~}3�¶^w`Äk*vfm~_jpgjpk*6jpkKm:vxkNcfkK¶ªf|dvx_k_[¯¤�cfòjNùnùmojpe�`

\~}3��^w`Ck*vfmZ_j`q^wªxk*jpWmov~ù_g_g6i»cfkKmZjp^lmo]*jG|Fcfâ|Cmo|«cº�r7rpvxkKmo|dvfi¤ïð`ùnùmojpe�vxynòjGg�cf|dcfmoâvxkcxùù_|dcfk*rj©vx|Zmo]*j7mo^le¬j¯¤]*vfk*vx|djpNÍuòjpjÄcfk*ctvxâ_Î(`qnùmdjGe�vxy6mu|«cfºhrXòjpg*cf|«cfmu^wvxk¥&Pcfmo]_jp|t¢âm�g6|dvK^w_jp`ck�^lk*_jpgjpk__jpkKmW�cxrdÜK_g�mov¡mu]*jùj�`qnùmdjGe¬`p¢¹`qâk*rpjÆâm�e¬cfÜjp`W*ùj1òvxiajpia vxycf^l|ovx|ok*j/mo|«ck*ùgvxk*_jG|d`/cx`âmo`*cfm«cÆùvx_|drpjx

± �Z}��²1�C�� ³ �n¤}Æ�� y �

\3]*j1_jpxjpiavxg_e�jpkKmvxy©cfk�jpÃjrGmo^ljhcfâ|uCvf|ok*jrvxilia^w`q^wvxk¦ctvxâ*cfk*rpjÆùnùmojpe,]�cf`:Cjpjpkmo]_jPªxvScfi*vxy mo]_j/ctK^»cmo^wvfk1rvxehez_k_^lmÌy{vx|ctxvx^w*ck*rjùnùmojpe�`áP}3:_¬3jG|dj�_jGjpiavxgj�n$òjpxjp|dcfiecfkK_yÖcfrpmo6|djp|o`�cxùj>vxk�âk_mojp|o|ovªScfmovx|¨>¸mo|«ck*`q¯gvxk*_jG|�cfk*¡mo^le¬j1>y»|djpÕK_jpk*rG¡mojrd]_k6^wÕS*j`p/Piamu]*vx*ªx]Nmo]*jpòjùnùmojpe�`(y»_k*rGmo^wvfk*j¡g_|dvxg[¯jp|uia�6_|o^lk*ªBùmdcxªj cf^l|drp|dcfy»m¶jGk*rvx6knmojp|¡mdjpùmo^lk*ª_¢(mu]*j¨[/�cfk*�mo]*jcf^l|oia^lk*j`ñqvxâkKmuiarvfk*rpil*_jUmu]�cfmz^lk�k*vf|oe¬cfiÄcâ|oilâk*j1vxgjp|dcfmoâvxk*`p¢&mo]*jG�©vx_iaµªjpk_jp|«cmdj¶cN]6^wªx]U|dcfmdj�vxy_k_k_jrjpòòcf|oNcfiwcf|oe�`3âk°6jpk*ùjWmojp|oehâk*cficf|ojtcx`pX\3]_^w`Ä©vx_ia°6k*_jp|ue�^lk*j:mo]_jpâ|~rG|djp6â_^lil¯âmÌ°^lmo]¦î_âªx]Km:rG|djp~`p�·¤kcx_6^lmoâvxk¢ jtcxrd]§mdcf|dªjGm�cf^l|drG|«cfy»mP3vf_iw ]*cxjzmdv¬jz`qâehâi»c|oiajÕS_^lg_gj°âk¡vx|d6jp|~y{vx|Pcfk¡P}3�¡cfâ|orp|dcfy»mÄmdvÆ|ojrjGâxjWg_|ovxmdjprpmu^wvxk

·¤k¬mu]*jPeh^wn¯ �,� � `¢xmu]*j/Ó3jtcxrpvxk°}3vfiaiaâùâvxk1/xvx^w*ck*rj(nnùmojpe�Ó}3:_G¢K]_ârd]¬*ùj|djGg_ia_cfm«c~y»|dvxe�Pâ|¹\Z|dcfºhr}3vxkKmu|dvxi[Pcx*cf|&Ó3jtcfrvxkÆnnùmdjGeÅÖ7\~}Ä/ÓÄ_Zmu|«cfk*`qgCvfk*_jp|o`mdv�_jpmojp|ue�^lk*jW^lkKmo|o__jp|/|«cfk*ªxjcfk_§cfiamuâmu*_jx¢_3cx`/_jpxjpiwvfgCjp¥(7\~}ÄPÓ¡mu|«cfk*`qgCvfk*_jp|o`©jp|djcfia|ojtcx6§^lk*ùmdcfiaiaj§âkUcfiaiXcâ|oilâk*jf¢e�^liaâmdcf|ox¢cfk*�e¬v`qmªxjpk*jG|«cfi3ctn^wcfmoâvxk�cfâ|orp|dcfy»mt\3]K*`¦cknØÓ}3�K¯¤jÕS_^lg_gCjp cf^l|drp|dcfy»m©vx_ia>jg6|dvxmojrpmoj!cxªScf^lk*ùm¶mu]*je¬cñqvx|uâmÌ´vxyvxmu]*jp|/cf^l|drp|dcfy»mt¢_^lmo]*vf_m~âehgCv`qâk*ªzcx_6^lmo^wvfk�cfijpÕK6âg_e�jpkKmP|djÕS_^l|djGe¬jGknmo`Py{vf|Pmu]*vùjcf^l|u¯rp|dcfy»mt´·¤kØcx66âmu^wvxk¢7mo]_jN6âòrG|djpmoj¦cx66|djpò`¬rpvxehez_k_ârtcfmu^wvxk*`mdjrd]6k_^wÕS*jp`¬*òjp�âkImo]_jNvn_j¬mo|dcfk*`qgCvxk__jp|o`ÄCjGâk*ªz6jpjGiwvxgj¶gjp|ue�^lmomdjp¬mÌ©vhrpvxk_î_ârpmuâk*ªÆÓÄ}3�¶cfâ|orp|dcfy»m©movcxrd]_âjpxjPrpv[vf|d6^lk�cfmdjp1jòrcfgj~e¬cfk*jG_jG|d`

crvxilia^w`q^wvxkzctvxâ*cfk*rpj/rcfg�cf_^lia^lmÌvxk1mu]*jPî6^wªx]Kmd6jrdÜzmu]�cfm7^w`b^lk*_jpgjpk__jpkKm©vxyCmu]*j~ªx|dvx6k*ùn`qmdjpeN¢

·¤k � í[ ¢fmu]*jÄ¨n(é¬cx_jXmo]*j©_jrG^w`q^wvxkmdv:_jGjGiwvxg1ck*âehg_iajpe�jpkKm¹\~}3�¢*ù^lk*ª(mo]_jÓ}3:�_j`q^wªxk�__mXg_|dvK^w[âk*ªcx_6^lmoâvxk�cfi*rcfg�cf6âia^lmoâj`F/y»mojp|3¨[/!cfk_�âk_6*ùmu|o1`qgCvxk[¯òvf|djÆ`qmo*[^wj`p¢ù^lez_iwcfmoâvxk*`¢fcfk*î_^wªx]Km¹mdj`qmd`ÖòjpjUË«ÝGÊÖÈ»ÉOÑxÉ4:·*Ñ( È6SÑxÊáÈÒÉ:^lkÆjpxjpi Pvxk²&cfªj x G¢Zmo]_j¬Pcx6âv \Zjrd]_k6^wrtciÄ}3vfe�eh^wùù^wvfky{vf|/jp|ovxk�cf_mu^wrp`¬áb\~}3��rvxehg_iajpmdjpmo]_j°^lk_âmu^»cfi©jG|dùâvxk´vxy(mu]*j¡\~}3�I·u·Æ¦±�²X¢

¹ �ºyÔ�41�!��

¥ÐnÈaÝ(ÝËGÊÖÈÒÉnË«Ý�È6»GË«Ý�Ê»Ð*Ë%¼½xÈxËGÉ6Ý�¾WÒKËGÉ�È«ÒÉ*ß¬ËGÉ*Ê

Air DataComputer

PressureAltimeter

Pilot

Mode Selector

TCAS

OWN AIRCRAFT

Intruder Ground Station

Radio Altimeter Discretes

Receiver Transmitter Mode-STransponder

A/C

Displays andAural Alerts

¨¹^aªx_|dj Ç7\~}3�Nck*¡^lmd`~×bkKK^a|dvfk_e¬jGkKm

í

y{vx|cfkØj`qmo^lecfmu^wvxk´vxy�mu]*j¦ùâªxk�cfi/cfk_ªxiwj¯Ìvxyw¯Ìcf|o|uâfcfi¤�\3]_j iwv©jp|¶cknmojpk_k*c�ectICj cfkvxehk_^w[â|djprpmu^wvxk�ci_iwcx_jcfkKmojpk_k�c1vx|~6^l|djprpmoâvxk�cficfkKmdjpk6k�c�cmmo]*jvxg_mu^wvxk¡vxyFmo]_j_òjp|ÒÓÍË�ÕCË?Ö�×�Ð�Ø²ÐÑÙ*É+Ì�Ë�ÕªÊ�Ú;Û$Ï¢Ë?ÏÓÄcf|ovxe�jpmo|u^wr§ciamo^lmo*6j *cfmdcU^w`¬k*vfm¶g_|dvK^w_jp [â|djprpmuiaImdvµmo]*j�\~}3:�_k6âmtå·¤k*ùmojtcxC¢cfilmoâmu*_j*cm«cW^liai_j~g_|dvK^w_jp¬mdvmo]_j(\~}3:h_k_^lm©mu]_|dvx_ªx]�mu]*j�¡v[_j(�\|«ck*ùgvxk*_jG|y»|dvfe�cfg_g_|ovxg_|u^»cfmoj�câ|drG|«cfy»mrpvxehg__mo^lk*ª°_jpKârj`p¢bù_rd]Bcx`/^l|Ú�cm«c¡nnùmojpeN¢&/ilmo^lmo*_j}3vxehg__mojp|(nnùmojpeN¢*vx|~vxmo]_jp|~g�cf|umd`~vxyFmo]*jWcf^l|drp|dcfy»m~cfilmo^le¬jGmdjp|3ùnùmojpeN

\3]*jzg_|ojò`q_|dj1ciamo^lmo*6j*cm«c¬`q]*vx_ia Cjvx_mdcfâk*jp y»|dvfe mu]*je�vùm:cxrrG_|«cmdjzùvx_|drpjctfcfâiwcf_iwj~âk¶mu]*jWcfâ|orp|dcfy»mcfk_¡`q]�cfili¥rvf|o|djpùgvxk*°mdvÆmo]*cfmÄjpâk_ªzmo|«ck*ùehâmumdjKmu]*jcx`R¯òvnrp^wcfmdjp¦¡v[_j°mu|«cfk_ùgvxk*_jG|t~\3]*jcxrrG_|«cxrG¡vxy&mu]*jciamo^lmo*6j�*cfm«chù]�ciaijcfm~iajtcx`qmmo]*cfm:`qgCjprpâs_j¦âk¦/g_gjpk*[^l® âvxyXb\~}3 Ú±(¯ í æ[P·¤m�`q]�cfiaiFjù]_v¸k�mu]�cfm(mu]*j|ojòv¯ia6mo^wvfk°vxyZmo]*jWcfilmoâe�jpmu|ohòvf_|drpjâ`rvxehg�cfmuâ_iaj(âmu]¡\~}3� \3]*jWcfilmo^lmo*_j(òvx_|orj�âmu]mo]_j¬s_k*jpùm1rvfe�g�cmoâ6iwj1|djùvxia6mo^wvfkµù]*vf_iw�j¬*ùj¥�Ø]*jGkIcfcf^li»cf6iwjx¢Fmo]*j�|djùvxia6mo^wvfkù]_vx_iw°j^lk°âk*rG|djpe�jpkKmo`Pvfy �� y{jjGm(vf|iwjù`X·¤k_y{vx|uecfmu^wvxk°`q]*vx_ia ciwòvÆj�g_|dvK^w_jp¡movâk_6^wrcfmdj]*jpk§mu]*jg_|ojùù_|oj1cfiamuâmo__jW^lk_y{vx|uecfmu^wvxk°â`/âkKfcfil^w�Ü´¨b\ZP¯Ìx � ¢ ¨b\ZP¯ í � � ¢ x6 ¢Ýf[ #í /cf6^wv¬cfiamuâmo__j�âk_y{vx|uecmo^wvfk¡â`/g_|ovnâ_jNmdv¶\~}3:Nmdv¬^lk_]_â6âm/cx6K^wùvx|oâj`/cfm:ùvxe�jiwv�iajpjGiw`�vxy:î_âªx]Km§CÝ�[ãSG¢ÄmovUcfiliwvÂcf_movxe¬cfmoâr¡ùjpk*`qâmuâKâmÌBiwjGjGi(ùjpiwjprpmu^wvxk$]_jpkrpiavòj1mdv¡mo]*jhªx|ovx_k*�CÝ¡[ [ã6¢

ä vå\3]*jy»_k*rGmoâvxk*`PvxyxÚ±/¯ í6

·¤m/â`mo]*jW|dj`qgCvfk*ù^l_âilâmÌvfy&mo]_jWe¬cfkK_yÖcxrGmo_|ojp|d`~mdvh^w_jGkKmoây»¶cfiaiFcf|ojtcx`~]*jG|dj^lk*rvfeh¯g�cfmuâ_^lia^lmo^wjp`zectćf|u^wòj cfk*$movU_j`q^wªxkØcfk*Ørvfk*ùmu|o*rGm¶mo]*jGâ|jpÕS_âg_e�jpkKm¶ùv�mo]*cfmmo]_j|djpÕS_â|ojpe�jpkKmd`:vfyXÚ±(¯ í6 cf|djWe¬jGm(]*jGk§Cvfmo]¦mu]*j1Nvn_jÆN\Z|dcfk*ùgvxk*6jp|Wcfk*¦\~}3�cf|ojWvfgCjG|«cfmuâk*ª_ÒÓÕªÌZÞ�Ì�ÏYß¨Ë�æà×�ÐfÊçË?ÕCè�ÞÇÏË?ÕªÉ+ÊÚ(^wùrp|ojpmdjâk6y{vx|oe¬cfmoâvxk°ù]*cfiaiZjWg_|ovnâ_jNmdv�mu]*jNv[6jÆ°mu|«cfk_ùgvxk*_jG|(y{vx|Pmo]*j_k_âÕS*jcf^l|drp|dcfy»mPNvn_j^w_jGknmuâs*rcfmoâvxk°rvn_jfÒéËàË?ÕCË?Ö�×¦Ð²bâmord]Icfk*�|ovxiai©cfmumoâmu*_jhâk_y{vx|uecmo^wvfk�e¬ctj�g6|dvK^w_jpUmdv§cxùùâùmz^lmo]µ`qm«cf_^liaâÙtcfmu^wvxkvxymo]_j¦6â|ojrGmo^wvfk�cfi(cfkKmdjpk6k�c�y»_k*rGmo^wvfkØmdvµcxùù_|oj�ù_|ujp^liaiwcfk*rj cfk*�\Z 6^w`qg_i»ctI*cfmdc|djGecâk�_k�cfÃjrGmdjp�Kcfâ|orp|dcfy»m�k*vx|uecfi&ecfk_jp_xjp|d`p·¤ycmomo^lmo*6jzâk_y{vx|uecmo^wvfk¦^w`�*ùjKB\~}3� ¢bmo]*j^lk_y{vx|oe¬cfmu^wvxk�ù]�cfilicfiaòv¦jg_|dvK^w6jµmdv§âk_6^wrcfmdjh]*jpkImo]*j¡cfmumo^lmo*_j*cfmdc1cf|dj�âkKfcfil^w§Ü f6 ¢Ýf[ #í Gê Ð\ÏX×�ÕªÊ�Ú/^l|drG|«cfy»m]_jtcx6^lk*ªUâk6y{vx|oe¬cfmoâvxkIect�j g_|ovnâ_j�y{vx|_òj¦âk�`q_|oxjp^liai»ck*rj |ojpy{jG|djpk_rjcfk*¶y{vx|©mo]*j\Z 6âùg_iwch|djGy{jp|ojpk*rpjg6|djùjpkKm«cmo^wvfk7·¤yF]_jtcx6^lk*ªzâk6y{vx|oe¬cfmoâvxkh^w`3g_|ovnâ_jC¢âk6y{vx|oe¬cfmoâvxk¦`q]�cfili7cfiwùvCjzg6|dvK^w_jp�mov¶âk*6ârtcfmoj]*jGk�mu]*jÆ]*jtcx[âk*ª¶*cm«c°cf|djz^lkKxcia^wÜ x[ ØëÐfÍªÏ¢Ë�ÕCÉ+ÊAËàÉíìéË�î¦ÐfÌëÒÓÍCÐÑÌ�Ë�Ô)ÏXÊ�×¯ï ÏXÌ4Ê�ÕÃÊ¦Ú+Ô�É+Ê¯Ë�î¦Ð�ÒÓÕªÌZÞ�Ì�ÏYß¨Ë\~}3�Æ^w`XcfkUÍo×bkKn^l|dvxk6e¬jGknmdcfiwÎnn`qmdjpeN¢nùâehâiwcf|&mov ç ²b �ck*hmu]*j~Øâk*_`q]*jtc|©PiwjG|omu¯âk_ªInnùmdjGe â¨*vx|mo]6^w`¬|ojtcxùvxk cfk*Ømo]*j�cknmu^wrGâg�cfmoj$]_âªx]>cfiajp|om�|«cfmoj`y{vx|¶\F/`Nck*~(`Prvxehg�cf|ojNmovcfkK¡vxmu]*jp|(cfiwjG|omPvxkNmo]*jcfâ|orp|dcfy»mt¢_mu]*jz\~}3: cfiwjG|omo`/ck*¦cx[nâòvx|u^wjp`ù]_vx_iwh|djGecf^lk1âk*_jGgCjGk*_jGknm3vxyCmu]*vùjP*`qâk*ªmo]_j/e¬cxùmojp|Xrtcf6mo^wvfkcfk_�3cf|ok_^lk*ªWùnùmojpeN\3]_â`z_vnj`k*vfmg_|ojrpil*_jvfmo]*jG|ze¬jGmo]*vn_`zvfyPcfk_kK_k*rG^»cfmu^wvxk�y{vx|yÖcf^lia_|oj`vxymo]*j\~}3�jÕS_^lg_e�jpkKm~mo]�cfmPc|djrvxk_ù^w`qmdjGknm~^lmo]¡î_^wªx]Km~_jprdÜ°ùgjrGâs*r_jpù^wªfkNg_]6âiwvxòvxg_]Kx

ä åPe¬vxk_ªmo]_j(jpkKKâ|ovxk_e�jpkKm«ci¥cfiajp|umd`¢Kmo]_j/]_âjp|«c|drd]K¬`q]�cfili jxÇ¹Øâk*_`q]*jtc|3]�cx`Xs_|d`qmg_|u^wvx|uâmÌx¢[mo]_jpk ç ²b ¢_mu]*jpk \~}3�

��

ä ã åÚ(_|uâk*ª1mo]_jgCjG|oâv[Nvxybmo^le¬j]*jGk\~}3�N^w`~âk6]_â_^lmdjp¡KNjpâmu]*jp|/mo]*jWâk*6ù]*jcf|`q[`qmdjGe vx| ç ²b ¢&\~}3��ù]*cfiaiX|djGjp|umzmdvNmo]*j¶\ZP¯R±(k_ia�e�v[_j�cfk*Umu]*jc_|«cficfiajp|umd`ù]*cfiai¥j�âk_]6â_^lmdj4ð«

ÒÓÔ?ÔàÖ�ñ;ÙpË?ÕªÉ+Ê�ÔòÏXó*É+ÖpË�Ë?î¦ÐôÊçõpÕÃÌ�É+Ê�ñ-ÐÑÊ+Ë\3]*jrvx|u|djrGm(vfgCjG|«cfmu^wvxk¡vxy7\~}3: cx`~3jGiai¹cx`~mo]*j]�cxÙcf|d cfk�cfilnòj`/cf|ojW�cfòjNvxk¦ùvxe�jcxùù_ehg_moâvxk*`~cfvx_m~mu]*jjpkKKâ|dvfk_e¬jGkKmâk°]_^wrd] \~}3�°vxgjp|«cmdj`pÇ

ä ×

ä ×X}( å\3]*j/âkKmdjG|«cxrGmo^wvfk¬âmu]°\~}3�¬ez_ùmÄk*vfmÄ_jpªx|«cx6j(mo]*jPgCjG|oy{vx|ueck*rj/vxymo]*j(jÕS_âg[¯e�jpkKmâmu]N]6^wrd] \~}3�°^lkKmdjp|dcxrpmo`

: ��n¬��²

¥ÐnÈaÝÝËGÊáÈÒÉ^«ÒÉ*ÊÑxÈ»É6ÝzÑÝ«ÝGÞ[ß/àÊÖÈÒÉ6ÝdË Þ[ÈdËGß¬ËGÉ*Ê»Ý~ÑxÉ4h«ÒÉ6ÝGÊ6oÑxÈ»É*Ê»ÝÈ»É�xÒK§È»ÉO&;3ÈÐnÊ6dËGÏ�»GË«Ð6Ñ(ÈÒKr«'¥ÐnÈaÝ(È»É1tÒKßhÑxÊÖÈÒÉ°ÈaÝ:ÞSÝËÃ1È»É¡Ê»Ð*Ë�nË«ÝGÈxÉ¦Ò(Ê»Ð*Ë!À�Á¦Â�làÈaÒÊbÈ»É*ÊÌËpÑO«ËÊ»Ð*Ë!À�ÁpÂ]aÒÃxÈ¿=Ý(ÑxÉ4PàZdÒ�«ËÃxÞRdË«Ý&ÑxÈÄuÑªÊ?;©ÈÐnÊ&ßhÑxÉ*Þ6Ñ( ÝbÑxÉ4Ê uÑxÈ»É�È»ÉO�àZ ÑxÉ6ÝÑxÉ4àZdÒÃ(uÑxßÝv«

ä ±�²¹ vå}3vxehg_il^»cfk*rpj(âmu]Nch\~}3:°e¬cfk*jG_jG|Pâ`jG®ngjrpmoj 6k_iwjpò`¢_^lk°mo]*jÄñR*_ªxjpe�jpkKm~vxymu]*jÆg_âiavxmu¯âk6¯¤rvxeheck*¥¢ _vxâk_ª¡ùv¡©vx_iag6|djùjpkKmÆc°ªx|ojtcfm]�cxÙcf|d�mdv¶mu]*j�òcfy{jpmÌvxyFmo]_jî6^wªx]KmWÜ ¨b\ZP¯Ræx � ¢Ýfn �nãKä ±�²¹ åØ]_^liwj:_ilmo^lecfmoj/|ojùgvxk*`qâ_^lia^lmÌ�y{vx|Pòcfy{jpmÌ°vxyFî_âªx]Km|dj`qmd`~âmu]Nmu]*j�g_âiavxmÄâk¡rpvxeh¯e¬cfk*¥¢Xmo]*j¡k*jjp�mdv�y{vxiliwv�\~}3:�cx6K^wùvx|oâj`1ù]*cfiai~jNjGe�g_]*cxùâÙj´âk�\~}3�mu|«cf^lk_âk*ªÜ´¨b\ZP¯Ræ �� ¢Ýfænðmu|«cf^lk_âk*ªSGä ±�²¹ã å\~}3:1cf6K^wòvf|o^wjp`&`q]�cfiainj3jG®[jprp_moj1âkÆ`q*rd]�c/Äctzcx`¹mov:e�^lk_âeh^wÙpjbmo]*jcâ|drG|«cfy»mïã`_jGK^»cfmu^wvxk¶y»|ovxeÅâmo`7\~}>rGiwjtc|«cfk*rpjhCÝ6ãSGä ±�²¹ð åPy»mdjp| mo]*jUmu]_|djcfm¦]�cx`¦jjGk�|djùvxiaxj¥¢mo]*jUg_^liwvxmNù]*cfiai|djpmu_|ok�g_|ovxehg_moil!ck*`qe¬vnvxmo]6iahmdvÆ]_^w`Ä>]*jG|Pg6|djpKâvx*ùil°cxùù^wªfk*j¶î_âªx]Kmg�cfmo]�Ü´¨&\F~¯qæ #&� ¢ZÝ6ãSGä ±�²¹ æ ångjrG^»cfiSg6|dvnrj[_|djp`Fe¬ct:Cj7k*jprjù`dcf|uy{vx|Z*ù^lk*ª(\~}3:W66|oâk_ª(cf^l|ogvx|omFcg_g_|dvcxrd]Ýf[ �x[ xGä ±�²¹ #5å}3vxkKmu|dvxia`¶ù]*vx6iwØCj§ùjpm¶movB^lk_]_^l_âm�|djùvxia6mo^wvfk�cx6K^wùvx|oâj`]*jGk!vfgCjG|«cfmuâk*ªU^lk^lknmojpkKmoâvxk�cfi¥rpiwvxòj:g_|ov®n^le�^lmÌ¬mdv1vxmu]*jp|/cf^l|drG|«cfy»mÝf[÷� æG

ä ±�²¹÷� å\~}3:�ez*ùmk*vxmj�_òjIcx`c ù6*ùmuâmo6mdj¬y{vx|k*vx|uecfiXrG|djpÔK^wªx^li»cfk_rj1vx_moù^w6jmu]*jrvnrdÜng6âmÜ´¨b\ZP¯ Kæ[¢4Ý6ãSGä ±�²¹ í5å²bâiavxmd`Fez*`qm

± �� ö.@7�� `|��Z1�� d}

ÒÓÖ�Ì�ÏXÍUÒëÍªÐÑÌ�Ë�ÔBA Ü´¨b\ZP¯qæx � ¢Ýf[÷�æ?Cä ð åP_|«cfi�cfiwjG|omd`¬ù]�cfili:j¦g_|djpòjpkKmoj K$xvx^wrpj�cfk_k*vf_k*rjGe¬jGkKmd`°vxk_il \3]_jòj�cfk6¯k*vf_k*rjGe¬jGkKmd`/cf|djvxy&czg_|djpòrp|uâj¡6_|dcfmoâvxkä æ åP_|«cfiFciwjp|umd``q]�cfiaiCCjWcfk_k_vx_k*rpjN^lkNcÆ]6^wªx]6¯s*_jGiaâmÌ�6âùmo^lk*ªx_âù]�c_iwj(xvx^wrpjx7/[¯movxecmo^wr/vxil_e¬jcffñR*ùmue¬jGkKmPy{vf|Pcfez_âjpkKm~rvxk_6âmu^wvxk*`©^w`_jpùâ|oj¥ä #5å~ e¬jpò`dcfªj`Prvxk_ù^w`qmo^lk*ª�vfybc1ù^lk*ªxiwj:©vx|o ù]*cfiaij`qgCvfÜjpkNmo]_|ojjmo^le¬jp`+D_iwvfk*ªjp|e�jù`dcxªjp`1ù]�cfiliCj°`qgCvxÜxjpk´mÌ^wrjfB·¤y:c§iwvªf^wr¬rd]*cfk*ªj¡v[rprp_|o`ÆCjGy{vx|dj¶mo]_jNc_|«cficfiajp|umÆ^w`Ærvfe�g_iajpmojNck*�c¦k*jGÂcfiajp|omÆâ`ÆÄcf|u|«cfkKmoj¥¢Xmo]*j¡vx|oâªxâk*cfiÄciwjp|um1ù]�ciaijmojp|oehâk*cfmdjpâehe¬jp6^»cfmojpil¬ck*¡mu]*j�k*jpMcfiwjG|om~`qm«cf|umdjCä ÷� å}3vx|u|djprpmo^lj~é�jù`dcxªxj`bmo]*cfm&^lk*6^wrcfmdj7mo]*cfm

vx|Fk*vxm¹mo]_^a`¹^a`¹_vfk*j3rpvx_iw_jpgjpk*z6gCvxk]*vBrvxk*`qg_^wrG*vx*`&vxmo]*jG|

È%É+Ê+Ë�Ì�É+ÍªÔIA Ýf[÷�fJCä �#5å e�jtcfk*`Ämov1òjpiajrGmPmu]*j�y{vxiaiavâk*ªe�vn_j`~vxy¹vxgjp|«cmo^wvfk°ù]�cfili¥jg6|dvK^w_jp¥ P±(gjp|dcfmoâvxk¡vxy¹mu]*jNvn_j¶mu|«cfk*`qgCvfk*_jp|Pvxk6ia[P±(gjp|dcfmoâvxkzvxy6mo]*j\~}3:·o·¥^lkmu]*j\Z¦>x~Ie�vn_j3ck*1Nvn_jmo|«ck*ùgvxk*_jG|

`qâez6iam«ck*jvx_ùiax6P±(gjp|dcfmoâvxkvxy©mu]*j17\~}Ä/ÓÄ§mu|«cfk*`qgCvfk*_jp|vxk_il¢¥^lyX^lk*ùmdcfiaiaj¥·¤m�ez*ùmk*vfm

jÆgCvxòù^l_iwjzmovNvfgCjG|«cfmojzmo]*jh\~}3��·o·(cfk*�7\~}Ä/ÓÄ�mo|dcfk*`qgCvxk__jp|Wvx|mo]_j¡v[_j°cfk*¡7\~}Ä/ÓÄ¶mu|«cfk*`qgCvfk*_jp|P`qâez_ilm«cfk_jvx*`qiax

_P±(gjp|dcfmoâvxk¶vxyF\~}3:¶·u·î_^wªf]nmq¯¤iajpjGivx||ojpi»cmoâxjcfiamuâmu*_j:vxyFmo|dcfºhrx

6cfy{jGmÌS¯¤|djGi»cfmoj¡rvxkKmu|dvxi6jùâªxkNrvxk*`qmo|dcfâkKmd`~rcfkNj�y{vx_k*°vxk ²&cfªjWSæ[

�

� � � �|{~}�� SD��Â� �� !�� Ø�}

\Zvg_|ovnâ_jNcrpvxiail^wùâvxkIctvxâ*cfk*rpjNrcfg�cf6âia^lmÌ�mu]�cfmhrtck�jNrcf|o|u^wjBKIcfâ|orp|dcfy»mÆmo]�cm|djpÕS_â|ojmu]*j:]_âªx]*j`qm~iwjpxjpivfy¹g_|ovxmdjprpmu^wvxk°y»|dvfeäeh^w*cf^l|Ärpvxiail^wùâvxk§{y{vx|~cz_|ovScx¡ùgjrpmu|o_evxy&cfâ|orp|dcfy»m3mÌKgj`«~cfk*¶mu]�cfm~rtck vxgjp|dcfmdj:^lk*_jGgCjGk*_jpkKmuia¶vxyFmo]_j�ªx|dvx6k*[¯¤*cxòjpN`q[`qmdjGe]_^liwj�rvnvx|o6âk�cmoâk_ªâmu]¡^lmâyZk*jprjù`dcf|u

ä ç vå²b|dvK^w6j¬cfÃvx|o*cf_iaj1cfk*rvxehg�cfmuâ_iajÆrvxilia^w`q^wvxk§cxvx^w_cfk*rjhùn`qmdjpe vxg6mo^wvfk*`:y{vx|c_|ovScx°ùgjrGmo|u_eÂvxy&(cfmu^wvxk�ci/^l|dùg*cxrjWnn`qmdjpeÂ*ùjp|o`ä ç åÚ:jGmdjrGm¬gvxmdjGkKmo^»cie�â*cfâ|1rpvxiail^w`q^wvxk*`z^lmo]�vxmo]*jG|¶cf^l|drG|«cfy»m1âk�cfiliPe�jpmojvx|ovxiwvxªx^wrcfirpvxk*6^lmo^wvfk*`ä ç ã å²b|dvK^w6j7g6|dvxmojrpmu^wvxkmu]_|dvx_ªx]*vx_mZk�ctK^wªcf_iwjbcfâ|oùg�cxrpjx¢¸âk*rGia*[âk*ª~cf^l|d`qg�cxrjbk_vxmFrvS¯jG|dj°K°7\~}�g_|uâe¬cf|o�vx|Pòjprvxk_*cf|o¶|dcx*cf|~`qnùmdjGe¬`pä ç ð å²b|dvK^w6jWrpvxiail^w`q^wvxk�g_|dvxmojrGmo^wvfk¡^lk°mo]*jWcf*ùjpk*rpjvfybªx|ovx_k*°jÕS_^lg_e�jpkKmtä ç æ å}3vnvx|d[âk�cfmojâmu]�7\~}�ªf|dvx_k_`qm«cfmu^wvxk_`¢Cmovmo]*jÆj®[mojpkKmk*jrpjù`dcf|u¢Z]*jp|ojÆù*rd]ªx|ovx_k*°`qm«cfmu^wvxk*`Pcf|oj:g_|dvK^w6j¥

�

± �UTWV� x �y�� SD��Â� �� n��41�� d}

ä í5å\~}3:`u]�cfiliKg_|dvK^w_j3rvxilia^w`q^wvxkWctxvx^w*ck*rj3g6|dvxmojrpmu^wvxky{vx|

ä �5å\~}3:¡ù]*cfiai¥g6|dvK^w_j�mo^le¬jGia�cx6Kâòvx|u^wj`mov1mu]*j�g_âiavxmtÇä � vå~jùvxia6mo^wvfk!cf6K^wòvf|o^wjp`¶ù]�ciai:^lk*6^wrcfmdj¦xjp|umo^wrcfi�e¬cfk*jp6jp|o`¡mu]�cfm¡cf|oj§g_|dj¯[^wrpmojØmdvU^lk*rp|ojtcxùj¦jG|omoârtcfi:òjpg*cf|«cfmu^wvxkØy»|ovxe mo]_|ojtcfmojpk_^lk*ªBcfâ|orp|dcfy»mt�Ú:jG¯gjpk_6âk*ª�vxkImo]*j¡òjGiwjrGmdjp�g_|dvfmdjrGmoâvxk´|dcfk*ªjf¢3mo]_j¡k*vfe�^lk�cfi~cx[nâòvx|uUmo^le¬jjpy{vf|djrpiavòjpùm/cfg_g_|ovScxrd]Nù]�ciai¥fcf|uy»|dvxe� � mdv� � òjprvxk*6`Ýf[ n Sä � å\|«cº�r1cf6K^wòvf|o^wjp`:ù]*cfiai¹âk*6ârtcfmojmu]*jzgCvxùâmu^wvxk_`(vxyvxyCmo]*j(\~}3�cfâ|orp|dcfy»mÄâk°mu]*j�y{vxiaiav¸^lk*ªmÌ©vh3ctn`Çc6~/iwjG|omXmo]*j(rp|djG�mdvmu]*j(g_|ojùjpk*rpj�vxy¥gvxmdjGknmu^»cfiliazmu]_|djcfmdjGk_âk_ªmo|dcfºhr

cfk*Ng6|dvK^w_jâkKmo|u*_jG|Pgv`qâmoâvxk¡*cfmdchmo]*cfmPrtcfk¦cf^w°K^wù*cfi¹cxrÕS_âù^l¯mo^wvfk

P²

ä vå\~}3:Ø`q]�cfili(g_|ov¸Kâ_j¦6^l|djrGmoâvxk6¯¤s6k*6âk_ª�rtcg�cf_^liaâmÌµmovµù_g6gCvx|ummo]_j§6^w`qg_i»ctIvxymu|«cfºhrxb üü1�¹þn�Fý��3�4XÇ¹\~}3�Æ^w`b^lknmojpk*6j1y{vx|7vxgjp|«cmo^wvfkÆâk1iwvImdv�e¬jp6â6eâmo|dcfk*`R¯gvxk*6jp|P_jpk_ùâmu^wjp`Öòjpj �6 ä vå\3]_j`q_|oxjpâili»cfk_rj�jÕS_^lg_e�jpkKmPù]�cfili¥jWvfe�k_â6â|ojrGmo^wvfk�cfi&CÝ²&cfªj #6 Gä å\~}3:�ù]*cfiai

f��*ýõ�Ç7\~}3�¶·o·u·©]�cf`~k_vxmCjpjpkNâehg_iwjGe¬jGknmojxjpmtä [ð å\3]_j�cx6K^wùvx|oâj`7g_|dvK^w6j�^liai�_jGgCjGk*¶vxk�]�cfm3\~}3�¬jÕS_^lg_e�jpkKm©mu]*j/mdcf|u¯ªxjpmPcf^l|drp|dcfy»m3â`Ärtc|o|oK^lk*ª_¢_cf`ÄùgjrGâs*jp¡^lkmo]*j:y{vfiaiwv^lk*ªmdcf_iwjf\Zhg mo|dcfºhrcf6K^wòvf|o¢P³�~hg(jG|omu^wrtci(|djpòvxil_moâvxk>cx6Kâòvx|u¢/£(~hg(]*vx|u^wÙvfknmdcfi(|ojùvxia6¯mu^wvxkNcx[nâòvx|u¢�\\~}igâ\~}3:?>x\~}3:Nrvnvx|d[âk�cfmu^wvxk�

gX�?L¹÷{õ�ø�X\~}3�°ZjGjGiw`Pvxyb²b|ovxmdjprpmoâvxk\Fcf|oªjpmP/^l|drG|«cfy»m ±(k Pâ|drG|«cfy»m ([nâòvx|u^wjp`×

ä x6ã å\3]_je�vxk_^lmdvx|3ù]�ciai¥6jrpiwcf|djc1\~}3:¶yÖcf^lia_|oj:cfy»mojp| 1� òjrpvxk*_`~âk¶mu]*j�jpxjpkKmmu]�cfm¢_cfmXmo]*j/e�^lk_âez6e ¢xfcfil^w1|«cx[^wvcfiamuâmo__jP^lk_g__mX^w`Xk*vxmXg_|djpòjGknmWjF´²&cxªxj�[¢MÝf[ #xí Gä x6ð åØ]_jpk§czyÖcf^lia_|oj(^w`6jpmdjprpmoj¥¢*mo]_je�vxk_^lmdvx|Äù]�cfili¤Çä x[ã_ vå·¤k*6ârtcfmojmovÆmo]*j�î_âªx]Km~rp|djG!mu]�cfm/cfkNcf_k*vf|oe¬cfirvfk*6âmu^wvxk°j®n^wùmo`ä x[ã_ åÚ(^wùrvxkKmo^lkK*j\~}3�°vxgCjG|«cfmu^wvxk¥ älk ÒÏ nÒË«ÝÈ»ÊfnËGÊ©ÊÖÞOGÉCËÃF»«ÑO>=¶ÒÉ

�|{~}�� x �� *�¶�´�� E}

bÈ»ßÆÈ»Ê¤ÑxÊÖÈÒÉ6ÝßhÑ(È»É�xÒK§xËzÑO«Ë¤àÊRËÃFÈaÝ>=Ý/Ëv«§,«©Ð6Ñ�©Ñ(ÃÝÊ»Ð6ÑxÊ"«ÒÞR¶ÉCÒÊ/»GË¤«Òß/àZaËGÊRË§Ë È»ßÆÈ»É ÑxÊÌËÃKFßÆÈ»ÊáÈSÑxÊÌËÃK\«ËÃxÞ�«ËÃÊÌÒÑxÉ¡ÑO«Ë¤àÊ¤Ñ,»vaËçaËxË÷7ÒK~È»É¬ÝÒß¬Ë�ÒÊ»Ð*ËPÏXÑ(�dË«ÝÒK§xËÃÝÑxÊÖÈaÝ3pÑOGÊRÒKÈ§(«!Â�Þ�«Ð È»ßÆÈ»ÊÑxÊÖÈÒÉ6ÝÆßhÑ(FaËoÑ,¡ÊÌÒ¦Òdà�ËuÑxÊÖÈÒÉ Ñ(*àZdÒ�«ËÃxÞO«Ë«Ý1ÑxÉ4§ËGÉ*Ê6ÈË«ÝÆÈ»ÉÊ»Ð*ËdÁ(ÈuÑªÊ�Y ÈÐnÊ&�ÑxÉ*Þ6Ñ(:ÒK ÈÐnÊ�ÑxÉ*Þ6Ñ(çÂ�ÞtàSàZaËGß¬ËGÉ*Ê¿«)ÆGÉ�ÑP«Òß/àZaËGÊÌË°È»É*ÊRËGÉ*ÊÝ¤à�ËGÈ qoÑxÊÖÈÒÉàT È»É=ÝNÏ3ÒÞR�»GË¦È»É ÞànËÃµÊRÒ�Ê{Ð*ËdËaËÑxÉ*Ê�Òdà�ËuÑxÊáÈÒÉ Ñ(&àZdÒ�«ËÃxÞRdË«Ý§ÑxÉ4Á\� ËGÉ*Ê6ÈË«Ýv«

ä

�|{~}�� `}Æ�UT!� � � �E}�!�Ø��d}

1Ë«ÝGÈxÉ%«ÒÉ6ÝGÊ uÑxÈ»É*Ê»Ý�Ñ(dË'dË«ÝGÊ6GÈ¿GÊÖÈÒÉ6Ý¬ÒÉ�Ê{Ð*ËzÏXÑ(¡Ê»Ð*Ë'dË ÞnÈdËGß¬ËGÉ*Ê{Ý1ßhÑ(:»GË1ÑO«ÐnÈËxËÃKÈ6«ÖËv«¢ È»ßÆÈ»ÊÑxÊáÈÒÉ6ÝÒÉ�à�ÒÊRËGÉ*ÊÖÈÖÑ(ÝÝGÊRËGß nË«ÝGÈxÉ6Ýv« ÉqÊ�Oâ/ÏßrÐËG&5ØëÐfÍªÏ¢Ë?Ðf×@Û$ÐÑÔàÕªÚ+Ê È%É+Ê�ÔRË?Ì4ÏYÕÃÊ+Ë�Ô

ä }( rå\3]*j7`q[`qmdjGe�e*ùme¬cfÜjvxg6¯jG|«cfmuâk*ª¡âkUrpvxkKmo|ovxiaiajUcâ|d`qg�cxrpjcfk*UcfiwùvNâmu]�g_iwcfk_k*jpUjpxvxia6mo^wvfkUvxymu]*j¬7\~}`q[`qmdjGe

(�

ä }( � å\3]*j¡gCjG|oy{vx|ueck*rj¶e�vxk_^amovx|Æez*`qm�k_vxm�^lkKmdjp|uy{jp|oj¡^lmo]�mu]*j°gCjG|oy{vx|uecfk_rj¡vxy:mo]_j^lknmojpk*6j°y»_k*rpmu^wvxk¡vxy&\~}3�

�

â/ÏYßÐ\Ë6G&5ØëÐfÍªÏ¢Ë?ÐÑ×AÛ$ÐÑÔ?ÕCÚ+Ê È^É+Ê�ÔRË�Ì�ÏXÕªÊçË?Ô

¥Ð*Ë(ÝÑªtËGÊ6K«Ë ÑxÊÌËÃ]«ÒÉ6ÝGÊ6uÑxÈ»É*Ê{ÝÑ(«Ë�nËGÈxËÃ+¨dÒßäÊ»Ð*Ë:Ý¸ÝGÊÌËGß�Ð6Ñ�©Ñ(ª¤ ÈaÝGÊ7Ê»Ð*Ë3àZdË È»ßÆÈÉ Ñ(¨/Ð6Ñ�©Ñ(ªÑxÉ Ñ(§¸ÝGÈaÝZÑxÉ4WÑxÉ�\pÑxÞR Ê¥Ê6dË«Ë/ÒK~ÒÊ{Ð*Ë©Ê dà�Ë«ÝPÒXÐ6Ñ�©Ñ(ªÑxÉ Ñ(§¸ÝË«Ýà�ËtÒKß¬ËÃÒÉ¦Ê»Ð*Ë�Ý¸ÝGÊÌËGß¤«

uõOFõ��*÷búM�?iõKýû�ÿp� ÷6� 7xûbùrvxehg_iajpmdjGiaIâk*6jpgjpk*_jGkKmoia$vxymu]*j§ªx|ovx_k*[¯�cxùj7\~}�ùnùmojpeNb üü1�¹þn�Fý��3�4XÇ7\~}3:°^liaiCj�*òjp cf`/cÆ�cxrdÜK_gNmdvÆmo]_jW7\~}�ùnùmojpeN

ä _} å\3]*jPùn`qmdjpe@ez_ùm7k*vxm

ä 6}[ å\3]*jU_jpùâªxk!ez_ùm¦jGk*ù6|djUjGiwjrGmo|ovxecfªxk*jpmu^wr�rvfe�g�cmoâ6âia^lmÌØcfk_ k*vxk[¯v[rprp_|u|djGk*rj�vxyFvxgjp|dcfmoâvxk�cfiliaÆ`q^wªxk6âs*rcfkKm3âkKmojp|oy{jG|djGk*rj�jpmÌ©jjpk \~}3� ¢òjprvxk*_cf|o�`q_|oxjp^liai»ck*rjb|dcx*cf|¢¸cfk*WÚ ×�áÚ(^w`qm«cfk*rpj7Njcxù_|uâk*ªP×rpiajtcf|dcfk*rpj`CÝf[ã � ä _}3 å\3]*j/ùnùmojpe@ez*`qm©k_vxm©yÖcâi_movg_|ov¸Kâ_j/jGÃCjprpmuâj~3cf|ok_^lk*ª`©cfk*¬cfg_g_|ovxg_|o^wcfmdj~rpvxiail^l¯`q^wvxk¡ctvf^w*cfk_rj�ªx_â*cfk*rpj�vxk¶gvxmdjGknmu^»cfiliah*cfk_ªjp|ovx*`Ämo]6|djtcmd`Äk*vx|yÖcâi mdvÆg_|dvK^w6jmu]*jpeÅ^lmo]_^lkNcfkNcfg_g_|ovxg_|o^wcfmdj:muâe�j(ia^le�^lm:Ýf[ �[ G

fh�*ýõ�Ç7\3]_^w`~rvfk*ùmu|«cf^lknm~]�cf`PvfnKâvx*`rvfk_î_^wrGmd`âmu] _}_}æ[ä _}3_ vå�|ojòvfia_mu^wvxk�cx6Kâòvx|u¦ez*`qmWk_vxmCjÆ|djGe¬vxj$Örtcfk_rjpiaj�(_kKmuâi

ä _}3_ æ å\~}3:�ez_ùm¡cfiliwvÂy{vx|¶âk*rG|djcxòjp!cfilmo^le¬jGmo|oIjG|o|dvf| cf`°cfiamuâmo__j âk_rp|djcxòjp`Ýf[ ¢�[ãSä _}3_ #5å\~}3: ez*ùm/g_|dvfmdjrGmcxªScâk*`qm:c¬`qiwv |«cmdjvfy

ä _} # vå\3]_jg_^liwvxm~vxybc¬\~}3:K¯ÌjpÕK6âg_gj§câ|drG|«cfy»me*ùmP]�ctjWmo]*jWvxg_mu^wvxk¡mdvhù^lmdrd]mov�mo]*jP\|«cfºhr~(6Kâòvx|uK¯R±(k_iaÆNv[6jÄ]*jp|oj(\Z(`Xcf|oj6^w`qg_i»ctjph6_m76^w`qg_i»ctvfy&|djpòvxil_moâvxk¡cx6Kâòvx|u^wj`Äâ`Äâk_]6â_^lmdj�Ýf[ [ Gb ütü1�Fþ`�Zý��6�47Ç\3]6^w`y{jtcfmu_|dj1âilibCj1*ùjU66|oâk_ª¡s_k*cfi©cfg_g_|ovScxrd]�movg�cf|dcfiaiajpi|o6kn3ctn`¢C]*jGk§mÌ3vcfâ|orp|«cy»m(c|djg6|dvfñqjprpmdjp mdv¬rvxe�jrGiwvùjWmovjtcxrd]Nvxmu]*jp|/cfk*N\~}3�¶3vf_iw°rtciai¥y{vx|PckNjGfcxù^ljecfk_jp_xjp|t

ä _} # å\3]_jWkK_ezjp|/cfk_Nrpvxe�g6iwjG®n^lmÌvxyFmo]*jWrvfknmu|dvxia`Äez*`qmPj�|djp6*rjpNmov�cÆehâk6¯^lez_e rvfk*ùâùmdjGkKmzâmu]B`dcfy{j�ùnùmojpeÛvxgjp|dcfmoâvxk°Ø]*jp|ojgCvxòù^l_iwjf¢brvfknmu|dvxiy»6k*rpmu^wvxk*`~`q]*vx_ia°j�gCjG|oy{vx|ue¬jp¡cf_mdvfecfmu^wrcfiailä _} # ã åP_|«ci:cfiajp|umd`1ez*ùmhjNâk6]_â_^lmdjpBjpiav� �&� y{jjpm¬ ç ck*´Kć]_âªx]*jG|g6|o^wvf|oâmÌ�âk*6ù]*jcf|Pvx| ç ²b °cfiwjG|omWÝf[ �_ # Gä _} # ð å\~}3:1ez_ùm7g_|djGjGknm¢6cf`7e*rd]cf`bgCvùù^l_iwjf¢ecfk_jp_xjp|o^lk*ªcx6K^wùvx|oâj`bjpâk_ªâò`q*j>y{vx|¶g_i»ck_k*j�rGiwvùj§òjpg*cf|«cfmu^wvxkåácfg_g_|ovScxrd]*jp`¡movBg*cf|«cfiliwjGi(|o6kn3ctn`«Ýf[ðKG

ä _}+� å\~}3:Ue*ùmÆk*vfmÆrp|ojtcfmoj¬k*jtc|Æe�âòòjp`¶Ö|oj`q_iamz^lkBc ]�cxÙcf|d6vx*`ziwjGjGivxy~jG|omoârtcfiùjpg�cf|dcfmoâvxk Fmu]�cfm

ä _} í vå\~}3:Nez*`qm/k*vfm/âòù_jzc�6jòrpjpk*�cf6K^wòvf|o¶]*jGk¦mo]*jcfâ|orp|dcfy»m~^w`k*jtc|(mo]_jªf|dvx_k_�Ýf[ã&�6 ¢F´²&cxªxj í �Gä _} í å/6K^wùvx|oâj`:ez*`qm�Cjrd]*vòjGkU`q*rd]�mu]�cfm:mu]*j1cf^l|drp|dcfy»m(î6^wªx]Km:g_|ovxs_iajâili¹k*vfmyÖciai¥jpiav¸>mo]_jW`qm«cfk_*cf|d¡ªxil^w_jGg�cfmo]Ýf[ð # G

ä _}q� å\~}3:�ez*ùmXk*vxm3rtcf_òj(vf|Ärvfknmu|o^l__mdjPmdvWmo]*jPg_âiavxm

ä _} å·¤k6y{vx|oe¬cfmoâvxk1ez*`qm3|djGecâkhvxk¬mu]*j([^wùg6i»ctzy{vx|3cWehâk_^lez_eâcfe�vx_kKm3vfyCmo^le¬jjGjGk¦âyZâmâ`Äk*vÆiwvxk_ªjp||ojpiwjGfcfkKmWCÝf[ ¢�n í ¢*[ æ � ¢�[ æ&�[ðKGä _} ã å\3]_jP6jùâªxk1vxy�mo]_jÄ6^w`qg_i»ctWez*`qmbk*vxm

± �U�ò¤¬ � ��Ø��{�}1�Z}

¥ÐnÈaÝÝËGÊÖÈÒÉWàZdÒKÈ6nË«Ý�ÒÉCË:ËªÅKÑxß/àZaË:Ò/ÑÐ6Ñ�©Ñ(ªzÑxÉ Ñ(§¸ÝGÈaÝPÞSÝËÃÏ

b�b [U0�ùC\~}3:¡rtc*òjp`Pg_^liwvxm3mdvÆiwvùj�rvxkKmu|dvxiZvxyFmo]_jcâ|drG|«cfy»m b�b [U0�ù(\~}3:Ø^lknmojp|uy{jp|djp`¶âmo]�vfmo]*jG|°`dcfy{jGmÌK¯|djGi»cfmoj>ùnùmojpe�`�Öjxðª_ ¢/âkKmojp|oy{jG|djp`âmu]Nªf|dvx_k_¡g_|ovt®[^le�^lmÌ�3cf|uk_âk*ªSG

¥Ð*ËhÆ,Z®�ÅÝGÊÖÞ?(IÒÉ�§�È6nËGÉ*ÊÖÈ ÄË«Ý ÑxÉ4IÑxÉ Ñ(§ÝË«Ý¡Ê»Ð*Ë�¢dÝGÊÐ6Ñ�©Ñ(ªéqÑxÉ \hÁ*ÀZ�ÝÒÊ»Ð6ÑxÊÆÈaÝÑ((Ï3Ë È»É ÞànË§È»É>Ê{ÐnÈaÝ�ËªÅKÑxß/àZaË¡�,Á Ñ( Ê»Ð*ÒÞ&Ð$Ê{Ð*ËNÝ¤à�ËGÈ ÄËÃUÝÑªtËGÊ6�nË«ÝGÈxÉ«ÒÉ6ÝGÊ6oÑxÈ»É*Ê»Ý�È»ÉNÊ{Ð*Ë©àZ«ËÈÒÞSÝ(ÝËGÊÖÈÒÉ¡Ï3Ë«Ë�nË«ÝGÈxÉCËÃhÊÌÒd«ÒÉ*Ê6dÒKCÊ»Ð*ËzÒÊ{Ð*ËPÐ6Ñ�©Ñ(ÃÝÑ( ÝÒ(«¥Ð*Ë«ÒKdËGÊáÈ¿oÑ(§�Ï3Ë°Ï3ÒÞO�Ð6Ñ(xË] È»É=Ýh»GËGÊÖÏ3Ë«ËGÉ>ËxË¨ö«ËaËÑxÉ*Ê�pÑxÞO ÊÊ dË«Ë�»GÒrÅµÑxÉ4�Ê»Ð*ËnË«ÝGÈxÉ)«ÒÉ6ÝGÊ uÑxÈ»É*Ê»Ý¡ÑxÉ4`nË«ÝGÈxÉ]tËoÑxÊÖÞRdË«ÝFdË ÑxÊÌËÃÊÌÒ§Ê»Ð*ËGß�WÊRÒ�Òdà�ËuÑxÊáÈÒÉ Ñ(àZ«Ò�«ËÃxÞOdË«ÝnË«ÝGÈxÉCËÃWÊÌÒWßÆÈ»ÊÖÈSÑxÊRËPÊ»Ð*ËGß�=ÏXÑÝR¢Þà�nËÃzÑO«Ë¤àÊÑ,»vaËv« ËtÒÞnÉ4KÐ*ÒÏ3ËxËÄCÊ{Ð6ÑxÊCÈ»ÉhßhÑxÉ��oÑÝË«Ý©Ï3Ë3Ï3ËdË©ÞnÉ Ñ,»vaË3ÊÌÒ\7É4�Ê»Ð*Ë©ßÆÈ»ÊáÈSÑxÊÖÈ»ÉO�nË«ÝGÈxÉtËoÑxÊÖÞRdË«ÝhÒKÏ3ËdËÞ[É Ñ,»vaËÊÌÒÈ6nËGÉ*ÊÖÈ ¨¬Ê»Ð*ËGßº¨dÒß,ÒÞO� È»ßÆÈ»ÊÌËÃ¶ÊÌË«ÐnÉ*È¿oÑ(ZÞ[É4nËdÝGÊÑxÉ4xÈ»ÉOÒÊ»Ð*ËFÀ�Á¦ÂnnË«ÝGÈxÉ§ÑxÉ4�È»Ê{ÝWÈ»É*ÊÌËGÉ*Ê¿«f��*ý��[ý��6�4��*÷\lVNÇ�&÷3��6ý��3�4Xù �j~]�ctj/rd]�cfk*ªjp�mu]*j/`qm«cfk_*cf|dhyÖcf_ilm

Near Midair Collision (NMAC): Two aircraft come within 100’ vertically with close horizontal proximity.

Maneuver is required to avoid NMAC; pilot does not maneuver aircraft such that NMAC is avoided.

No maneuver is required to avoid NMAC; an untimely maneuver is made that results in an NMAC B

A

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS

OR

&�

Maneuver is required to avoid NMAC; pilot does not maneuver aircraft such that NMAC is avoided.A

Controller instructions (if any) do not lead pilot to maneuver aircraft so as to avoid NMAC.

Controller does not issue any instruction. A1

Controller instructions (if any) do not lead pilot to maneuver aircraft so as to avoid NMAC.

Controller does not issue any instruction. A1

Pilot does not maneuver the aircraft so as to avoid the NMAC based on his perception (if any) of the conflict.

Pilot does not maneuver aircraft so as to avoid NMAC based on his own evaluation

Pilot does not realize there is a conflict.

Pilot realizes there is a conflict but does not maneuver aircraft to avoid the NMAC.

Pilot does not avoid NMAC by the use of a TCAS resolution advisory.

TCAS does not display a resolution advisory.

TCAS displays a resolution advisory that the pilot does not follow.

TCAS displays a resolution advisory that will not avoid the NMAC.

TCAS displays a resolution advisory but not in time to avoid NMAC.

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

Pilot does not maneuver aircraft so as to avoid NMAC based on his own evaluation


Pilot realizes there is a conflict but does not maneuver aircraft to avoid the NMAC.

Pilot does not avoid NMAC by the use of a TCAS resolution advisory.





A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

75

70

5

�

A1 Controller does not issue any instruction

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

Controller does not perceive the conflict.

No conflict alert is displayed.

[Threat is non-transponder aircraft.]

Conflict alert does not cause controller to perceive conflict.


Pilot does not realize there is a conflict (by visual "see and avoid) unaided by TCAS.

Pilot realizes there is a conflict but does not maneuver aircraft as to avoid the NMAC.

Pilot cannot select a maneuver.

Pilot does not make a maneuver in time to avoid NMAC.

[Inadequate visual conditions (not bright daylight.)]

Pilot takes an action that does not avoid NMAC.

Pilot did not avoid NMAC because of information provided on the TA display.

A3

190

195

200

210

205

215

220

225

230

OP.10

(Extended development of this fault was not done by MITREas it was judged to be a human factors-dependent fault.)

S

1.23.1


TCAS unit is not providing RAs.

Sensitivity level set such that no RAs are displayed.

No RA inputs are provided to the display.

No RA is generated by the logic.

Inputs do not satisfy RA criteria.

Surveillance does not pass adequate track to the logic.

[Threat is non-Mode C aircraft.]

Altitude errors put threat on ground.

Surveillance puts threat outside corrective RA position.

Altitude reports put threat outside corrective RA position.

Altitude errors put threat in non-threat position.

A4

235

240

245

250

260

255

265

270

275

280

285

290

295

300

305

310

320

315

360

370

325

330

335

340

345

350

355

365

375

380

L.5

SC4.8 2.22

2.19

1.23.1

1.23.1

2.35SC4.2

1.23.1

1.23.1

TCAS displays an RA but not in time to avoid NMAC.

RA is delayed beyond time when maneuver can avoid NMAC.

TCAS enabled to issue RAs.

Conflict was created late.

AND

AND

Altitude credibility tests rejected reports.

Low firmness delays RA.

TCAS acquired track in the midst of a conflict.

TCAS acquires track late.

A5

TCAS was enabled to issue resolution advisories in the midst of the conflict.

385

390

395

400

405

410

415

420

425

430

435

440

445

450

455

460

465

470

475

480

490

485

495

500

505

2.35, 2.36.3

L.8

2.51, 2.71.3, 2.71.4

SC4.2

Kæ


Crew does not perceive RA alarm.

Pilot does not execute the RA at all.

Pilot must clear his airspace before maneuvering, but cannot.

Pilot executes the RA but inadequately.

A6

510

515

520

525

530

535

540

545

550

555

560

565

1.4 to 1.14 2.75, 2.76

OP.10

OP.1

OP.2

OP.10

OP.4, OP.10

#

[Threat is TCAS equipped.]

TCAS receives (via coordination link) an incorrect RA complement.

Own TCAS generates an incorrect RA.

RA is removed before aircraft is out of NMAC

TCAS displays a resolution advisory that does not avoid the NMAC.A7

570

575

580

585

590

600

595

605

615

610

��

1.23.1

Sensitivity level set such that no TAs are provided.

[Pilot sets sensitivity level manually.]

No TA inputs are provided to the display.

No traffic advisory is generated by the logic.

Surveillance does not provide a track that passes range test.

Surveillance does not pass adequate track to the logic.

Altitude reporting causes threat not to be judged a threat.

[Threat is altitude-encoding aircraft]

Threat is judged not to be a threat by altitude tests.

Display limitation prevents display of threat

[Mode S ground sensor sets sensitivity level.]

TCAS does not display a traffic advisory.A8

Inputs do not satisfy threat criteria

TCAS unit is not providing traffic advisories.620

625

630

635

640

645

650

655

660

665

670

675

680

685

690

695

700

705

710

715

725

720

730

740

735

745

750

SC4.8 2.22

1.23.1

í

No maneuver is required to avoid NMAC; an untimely maneuver is made that results in an NMAC.

Own aircraft makes an untimely maneuver.

Pilot maneuvers aircraft because of instruction provided to him.

Pilot maneuvers aircraft because of his own evaluation of the situation.

Pilot is issued an instruction that will lead to NMAC.

Pilot follows the instruction because he does not see it will lead to an NMAC.

Pilot evaluates the situation and selects an untimely maneuver.

TCAS traffic advisory (if any) does not show the maneuver is incorrect. B4

Controller does not transmit a corrective instruction.

No system independent of the pilot corrects own aircraft’s maneuver before the NMAC occurs.

TCAS does not display a resolution advisory that corrects.




TCAS displays a resolution advisory that would avoid NMAC except the threat maneuvers.

TCAS does not issue an "Advisory Not OK."


B

B6

A7

B1

B2

B3

B5

A4

A5

A6

755

760

770

765

775

780

785

790

795

800

805

815

825

830

810

820

(This branch was not completed in the MITRE fault tree.)

,�

2.67

B1 Pilot is issued an instruction that will lead to NMAC.

TCAS displays an RA that will lead to NMAC.

TCAS generates for display an RA that will lead to NMAC.

Altitude error causes wrong sense RA that leads to NMAC.

Pilot stops following RA within 100 feet of threat

before it is removed.>

Pilot follows the instruction because he does not see it will lead to an NMAC.

Visual acquisition does not show the instruction is incorrect.

Pilot does not visually acquire other aircraft.

Pilot doesn’t acquire visually without TCAS aid.

[No TA is displayed.]

Pilot doesn’t acquire visually with TCAS aid.

[TA is displayed.]

No traffic advisory is being displayed.

TCAS TA display does not show the instruction is incorrect.

[No aircraft is currently a threat.]

Aircraft that should be judged a threat is not displayed.

Aircraft that is a threat is not displayed.

Threat and proximity (if any) advisory does not show the instruction is incorrect.

Threat and proximity advisory shown does not show the instruction incorrect.

TCAS is not displaying a preventive RA against the maneuver.

A8

B7

B2

A4

910

915

920

925

930

935

940

945

950

955

960

965

975

980

985

990

970

995

1000

1005

1010

1015

æ

Pilot evaluates the situation and selects an untimely maneuver.

TCAS provides a TA indicating a conflict that the pilot uses to maneuver into NMAC.

Pilot maneuvers off non-NMAC trajectory for separation assurance.

Pilot selects an inappropriate maneuver based on TCAS TA display.

B3

1020

1025

1035

1040

1050

1055

1045

(This branch was not further expanded by MITRE as it was judged

OP.9

to be a human factors-dependent fault.)

æ

[No aircraft is current a threat.]


Traffic advisory being displayed does not show the instruction is incorrect.

Traffic advisory displayed does not show the instruction is incorrect.

No traffic advisory is being displayed.


TCAS traffic advisory (if any) does not show the maneuver is incorrect.B4

A1

B7

1060

1065

1070

1075

1080

1085

1090

1095

1100

1105

æx

B5 Controller does not transmit a corrective instruction.

[Newly created threat is a non-transponder aircraft.]

No conflict alert is displayed to the controller.

Conflict alert does not cause controller to see conflict and generate a resolution

1110

1115

1120

1140

1125

1130

1135

æf

2.2.2

TCAS issues an RA that would avoid NMAC except the threat maneuvers.

Threat maneuvers after RA is issued and neither the pilot nor TCAS corrects.

Neither the pilot nor TCAS recognizes the situation and corrects.

Pilot does not recognize the situation.

Other aircraft (different than threat) involved in NMAC.

Does not see it (visual).

Does not see it from TA display.

Pilot becomes aware of the situation but cannot correct

TCAS does not tell pilot that advisory is not adequate.

B6

1145

1155

1160

1165

1170

1175

1180

1185

1190

1205

1150

1195

1200

1210

1215

1235

1230

1225

1220

2.36, 2.38

ææ

2.51

1.23.11.23.1

1.23.1

Traffic and proximity advisories do not show the instruction is incorrect.

TCAS did not display the proximate aircraft own will maneuver into.

No proximity inputs are provided to the display.

No TA is displayed.

TA is displayed but proximate aircraft is not.

Proximity advisory should be displayed but is not.

Inputs do not satisfy proximity advisory criteria.

Surveillance does not pass a track to the logic that is within proximity range.

Surveillance does not pass adequate track to logic.

Altitude reports pass a relative altitude that does not satisfy proximity criterion.

AND[Threat is Mode C aircraftThreat is judged not proximate

Displays show the proximate aircraft but in the wrong location.

Display limitation prevents display of the proximate aircraft.

x �Gy �� ¦§|{~}�2¨ª© ¨n}.«UTW¬ ³ .«U¬®ª«U¯±°¨n}

�²´�»�³,½¹ë¼Mº8²O4¾Z4½Ki»M²¸¶/´�³6¹F´�¶�¹¸»M´·6¹�»>·´�³¿�¾Z�³{¹�³v¾Zµ¶>´ ¼ ¾P½¹¿º8²²ª»{²¸¶r´�´�» ¶�À@´�³6¹�´�²¸½ºÁ»{²¸¶�¶ +¼ ³¶�À¶�¹¸»{´u·,»�½K6¶hºs³»�¶q·O>²½¹¸»e·6³{¹´7»{²¸¶�½¹´�» �·6³{¹¸»{´rºs³�»�¶¶�¹14½K>¶Ã,«ÃÄ¶x²·(6¶ ¼ ´�¶Ã*¹O(Å³µ´>²Æ»j½¾Z½K�³6

¨Î¬±¨öÏ° ¨n}.ö.«U¯ÑÐ2«ÒÂ¬

ÔÓ¸Õ'ÖØ×1ÙaÚ�ÛÜ6Ú�Ö¸Õf¢�Ý�Þ�ß�à¥áÕ'Ú�ÙâÜ×÷{ç�Û"æô¸è(ÙµÖ¸êrç�ÓJÕ�ÚÜ6ôJÖJã?ìeç�Ú�ÙµáÈç�Ùµé2Õ&ÛÕ'çjø0Õ+Õ�ÖÄç�ÓJÕ�ç�Ú>×Ö¸è�éÙâè�è�ÙâÜ1ÖÈÜ6÷ç�ÓJÕ7ÙaÖ"çÕ'Ú�ÚÜê×1ç�ÙµÜ6Ö×1Ö¸ãÈç�ÓJÕ7Ú�Õ+ä'Õ'Ùµáç&Ü1÷Hç�Ó¸ÕhÚÕ'áåµæë

ß&åaç�Ùµç�ô¸ãJÕf¢�×1åµç�Ùµç�ôJãJÕuÚ>×çÕx¢RÚ×1Ö¸êÕf¢H×Ö¸ãÆÚ>×1Ö¸ê6Õ.Ú×1çÕ.×ÚÕ.ãJÕ'ç�Õ'Ú�é2ÙaÖ¸Õ+ãÆÛ"æ¥ç�Ú×6äù"ÙµÖ¸ê¡ç�ÓJÕÚÕ�áJåµæÄÙµÖJ÷MÜ6Ú�é×ç�ÙâÜ1ÖRërÝ�Ó¸Õ'è�ÕãJ×1ç>×6¢Rç�ÜêÕ'ç�Ó¸Õ'Ú7øiÙaç�Óªç�Ó¸Õ.ä'ôÚ�ÚÕ�Ö"çxÝ�Þ�ß�àªè�Õ�Ö¸è�Ùaç�Ùaí×.×1Ö¸ãä+Ü×1ç�ÙâÜ6Ö2÷{ÚÜ6é Ö¸Õ+×1Ú�Û"æç�Ú×1îäÙµÖªç�ÓJÕ2íÕ�Ú�ç�Ùâä4×åyáå{×1Ö¸Õñ�Õ1ëvêël¢�L��HO��]Q��K��üøiÓ¸Õ�Ö¿ç�Ó¸Õ2×1ÙµÚ�ä'Ú×1÷{ç7Ùâè7ä'åaÙµéxÛJÙaÖ¸ê"ó�D8×1ÖJãÁñ! 6ó¾ � ¶"�6¶�¹¸»�³��6¶r·��³µ´�½ � ³,¶>´�ÚÕ'þ"ôÙµÚ�ÙaÖ¸êÖ¸ÜÙaé2é2Õ+ãÙâ×1çÕz×6ä�ç�ÙµÜ6ÖÆÛJôJç�ø�×1Ú�ÖJÙµÖ¸êç�Ó¸Õrä'Ú�Õ'øBÖ¸Ü6ç�ç�Üä'åaÙµéxÛ¥¢UãÕ+è�ä'Õ'Ö¸ãC¢RÜ6Úh×6ã�# ô¸è�ç&íÕ'Ú�ç�Ùµä4×1å8è�áÕ+Õ+ãÆã?ô¸ÕuçÜÖ¸Õ4×Ú�Û"æÄç�Ú>×1îäñ�Õ6ë5êJë ¢RL$�8O%�ÇQ&�'�"K��(�øiÓ¸Õ�ÖÄç�ÓJÕq×ÙµÚä�Ú>×1÷{ç�Ùâè*ÙµÖ¡åµÕ'íÕ�å)�JÙâê1Óó�ë

Ý�Ó¸Õu» � ·+*,�7·��³µ´�½ � ³,¶>´sã?Ùâè�áå{×4æÕ'ã2çÜzç�Ó¸Õ�áJÙaåâÜ6çtãJÕ'è�ä�Ú�ÙµÛÕ&ç�Ó¸Õ&áÜè(Ùµç�ÙµÜ6Ö¸èsÜ6÷�áJÚÜ4ÿ

×1åµÕ'Ú�ç�èç�Ó¸Õ.�Ùâê6Ó"ç2ä'ÚÕ�ø±çÜØç�Ó¸ÕáÚÕ+è�Õ'Ö¸ä'Õ¥Ü6÷�ç�ÓJÚÕ+×1çèp¢iÜ6ÚáÜ6ç�Õ'Ö"ç�Ùâ×1åiç�ÓJÚ�Õ4×1ç�è¢\×1Ö¸ãËé×4æÙµéáJÚ�Ü�í6Õ�ç�Ó¸Õz×1ÛÙµåµÙaçjæÜ1÷Hç�Ó¸Õ7ä'ÚÕ�ø çÜrÚ�Õ+è�áÜ6Ö¸ã¡çÜ.è(ôJÛ¸è�Õ'þô¸Õ'Ö"ç�Ú�Õ+è�Ü1åµôJç�ÙâÜ6Ö×6ã?í×Ú�æu÷MÕ+×1ç�ôÚÕ+èsÓP×1ètÛÕ+Õ�Ö2ÙaÖ¸è�ç×1åµåµÕ+ã�ëHÝ�Þ�ßhà.ä4×1ÖáJÚ�Ü�í"ÙµãJÕ*ç�Ó¸Õ/Ü

3 4 5 § §7698qÐ2¨Î© 4 ÒÂ© ¯ ÒW¬±¨ª¬BÐ:8

;HÙµê6ôJÚÕ< ?ë=7è�Ó¸Ü�ø�è�ç�Ó¸ÕzÝ�Þ�ßhà¡õ�õ0è�æ�?)@BA_C`FaRTXYN$bdce?ON�@BAfRZ[ Ý�ÓJÕ§Ü×1Ö¸è(á�Ü1Ö¸ãJÕ'ÚáÕ'Ú�÷MÜ1Ú�é2è.ç�Ó¸Õ¡Ö¸Ü6Ú�é×1å�ßtÝ�Þ÷{ôJÖ¸ä�ç�ÙµÜ6Ö¸è�Ü1÷�Õ�ÿ×1Ú�æ7ÚÕ+è�Ü6åµôç�ÙâÜ1Ö×6ãí"Ùµè�Ü6Ú�ÙâÕ+è7ñg\�]8×6ê6Õ - ó�ëC�h$RSiOAZjkUlUlXmN�n2AIXYN$@oHM?OUkUljkbdjl?ONpJ:iO?Ojk@BXYN$n2AqCQrBbsPSAZtvu�?OwOjlnm[ Ý�ÓJÙµèsä+Ü6éáÜ6Ö¸Õ'Ö"çsáÕ'Ú(ì÷MÜ6Ú�éès×ÙµÚè(áP×6ä'Õ\è(ôJÚ�í6Õ'Ùaåµå{×Ö¸ä+Õhñyxz]8×6ê6Õ 0�- óG¢ÙaÖ×÷{ç�ç�Ú×6äù"ÙµÖ¸êñgx{^�^óG¢ç�ÓÚÕ4×ç�ãJÕ�çÕ'ä'ç�ÙµÜ6Ö×1Ö¸ã2Ú�Õ+è�Ü6åµôJç�ÙâÜ6Öñyxz]8×6êÕ Í2| ó¢×1÷{çñyx{ ?ë} 6ó�ëÔõe÷7×Îç�Ú>×6äù6Õ+ã×1ÙaÚä�Ú>×1÷{ç.Ùâè2×Îä'Ü6åµåaÙâè(ÙâÜ6Ö¿ç�ÓJÚÕ+×1çt¢*ç�Ó¸ÕÄä'Ü6åµåaÙaìè�ÙµÜ6ÖÆ×4í6Ü6Ùâã¸×Ö¸ä+ÕzåâÜê6Ùµähè�Õ�åâÕ+ä�çè�ç�Ó¸Õ7Û�Õ'è�çh×4í6Ü6Ùâã¸×Ö¸ä+Õzé×1ÖJÕ'ôJí6Õ'Ú4ë\õe÷�ç�Ó¸Õqç�ÓJÚÕ+×1ç�×ÙµÚä�Ú>×1÷{ç�Ùµè×1åµè�ÜÕ'þôJÙµáJáÕ+ã¥øiÙaç�Ó¥Ý�Þ�ßhà¥õ�õiÜ6Ú&õ�õ�õ«¢Uç�ÓJÙâè\é×Ö¸Õ'ôJí6Õ'Ú�Ùµè�ä'Ü?Ü6Ú�ãÙµÖ¸×1çÕ'ãøiÙµç�ÓÄç�Ó¸Õuç�ÓÚÕ4×ç×1ÙaÚä'Ú×1÷{ç~5è*é×1Ö¸Õ'ôíÕ'Ú+ëJNQPSAZN$N$Xmb�[ Ý�Ó¸Õh×Ö

TA

MODE S/TCASCONTROLPANEL

SURVEILLANCEAND CAS LOGIC

MODE S

RADARALTITUDE

PRESSUREALTITUDE

TRANSPONDER

RA RA

AURALANNUNCIATION DISPLAYSOMNIDIRECTIONAL

ANTENNA SHOWN,DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAOPTIONAL (BOTTOM)

DIRECTIONALANTENNA

(TOP)

;HÙµê6ôJÚ�Õ� ?ë��tÝ�Þ�ßhàÈõ�õiÞ�Ü1é2áÜ6Ö¸Õ�Ö×é

Ü6éÖJÙâã?ÙµÚÕ'ä'ç�ÙâÜ6ÖP×å?ç�Ú>×1Ö¸è(é2Ùaç�ç�ÙµÖ¸ê7×1ÖJãÚ�Õ+ä+Õ�Ùµí"ÙµÖJêq×Ö×1Ú�êÕ'ç�è7ñ�\�]8×1êÕM^ó�ë

Ý�Ó¸Õ�Ü×1ÖJè�áÜ6Ö¸ãJÕ�ÚzÙµè�ÙµÖ"çÕ�Ú�Ú�Üê×1ç�Õ+ãÉÜ6Öo 12|21 .×1Ö¸ãÆÚÕ'è�áÜ6Ö¸ãJèzÜ6Öo 12-�1x¢sè�Õ�åâÕ'ä'ç�ÙaíÕ�åµæÉô¸è�ÙaÖ¸êÙaçè7ôJáJáÕ'Ú.×Ö¸ãØåâÜ�ø0Õ'Úx×1Ö"çÕ'ÖÖP×6èuç�ÜÄÜ6áJç�ÙµéÙ'Õè(Ùâê6Ö¸×1åyè�ç�Ú�Õ'Ö¸ê1ç�Ó×1Ö¸ã¡ÚÕ'ãô¸ä'Õzéxôåµç�ÙaáP×1ç�ÓÙµÖ"çÕ�Ú�÷MÕ�ÚÕ'ÖJä+Õ2ñ�\1àJÞ Ì ë=¢Qx{ ×1îä×1ãí"Ùâè�Ü1Ú�æöñ,Ý�ßhózã?Ùâè�áå{×4æªãJÕ'áJÙµä'ç�èuç�Ó¸Õ2á�Ü1ìè�Ùaç�ÙµÜ6Ö¿Ü6÷\ç�Ó¸Õç�Ú>×1îäÚ�Õ'å{×ç�Ùµí6ÕçÜ¥ç�Ó¸Õ¡Ý�Þ�ßhàÃ×1ÙaÚä'Ú×1÷{çt¢�ç�ÜÉ×6è�è(Ùâè(çrç�Ó¸ÕÈáJÙaåâÜ6çzÙµÖ¿í"Ùâè(ôP×1åaåµæ×6ä'þ"ôÙµÚ�ÙaÖ¸êÙaÖ"ç�Ú�ôJãÙµÖ¸êÄ×1ÙµÚ�ä'Ú×1÷{çñg\�]8×6ê6Õ 0 ¢%xz]8×6êÕ 120 ó�ë¥Ý�ÓJÙµèuãÙµè�áJåâ×�æªä+×1Ö¿Û�Õ2Õ'Ùaç�Ó¸Õ�Ú×2ãÕ+ãÙµä4×1ç�Õ+ã¥Ý�Þ�ß�àãÙµè�áJåâ×�æ¡Ü1Ú�×#(Ü6ÙµÖ"ç�ì,ô¸è�Õhø0Õ4×1ç�Ó¸Õ'Ú�Ú>×6ã¸×Ú�×Ö¸ãç�Ú>×1îäuã?Ùâè�áå{×4æë*ß\åµç�Õ'Ú�ìÖP×1ç�Ùµí6Õ'åµæx¢sÙµÖÃè�Ü1éÕÈ×ÙµÚä�Ú>×1÷{çuç�Ó¸Õ¡Ý�ß±ãÙâè(áJå{×4æªøiÙµåaå�ÛÕ¡×1ÖËÕ'åâÕ'ä'ç�ÚÜ6ÖJÙµä:�JÙµê6Ó"çxÙµÖ¸è(ç�Ú�ôJéÕ�Ö"çè�æ

ß Ö"ôJéuÛ�Õ�ÚÜ6÷\é×1Ö"ôJ÷�×6ä'ç�ôJÚÕ�ÚÜ1áJç�ÙµÜ6Ö¸è×1ÚÕ×1åaåâÜ�ø0Õ+ãÃ÷MÜ6Ú.ç�Ó¸ÕÝ�ß ãÙµè�áJåâ×4æüç�ÓP×çøiÙaåµåè×ç�Ùâè(÷{æÈç�Ó¸ÕqÜ6îä'Ùâ×1åHÝ�Þ�ßhàÚ�Õ+þôJÙµÚ�Õ'é2Õ'Ö"çè'ë(�Ùµè�áJåâ×4æ?è�ä+×1Ö¥ÛÕqÜ6áÕ'Ú×1çÕ'ã¥ä+Ü1Ö×1Ö?ìã¸×1Ú�ãtÕ'Ú�ç�Ùâä+×1å\à×1ç�Õç�ÓP×çéxô¸è(çxÛÕÈ×6äÓJÙµÕ'íÕ'ã¿çÜ¥é×1ÙµÖ"ç>×ÙµÖÎè×1÷MÕè�Õ'áP×Ú>×1ç�ÙâÜ6Öü÷{Ú�Ü6é ç�ÓJÚ�Õ4×1ç�Õ'ÖJÙaÖ¸êÆ×1ÙaÚä'Ú×1÷{çÈñyxz]8×6ê6Õ

1 ^6ó�ë¥Ý�ÓJÕ¡ï\ßÑãÙâè(áJå{×4æªä+Ü6Ö"ç×1ÙµÖ¸èuè�Õ+ê1éÕ�Ö×1îäÆ×Ö¸ãÁÚÕ'è�Ü6åaôJç�ÙµÜ6ÖÔ×6ã?í

¨ª©¬«K_®ª«°U°�Ï¬®¯® Ï¬±° 4 ÒÂ°°U«Q8.«UÒW¬ 5 ÒÂ«'° ÏÔ¬®²® ³ Òµ´Â«�

¶¸·§¹·º»a¼.½¾¹¿B·§À�ÁYÂÃ ?ë=dÄJWu�Åd>ª[Æ£$��¥��®Ùµèç�Ó¸ÕãÕ+è�ÙaÚÕ'ãöÜ6ÚÇ�×6ãJÕ'þôP×1çÕsÈü×1é2Ü6ôJÖ"çÜ6÷hè�Õ'áP×Ú>×1ç�ÙâÜ6ÖËÛ�Õ�çjø�Õ'Õ'Ö×1ÙaÚä�Ú>×1÷{çxç�ÓP×1ç2Ý�Þ�ßhà¿ÙâèrãJÕ'è�Ùµê6Ö¸Õ+ãÃçÜÉé2Õ+Õ'ç+ëÃÝ�ÓJÙâè×1é2Ü6ôJÖ"çrí1×1Ú�ÙâÕ+èr÷{Ú�Ü6év 1�1 ç�Ü^ 1�1 ÷MÕ+Õ�çÉ�ãJÕ�á�Õ�Ö¸ãÙaÖ¸êÜ6ÖÉÜ�øiÖª×1ÙaÚä'Ú×1÷{ç~5è�×åµç�Ùaç�ô¸ãÕ6ë�£$��¥�� ÙµÖJä'åµôJãJÕ+èh×åµåâÜ�ø�×1Ö¸ä'Õ+è&ç�Ü×6ä'ä+Ü6ôÖ×6äù6Õ+ãè�Õ'á¸×1Ú>×1ç�ÙâÜ6Ö×1çiÓÙâê6Ó¸Õ�Ú\×1åµç�Ùµç�ô¸ãJÕ+è'ëÃ ?ëÌ �ÄV�RT?PAn�PA@²ÍM?OUlh�tÎAO[0ût×6äÓ¡Ý�Þ�ß�à"ìjÕ'þ"ôÙµáJáÕ+ã¡×1ÙaÚä�Ú>×1÷{çtÙâètè(ôJÚ�Ú�Ü6ôJÖ¸ãJÕ'ãÛ"æ×7áJÚÜ1ìç�Õ+ä'ç�Õ+ãíÜ6åaôJéÕhÜ1÷�×1ÙaÚè(áP×6ä+Õ1ëyÝ�Ó¸Õ7è�Ù'Õ7Ü6÷8ç�Ó¸ÕháJÚÜ6ç�Õ+ä�çÕ+ã¡íÜ1åµôJé2Õ7ãJÕ'áÕ'Ö¸ãè&Ü6Öç�ÓJÕè(á�Õ'Õ+ãJè0×1Ö¸ãrÓ¸Õ+×6ãÙµÖJêèsÜ6÷Uç�Ó¸Õ�×1ÙaÚä�Ú>×1÷{ç�ÙaÖ"íÜ6åaíÕ+ã2×1Ö¸ã×1åµè�ÜhÜ6Ö2×hè�Õ�åâÕ'ä'çÕ'ã2è�Õ'Ö¸è(Ùµç�Ùµí"ÙµçjæåµÕ'íÕ�åeëÈÝ�ÓJÕãÙaéÕ�Ö¸è�ÙµÜ6Ö¸èz×1ÚÕ.Ö¸Ü6çzÛP×6è�Õ+ãüÜ1Öü×6ä�ç�ôP×å0ã?Ùâè�ç×1Ö¸ä'Õ�ÉHÛôJçuÚ×1ç�Ó¸Õ�ÚuÜ1ÖØç�ÓJÕç�Ùµé2Õ�çÜ.ä'åµÜè�Õ'è�ç�áÜ6ÙµÖ"ç�Ü6÷8×1áJáJÚ�Ü×6äÓ)ÉP×1è\ãÕ'úJÖ¸Õ'ãÛ"æç�Ó¸ÕÏgÐZÑ¥×1Ö¸ãÒ��ÒØä'Ú�ÙµçÕ�Ú�Ùâ×ë

Ã ?ëÌ ?ë=dÄFÓXYh�Ô+RTXYNBwAYERTXYNBwARTXGPSAmÕ�n2?ON$n2AZcBP��sõeÖä+Ü1åµåµÙµè�ÙµÜ6Ö×4í6Ü6Ùâã¸×Ö¸ä+ÕÉç�ÙaéÕ�ìeçÜìjêÜç�Ü�ç�ÓJÕ*ä'åµÜè�Õ'è�ç8áÜ6ÙaÖ×1Ö"ç�ç�Ó¸×1ÖrãÙµè�ç>×Ö¸ä+Õ�ìç�Ü1ìjê6Üç�Ü¡ç�Ó¸ÕÞ/]ßuëBÖÆÐfÑØÙâèz×1ÖØ×1áJáÚÜ4ÿ

RA

NG

E (

NA

UT

ICA

L M

ILE

S)

RATE OF CLOSURE (KNOTS)

0 100 200 300 400 500

1

4

5

6

2

3

25 SE

COND

TAU

(RA)

40 S

ECON

D TA

U (T

A)

;�Øµê6ômÙÛÚ ?ëÌ ��Ü$Ý�Þ6ïÝ¸ÏgÐfÑ�ß�àµôYÚsá*÷�â�ÙãÚsämá+Øæå+ØæçfØæåyèWË)Úsç2Ú"à§é

ÜÆêaÝ�ã¯ë+ëØæá(ìß�á+Údí²â�ä¯åÛîYÚ¡ÏgÐfÑ²ïdâ�ämïdÚsðGå�ñ�âÙßàæàßàÚ"ÙÛå+ØæäYò:ñ�óGäYïså+Øâ�äYásôKÝáßäÚ�õGßöðGàÚ�ÉO;�Øæò�ómÙÛÚD ôÌ á+îmâT÷ÆáåÛîYÚ�ïdâö¡ìmØæäYßåÛØæâ�äYáâ�ñÙßäYò2Ú�ßämíïsàæâ2á+óGÙÚÙ�ßåÛÚå+îßåM÷aâ�óGàíøå+ÙÛØò�ò2ÚsÙKßÜBÝù÷Øæå+îß 1�ú á+ÚdïdâäYíøÏgÐfÑoßäYíßäûÝü÷ØæåÛîßp 2é úá+Údïsâ�äYíÏgÐfÑ$ô%ÜaîmÚdáÛÚÜBÝ�ßämíýûÝþÏgÐZÑýçßàæómÚdáaïsâ�ÙÛÙÛÚdá�ð'â�ämíWåâãGËÿká+ÚsäYá�Øæå+ØæçfØæåyèàæÚsç�Úsà��ÆéôÃ ôÌ ôÌ �Äq>��I��Bë!ñaå+îYÚÙ�ßåÛÚâñ/ïsàæâ2á+óGÙÚØáç2Ú"ÙÛèpàæâT÷É$ßå�ßÙÛò2Úså�ïsâ�ómàí¯á�àæØæð¯Øä²ç�ÚsÙ+èï"àâ2á+Ú÷ØæåÛîmâ�ómåIïsÙÛâ2áÛá�ØæäYò¯åÛîmÚýÏgÐfÑ{ìQâ�ómämíYßÙÛØæÚdáIßämíoå+ÙÛØò�ò2ÚsÙ+ØæäYòpß²ÜBÝ âÙßäûÆÝKôOë!ä¯â�ÙÛímÚsÙåâ:ðmÙÛâSçZØæímÚ¡ßímímÚdíðGÙâ�åÛÚdïså+Øâ�äß�ò�ßØäYá+å(ßðQâ2áÛá�ØæìmàæÚ�ö:ßäYÚ"ómç2Ú"ÙâÙ/á+ðQÚdÚsíïîßäYò�Ú(ìfè:Ú"ØæåÛîmÚsÙß�ØæÙï"Ù�ßñ�åÿg\�;Ü$Ý ú�� fé��"É�å+îYÚÏgÐfÑì'âómäYíYßÙ+ØÚsá/ßÙÛÚöâZíGØYÚsíþÿkáÛÚsÚ;$Øò�ómÙÛÚq ô | �"ôoÜaîmØæáIöâZíGØYïdßåÛØæâ�äØæáïdßàæàæÚdíoÒ��§Òeô,Ò��Ò

020

RA

NG

E (

NA

UT

ICA

L M

ILE

S)

RATE OF CLOSURE (KNOTS)

0 100 200 300 400 500

1

4

5

6

2

3

25 SE

COND

TAU

(RA)

40 S

ECON

D TA

U (T

A)

;�Øæò�ómÙÛÚ ô | ��Ü$Ý�Þ�ûÝ¸ÏgÐfÑ�ß�àæóYÚsá/ñ�â�ÙãÚsämá+Øæå+ØæçfØæåyèWË)Úsç2Ú"à§é

çßÙ+ØÚsáíGÚsðQÚsäYíGØäYòIâ�ä.âT÷äßØÙïsÙßñ�å~áÆßàåÛØæå+óYímÚ(ÙÛÚdò�Øö:Ú¡ÿgx{ ôÌ ô��"ôÃ ôÌ ô | ÄC'AZN�bdj�PTj�iBj�P�r{U�A�iOAU��ÓÜBÙß�ímÚdâÊ'áö¡óYá+åìQÚ�ö:ß�ímÚì'Ú"åy÷aÚsÚsäpäYÚsïdÚsáÛáß�ÙÛèqðmÙâ�åÛÚdï úå+Øâ�äMßämí�ómäGäYÚdïsÚdáÛáÛßÙÛèKß�íGçfØæáÛâ�Ù+ØÚdá%ÿg\ � ô �� ÉãmêéÉ�ãmê 0 ��ôÜaîmØæáBØæáBß�ïdïsâ�öðmàæØæá+îYÚsíìfèzïdâ�äfå+Ùâ�ààæØæämò¯å+îYÚá+ÚsäYá�Øæå+ØæçfØæåyèàÚ"ç2Ú"à¡ÿ ãGË��"É%÷îmØïî,ïsâ�äfåÛÙÛâ�àáIåÛîYÚqÏgÐfÑ$ÉÆß�äYíå+îYÚsÙÛÚsñ�â�ÙÛÚ�å+îYÚ�íGØæöÚsäYá�Øâ�ämáâñ�å+îYÚ�ðGÙâ�åÛÚdïsåÛÚdíßØæÙÛá+ðß�ïsÚKß�Ùâ�ómämí.Údß�ïîpÜÆêaÝ�ã úÚ��ómØæðmðQÚdíßØæÙÛïsÙßñ�åô%ÜaîYÚ�ò�ÙÛÚßåÛÚsÙÆåÛîYÚMãGËeÉmå+îYÚ�öâ�ÙÛÚ�ðmÙâ�åÛÚdï"åÛØâäqØæá/ðmÙâSçfØíGÚdíìGómå.å+îYÚ¯îmØò�îmÚsÙýØáåÛîmÚ²ØäYïsØæímÚsäYïsÚ¯â�ñKómäGäYÚdïsÚdáÛáÛßÙÛèµßàæÚsÙÛåÛádôù]eÙÛâ2ò�ÙÛÚdáÛá�Øæç�Úsàæèá�öWß�àæàÚ"ÙáÛÚ"äYá+ØåÛØæçfØåyèàÚ"ç2ÚsàæáMïdßäøìQÚáÛÚsàæÚdï"åÚdíøß�áMß.ÜÆêaÝ�ã ú Ú��fóGØæðmðQÚdíß�ØæÙï"Ù�ßñ�åÚ"äfåÚsÙÛáàæâT÷ ú ßàæå+Øæå+óYímÚ(âÙåÚsÙ+öØäßà�ßØæÙÛá+ðß�ïsÚÿ�\]�ô 0 Éãmê 0 ô � ��ôÜaîmÚ�å+îmÙÚsÚ%ðGÙÛØæö:ßÙ+èöÚßämáBå+îßå$ÜÆêaÝ�ãóYá+ÚdáBåâÆímÚsåÛÚsÙ+öØäYÚåÛîYÚ%â�ðQÚsÙßåÛØäYòãGË

0 ^

ß�ÙÚ�ò�ÙÛâ�ómäYí ú ìß�á+Údí��.âZímÚã:á+ÚsäYá+â�ÙÆáÛÚ"àÚdï"åÛØæâ�ä¯ÿlämâ�å/Øæä:óYáÛÚ�Øä��MôÌãQômß�ØæÙá�ðß�ïsÚ��"ÉðGØæàâåMá�÷ØæåÛïîáÛÚ"àÚsïsåÛØæâ�ä)É§ßäYíß�àæåÛØåÛóYíGÚ�ô:ë!äß�ímíGØåÛØæâ�ä)É$ßØæÙÛïsÙßñ�å�íGØá+ïsÙÚ"åÚsá¡ßÙÛÚómáÛÚdí,å+îßåØæäYíGØæïßåÛÚqØñâS÷äþßØæÙÛïsÙßñ�åIØá:âä åÛîYÚ.ò�ÙâómäYí,ßämí{ØæñíØá+ðGà�ßèâ�ñå+Ù�ß��ïØáÆß�àæàâS÷ÓÚdíýâ�äqåÛîYÚò�ÙÛâ�ómäYí'ô%ÜaîYÚsÙÛÚKßÙÛÚM^á+ÚsäYá�Øæå+ØæçfØæåyèàÚsç�Úsàæá��u�A�iOAU��[ÜaîYÚÜÆêaÝ�ãIómämØåØáämâ�å�â�ð'Ú"Ù�ßå+ØæäYòIÿ�ØáØä:ßá�å�ßäYíìZèöâZímÚ��ôÜaîmØæá

ímâZÚdáaäYâåaðmàß�ïdÚ(å+îYÚ(å+Ù�ßäYá�ð'âäYímÚsÙÿká��aâ�äWìQâ�ßÙíåÛîYÚÜÆêaÝ�ãßØæÙÛïsÙ�ß�ñ�åÓØäýßá+åßäYíGìfèýïdâäYíGØæå+Øâ�ä�ÉìmómåÆäYâIØæäfåÛÚsÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�ämáßÙÚ�å+Ù�ßämá+öØæåÛåÛÚdí�ô

Jbbh$tøc$PSjl?ON��pÜaîmØáàÚsç�Úsà÷ØæàæàÆäYâÙÛö:ßàæàèøìQÚóYáÛÚsí ìfèzå+îYÚðmØàâ�å÷îYÚsäqåÛîYÚ�ßØÙï"Ù�ßñ�åØæáâ�äýåÛîYÚò�ÙÛâ�ómäYí�ô

u�A�iOAU �Q[ Z£"!#%$'&)(_öâíGÚýØäz÷îGØïî,â�äGàæèåÛÙß��ïßíGçfØáÛâÙÛØÚsádÉaämâ�åÙÛÚdá+â�àæó úåÛØæâ�äþß�íGçfØá+â�ÙÛØæÚdásÉ(ßÙÛÚØá+á+óYÚsí�ôªÜaîYÚ¯Ú��fóGØæðmöÚsäfåðQÚsÙÛñ�âÙÛöáßàæà(á+ómÙ+ç2Ú"Øæà úà�ßämïdÚ¡ñ�ómäYï"åÛØæâ�äYá�ßäYí¯ðmÙâSçfØíGÚdáMÜ$ÝáìGómåMämâ�å�ûÝádôÜÆêaÝãp÷Øæàæà§áÛÚ"àÚdï"ååÛîYÚqßðGðmÙâ�ðGÙÛØ�ß�åÚàÚ"ç2Úsàómá+ØæämòÎâ�å+îYÚsÙIØämðmómåÛádÉaá�óYïî&ß�áìß�Ùâ�öÚså+ÙÛØïýß�äYíÙ�ß�íØâMßàæå+ØæåÛómímÚ�ô�ë!ä:åÛîGØá%÷/ßè2ÉGÜÆêaÝã÷Øàæàò2Ú"äYÚsÙßåÚÆåÛÙß��ï�ß�íçZØæáÛâ�Ù+ØÚsáÓß�ååÛîYÚMåÛîmÙÛÚdá+îmâ�àímáß�ðmðmÙâðmÙÛØßåÚ�ñ�â�Ù(å+îYÚIßàæå+Øæå+óYímÚÙÚdòØæöÚKâ�ñ�âS÷ä²ßØæÙÛïsÙßñ�åôÜaîYÚðmØæàæâ�å�ïdßä²áÛÚ"àÚdï"åKãGË+*Wâ�Ù�Øå�Øáß�ómåâ�ö:ßå+Øïß�àæàæèWáÛÚsàæÚdï"åÚdí¯÷îYÚ"äøåÛîmÚÜÆêaÝãWßØÙï"Ù�ßñ�å%Øá�ì'Ú"åy÷aÚsÚsä�,Kß�äYíýé-,�,ñ�ÚdÚ"åßìQâSç2Ú�ò�ÙÛâ�ómäYíàÚsç�Úsà§ÿkÝ/.Ë��ß�áØæäYíØïß�åÚdíWìfèå+îYÚÙ�ß�íYß�Ùßàæå+ØæöÚsåÚ"Ùô

Jbbh$tøc$PSjl?ON��IÜaîmØáKöâZímÚ÷Øàæà�ò2ÚsämÚsÙ�ß�àæàæè¯ìQÚ:óYá+Údíìfèøå+îYÚ:ðmØàâ�ååâ�ßç2â�ØæíómäGäYÚdïsÚdáÛáÛßÙÛèíGØæá+åÛÙß�ïså+Øâ�ämá÷îmØæàæÚÆßå%àâS÷ ß�àæåÛØåÛóYíGÚdáeâ�ä0mäßàßðmðmÙÛâ�ß�ïîqåâßä.ßØæÙ+ð'âÙÛåÿg\ãmê21Gô � �"ô

u�A�iOAUlb4365�7Q[ÜBÝ(á�ßäYí¡ûÆÝ(á�ßÙÛÚ�ò�ÚsäYÚ"Ù�ßåÛÚdíKØäMå+îYÚdá+ÚÓöâímÚsádô�Ü�ß�ìmàÚ8*á+îYâS÷ÆáåÛîYÚWßàæå+ØæåÛómímÚå+îmÙÚsá+îYâàímáKßå¡÷îmØæïîÜÆêaÝãßómåÛâ�ö:ßåÛØæïßààæèïîYßäYò2ÚsáKØæåÛáãGË�áÛÚ"àÚdï"åÛØæâ�äþßäYí{å+îYÚpß�á+áÛâZïsØßåÚsí{ÏgÐfÑþçßàóYÚdáñ�â�ÙßàåÛØåÛóYímÚ ú ÙÛÚsðQâ�ÙÛå+ØæäYòßØæÙÛïsÙßñ�åôMãGËoWóYáÛÚsá�ØämðmómåÛá(ñ�Ùâ�öLåÛîYÚ¡Ùß�íYßÙßàæå+ØæöÚsåÚ"ÙÉ'ßäYí²ãGË)áMéÉ91GÉßäYíÎ^:óYáÛÚå+îYÚîYÚsØæò�îfå�ßì'âSç�ÚIöÚß�äÎá+ÚßàÚ"ç2Úsàÿ:�ãGË��ß�áØæämíGØïdßåÚsíìZèåÛîYÚWìYßÙâ�öÚså+ÙÛØæïßàæå+ØæöÚsåÛÚsÙôøãGË | ïdßämäYâåì'Úá+ÚsàÚsïsåÛÚdízßómåâöWßå+Øïdßàæàèßå�åÛîmØæáMåÛØö:Ú�;,ØåØáÙÚdá+ÚsÙ+ç2Údíñ�â�ÙMð'â�áÛá+ØìmàÚIñ�ómå+ómÙÚóYáÛÚ:ØäßÙÛÚß�á�÷îYÚsÙÛÚñ�ómÙÛå+îYÚsÙímÚsïsÙÛÚß�á+ÚdáØäýáÛÚ"äYá+ØåÛØæçfØåyèýßÙÚ�ÙÛÚ��ómØÙÚdí'ôFaX=/ß�á+Údíqâ�äÝàæå+ØæåÛómímÚÝàæå+Øæå+óYímÚ ãÚ"äYá+ØåÛØæçfØåyèË)Úsç�Úsà Ü$ßóq�ßàæómÚdá/ØæäãÚsïdâ�ämímá

ÜBÝ ûÝ, ú é-,-,G~GÝ/.Ë * *-, ä)ô ßGôé-,�, ú *2é-,�,KÝ/.Ë | é *-,*2é-,-, ú�� ,-,�,�,?�ãË é @, *2é� ,�,-,�, ú *�,�,�,�,?�ãGË 1 fé | ,Ýì'âSç�ÚA*-,-,�,�,B�ãGË ^ � | é

1 �

Ã *ôC*ô�ÄqjltøAZN�bdjl?ON$b?ED¡P�F$AoVMRT?YPSAZn�PSAZ@Í�?OUlh�tøA[:;âÙ¡Úsämïdâ�ómäfåÛÚsÙIò2Úsâ�ö:Ú"åÛÙ+ØÚdáØäfç2â�àçZØäYò:àæâT÷�ç�ÚsÙ+åÛØïdßàï"àâ2á�ómÙÚ�Ù�ßåÛÚdáÿg\ãmêamôG1@�"ÉQåÛîYÚ�ç2ÚsÙ+åÛØæïßà§íGØæöÚsäYá�Øâ�äâ�ñå+îYÚ(ðmÙÛâ�åÚsïsåÛÚdíç2â�àómöÚñ�â�Ù/Ü$ÝáaØá � *-,�,Mñ�ÚsÚså/ßì'âSç�ÚßäYí:ìQÚsàæâT÷&å+îYÚ�ßàåÛØåÛóYímÚâñâS÷äoßØÙï"Ù�ßñ�ådôÜaîYÚ:ç�ÚsÙ+åÛØïdßà/íØæöÚsäYá�Øâ�äÎñ�â�ÙûÆÝ(áÿlïßààÚsíIH2 9JB¢9�çßÙ+ØÚsáñ�ÙÛâ�ö ^2é-,åâLK�é-,ñ�ÚdÚ"åKímÚ"ð'Ú"äYíGØäYòâ�äøâS÷äßØæÙÛïsÙßñ�å~á�ßàæå+ØæåÛómímÚ¡ÙÚsò�ØæöÚqÿkáÛÚsÚ;$Øò�ómÙÛÚ?*ômô(;âÙîmØæò�îç�ÚsÙÛå+Øïdßà§ï"àâ2á�ómÙÚMÙ�ßåÛÚdádÉ'ßWÜBÝ`â�ÙûÆÝ7÷Óâ�ómàæíìQÚKåÛÙ+Øò úò�ÚsÙÚsí÷îmÚsäåÛîYÚðmÙÛÚdíGØæïsåÚsíåÛØæöÚaåÛâïdâ ú ßàæå+ØæåÛómímÚaíGÙÛâ�ðYáeìQÚsàâS÷oåÛîYÚ/ÏgÐfÑç�ß�àæóYÚsáá�îYâS÷äØäÜ$ßìmàæÚM*ß�äYíØæä.;�ØòómÙÚM*ôqÿ�\ � ô �� ô

N OºQP·%RÛ¼+¼+»Ó¹�¿)·>�?)@BAÎC,C)hBRSiOAjlUlUlXYN$n2A

Ã *ô | ÄÜÆêaÝ�ã¸àØá�åÚsämáñ�â�Ùå+îYÚá+ðQâ�äfå�ß�äYÚdâ�ómáåÛÙ�ß�äYá+öØá+á+ØâäYáÿ�S�T�UWVYXZX�[)\�S]�.ò2Ú"äYÚsÙßåÚsí�ìZè�.âZímÚÎã åÛÙ�ß�äYá+ðQâ�äYímÚ"Ùásô ÜaîYÚ²á]��ómØåÛåÚ"ÙýåÛÙ�ß�äYá+öØá+á+ØâäYáýïdâ�äfå�ß�Øæä&åÛîYÚ¯ØæämíGØæçfØíóßà�.âZímÚMãýß�ímíGÙÛÚdáÛáÆâ�ñ�åÛîYÚá+ÚsäYímÚ"ÙôÃ *ô�Ä^,îYÚ"ä.ÜÆêaÝã:ÙÚsïdÚsØç2ÚsáßMá]��ómØæå+åÚ"Ùö:ÚsáÛáßò2Ú�ÉZØæå/á+ÚsäYíGáßB�qâímÚãØæäfåÚ"ÙÛÙâ�ò�ßåÛØæâ�ä:åÛâå+îYÚ2�qâímÚÓã�ß�ímíGÙÛÚdáÛá�ïdâ�äfåßØæäYÚsí�ØäMå+îYÚ%ö:ÚsáÛáßò2Ú�ÉßäYí�É�ñ�Ùâ�öµåÛîYÚ%ÙÚ"ðmàæè�ÉímÚ"åÚ"ÙÛöØæäYÚsáÙßäYò2ÚÉBìQÚß�ÙÛØæämòmÉ$ßäYízÿlØæñaßçßØæàßìmàÚ_�ßàåÛØåÛóYímÚâñÓå+îYÚ`�qâímÚã²ßØæÙÛïsÙ�ß�ñ�åôÝàåÛØåÛóYímÚâ�ña�.âZímÚqãøå�ß�Ùò2Ú"åáïß�ä ßàæáÛâìQÚýímÚsåÛÚsÙ+öØäYÚdíìfèàØá+åÛÚsämØäYòñ�â�ÙB�.âíGÚãÎÙÛÚsðmàØÚsáò2Ú"äYÚsÙßåÚsí{ØæäzÙÚsá+ðQâ�äYáÛÚ.åâb�.âZímÚãoØæäfåÚ"ÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�äYáìfèzò�Ùâ�óGäYí{á�å�ßå+Øâ�äYáâ�ÙìZèâ�å+îYÚsÙÜÆêaÝ�ãqßØÙï"Ù�ßñ�ådôÃ *ôÌé�ÄÜÆêaÝ�ãpå+Ù�ß�ï�cZáåÛîYÚÙ�ß�äYò2ÚIßäYí²ßàåÛØåÛóYímÚKâ�ñaÚdß�ïîd�.âíGÚ:ãåßÙò2Ú"åÿ�\ � ô �� ôÜaîYÚsáÛÚåßÙò2Ú"å�ÙÚ"ð'âÙÛåáß�ÙÚ¡ðmÙÛâTçfØæímÚdípåâWå+îYÚïdâàæàæØæá+Øæâ�äpßç2âØíYßämïdÚ¡àâ�ò�Øï�ñ�â�Ùß�íGçfØæáÛâ�Ù+èímÚ úåÛÚdïså+Øâ�äß�äYíIíGØá�ðmà�ßè2ô�Ý ÙÚ"à�ßå+Øæç2Ú/ìQÚß�ÙÛØæämò�åÛÙ�ßï�cKØá%ß�àáÛâ�ðGÙâSçfØímÚsíIñ�âÙðmÙÚsáÛÚ"äZåßåÛØæâ�äâ�äÎåÛîYÚIåÛÙß��ï:ßíGçfØáÛâÙÛè¯íGØæá+ðmàßSè�É$ìGómåMØæáäYâ�å�äYÚdïsÚdáÛáÛßÙÛè²ñ�â�ÙåÛîGÙÚß�åKímÚ"åÚsïsåÛØæâ�äâÙÙÛÚdáÛâàæómå+Øâ�äIìQÚdïß�óYáÛÚÜÆêaÝãIïsómÙ+ÙÚsäfå+àæèðmÙÛâTçfØæímÚdá%ÙÚsáÛâ�àómåÛØæâ�äß�íGçfØá+â�ÙÛØæÚdá%â�ämàèKØæäåÛîmÚç�ÚsÙÛå+ØïdßàBíGØæÙÛÚdï"åÛØâä²ÿ�\ � ôC*�*ôC*��"ô

Ã *ôÌéô � ÄÜaîmÚMÙ�ß�åÚ�ßåÆ÷îmØïîße�qâímÚKã.ß�ØæÙï"Ù�ßñ�åØæáØæäfåÚ"ÙÛÙâ�ò�ßåÚsíìZè.ÜÆêaÝ�ãqímÚ"ð'Ú"äYímáâäWØæåÛá�ÙßäYò2ÚßäYíWï"àâ2á�ØæäYò�á+ðQÚdÚsí�ô�ÜaîYÚØäfåÚsÙ+Ùâ2ò2ßåÛØæâ�äIÙ�ßåÛÚØæämïsÙÚdß�áÛÚsáÓåÛâKâ�äYïsÚðQÚsÙ/áÛÚdïsâ�äYí÷îYÚ"äåÛîYÚß�ØæÙï"Ù�ßñ�å�÷aßÙÛÙßäfåáßMå+Ù�ß��ïßíGçfØáÛâÙÛèÿ�\ � ô � KGÉGãmêf*ô � �"ô

1�K

Sensitivity Level = 7TA 48 seconds before CPARA 35 seconds before CPA

Altitude Layer 4: RA if less than or equal to 950 feet vertical separation




FL100

FL200

FL300

Sensitivity Level = 6

Sensitivity Level = 5

TA 45 seconds before CPA

TA 40 seconds before CPA

RA 30 seconds before CPA

RA 25 seconds before CPA

Sensitivity Level = 4TA 35 seconds before CPARA 20 seconds before CPA

If aircraft climb inhibited, then Sensitivity Level = 2

Sensitivity Level = 2 (TA 20 seconds before CPA, no RAs)

No aural alerts

No descend RAs

1000 feet AGL

2500 feet AGL

500 feet AGL

400 feet AGL

GROUND LEVEL

;�ØòómÙÚg*Zô =�%ÜaîmÚ�ÙÛÚsà�ß�åÛØâäYá+îmØðì'Ú"åy÷aÚsÚsäßàæå+ØæåÛómímÚßäYíqáÛÚ"äYá+ØåÛØçZØåyèWàÚ"ç2Ú"à

^-,

Ã *ôÌéôC*�ÄûÆÚdá+â�àæóGåÛØâä:ßíGçfØáÛâÙÛØÚsá%ßÙÚ/ØæáÛá�óYÚdíâ�ämàèß�ò�ß�ØæäYá�åh�.âZímÚãåßÙò2Ú"åá÷îYâ�áÛÚÆðmÙÚ úíØïsåÛÚdí:ðQâ2á�ØæåÛØæâ�äYá%ð'Ú"äYÚså+Ù�ßåÛÚ(åÛîmÚåÛîGÙÚß�åaìQâ�ómäYíYß�ÙÛØÚsáÓ÷ØåÛîmØä:á�Øõá+ómÙ+ç2Ú"ØæàæàßäYïsÚóGð'íYß�åÚØæäfåÚ"ÙÛçßàá/ñ�âàæàâS÷ØäYò¡åÛîYÚÙÛÚdïdÚ"Øæðmåâ�ñ$åÛîYÚà�ßá+åçßàæØæíÙÚsðGàæèWåÛâ:ßåÛÙß�ï�c úØäYòØæäfåÚ"ÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�äýÿg\ãmêé��ôe;Yâ�Ùh�.âZímÚãKå�ßÙÛò2ÚsåÛá÷îYâ2áÛÚÆðmÙÛÚdíGØæïsåÚsíð'â2á�Øæå+Øâ�äYáðQÚsämÚsåÛÙßåÚå+îYÚ¡åÛîmÙÛÚßåìQâ�ómämíYßÙÛØæÚdá�öâ�ÙÚMåÛîßä²á�Øõpá�ómÙÛç�ÚsØàæà�ß�äYïdÚ¡ómðQíYßåÛÚ¡Øæä úåÛÚsÙ+ç�ß�àáñ�â�ààâS÷ØæäYòåÛîYÚÙÚsïdÚ"Øæðmå%â�ñOåÛîmÚÆàß�á+å§ÙÚsðGàæè¡åÛâMß�å+Ù�ß�ï�cfØæämòØäfåÚsÙ+Ùâ2ò2ßåÛØæâ�ä)ÉûÆÝ(áÓßÙÛÚíGØá�ðmà�ßè2Úsíâämàæè¡ØñåÛîYÚå�ß�Ùò2Ú"åaßò�ßØæäIáÛßåÛØæáiYÚsá�å+îYÚÙ�ßämò2Úß�ï��ómØæá+Øæå+Øâ�äï"ÙÛØåÚsÙ+Ø�ßGôÃ *ôÌéô | Ä(äYïsÚÆßåÛÙß�ï�c�Øá§íÙâ�ðmðQÚdí'É�åÛîYÚf�.âíGÚÆãKß�ímíÙÚdá+áeâ�ñYåÛîmÚÓå�ß�Ùò2Ú"å§Øá$ÙÚ"å�ßØäYÚdíKñ�âÙñ�âómÙáÛÚsïdâ�äYíGáåÛâá+îYâÙÛåÚ"ä¯åÛîYÚ¡ÙÛÚß�ï��fóGØá+ØåÛØæâ�äðmÙÛâïsÚdáÛáØñÓái��ómØæå+åÚsÙÛáßÙÚ¡ß�ò�ßØäÙÛÚdïsÚsØæç�Údí�ô

>�?)@BApJ XmN�@&>�?)@BAÎH C�h$RSiOAZjkUlU�XYN�n2AÃ *ôG1ÄÜÆêaÝ�ãØæäfåÛÚsÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßåÛÚdáe�.âZímÚýÝÞ2êüå+Ù�ßämá+ðQâ�äYímÚ"Ùáßåß¯äYâÙÛö:ßàÙ�ßåÛÚýâ�ñ�â�ämïdÚýð'Ú"Ùá+ÚdïdâäYí�É/óYá�ØæäYòøß¯öâíØYÚsí+�.âZímÚêüØæäfåÛÚsÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�ä ÿ�äßöÚdíj�qâímÚê9â�äGàæèoßàà úïdßàæàY�ÿg\ãmêf*É�ãmêf*ô � ô � �"ôk�qâímÚÝ9åÛÙ�ß�äYá+ðQâ�äYímÚ"Ù¡å�ß�Ùò2Ú"åáKÙÛÚsðmàèÎ÷ØåÛîäYâpímßå�ßØäå+îYÚßàæå+Øæå+óYímÚaYÚ"àí�ô%ÜÆêaÝ�ãómáÛÚdáÆåÛîmÚ�ñ�Ù�ßöØæäYòMðmómàá+ÚdáÆâ�ñBåÛîmÚÙÛÚsðmàè:åÛâ¡ØæämØåÛØ�ß�åÚ�ß�äYíö:ßØæäfåßØæäýß¡ÙßäYò2Ú�ßäYíýìQÚßÙ+ØæäYò¡å+Ù�ß�ï�câä.å+îYÚdá+Ú�åßÙò2Ú"åásôÃ *ôÌ^�ÄûßäYò2Ú:ßäYíìQÚßÙ+ØæäYòqØæämñ�âÙÛö:ßåÛØæâ�ä¯ñ�Ùâ�öl�.âZímÚ:Ýùå+Ù�ßämá+ðQâ�äYímÚ"Ùá¡Øá�óYáÛÚsíìfèøåÛîmÚïsâ�àæàØá+Øæâ�äMßç2â�ØæíYßäYïsÚ/àâ2ò�Øæïeñ�â�Ù§å+Ù�ß��ïß�íçZØæáÛâ�Ù+èKíGÚsåÚsïså+Øâ�äßämííGØá�ðmà�ßè2ô�ûßäYò2Úß�äYíìQÚßÙ+ØæäYò�Øæämñ�âÙÛö:ßåÛØæâ�äIñ�Ùâ�öm�.âZímÚêzå+Ù�ßäYá�ð'âäYímÚsÙÛáaØá�óYáÛÚsíìZèåÛîmÚêaÝãàæâ2ò�ØæïÆñ�âÙÜBÝßäYí.ûÝ�ímÚ"åÚsïsåÛØæâ�äßäYíýíGØá�ðmà�ßèÿ�\ � ôC*-,@��ôÃ *ô � Än UW\#o-[)VYpYprq-sut�[wv)sxVYXZVZq-XyV:z{s+|}\)VYX~[)\#VZq@¡ÜaîYÚIñ�â�àæàæâT÷ØäYòïdâäYíGØæå+Øâ�ämáßÙÚIäYÚdïsÚdá+áßÙ+è²ñ�âÙò2Ú"äYÚsÙßåÛØäYòûÝáñ�â�ÙÆÝ%ÜÆê/û >/ãåßÙò2Ú"åá�� ôë!äGØæåÛØßàæàè2É§ßpöâZímÚýê`ÙÚsðGàæèøØæáKÙÚsïdÚ"Øæç2Úsíoñ�ÙÛâ�öå+îYÚWå�ß�Ùò2Ú"å¡ØæäÚdß�ïî{âñå+îmÙÚsÚïsâ�äYá+ÚdïsóGåÛØæç�ÚKá�ómÙÛç�ÚsØæàà�ßämïdÚ�ómðQíYßåÛÚðQÚsÙ+ØâZímádÉmßäYíßGôÜaîYÚÙÚ"ðmàæØæÚdáímâäYâ�åïsâ�ÙÛÙÛÚsàßåÚq÷ØæåÛî á+ómÙ+ç2ÚsØàæàßäYïdÚ.ÙÚsðGàæØÚsáñ�ÙÛâ�ö âåÛîYÚ"ÙåÛÙß�ï�cZádô

ì)ôÜaîYÚÙßäYò2ÚÆÙ�ß�åÚØæäYíØïß�åÚdíìfèåÛîYÚåy÷aâ�ö:â2á�åÓÙÛÚdïsÚsäfåaÙÛÚsðmàØÚdáeØæá�àæÚdáÛá%åÛîYßä� *-,�,¡ñ�ådô

^ �

ï�ôÜaîYÚâ�àæímÚdá�åÙÚ"ðmàæèMØáïsâ�äYá+Øæá+åÛÚsäfåe÷Øæå+îåÛîYÚÆßìQâSç2Ú/ÙßäYò2ÚaÙßåÚ/Øä¡åÛîmÚáÛÚsämáÛÚåÛîß�å�Øåá)Ù�ßämò2Ú�àØÚsáB÷ØåÛîmØä |6� *ôÌéñ�ÚsÚså�â�ñßÆá+åÛÙßØòîZå$àæØäYÚðß�á+á+ØäYòå+îmÙâ�ómò�îåÛîYÚåy÷Óâöâ2á�åÙÚdïsÚsäfåÙÚsðGàæØÚsá

í�ôÜaîYÚÙÚ"ðmàæØæÚdáïdâÙÛÙÚ"à�ßåÛÚ�÷Øæå+îÚdß�ïîâåÛîYÚ"ÙØäýåÛîYÚ"ØæÙßàåÛØæå+óYímÚ�ïsâíGÚìGØæåásô*ôÝ ñ�â�ómÙ+åÛî,ïsâ�ÙÛÙÛÚsà�ß�åÛØæämò²ÙÛÚsðmàèoØæáÙÛÚdïsÚsØæç�Údí ÷ØåÛîmØämç�Úá+ómÙ+ç2Ú"ØæàæàßäYïsÚ.ómðQíYßåÛÚØäfåÚsÙ+çßàá/ñ�â�ààâS÷ØæämòMåÛîmÚ�åÛîmØÙíâ�ñ$åÛîYÚ�å+îmÙÚsÚïdâ�äYá+Údï"ómåÛØç2ÚÙÚsðGàæØÚsáaØæä � ßìQâSç2Úô

Ã *ôGKÄÜÆêaÝ�ãò2ÚsäYÚ"Ù�ßåÛÚdáÙÚdá+â�àæóGåÛØâäpß�íGçfØæáÛâ�Ù+ØÚdáÆñ�â�ÙÝ%ÜÆê/û >/ã.å�ßÙÛò2ÚsåÛá÷îYâ2á+ÚMðmÙÛÚdíGØæïsåÛÚdíðQâ2á+ØåÛØæâ�äYá/ðQÚsäYÚ"åÛÙ�ß�åÚMå+îYÚåÛîmÙÛÚßåì'âómäYíYßÙ+ØÚsá÷ØåÛîmØäá�Øõqá+óGÙÛç2Ú"Øæàà�ßäYïsÚómð'ímßåÚØæä úåÛÚsÙÛçßàæá�ñ�âàæàâS÷ØäYòWåÛîYÚÙÚsïdÚsØðmå¡âñaåÛîmÚà�ßá+å�ç�ß�àæØí¯ïsâ�ÙÛÙÛÚsà�ß�åÛØæämòýÙÛÚsðmàè2ôýë!åMímâÚsáMäYâåò2Ú"äYÚsÙßåÚÓÙÚdá+â�àæóGåÛØâäIß�íGçfØá+â�ÙÛØæÚdá$ñ�â�ÙÝ%ÜÆê/û/>ãKå�ßÙÛò2ÚsåÛá§÷îYâ2á+Ú/ðmÙÚsíGØï"åÚsí¡ð'â2á�Øæå+Øâ�äYáðQÚsäYÚ"åÛÙßåÚåÛîYÚåÛîGÙÚß�åìQâ�ómäYímßÙÛØæÚdáö:âÙÚåÛîß�äá+Ø=õqá+ómÙ+ç2Ú"ØæàæàßäYïsÚóGð'íYß�åÚØæäfåÚ"ÙÛçßàáñ�â�ààâS÷ØæämòåÛîmÚ/ÙÚdïsÚsØðmå%â�ñOåÛîYÚ/àß�á+åçßàØí¡ïsâ�ÙÛÙÛÚsàßåÛØäYò(ÙÚ"ðmàæèMómämàæÚdáÛáeå+îYÚ/å�ßÙÛò2Úsåeß�ò�ßØäáÛßåÛØæáiYÚsáÆå+îYÚá+ómÙ+ç2Ú"ØæàæàßäYïsÚ�ØæämØåÛØ�ß�åÛØâäWïsÙ+ØæåÛÚsÙÛØßßìQâTç�Ú�ôÃ *ô � ,ÄnQ sut�W\�z{suz{U�S�W[:@q-\��pVYsW-��^,îmÚsäýß�.âíGÚêzâ�äGàæèßàà ú ïdßàæàZØæäfåÛÚsÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�äØáeØæáÛá+ómÚdíìfèzÜÆêaÝãQÉaßàæà �qâímÚ.ÝÞ2ê9å+Ù�ßämá+ðQâ�äYímÚ"Ùá:å+îßåímÚsåÛÚdïså:ØæåI÷ØæààÙÚsðGàæè2ô>aÚsïßómáÛÚâ�ñ�åÛîmÚIàæÚsäYòåÛî¯â�ñ�åÛîYÚÙÛÚsðmàèåÛÙßØæäzÿ:* � öØæïsÙâ�áÛÚdïsâ�äYímá��"ÉBßààh�.âZímÚÝÞ�ê ú Ú��ómØðmðQÚdíßØÙï"Ù�ßñ�å¡÷ØåÛîmØäoßÙ�ßäYò�ÚqíØæÊQÚsÙÚ"äYïdÚýâ�ñ � ôÌ^ämöØ/ñ�Ùâ�ö åÛîYÚqÜÆêaÝ�ãzßØÙïsÙßñ�åÉ÷Øàæàò2Ú"äYÚsÙßåÚÙÚ"ðmàæØæÚdá%åÛîßåÓò�ßÙ+ìmàÚ�ÿlâTç�ÚsÙ+à�ßðÚdß�ïîâ�å+îYÚsÙ��%÷îYÚ"äWÙÚsïdÚ"Øæç2Úsíýßå�åÛîYÚ(ÜÆêaÝãßØÙï"Ù�ßñ�åÿg\ãmêéô � �"ô

Ã *ô � ,Gô � ÄF$jkbsceAZR_"C9FB?OhBPzÔ� C$ÕT[eßÙí÷/ßÙÛÚ:ímÚsò�ßÙ+ìmàÚ"Ùá�ïßäÎÙÚsàØ�ßìGàæèíGÚdïdâZímÚómðåÛâ²å+îmÙÚsÚ.âSç�ÚsÙÛàßðmðmØäYòpÙÚ"ðmàæØæÚdádÉaßäYíåÛîYÚýïsâ�ö¡ìmØäYÚdíóYáÛÚqâ�ñç�ß�ÙÛØ�ß�ìmàÚ:ðQâS÷aÚ"ÙàæÚsç�Úsàá(ßäYíá�ómðmðmÙÛÚdá+á+ØâäðmómàæáÛÚdáÙÚdíóYïdÚsá(åÛîYÚ�äfómö¡ìQÚsÙ�âñåÛÙßäYá+ðQâ�äYíGÚsÙáåÛîß�åÙÛÚsðmàè¯åâ.ß.á+ØäYò�àæÚIØäfåÚsÙ+Ùâ2ò2ßåÛØæâ�ä)ôWÜaîGØáMåÛÚdïîmäGØ��óYÚØæáMïdßàæàæÚdí%WVSQ[)\#:S�xz{U6Xÿ�^ ã=�"ôÝ àæâT÷,ðQâS÷aÚ"Ù/àÚ"ç2Ú"à'Øá%óYá+Údíñ�â�Ù�åÛîYÚaGÙá+åÓØæäfåÚ"ÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�äá+åÛÚsðØæäßw^ ãá+Ú��óYÚ"äYïdÚô¡(ómÙ+ØæäYòåÛîYÚKämÚ"õZå^ ãá+åÛÚsð)É)ßá+ómðmðGÙÚdá+á+Øæâ�ä¯ðmómàá+ÚKØá/mÙá�å�åÛÙßäYá úöØæå+åÚsíÎß�å�ßýá�àæØæò�îfåÛàæèqàâS÷ÓÚsÙàÚ"ç2Ú"àeåÛîßä²åÛîmÚBGÙá+åØäZåÛÚsÙ+Ùâ2ò�ß�åÛØâä)É'ñ�â�ààâS÷aÚsík*öØï"Ùâ2á+Údïsâ�äYímá�àßåÚ"Ù(ìfèpßäpØäfåÚsÙ+Ùâ2ò2ßåÛØæâ�ä¯ßåßWá�àæØæò�îfåÛàæèîGØò�îYÚ"Ù�àâS÷ÓÚsÙ�àæÚsç�Úsà!ôÜaîGØáÓß�ïså+Øâ�äá+ómðGðmÙÚsáÛáÛÚsáaöâ2á+å�â�ñQåÛîYÚÆåÛÙßäYá+ðQâ�äYíGÚsÙá�åÛîß�å�îYß�íÙÛÚsðmàØÚdíåÛâMåÛîmÚðGÙÚsçfØæâ�óYá¡ØæäfåÛÚsÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�ä�É§ìmómåIÚ"àæØï"ØæåÛáMÙÚ"ðmàæØæÚdáKñ�ÙÛâ�ößäzß�ímíGØåÛØâäßà�ò�Ùâómðâ�ñå+Ù�ßämá+ðQâ�äYímÚ"ÙáåÛîß�åíGØíWämâ�å/ÙÚ"ðmàæèåâ¡å+îYÚ�ðmÙÛÚsçfØâ�ómáaØæäfåÚ"ÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�ä)ô§ÜaîYÚ^ ãðGÙâZïdÚdíómÙÚØá�ñ�â�àæàæâS÷aÚsíðmÙâ2òÙÚdá+á+Øç2ÚsàèøØä*pá+åÛÚsðYásÉ�åÛâpáÛÚ"ðßÙ�ß�åÚWåÛîmÚ�.âíGÚÝ�Þ2êþÙÛÚsðmàØÚdáØäZåÛâIáÛÚsç�ÚsÙßà§òÙâ�ómðmádÉOßäYíýåÛîfóYáÙÚdíóYïdÚåÛîYÚðQâ2áÛá�ØæìmØàæØæåyèâ�ñ§ò�ßÙ úìGàæØæämòmôÜaîYÚe^ ã¯áÛÚ��fómÚsäYïsÚWØáåÛÙ�ß�äYá+öØæå+åÚdíÎâ�äYïsÚíGóGÙÛØæämòÚßïîá+ómÙ+ç2Ú"ØæàæàßäYïsÚóGð'íYß�åÚð'Ú"ÙÛØæâí�É÷îmØïîqØá/äYâöØäßàæàèâ�äYÚáÛÚsïdâ�äYí'ô

^�*

Ã *ô � ,GôC*�Ä(ØÙÚsïsåÛØæâ�äßà�åÛÙßäYá�öØæáÛá+Øæâ�äYá'ñ�óGÙÛåÛîmÚsÙ)ÙÚsíGóYïsÚdáBåÛîYÚäfómö¡ìQÚsÙBâñZðQâ�åÛÚsäfåÛØßàæàèâSç�ÚsÙ úàßðmðmØäYòÙÚ"ðmàæØæÚdádôãZàæØæò�îfåÛàæè.âSç2Ú"ÙÛà�ß�ðmðmØæämò.ïsâTç�ÚsÙß�ò2ÚöKóYá+å�ì'ÚIðmÙÛâTçfØæímÚdí²ØæäøßàæàíØæÙÚsïså+Øâ�äYá/åÛâÚ"äYá+óGÙÚ | 1�,ímÚdòÙÚdÚïsâTç�ÚsÙß�ò2Ú�ôÃ *ô � ,Gô | Ä�qâímÚÎê±â�ämàæè ßàæà ú ïdßàæàÆØæäfåÛÚsÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�ä�ô

ÿkßØæÙ+ì'âÙÛäYÚIØæäfåÚ"ÙÛÙÛâ2ò�ßåÛâ�Ùá��÷ØåÛîmØäímÚ"åÚdï"åÛØæâ�äÙ�ß�äYò2Ú�ô.ÜaîmØæáMØáKß�ïdïsâ�öðmàæØæá+îYÚsíìfèöâ�ämØæåÛâ�ÙÛØäYò��.âZímÚã7Ç+ÜÆêaÝãìGÙâ�ß�íGïß�á�åØäZåÛÚsÙ+Ùâ2ò�ß�åÛØâäYádôÈ¯ÜaîmØáIØæäfåÛÚsÙ úÙÛâ2ò�ßå+Øâ�ä&ØäYíGØïdßåÚsáåÛîßåýå+îYÚ²ßØæÙÛïsÙ�ß�ñ�åØáýÚ��ómØðmð'Úsí ÷ØåÛî ßzÜÆêaÝ�ãþØæäfåÛÚsÙ úÙÛâ2ò�ßåÛâ�Ùï"ómÙÛÙÛÚsäfå�

massachusetts institute of technologysunnyday.mit.edu/papers/tcas-intent.pdf · 2015. 12. 11. ·...

Documents