MASLOW’S THEORY

PRESENTED BY: SHALU SONI

MASLOW"People are not evil; they are schlemiels."     "The good society is one in which virtue

pays."    "What shall we

think of a well-adjusted slave?"

Maslow's Motivation Theory

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a theory in psychology that Abraham Maslow

proposed in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which he subsequently

extended. His theory contends that as humans meet 'basic needs', they seek to satisfy successively 'higher needs' that

occupy a set hierarchy.

MOTIVATION THEORY

Motivation theory is not synonymous with behavior theory. The motivations are only one class of determinants of behavior. While behavior is almost always motivated, it is also almost always biologically, culturally and situationally

HISTORY Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is

a theory in psychology that Abraham Maslow proposed in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which he subsequently extended. His theory contends that as humans meet 'basic needs', they seek to satisfy successively 'higher needs' that occupy a set hierarchy.

Maslow studied exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy." (Motivation and Personality, 1987)

MODEL

1. Physiological needs• The physiological needs of the organism, those

enabling homeostasis, take first precedence. These consist mainly of:

• the need to breathe • the need to regulate body temperature • the need for water • the need for sleep • the need to eat • the need to dispose of bodily wastes

EXPLANATION

2.Safety needs When the physiological needs are met, the

need for safety will emerge. Safety and security rank above all other desires. These include:

• Security of employment • Security of revenues and resources • Physical security - safety from violence,

delinquency, aggressions • Moral and physiological security • Familial security • Security of health

3.Love/Belonging needs

After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs is social. This involves emotionally-based relationships in general, such as:

• friendship

• sexual intimacy

• having a family

Humans want to be accepted and to belong, whether it be to clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. They need to feel loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others, and to be accepted by them. People also have a constant desire to feel needed. In the absence of these elements, people become increasingly susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety and depression.

4. Status (Esteem needs) Humans have a need to be respected, to

self-respect and to respect others. People need to engage themselves in order to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution and self-value, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem, inferiority complexes, an inflated sense of self-importance or snobbishness.

5. Being needs

Though the deficiency needs may be seen as "basic", and can be met and neutralized (i.e. they stop being motivators in one's life), self-actualization and transcendence are "being" or "growth needs" (also termed "B-needs"), i.e. they are enduring motivations or drivers of behavior.

Self-actualization Self-actualization (a term originated by

Kurt Goldstein) is the instinctual need of humans to make the most of their unique abilities and to strive to be the best they can be. Maslow describes self-actualization as follows:– Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth of

what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is. (Psychological Review, 1949)

• They embrace the facts and realities of the world (including themselves) rather than denying or avoiding them.

• They are spontaneous in their ideas and actions. • They are creative. • They are interested in solving problems; this often includes the

problems of others. Solving these problems is often a key focus in their lives.

• They feel a closeness to other people, and generally appreciate life.

• They have a system of morality that is fully internalized and independent of external authority.

• They judge others without prejudice, in a way that can be termed objective.

Maslow writes the following of self-actualizing people:

CRITICISM

While Maslow's theory was regarded as an improvement over previous theories of personality and motivation, it has its detractors. For example, in their extensive review of research that is dependent on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridwell (1976) found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described, or even for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.

The concept of self-actualization is considered vague and psychobabble by some behaviourist psychologists. The concept is based on an aristotelian notion of human nature that assumes we have an optimum role or purpose.[citation needed] Self actualization is a difficult construct for researchers to operationalize, and this in turn makes it difficult to test Maslow's theory. Even if self-actualization is a useful concept, there is no proof that every individual has this capacity or even the goal to achieve it.

Other counterpositions suggest that not everyone ultimately seeks the self-actualization that a strict (and possibly naive) reading of Maslow's hierarchy of needs appears to imply:

• Viktor Frankl's book Man's Search for Meaning describes his psychotherapeutic method (logotherapy) of finding purpose in life.

• Albert Einstein was actually drawn toward the sense of mystery in life. See Abraham Pais' Subtle is the Lord.

• Others seek to perform good works. • Others are drawn toward the dark side of the human

condition.

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