MASS SOCIETY &DEMOCRACY

SECTION 1The Growth of Industrial

Prosperity

• Steelo Sir Henry Bessmero Bessemer Process

• Electricity o Thomas Edison o Edison Electric Light Company

"we will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles"

New Products

• Internal Combustion Engine • Communication

o Alexander Graham Bello Guglielmo Marconi

• Increase in Industrial Production o Increase in purchasing of goods

wages lowered transportation costs Assembly Line

• Henry Ford o Department Storeso Great Divide

Eastern v. Western Europe

New Patterns

• Toward a World Economy o impact of Internal Combustion Engine o Capital = European dominance

• The Working Classo impact of societal transformation

working conditionso Reformers

Moderates: Radicals:

• The Communist Manifestoo Karl Marx & Friedrich Engelso Appalled at working conditions o history is a giant "class struggle"

oppressors v. oppressed

Karl Marx's Theory

• Industrial Revolution as a continuation of Class Struggleo bourgeoisie v. proletariat o Solution: Revolution!

emergence of a classless society

• Goal: improve Working Conditions• Two types:

o Pure Marxist: violent revolution o Revisionists: Work within the system

• Trade Unionso improve conditions through collective

bargaining o Right to Strike?

Socialist Parties

SECTION 3The National State & Democracy

• Signs of the Expansion of Democracy o universal male suffrage o emergence of ministerial responsibility o mass political parties

• Great Britain o two-party parliamentary system o relationship between Parliament & Prime

Ministero Rise of the Labour Party

Western Europe & Political Democracy

• Franceo Chaos due to collapse of Second Empireo 1875: Formation of 3rd Republic

Bicameral Legislature• Senate• Chamber of Deputies

o Prime Minister

• Italyo United 1870o Divisions between North & South

• Germany o Otto Von Bismark created a bicameral

legilature Reichstag: universal male suffrage

o Lack of ministerial responsibility Emperor over legislature

o William II Changes German Power The people's call for Democracy fall on

silent ears

Central & Eastern Europe

• Austriao A failed attempt at Ministerial Responsibilityo Francis Joseph o major disadvantage: diverse ethnic makeup

• Hungary o functioning

parliament

Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Russiao Czar Nicholas II: absolute powero Major Steel Producer

rise of Marxist ideals o Bloody Sunday

Winter Palace: St. Petersburg, Russiao Short lived reforms

Dumas civil liberties

• Aftermath of the Civil War o national unity remainedo Transformation of Old South

13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment

o Jim Crow

• Economyo agriculture to industryo Carnegie Steel Co. o Extreme Wealth

United States

• Expansion abroad o Samoan Islandso Queen Liluokalani

Hawaiio Spanish American War

• Creation of Triple Alliance o Otto von Bismark and Europe's balance of

power fear of French retaliation/alliance

International Rivalries

• William II fires Otto o change of direction

finding Germany's "rightful place in the Sun"

• Formation of Triple Entente

New Directions: William II

• Breakdown of Ottoman Empire o Great Powers rush to "exert their influence"

• Balkan's State Political Status (please see next slide) o Greece, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro Freeo Bulgaria: protectorate of Russiao Bosnia & Herzegovina: A-H

• Balkan collapse "Bosnian Crisis" o A-H annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina o Serbia outraged

Russian support William II intervention

• Russia vows revenge

Crisis in the Balkans: The Powder Keg

• Breakdown of Ottoman Empire o Great Powers rush to "exert their influence"

• Balkan's State Political Status (please see next slide) o Greece, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro Freeo Bulgaria: protectorate of Russiao Bosnia & Herzegovina: A-H

• Balkan collapse "Bosnian Crisis" o A-H annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina o Serbia outraged

Russian support William II intervention

• Russia vows revenge

Crisis in the Balkans: The Powder Keg

SECTION 4Toward the Modern

Consciousness

• Impressionismo Claude Monet

• Postimpressionism o Vincent Van Gogh

• Impact of Photographyo avoid "visual reality"

• Cubism • Abstract

Modernism

• Architecture o rise of functionalism

lack of ornamentation o Louis H Sullivan & Frank Lloyd Wright

• Reasono through facts the world can be known

• Marie Curieo atoms

• Einsteino theory of relativity o matter is another form of energy

• Freudo psychoanalysis

Uncertainty Grows: Science

• Social Darwinism & Racism o loyalty to a nation became a religion o Justifying European Domination

• Herber Spencer o social progress comes from the strongest

countries

• Extreme Nationalism o nations are in a struggle for existence o Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Extreme Nationalism

• Anti-Semitism o long European tradition o Dreyfuss Affair o Anti-Semitic Parties

A-H & Germany

• Zionism o flee Europe for the United Stateso Palestine

Anti-Semitism & Zionism