masa leolam 1. - kabbalah mediafiles.kabbalahmedia.info/mekorot/heb_o_ml-sefer-masa-le... · 2006....
TRANSCRIPT
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Michael Laitman
The Path of Kabbalah
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Copyright ' 2005 by Laitman Kabbalah Publishers127 Ramblewood Lane
Thornhill ONT. L4J 6R3, CanadaAll rights reserved
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PCGB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
FFMRFNEZL
[NCKFF\V\IG\FZGIRK\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
[CTFKPKCZKBF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
BCZFOPDNFFEZL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
CKQFCGZBNRCZB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
F\V\IG\FR[PF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
F\TGZZG\FRYGEF[CNC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
FYCNFMBPXTK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
SKPRKEZL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
PNPTNFNPJF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
SKCFGPSGCC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
PFCKQFTGNOFHFNTGNOFCB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
BPGRFPTNNET\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
NVTGNPTNNJCT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
F\ICZG\NBGZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
PJZ\FCZKBF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
ECYG\CPJZF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
FMZ\FZT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
v]MRe\FR[PF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
CRKK\KISVRKPKCIKKKGOKGO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
DKNGK\MGRG\ZGIRKG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
\KYGQFZXGRG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
MKXENNM\CEZL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
[MZZGIRK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
D[ZC\FNKLFF\YEPG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
[KNGCFTGNPG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
FDGUCDPZ\KYGQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
C\VKNFGCID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
TCGEF[CNC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
P[PTG\FIDKO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
YCN\BGZGFID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
IDMBPXTK\KYGQ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
YCNF,E\GPET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
YCNFMPIYZBGCKKYJKCK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
FHKYFNKFEG\{FBOK[RF?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
T\FYCNFFDKTF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
FDK[F[GRF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
NFVZKLETFYEGPF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
XTEKFNKPGE
FBEONGPEB\TXPG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
BGEG\FNKPGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
\NPKEIMO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
SCKC\FNKPGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205
BGVQFNKPGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
\IKN\EZMG[NPYGCN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
P[GNIRG[NPYGCN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
T[ZF[KTGZKOCIGMP\FYCNF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
[KTGZ1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
[KTGZ2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
[KTGZ3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
[KTGZ4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
[KTGZ5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
[KTGZ6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
[KTGZ7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
[KTGZ8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
[KTGZ9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
[KTGZ10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
[BNG\G\[GCG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
RSVI:PG[DKKSGECPCRFFCZKBF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
RSVI:T[ZFBGZG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
RSVI:PEZDG\FF\TNG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
RSVI:SVKZ\FPNMG\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335
RSVI:MGGRFBNJZGBKSJK\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
NGIPG[DKO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
PYGZG\NKPGEFYCNF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
PCGB
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GPBKELDKSB,FKBPTGG\\VIG\TNKEKF\MGRG\FBRGMKG\[NFBEO.
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FCGZB.
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CF\BONPKE\F[KRGKFZGIRK[NFBEO,FGBP\IKNNFZDK[C\GMG
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MNBNFFQ\MGRG\KK,B[ZBRKXZKLNI[GUC\GMK.
MMN[BZMG[[NKJFTNF\MGRG\FBNG,MQBZDK[CXGZFPGI[K\
KG\Z,MKXEFCGZBVGTNC\GMK.[FZK"PIGXFNK",NTGNONBBGMN
NFZDK[BG\G,,BNBZYNVKVTGNG\KGC\GMK;"PPT[KKLFMZRGL".
GPBIZ[MGNRGCKIEKG[CKOGNGPEKOB\F\MGRG\FBPK\KG\[NRG,
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BIE{BRGTXPRG.
NMQRGXZ\[G\VG\[NFPJZF,FPI[CFGF[BKVF,[PFQRGNE\TO
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KIKE[NF.
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MNVKIKVG[FCGZBC\GMRG,ZYCPYGOFYZKBFFV[GJFC\GZF,
P\DNFF"\GZF\CNKQ",F\GZFM[KJFCTN\MGI[N\KYGQ,FRYZB\
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FRXIGF[NPG\.
NKPGECSVZKOFBPK\KKO[NFYCNF,PG[LB\FBGZ,"FPBGZ
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PCGB9
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MBPXTK|SKPRKEZL|PNPTNFNPJF|SKCFGPSGCC|PF
CKQFTGNOFHFNTGNOFCB|BPGRFPTNNET\|NVTGNPTN
NJCT|[BNG\G\[GCG\
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VRK\FGOGZGIBNFKOPZIV\TNVRKFPKO"
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MNSVZKFYGE[PECZKOTNFTGNOFTNKGQ,TNEZLCZKB\GGNBTN
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13
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PGINJGRXIK.FZXGQN\TRGDFKRGFCZKBFFKIKEF.PNCEFYKKOZY
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FMRFNEZL 58
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FMRFNEZL 98
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FMRFNEZL 100
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FMRFNEZL 142
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FMRFNEZL 144
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FMRFNEZL 148
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PRFDKOGFNMG\,IKRGL,GMKGX"C.BCNMEKNFKG\PGZFZGIRKCYCNFBKQ
EKCKET.
CKPKRGY[FNFCIKQCKQPGZFZGIRKNCKQPK[BKRGPGZFZGIRK,[MQ
CEGZRGFP\PMZNCKEGZ,GPIV[V\ZGRG\YNKO,TNGNKOBR[KONNM\
[CKBIZPGZKOYNKN[GQ,GNFIPKWB\SDGNG\FFGZBFFZGIRK\.
B\PF[M\GCCSVZKFYCNFF[GRKO,KMGNMNBIENET\,C\RBK
[K[NGHKMZGQJGCGFGBP[YKTPBPWPSGKKO.BEOMHFKPYEB\
FCR\GCECZKFIGMPF,MVK[RBPZCPYGZG\:"IGMPFCDGKKO\BPKQ,
\GZFCDGKKOBN\BPKQ".CBGPZRG"DGK"BKQFMGGRFNNBGONBKFGEK,
BNBNBEOBDGBKSJ,[JZOTCZ\KYGQ.BEOMHFKMGNNFVDKQCYKBG\
PZ[KPFCMNZHKFYCNF,GNF\VBZCKET[NGPGN\NPKEKG,\GLXKJGJ
PEGKKYPFPYGZG\.
FXD\KETHGT[GKFC\IKNF,N[MRTBEO[BKRGP\PXBCPKE\
FZGIRKG\[N"PGZF"MHF,[MQ\NPKEKOCZB[K\EZMO,BKROPSGDNKO
N\VGSPFKZGIRKG\,GBUNBMKXERK\QNCEGYB\FKTEZFBGRGMIG\F
CPK[FG.\NPKEP\IKNTGCZ[KRGKKOVRKPKKOMFPFG\KKO,[MNNBKRG
PSGDNNFCKQB\YGZFNG,MN[MQNFTZKLRMGRFB\FTGPEPGNG.
\NPKEP\IKNBKRGCYKBBVKNGC\GZFFM\GCF,GFGBTNGNNYCN
C[GDDMNBEOM"ZCDEGN".BNB[YKKOFCENPFG\K,CKQKGETK\GZF
NCKQPYGCNKO:CIGMP\FYCNFZCFGBKG\ZPZC;FGBPGZFZGIRK.
FPGZF[TGCZB\FEZLFZGIRK\KIETO\NPKEKG.
PJZ\FPGZFFKBNBNTGZZVIEGMCGEBNKGCYZC\NPKEKG,
BNBNTGZZCFO,CTHZ\FNKPGE,\IG[\KZBF,GBFCFMNVKFCGZB,
NFTPKEOK[KZG\PGNTGXP\FCGZB,GNNPEOBKLNVRG\K[KZG\BN
XTEKFNKPGE 198
FCGZB.MNPK[TGCZF\V\IG\ZGIRK\,IGGFC[NCPSGKKO\IG[\
RIK\G\,IGN[F,BDGBKHOG[VNG\ZXGRG\KG.
NBIZ[BEOIGGFB\F\IG[G\FBNF,[GCBKRGPSGDNNFKG\DB
CTXPG,CFCKRG[MNPF[FGBPYCN{FGBPFCGZB.NMQPGZFCIGMP\
FYCNF,FKRGBEOV[GJGXRGT,[IKB\IKKFKGPKGOCEKGYMPGMN
BIEPB\RG,GNBIMOFPRG\YPFTGNOFHF.
CIGMP\FYCNFFQFZCGFQ\NPKEKGNBRGFDKOC[IXRG\GBKRO
MGVKOB\ET\OTNBIZKO,BGPJKVKONFOPGSZ.PJZ\FZCFKB
NFVRG\B\F\NPKENMKGGQFCGZB,NNPEBG\GNVRG\CMNECZBNKG,GNB
BNFPGZF.GBKNGCMN[KJG\FFEZMFFBIZG\,BVKNGBNGFPGD[G\
CBXJNF[NIGMP\FYCNF,\NPKEZGI[MCGEGKZBFMNVKFPGZF
FZGIRK,GNBMNVKFCGZB.
IGMP\FYCNF{FKBFPET[CGFMNRCEYCXGZFPT[K\,CKEK
F\NPKETXPG.NMQPGZFZGIRKFGBPEZKL,[TGCETOF\NPKE[NG.GDO
BOF\NPKENB\PKEI[CML,FZCMNFHPQTGHZNGGPMGGQBG\G.
FKMQNPXGBPGZFZGIRK?
P[KPFY[FFKBNPXGBPGZFZGIRK.FXNI\FBEOCPXKB\ZCG
FKBRSDEGN.CZXGRRGBG[NBCZXGRRG,FTGNO[NRGP\YEONYZB\
F\KYGQ.FCGZBPD[KOB\F\GMRK\FMNNK\[NFCZKBFNNBZXGRRG.
FGBB[ZPV\IBG\RG,TENPXC[RGMNN[PGTB\[KCY[NGPZNRG.
N[OMLREZ[\PQFBEOF\V\IG\[MNK\GJMRGNGDK\,[FGEG\NF
FBEOK\IKNNFBPKQ,[T[GKG\NFKG\PFKZGKG\DCGFG\TEBKRSGU,
FTCZF[NBRZDKFGPI[CG\NPZIYKO,FVKM\SGDBIE[NIGPZNSGD
BIZ,YVKXG\CINNGCHPQGTGE.
B\FF\V\IG\FHB\P[KDFFBRG[G\,[RPXB\CDCGNG\FFCRF[N
FZXGQFBDGBKSJK[NF.REPFNRG,[K[K\ZGRG\CF\V\IG\HG,BUTN
VK[BRIRGP\YZCKONFKVLFDPGZ{NFCRF[FF\V\IG\XZKMFNFKG\
VRKPK\{ZGIRK\C\GLFBEO,GNBPIGXFNG.
FCGZBPCKBBG\RGNF\V\IG\JMRGNGDK\.TOHB\,FGBDOPYKKO
B\FF\V\IG\FVRKPK\,CMNBIEPB\RGCRVZE,GCBRG[G\MGNF.N[O
MLK[NCGZB[NKIKO,PYGCNKORS\ZKO,FIKKOCYZCRG.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|[BNG\G\[GCG\199
BRIRGNBPGETKONYKGPO.FORPXBKONKEKRG,TGCEKOGIKKOCEKGY
MPGRG,GRGSUNML,SGVDKON\GMOB\ZXGRG\KRG,PI[CG\KRGGB\
F\TRGDKOGFKSGZKO[NRG.DOF"BRK"FBDGBKSJK[NRGRMNNC\GMO,
C\GLFZXGRG\FBNJZGBKSJKO[NFO,GMLTGCZ\KYGQ,MEKNFCKBMN
BIEPB\RG,NKMGN\FY[CFNZTKGRG\ZGIRKKO,GNYCNO.
FZXGRG\FBNJZGBKSJKOFZGIRKKO[NPYGCNKORS\ZKOBNF,
FMNKO[NFO,FOTXGPKOCF[GGBFNZXGRG\FBDGBKSJKO[NRG,MK
FZXGQ[NFOFGBN\\FMNNCGZB,GBKNGFZXGQ[NRG,FGBCSLFMN
N[BGCTGRD,PPF[RPXBPGNTKRKRGCTGNOFHF.NMQMNPYGCNRS\Z
MHF,SGVDN\GMG,NNBPBPW,ZXGRG\[NPKNKGRKBR[KO,P\YROCMNNG\,
GPYZCONPXC,[MNBIEPFOK\IKNB\\KYGRGFVZJK.
K\ZFPHB\,GHFTRKKQY[FNFCRF,FTGNO[NRGYKKOFGEG\NBR[KO
BNF.DOFOHYGYKONDRKKNEKO,SVZKO,FNC[FGMG’,GNMQK[FXEYF
NYKGPO[NMNFECZKOFBNGCTGNPRG,MNGPZHMG\RGNML,BKRFYKKP\
[NBCHMG\O{GXZKLNGPZHB\.
MKXENPXGBPYGCNKORS\ZKOBNF?GCMQ,BKBV[ZNPXGBBG\OMKGQ
[F[NKIG\[NFOCTGNO[NRGFKBVTGNFI[BK\CYZCMNFBRG[G\.
B[ZN[BNFMKXENPXGBPGZF,MNBIEIKKCNIV[CTXPGGFPYGO[CG
KK[BZCSGVG[NECZ,[OPYGPG.
FECZFI[GCCKG\ZCIKVG[KOBNG,FGBNBNT[G\[YZCRV[L
GNGPZ,[B\FMCZRPXBCPYGOFP\BKONL,NBNFSMKO,GNBNF\V[Z
TOTXPL,NBNFKZDT.
MEKNPXGBPYGOP[NG,BEOIKKCNFY[KCZYNTXPGGNBNBIZKO.
TNKGNFZDK[BOFGBRZDTVRKPK\CPYGO[CGFGBRPXB,GBOR[P\G
PXBFB\"PHGRF".
K[CKRKRG[P\CGRRKOCFPGQGTG[KOMPGFG,P[\KYKOC\GMOB\
YGNF[NFR[PFFEGZ[\F\V\IG\ZGIRK\.FOBGRSKOTXPO,CML
[TGXPKOTKRKKO,GPS\VYKOCIGMPFKC[FGNBCF\V\IG\ZGIRK\.
PZDT[BEORMNNTOFFPGQ,FGBPYCN\IG[\CKJIGQ,BLHGFK
FGRBFTXPK\,MKGQ[\IG[FHGXZKMFNF\YCNPY[ZBK[KTO
FCGZB.
XTEKFNKPGE 200
NMQPK[FGNLCEZL[NF\V\IG\BK[K\PZDK[VIG\CJGI,GKG\Z
\NG\K.\IG[G\BNG[GNIFCGZBNBEO,EGGYBMEK[FGBKHEYYNG.
TYCML,FBDGBKHOTXPG,C[BKV\GNCKJIGQ,KMZKIB\FBEONPXGB
Y[ZTOFCGZBGHGPJZ\FCZKBF.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|BGEG\FNKPGE201
\NPKEIMO
"\NPKEIMO"FGB\GBZ[NPK[PCY[NNPGEBXNCGZBFTGNO
TXPG.PFRK\QNNPGEPFCGZB?\MGR\GFKIKEF[NFCGZBFKBNFTRKY
FRBFNRCZBKG.BEO[PCY[NZMG[\MGRFHG,EFKKRGN\\FRBFNCGZB,
YZGK"\NPKEIMO",\NPKEG[NFCGZB.
TNF\NPKENF[YKTPBPXKOZCKOCTCGEFZGIRK\,MEK[\K[PT
\VKN\G.TNKGNF[GG\\MGRG\KGTOFCGZB.BEO[NKCGZKY,GFGB
P[\GYY,NMBGZF,NF[KDZGIRKG\,BLPJZ\GFKBNFXKDNTKRKBIZKO
B\TCGE\G,NBKYCNECZ.BKBV[ZNFGNKL[GNNB\FNCGBUNBB\
FCGZB.
MB[ZFBEOBKRRGZGXFECZ,BNBB\FCGZB,GFGBP[YKTB\MN
MGIGGPZXGCF[D\PJZFHG{ZXGRGK\PNBCKEKFCGZB.NPK[FGNL
CEZLZGIRK\BSGZNECZTNFEZDF[CFFGBRPXB,PVRK[CPYGO[CG
P\IKNFFFZD[F{RT\YG\FPKNKO.
CZB[GCZB[GRF,TNKGNET\ZYPF[FGBHYGYN[O\KYGRGFGB.FGB
TEKKQBKRGPCKQTE\GO,PFGMNKFZBGKNYCNBGZTNKGQ,GPFGFBGZFHF
CTXPG.BEO[CBN[KTGZKYCNFGPY[KC,P\TGZZ\CGFMZF,MKFGB
BKRGPCKQECZ,GCMLMCZFDKTNBP\MN[FK.FCGZBPTRKYNG\IG[FHG,
P[GO[FGBZGXFNYZCGBNKG.PBKEL,BOFCGZBBKRGIVWCBEO,FGB
PTRKYNGSKVGYCNKPGEKO,CTCGEFGCP[VIF.KGXBPML,[F\V\IG\
ZXGKFBV[ZK\,BLGZYP\GL\IG[F[NIGSZSKVGY.
K[RFEZLBIZ\NF\V\IG\G[NBEO,BGNIKRGMG,GFKBNV\ICG
\IG[\[NPG\,BLCMLFPIRLPGRTPIRKMGMNBV[ZG\[NRVKNFBG
TNKF.CTXOIKRGLHFPPK\B\FBEO,PVRK[FGBPSVYB\FBDGBKHO
GP[YKJBG\G.
CF\V\IG\FZGIRK\,EGGYBTGXP\BK=FSKVGY[BEOI[,FKB
FYGCT\B\TGXP\[BKV\GNXB\P\GLF[DZF,FP\RFN\CTXN\KKO,
GHFGMGIB[ZKEIGUBG\GBNEZLFTNKFFZGIRK\.ZYPBPWGKDKTF
PSVKYKOCMPG\OGCBKMG\O,[FOKIGEKKONMNBIEGBIEPB\RGNVK
XZMKG=FGB,KCKBGB\FBEONPJZF.
XTEKFNKPGE 202
FKETCYCNFBKRGBPK\K,MNTGENBTCZEZLNCGGZD[G\KG[NFBEO.
B\MNFPETKO[CTGNOKMGNFBEONNPGE,PCNK[K[RFB\\MGRG\KG;
BKQPET[\GCTPFPETQN[RG\B\F[YVG\KG,GN\YQB\TXPG.GFSKCF
NMLFKB,[MNSGDKFPETTGSYKOCXCKZ\KET,BGEG\INYGFIKXGRK[N
TGNPRG.TOHB\,DOFPETP\IKNNDNG\MKGO,B\F\NG\[CKQ\GXBG\KG
[NRKSGKNCKQ\MGRG\KGFBK[KG\[NFPETQ,[TZLBG\G.CT\KEKDNG
BR[KFPET,[B\MNFKETFBPK\KRK\QKFKFNF[KD,ZYBOK[\GGF
FIGYZC\MGRG\KG,NJCTG[NFRG[BFRIYZ.
NVKML,BOZXGRRGNFCKQB\PCRFFTGNO,CEZDFCFRGNEKOMNBKZGTK
FTGNOFHF,CFMNR[PG\KRG[GFG\,JZOZE\QBNFTGNOFHF,GBNKG
IGHZG\NBIZ[KXBGPPRG,GBOZXGRRGNZBG\B\\PGR\FPXKBG\,NNB
\NG\CHPQF[GNJCTGNPRG)INGPO[NVKSKYBKOZCKO(,TNKRGNFKEPG\
CTXPRGNBG\FPXKBG\TNKGRF.
FYCNFPNPE\MKXERK\QNZMG[FZD[F[NFZCEKOFTNKGRKO[N
FPXKBG\.BGZIGMPFKMGNNYCNBLGZYMNK[FGM[ZNML,TNKEK
F\YEPG\CPXC[YZGK"BPGRFNPTNFPET\".FECZFRVNBCMN
F\FNKL,FGB[MNKZGIRKP\IKNNFKGGXZ,ZYNBEOFP\IKNNBJNBJ
NT[G\VTGNG\TNPR\NF[VKT.BLBEO[NGPE,GR[BZCZPF[NET\G,
MNGPZR[BZTOKET[ZM[CEZD\"IK"{KEKTG\KGZYPHKRG\NGB\
FBDGBKHO,GNBPSKKTG\NGCCRKK\MNKTOPSL.
BEOXZKLNVYGITKQTNFZXGRG\FPGVKTKOCG.MNZXGRG\KRGR[NIKO
BNKRGPNPTNF,FQFZXGQNBGZGFQZXGRG\RGSVKONMCGE,MSU,GKET.TN
FBEONCYZB\FZXGRG\FP\TGZZKOCGCMNZDTGZDT,GNCIGZB\
FZXGQ[TNKGNPP[,NBP\GL\IG[F,BNBTNSPLFYCNF.
NMBGZFY[FNRGPBGENGG\ZTN\TRGDG\FTGNOFHF,B[ZPGXTKO
NRGCPNGBFIGVQ,GMN[TNKRGNT[G\HFZYN\VGSBG\OGNKFRG\PFO.
NBRZBFNRG,MKRK\QNGG\ZTNKFONPTQBKH[FG\TRGDZGIRKT\KEK,
[BKRGPGCQNRGMNNGTKYZ.
BLNBIZ[R\YZCPTJNCGZBC\MGRG\KRG,RGMNNFCKQB\TGPY
FB[NKF[C\TRGDG\FTGNOFHF;RGMNNIG[B\IGSZF\GIN\GB\
FS\PKG\[CFO,NTGP\BG\GPTJPHTKZB[ZRYCNCHMG\ECYG\RG
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|\NPKEIMO203
CCGZB.BHKRTEKU,PJCTFECZKO,B\FFRBFFZGIRK\=BDGBKSJK\TN
VRKFD[PK\=BDGBKSJK\.
NMNBIEGBIERK\RG\FHEPRGKG\NF\IKNNRGTCMKGGQFRMGQ.I[GC
NHFG\B\BG\QFHEPRGKG\[R\QFCGZB.TNKRGNI\GZNTCZFCGZB
CNCE,GNF[\ENNZBG\B\F[DI\GCMNB[ZYGZFNRG,GCMNPI[CF
CNCRG.
FPYGCNKOFDEGNKO\BZGCSVZKFO,B\FBGVQCGIKKCBEO
NF\YEO,CEZLNTGNOFZGIRK;FCGZBRG\QNRG,PTNGPTCZNPF[RIGW
N[OFF\YEPG\FZGIRK\,GBRGXZKMKONFKG\BSKZK\GEFNCGZB
GNPYGCNKOFPTRKYKONRGMNHB\.
PGZKRG,[PSZGNRGPFGZXGRG[NFCGZB,GPFQPJZG\F[DI\GTNKRG,
RKXCGCEZD\F[DFZGIRK\MFDCGFF,TEMKNBRGMNN\BZNTXPRG
BG\F,MN[MQCJZOF[DRG,BUB\FRPGMF[CPEZDG\FBNG.
CEZDG\B[ZCFQRPXBKOPGZKRGFZGIRKKO,FPG[D"NYCNN\GTN\
TXPG"MNNBKRGYKKO.BVKNGB\F\TRGD[FOPYCNKO,PFPDTTOBGZ
FCGZB,FOPKKTEKONCGZB.
FPYGCNKOFDEGNKOPXBGPKNKOPKGIEG\,MEKNCJBNPTRRGB\
VTGNG\FCGZB:FO"FNCK[G"B\BGZG,GB\VTGNG\KGCPKNKO
GCBPZG\.FPYGCNKOM\CG,CZPF[BG\FRGMNNYNGJ,BUC\IKN\
EZMRG,GBHCFP[LFEZL,CBPXTG\NKPGEZXKRKGF[YT\PBPXKO,
CTGERGVGSTKONYZB\FCGZB,RGMNNFZDK[B\MNBGZGCBGVQK[KZ,
GCPNGBF[NPG\.
XTEKFNKPGE 204
SCKC\FNKPGE
TNVKPI[C\FCZKBF,IKKCKONFDKTNPXC,[CGBV[ZNIKG\
GNF\YKKOTNVKIGYKOZGIRKKO.MNFXZG\,[CBG\TNKRG,TNMNBIE
PB\RG,MNFBSGRG\,PGVKTKOMEKNFCKBMNBEOGB\MNFBRG[G\,
NYKKOB\IGYKFCZKBFCFKG\RGIKKOCTGNOFHF.
GMLMG\CCTNFSGNOCPBPZIGMP\FYCNFGPFG\F:"MKIMPFHG
FKBNBVIG\GNBKG\Z,BNBSEZ[N[Z[KOFP[\N[NKOTNEZL
YGEOGRP[L,CIGYKOYCGTKOGPGINJKO,FP\ICZKOGYGNTKONPJZF
BI\PBERTNF,FRYGCFC[O"DKNGKBNYG\GK\’NRCZBKGCTGNO
FHF".
MNGPZYCNFFKB[KJ\FGZBFTNF\DNG\FCGZBNRCZBKO,[IKKO
CTGNOFHF.CYCNFBKQMG\CKOTNPF[KYZFNRGNBIZFPGG\,BNB
EGGYBTNPF[IKKCNF\ZI[CIKKOCTGNOFHF.CYCNFPEGCZZYTN
PF[FBEOXZKLNCXTCTGNOFHF,TNPF[FGBIKKCNF[KD,[BONB
MQKIKFB\IKKGN[GGB,G[GCK\DNDN,MEKNYKKOBG\OFECZKO,[NB
YKKOYGEO.GPSKCFHB\{IGMP\FYCNF,FKBFPETFRIGWGFPT[K
CKG\ZCTGNO.
GBKBV[ZNF[\PJP\VYKERGNF[KDB\PJZ\FIKKO,[MQFIKKO
TXPOPIKKCKOBG\RGNVTGNML,GCSGVO[NMNFKSGZKOBRIRGIKKCKO
NFDKTN\KYGQPNB[NTXPRG,NDPZ\KYGQ.CDPZ\KYGQ,KP[KLFTGNO
NF\YKKOMPYGEO:BG\GKYGO,BG\OMGMCKO,XKVZKO,TXKO.FECZ
FKIKE[K[\RFFGBFFMZF[NFBEO,FF[DF[NFPXKBG\FPYKVF
BG\G,MKGGQ[FBEOCTXPGK[\RF.MNF[BZNBXZKLNF[\RG\,BNB
XZKLNFP[KLNVTGNNVKIGYKFJCT,NVKFEZM\G[NFCGZB.ZYFBEO
KFVGLPKXGZIK,M[BZFKXGZKO,NBEOBPK\K[FGBCXNOFCGZB.
RK\QNF[KDHB\,TNKEKNKPGECYCGXFPKGIE\,TNVKSVZKNKPGE
RMGRKOGCFRIKK\ZC=PGZFZGIRKBPK\K.M\GC[MMN[F\NPKEP\IKN
NFCKQKG\ZPFTNKGNT[G\,CPKEFHGFGBPYZCN[NKPG\B\TXPG,
B\FYCGXFGB\FNKPGE.TNMLMG\CCTNFSGNO.FGBP\BZNVRKRG
\PGRFBKLXZKLNFKZBG\MEGZFBZW[NRGCPXCFP\GYQ.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|SCKC\FNKPGE205
CF\INFNGPEKOTNF[\N[NG\MNFTGNPG\,VZXGVKOGSVKZG\
PNPTNFNPJF.C[NCF[RK,FBEO,MEKN\YQB\TXPG,XZKLNTNG\
CPEZDG\FZGIRKG\,[MCZFGMRGC[CKNGPNPJFNPTNF,CFP[KMG
NIKG\CTGNOFHF.FPSVZFMGNN[NFPEZDG\,[PVZKEG\BG\RG
PFCGZB,[BG\QBRIRGIKKCKONTCGZCEZMRGNPTNFCTGNPG\FZGIRKKO,
FGB.125BG\Q125PEZDG\FQ[NCKF[D\FCGZB.
T\FBRKVGTN,NVKFCR\KB\FJCTFBDGBKSJK[NK.P[FGFGBCTKRK
ECZJGC,GP[FGZTCTKRK.GFZKRKNGPEPFSCKCF[NK,GVGTNCF\BO
NHF.GCBG\FPKEF[BRKP\ICZNSCKCF,MLBRKPZDK[CFIGV[K
KG\Z.FTGNOFSGCCP[\RF,CF\BONXGZF[CFCRKFBEOZGXKO
NZBG\G.
MNEGZPBGVKKQNVKFR[PG\[CG,FRCENG\PFEGZFYGEOGPFEGZ
FCB.BRIRGZGBKOB\DGENG[NF[GRKCKQ[RKEGZG\FSPGMKO
NRG{FGZKRGGKNEKRG,GTEMPFFO[GRKOPB\RG.FR[PG\FKGZEG\
NTGNO[NRGCMNEGZGEGZ,XGCZG\RKSKGQCMNFDKNDGNKO,GCF\BO
NHF,FZXGRG\[NFQDEGNKOPB[ZCEGZFYGEO,GPFYGEPKONG.P[GO
ML,MNEGZIE[[GBUNDKNGKKOIE[KO,PF[DGZONF\V\IG\FGNM\
GDENF[NFBRG[G\.
MB[ZBEOP\IKNNIYGZB\TGNPGFZGIRK,FGBREIUN[RG\GNMGGQ
B\SCKC\GGB\FTGNOMGNGML[K[\GGTOFCGZB.C[NCFBIZGQ[N
F[KRGKFHF,FTGNOKFKFCF[\GG\XGZFPNBFTOFCGZB.FEGZFHF
YZGK"FEGZFBIZGQ",NBP[GO[BIZKGFMNIKKCKFKFNFKTNO,BNB
P[GO[EGZHF,FGBFPG[NOCKG\Z,GNBHYGYNFP[LF\KYGQ.
TNFF\V\IG\[NBIZPMQBKQPEGCZ,MKFKB[KKM\NS\ZKF\GZF.
BNBPEGCZTNFBGVQ,[CGXZKLNFCKBB\FBRG[G\NEZDF[N"FEGZ
FBIZGQ".MNF\GZFPECZ\BLGZYTNF=125PEZDG\[CF[D\
FCGZB.
"SCKC\G[NFBEO",FKBPXEBIE,FPYGO[CGFGBPYKKOB\
FIGYKOFZGIRKKO.PXE[RK,R[PZ\NBEOFBV[ZG\NF[\RG\TO[KRGK
FSCKCF:PF[RT[FNXGZL[KRGKFSCKCF,CBGP[RFB\FBEOTXPG,
CMGIF[GGFNMPG\FRMNNKOCBG\FSCKCF.NP[NYCGX\\NPKEKO
PFGGFPYGO[N\KYGQ,GCGCHPQPYGZ[N\KYGQNMNBIECF.GBO
XTEKFNKPGE 206
PK[FGTERGIN[,GNBKMGNN\ZGOECZNYCGXF,FZKMPYEPF,FGB
PYCNPFYCGXFMGIN\KYGQTXPG.
NMQMNBIEIKKCNCRG\NTXPGSCKCFRMGRF,MEKN[BGCPPRFMGIG\
N\KYGQZGIRK,GMGIG\NTNKFBIZKKZKEF.CYCGXF,[TEKKQNBPSGDN\
N\ZGOMGIG\N\KYGQCXGZFPSVY\,ZCKOKFKG[ZGKKOCPXCZGI
KZGE,CDNNFTEZMGIG\NF\YEPG\.CSCKCF[PSGDN\N\ZGOMGIG\
MBNF,FPXCKOFBNFCMNHB\PGVKTKO,BCNRP[MKOHPQYXZ.
F\YEPG\CPEZDG\ZGIRKG\
MNPEZDFCRGKFCBGVQFCB:P"KPKQ"RPXBFMGIFBNJZGBKSJK[N
FCGZB;P"[PBN"RPXBFMGIFBDGBKSJK,[NZXGQFRCZB;CBPXT,
CKRKFO,RPXBFBEO.MLFGBPZDK[B\TXPG.FBEOXZKLNYI\
MPG\PSGKP\,C[KTGZFRMGQ,PMGIG\FKPKQGF[PBN,GCTHZ\ONTNG\
NPEZDFFCBF.
CZGZ,[FPG[DKO"KPKQ"G"[PBN",GMQ[BZFPG[DKO,FOSPNKKO,
GP[\P[KOCFOC[V\FYCNF,MEKNFDEKZC[O,B\F\MGRG\[N
FTGNPG\FTNKGRKO.
GMLFNBF,TENPEZDFF=.125125PEZDG\BNGP\INYG\N=5TGNPG\,
25PEZDG\CMNBIE.FTGNOFZGIRKFZB[GQPNPJF,FRPXBPTN
FTGNO[NRG,YZGKTGNOFT[KF.BIZKGTGNOFKXKZF,TGNOFCZKBF,
BXKNG\G=BEOYEPGQ.FTGNO[NRGRPXBNPJFPFNPEZDFFBIZGRF
[NTGNOFT[KF,GRVZEPPRGTNKEKFPISGO.
MGIG\FKPKQGF[PBNFNNG,CP[G\U,TGHZKONBEONF\DCZTNMN
FY[KKO,CPTCZPPEZDFNPEZDF.MB[ZFBEOPNM\IKNFRMRS
NTCGEFRDEFBDGBKHO[NG,CFKG\GCXEFKPKQ)[NMGIG\FCGZB(,PGVKT
BXNGZXGQGMGIG\NTNKF.HFGF[NCFZB[GQ.
F[NCF[RKPS\MOCML,[FBEOTGCZNXE[PBN,GPGSKUNTXPG
BDGBKHO.FPXC[NGMBQFVGLNINGJKQ,PMVK[FKFCXEKPKQ:PXC
ZGIKZGE,EKMBGQ,\[K[G\.BGNO,NFKG\CXEKPKQCPXCFF\IN\K,
ECZHF\NGKNBCBEO,BNBCCGZB.XZKLNFKG\CXE[PBN,MEK
NFZDK[B\FBDGBKHO,GHPQF[FG\CXE[PBN\NGKCBEOTXPG.FGB
KMGNNYXZB\[FG\G[ONPKRKPGO.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|SCKC\FNKPGE207
MNFZT[FBEOPZDK[,\NGKCHPQ[FG\GCYG[PBN.BOFBEOPCKQ
[PXCGFRGMIKFDZGTPGVKTCPJZFN\YQB\FT\KE[NG,BHFGBKTZKL
B\PXCGFRGMIKMJGCGNBMZT.GBHFKSGZKOKGZD[GMECZFMZIK,
GP[GOHFMECZJGC.
CBGVQMHFP[\RFFFCRFGFFZD[F[N"ZTGJGC".C\KYGQFZD[G\
FNNGKMGNG\NTHGZFYCGXF,FSCKCF,[PFQFBEOKMGNN[BGCMGIG\
ZGIRKKO,CHPQ[FGBTEKKQNBRPXBCTGNOFZGIRK.MNFCZKBG\PFGG\
DGUBIE,"BEOFZB[GQ",GZYM\GXBFPFZXGRG\FNBP\GYRKO,FQ
RVZEG\TNKEK"DGVKO","ZXGRG\".
Y[ZTOR[PG\BIZG\
MB[ZFBDGBKHOPS\NY,BRIRGKMGNKONYCNPKETPR[PG\BIZG\
GNFZDK[BG\Q.XZKLNCRG\YCGXFCTN\PJZFBI\,PJZFHGXZKMF
NFKG\[NOBIE,CTNZGIBIKEFPCVRKO.K[NFYVKETNKISBIKE
CKQICZKFYCGXF,GMGNOXZKMKONFKG\\PKEPGMRKONTHGZBIEN[RK;
MNBIEIKKCNF\MNNC[RKGCMGNOKIE.
CPKEFCFMNBIEKGMNNCJNB\F"BRK"[NG,MNVKFBIZKOGMNVK
FYCGXFCMNN,CPKEFFHB\FGBKYCNPMNBIEMVZJ,GPFYCGXF
MMNN.YJQKMGNNYCNPDEGN.GC[CKNHF,TNKNFI[KCB\F[RKMKG\Z
DCGFPTXPK.
YCGXF\PKEXZKMFNFKG\CPXC[KTEGFTKYZKFGBZGPPG\FCGZB.
PJZFHGIKKC\NFM\KCMNVTGNF.GBHMNBIEKGMNNYCNPFYCGXF
"PJTQ"ZGIRK,GKZKEG\ZGIRKG\\TCGZRFCXGZFINYF.
MNEZDF[NR[PG\CGRFNTXPFSCKCFFP\BKPFNEZDFFHG.FMN
\NGKCEZDF,CZPFFVRKPK\[NFR[PG\.CMNTGNOFSCKCFFHB\
IKKC\NFKCRG\TNVKIGYKOBIZKO.
YCGXFRCRK\NVKTKYZGQFDPK[G\,NVKTYZGQF[KRGK,GDOBO
\XJZLNF[\RG\CNKFZU,KTKEFECZTNFF\YEPG\[NF.FIKKO,
FTCGEF,FP[VIFCTGNOFHF,FIKKOFCFPKKOCDGUFD[PK,KFKG
IKKCKONF[\RG\CFP[L,CF\BONZGIRKG\[NICZKFYCGXF.HFPF
[FCGZBEGZ[PB\RG.
XTEKFNKPGE 208
FDGU[NRGKGSKUNFKG\CTGNOFHF,GBKNGFR[PFCTGNOFZGIRK.GMMN
[FR[PF\CXTKG\ZVTGNG\ZGIRKG\,CBG\G[KTGZFDGUK\BKOB\
TXPGNIGYKOFZGIRKKOCD[PKG\.EFKKRG,FKISKOCP[VIF,GCKQICZK
FYCGXFIKKCKONFKG\CRGKKO,CSGUFF\V\IG\[NRG,NVKFIGYKO
FTNKGRKO[NTGNOBXKNG\.
BEOFZB[GQRGXZCMGGRFML,[FDGU=FZXGQ[NGRMNNPZXGRG\[N
\[TFSVKZG\,GFPNMG\PFINY[N"NCFBCQ",BG\GINY[N
FPNMG\,[NBKMGNNYNGJN\GMG\MGRG\[NJ’FSVKZG\FZB[GRG\,
\MGRG\FCGZB.
PFSKCFFHG,BSGZFKFNG,NBEOFZB[GQ,BVKNGNTGZZC\GMGB\
FZXGQFT[KZKFHF{NBMGNPTWFET\JGCGZT,P[GO[MNF"ZT"
RPXBCINYFHF[NFPNMG\,GFGBKXBNTGNO{F\TZCCTO[BZ
FINYKO,J’FSVKZG\FZB[GRG\.
FBEOFZB[GQIJBCHF[XKVFNYCNBGZN\GLFPNMG\P\[T
FSVKZG\aTNPR\NF[VKTNCGZB,BLCVGTN,PBIZ[FPNMG\NB
PSGDN\NZMG[BG\FMGGRFBNJZGBKSJK\NTXPF,FGBYKCNB\
FBGZaTNPR\NYCN.GM\GXBFPMLR[P\GF\VZYFN=000,600R[PG\
RVZEG\,[NBPZDK[G\B\FR[PFF[NPF[FK\F,GNBMN[MQNB
PZDK[G\BI\B\ZTG\F.
MNINYFGBZXGQNYCN\TRGD.INYHFYZGK"BRK",[BG\GXZKLN\YQ,
CML[PTNKOBG\GC=125PEZDG\,FKKRGMNVTON\YQ125/1CMNBI\
P=000,600FR[PG\FZXGRG\.CMNVTO,[MNINYTGCZNXEKPKQ,GBIZK
HFNXE[PBN,GBIZKHFRMNNNYGBPXTK,FR[PFNGYI\PKPKQB\MGI
FCGZB{ZXGQNF[VKT,P[PBN{ZGM[\ZXGQNYCN,GCYGFBPXTKPGVKT
FSMGO:ZXGQNYCNTNPR\NF[VKT.
PNPTNF\PKERG\RKOMGIG\CPKEFMHG,[KFKFBV[ZCTHZ\ONF\DCZ
TNFBDGBKHO[NXE[PBN,FKKRGN\YQB\FINYFBDGBKSJKFFMZIK,
MEKNYCNTNPR\NF[VKT.GRG\RKOZYPF[FBEOPSGDNNSCGN.BOBEO
NBYKCNMGIG\PNPTNF,BHNBKKR\QNGDOPXCZT.
BOICZYCGXFP[\GYYNF\YEOZGIRK\,\PKEXZKMFNFKG\NG
FBV[ZG\NYI\PFYCGXFFQZGIRKG\GFQBDGBKHO.PSKCFHG[\K
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|SCKC\FNKPGE209
F\MGRG\FNNGIKKCG\NFKG\[ZGKG\KIEKGMNFT\CYCGXF.NFKG\
CYCGXF{P[PTGNFKG\PIGCZBNKFVRKPK\.
BONBEOTEKKQKYZKOKG\Z\TRGDKFTGNOFHF,GFGBNBKMGN
NF\R\YPFO,SKPQFGB[TGENBFDKTHPRG,GBKQNGPYGOCYCGX\
NKPGE.R[P\GNBPGMRFNYCNTNTXPFB\FIGYKOFZGIRKKOFVGTNKO
CKQR[PG\.GMB[ZBEOTGCZB\MNF\TRGDKO[NFTGNOFHF,RG\RKO
NGEIKVFNZGIRKG\.
N[OMLFGBNBIKKCCBP\NFKPXBCMNRSKCG\FIKKO[NFTGNO
FHF,GNF\R\YPFO,NBIZ[DKNFBG\OMNBRIGXKO.FGBP[KDB\
HFTNKEKYCN\FGMIG\RIGXG\PNPTNF,FKKRGNBIZ[I[C[VNG\
FIKVG[BIZ\TRGDKOD[PKKO.
FPISGO
FKGOPF[PG[LBG\RGNZGIRKG\,HG\IG[\F\TRGDPFTGNOFZGIRK.
RZBFNRG[FKBDEGNFKG\ZP\TRGDG\FTGNOFIGPZK,GNMQBRGMF
IG[YKOCZGIRKG\.BKQMBQ[GOFGRBF.MNFTGNO[NRGIKGRKHGQ
PRKXGWYJQ[NBGZZGIRK,B[ZVZWEZLFPISGOGIEZNTGNO[NRG.
GTM[KG,\BZGNTXPMOTGNOZGIRK,B[ZMGNGPNBBGZ,GCPKNKBZEK
PKNKBZEKO[NVTPKODEGNKG\ZPFRKXGWFHF[N\TRGDKFTGNOFHF.
BNF\TRGDKORPXBKO[O!
BCNBKLNTCGZNTGNOFZGIRK?BRIRGKGETKO,[NXGZLHFEZG[
N[RG\B\MNFPFG\FBDGBKSJK\[NRG,PZXGQNYCNNZXGQNF[VKT.
BLBKRRGPCKRKO,PFHFCTXO,GBKQPSVKYPKNKO,MEKNFSCKZB\
F\FNKLFHF.CPGI[NRGBKQ\CRKG\[KTHZGNRGNFCKQP[FGMHF,
P[GO[PGIRGVGTNCPTZM\[NBDGBKHO.
GTGERBPZ[PSVKYN[RG\B\MGGR\FZXGQ,GNBB\FZXGQTXPG,
MEKNFZDK[\TRGD,[CDGENG[GGFNPKE\[KRGKMGGR\FZXGQ.EFKKRG,
PEGCZCPG[D[MGNGVSKMGNGDK:[CMNPYZFBHMFCFRBF,GI[GCZY
CBKHGMGGRF,N[OPFBGN[OPK.
FKMQBKVGBPS\\ZBG\G[S\GO,[BG\GXZKLNSGCCMEKNF[KD
B\HF?
XTEKFNKPGE 210
FGBRPXBCDCGNCKQFBDGBKHO[NFTGNO[NRGGCKQFBNJZGBKHO
ZGIRK,GYZGK"PISGO"{[PTKETNPKE\FFMRF[NFBEO,[RT[FC[N
NTCGZC\IG[G\[NGNTGNOFZGIRK.TNPR\NFDKTNPXCMHF,EZG[F
F\PEFCNKPGEGCPSDZ\YCGX\K\.PSDZ\FYCGXFRIGXFMEKNV\I
ZXGQNZGIRKG\TENPKEFFPSVY\.BHP\ZI[\"VZKXF"VRKPK\,
GFBEOP\IKNNYCNPNPTNFPGETG\GMGIZGIRKKO.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|SCKC\FNKPGE211
BGVQFNKPGE
SVZKO
CMNEGZFCGZB[GNIBNFTGNO[NRGR[PG\PKGIEG\[KKTGEQN\YQ
B\FTGNOFHF,GNFTCKZNBRG[G\KETTNFCGZB,MVK[RBPZ:"ZBF
FCGZBMKBKQPSVKYIMPKOGIKNYBG\ONMNEGZ".NMQCMNEGZK[RO
PRFKDKOGPGZKOZGIRKKO,[P\BKPKOB\IGMP\FYCNFN\MGRG\
FKIGEKG\[NFEGZ[NFO.
PFPYGZFZB[GQCIGMP\FYCNF,FSVZ"ZHKBNFPNL"[M\CBEO
FZB[GQGFSVZF[RK"SVZKXKZF"[M\CBCZFO,GTEFSVZKO
FBIZGRKO{IGCZGCPZGX\FHPQPBG\SVZKOCRG[BIGMP\FYCNF.
BGNOFSVZF[NK[K[RM\C,SVZ"FHGFZ",FGBFVGVGNBZKCKG\Z
CIGMP\FYCNF.FGBRM\CCPBFF[RKFNSVKZF,CKEKZCK[PTGQCZ
KGIBK.
FPYGCNCQHPRRG,FZCKFGEFB[ND)1884=1954(M\CVZG[NSVZ
"FHGFZ"GNMNSVZKFBZ"K,C[VFPG\BP\GPGCR\NR[PG\FEGZ[NRG.
CKPKRG,GCF\BONSGDFR[PG\[KGZEMKGOBNFTGNO,ZYSVZ"FHGFZ"
GSVZKFBZ"KTOVZG[FZCB[ND,GSVZKFZCB[NDTXPGFOFPYGZG\
FKTKNKOCKG\Z,[KMGNKONTHGZNMNBIEGBIEPB\RGNXB\BNFTGNO
FZGIRK.
FVZ[RG\[NFZCB[NDNSVZ"FHGFZ",[TN[PFFGBMGRF"CTN
FSGNO"YZGKFC[OVKZG["FSGNO",PMKGGQ[BEO[NGPENVKSVZ
"FHGFZ"TGNFZGIRK\MPGCSGNO.FVZ[RG\[RK\RFNSVZ"TWIKKO"
[IKCZFBZ"KRYZB\"\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\".CRGSUNSVZKOBNF,M\C
FZCB[NDSVZKTHZZCKO,MDGQ:"P\Q\GZF","SVZFYEPG\","CK\
[TZFMGGRG\","VZKIMO","[PT\K","FBGZFCFKZ".
CSVZKG[NFZCKFGEFB[ND,PGPNWNYZGBNVKFSEZFCB:"P\Q
\GZF","FYEPFNSVZFHGFZ","FS\MNG\VRKPK\"NINYZB[GQ[N
"\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\","V\KIFNIGMP\FYCNF"G"FYEPFN\NPGE
T[ZFSVKZG\".
MPGMQPGPNWNNPGEB\IGMP\FYCNFEGGYBNVKSVZKG[NPYGCN
DEGNHF,[MQFOM\GCKOC[VFV[GJFGCZGZF,GRK\QNFCKQCBPXTG\O
XTEKFNKPGE 212
B\MNF\GCRG\FRS\ZG\[NSVZ"FHGFZ",G[NPYGZG\YCNFBIZKO
NVRKG.MQPGPNWNNPGEB\SVZKFZCCZGLB[ND,CRGCMGZGGPP[KL
EZMG[NFZCKFGEFB[ND,GSVZKORGSVKOMDGQSVZHFFPCGSSKOTN
M\CKFZCKFGEFB[NDGFZC"[.
NBIZ[\NPKEZM[B\KSGEG\IGMP\FYCNFNVKSVZKFZCB[ND,
FGBKMGNNYZGBCBGVQIGV[KB\MNSVZG\FYCNFFHPKRF.FGBMCZ
K[MKNNET\,BKHFP\GLFSVZKO[FGBYGZB,CBP\ZGIRK,NFCKQPF
CEKGYRM\C[O,NFCEKNCKQPYGZG\IGMP\FYCNFFBPK\KKONCKQ
PHGKVKO,GNFCEKNCKQFMG\CKO,FBPGRG\,GFHZPKOF[GRKO.
[VF
CZGCFPYZKO,PYGCNKOM\CGC[VFFTCZK\BGCBZPK\,ML[NNB
KEKT\F[VFFTCZK\Y[FPBGENNPGEYCNF.N[VFFTCZK\P[PTG\
KIGEK\;CMNPNF,[KNGC[NBG\KG\BGXGZ\FM\KC,JPGQPKETRS\Z.
P[PTGKG\BNFNBRK\RG\N\ZDGON[GO[VFBIZ\.BEOPSGDNNFCKQ
MNPKNFGP[VJCTCZK\,CEKGYNVKPKE\FF\V\IG\FZGIRK\[NG,
[MQPEGCZCPKE\F\BP\F\MGRG\[NGNP[PTG\RS\Z\[NFPNKO.
GC\ZDGON[VFBIZ\,V[GJNBRK\QNFTCKZB\MNFPKETFHF.
BCNCFINJBV[ZNF\IKNNNPGEIGMP\FYCNFC[VFHZFNBIZ
PMQ,GZYCPKE\F\YEPG\ZGIRK\,FCR\EZDG\ZGIRKG\,BEOKHEYY
N[VFFTCZK\PIE,GPBKEL,KFKFPSGDNNFZDK[CTXPG,GNFCKQB\MN
FEZDG\FZGIRKG\[FGBTGCZ.MVK[RBPZ:"R[P\BEO\NPERG".
PZCK\FM\CKOFI[GCKOCYCNFRM\CGCTCZK\.N[ONKPGEPTPKY
CFO,REZ[KETSCKZCTCZK\.KIETOHB\,RK\QNM\GCYCNFCMN[VF
[FKB,NEGDPB:SVZ"FHGFZ"RM\CCBZPK\,F[VF[FK\FPEGCZ\
CVZSNVRKBNVKKO[RF.FYCNFPECZ\TNZD[G\G\IG[G\FBEO,
B[ZRK\QNFSCKZBG\OCMN[VF,GBVKNGNNB[VF{TNKEKPGSKYF
NP[N.
FBRG[G\MGNFNGPE\[VG\.PGSKYBKOIKKCKONET\YX\BKJNYK\,
ZGVBKO{NGTHK\,PFRESKO{BRDNK\GMG’.NMNPET[VFP[NG.FKFRK\Q
NFSCKZYCNFCMN[VFBIZ\,ZY[BUPYGCNNBT[FHB\.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|BGVQFNKPGE213
[TG\FNKPGE
NKPGEYCNFP\RFNCNKNG\,C[TG\CFQ[BZFBR[KOCEZLMNN
K[RKO,GNNGPEKOBKQFVZTG\CPI[CG\KFOFBDGBKSJKG\.FPBPXKO
"NFTKZ"B\FDGUFVKSK,GFPBCYKONFMZT\G,CPJZFNF[KD
ZGIRKG\,HGMKON\PGZFPNPTNF,GFNGPEKOYCNFZGM[KO\MGRG\
BNJZGBKSJKG\.
PSDZ\FNKPGE
CF\BONKTGE,GN\MGR\R[P\G,FPYGCNP\CGEEGNBRI[U
NBIZKO,GNINGVKQ,P\DNFNMGNO,CVZSGOZICFKYU,[RGTENP[GL
\NPKEKOGNDENB\EGZFPYGCNKOFCB.CPYZFHF[CGFPYGCNPDEN
EGZPYGCNKOFGBPYKOYCGXG\\NPKEKO.NKPGEKOCYCGXFTEKVKO
CFZCFTNNKPGEKOBKREKCKEGBNKKO,NBGZPF[RBPZTNKEKCTN
FSGNO)ZBFVZY"BGEG\FNKPGE"(,HB\P[GO[SCKCMNPK[NGPE
B\IGMP\FYCNFRGXZBGZPYKU,[PJFZGPMKQB\FBEONYCN\
FBGZFVRKPK.
TGXP\FBGZFPYKUFHF,\NGKFCDGENZXGRG[NFBEONF[KDB\
FRNPE.MEBKN[KONC[MB[ZBEORPXBCICZF,FGBP\IKNNF\TRKKQ
CBG\OECZKO[PTRKKRKOB\FSGCCKOBG\G.MLDOF\KBCGQDEN,MB[Z
BRGPCKJKOCPK[FGCBMKN\G.BEO[P\CGRQCICZKGFNGPEKOYCNF,
P\IKNNYRBCFO,GMLP[VKTCBGVQIKGCKTNF\V\IG\ZXGRG\KG
FZGIRKKO,GTNKEKHFPDEKNB\TGXP\FBGZFPYKU.
K\ZFPHB\,BOMPFBR[KONGPEKOKIEKG,BKQHFBGPZ[FOS\O
KG[CKOCKIECIEZGYGZBKOSVZ,BNBFOCTNKZXGRG\P[G\VKO,
MGGRG\PBGIEG\,[GBVKONFKR\YPFBDGBKHO[NFOGNF\KKISNICZKO
MPGBNTXPO.CPYZFMHFFZXGRG\NF\V\IG\FZGIRK\[NFO
P\BIEKO,GPG[MKOBGZPYKUCTGXPFBEKZF,[P[VKTTNMNBIE
NIGEGTNMGNOKIE.NMQYNCFZCFNFDKTN\GXBFCYCGXFMHG,PB[Z
NFDKTN\GXBF,BEOCMGIG\TXPG.
XGZ\FNKPGE[NIGMP\FYCNFXZKMF,BOMQ,NF\CSSTNTCGEF
YCGX\K\.TOHB\,K[N[KOED[TNTCGEFTXPK\.CTNFSGNOGFZC
CZGLB[NDM\CGZCG\,TNML[BRGXZKMKONCIGQPI[CG\GZXGRG\[N
XTEKFNKPGE 214
ICZKO.BOCHPQFNKPGEICZ[GBN[BNF,TNMNBIEPFRGMIKOC[KTGZ
NRSG\N\VGSGNFCKQB\FNLFPI[CF[NG.HFPF[YZGKF\MNNG\BK[
CZTFG{[CMNICZPFYCGXFRPXB\FYCGXFMGNF.
MEKNFDKTNML,IKKCBEONFPTKJCTZLTXPGMNVKICZKG,GMLMN
BIEKGMNNYNGJPFBIZKOB\PI[CG\KFO,ZXGRG\KFO,\MGRG\KFO
FVRKPKG\GFZGIRKG\.CBGVQHFMNBIEPFOKZGGKIGK\T[Z.PTCZ
NNKPGETXPG,NBPGPNWNECZHFTOHFCRG[BKOZGIRKKO.M[B\O
PECZKORK\Q,MPGCQ,NFSCKZ\FNKMKOZGIRKKO,FRNPEKOC[V\
FYCNF:VZXGVKO,SVKZG\,TGNPG\,CIKRG\,BKHFBGZRKMRSGBKHFBGZ
KGXBGMKGX"C.
PJZ\FNKPGE
B\FCR\MOCIGMP\FYCNFB\OKMGNKONFTCKZNBIZKO,BLNBB\
FRT[FC\IG[G\KMOFVRKPKG\,GZXGRG\KMO.C\IKNF,M\GXBFPFNKPGE
BEOPCY[CZKBG\,BIZKMQFGBZGXFNF\YEOCTCGEF{MBGPZ,BGNK
FYCNF\THGZNKNDNG\B\FT\KE,NET\PFKFKFPIZCCGZSFBG
NHMG\CNGJG?MNGPZFBEOP[\GYYN[VZB\IKKG.CMNTCGEFCTGNO
[NRG,FBEOPIV[ZGGINTXPG.HFJCTRG.BVKNGPK[P\BCE,TG[F
HB\PMKGGQ[BKQFGBPTGRKQNFZDK[KSGZKO,MNGPZDOFGBPIV[
FYNFGFJCFCPXCG.
F[KYGNKOP[\RKOMNFHPQ.FECZFI[GCCKG\ZFGBNCZZ[KYGNKO
BNG,NFCKQN[OPFBRKTG[FPT[FHFBGBIZ.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|BGVQFNKPGE215
FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\
M[BEORPXBCEZDFPSGKP\,FGBCTXPGYGCTKISNPF[PPNB
BG\G,GPCIKQCKQZXGRG\JFGZKOG[BKROJFGZKOC\GMG.KISHF,FGB
B[ZYGCTB\FEZDFFZGIRK\,[CFBEORPXB.CMLBEOP[VZB\
\MGRG\KGFVRKPKG\.FGBNBTGNFGNBKGZECSGNOFPEZDG\FZGIRKG\,
BNBPF[P[\RF,FGBFKISCKQINYGFP\GYQ)FBNJZGBKSJK(
GFNBP\GYQ)FBDGBKSJK(,GHFPF[YGCTB\EZD\G,B\ZP\
F\V\IG\GFZGIRK\.MGNOR[BZKOCBG\GPXCVKSK,BNB[PCVRKO
FMNP[\RF{INFTNKFVRKPK\PFTGNOFHFNTGNOFT[KF,NTGNO
FKXKZF,FCZKBF,BXKNG\,BEOYEPGQGTETGNOBKQ=SGU.MRDE
TGNPG\BXKNG\GBEOYEPGQ{GHB\[NBMTGNPG\CZKBF,KXKZF,
T[KF{BKQMGIG\BDGBKSJKONBP\GYRKOFKEGTKOCYCNF
M"TGNPG\EYNKVF".FTNKFCTGNPG\FKBNVKF\V\IG\FPSLC=5
EZDG\:[GZ[,B’,C’,D’,E’.
CFYEPFN\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\M\GC,[BOBEONGPENVK[KJF
RMGRF,GP[YKTB\MNMGIG\KGKIETOFMGGRFFRMGRF,FGBKGMNNXB\
NTGNOFZGIRK\GL[NG[TEIP[[RKO.MNGPZ,KGMNN\YQB\TXPG,
GNF\IKNTNKFZGIRK\CVGTN.FMNXZKLNFKG\CF\BONKMGN\G[N
FBEO.BKQHFBGPZ,[NVK[TFXZKMKOFNGPEKONGG\ZTNFMN.RFVGL
FGB,TNKFONTCGE,NNPGE,NNE\,NF\PGEETOMNFCTKG\GFY[KKO,
[PXKCKOFIKKO.MNBNGFQEZMKONF\V\IG\TXPK\.
BEOIKKCNF[YKT,TEMPF[FGBPSGDN,B\MNPBPXKG.BK[BKRG
EGZ[,[FNGPEKOK[YKTGPTCZNKMGNG\[NFO.FFRIFFKB[BEOHYGY
N6=7[TG\[KRFCKPPF,TGCEM=8[TG\,"PCHCH"[TFGIXK[T\KKO
TNRSKTFNPYGOFTCGEFGIHZFPPRG,BGMN,P\ZIW,PYEK[HPQ
NP[VIF,NBTN[TG\BNGPEGCZ.PEGCZZYTNFHPQFVRGK,[R[BZ
BIZKMNFTKSGYKOFFMZIKKO.BOMNFHPQFVRGK[RG\Z,KG[YT
CNKPGEFYCNF{HFKFKFPSVKYCFINJ.
NKPGECGYZ{FECZFMKI[GCCNKPGEFYCNF,HFNFYXG\HPQ
P[NG[BGBZCTNVRG\CGYZTE[[CCGYZ.B\FHPQFHFBEONGYIZY
PTXPG.2=3[TG\FBNGPSVKYG\.I[GCNNPGE\GLMGGRFRMGRF{CFCRF
PEGTBRKTG[FHB\.FMGGRFFKBFTKYZ.
XTEKFNKPGE 216
MBPGZ,RK\QNF[KDZGIRKG\\GL[NG[TEIP[[RKO,BL\FNKLHF
TNGNNYI\DO[[[RKOBGKG\Z.CMNPYZFTNFBEONT[G\HB\,
BONBCIKKOFBNF,BHCIKKGFCBKOBGCTGE10DKNDGNKO.BEOIKKC
NI[GCMNFT\,N[OPFFGBPRXNB\FIKKO[NG.MNPF[FGB
P[YKTCTCGEFFHG,MNPI[CG\KG,FMNPXJCZGRMNNCI[CGQFMNNK
[NPBPXKG.GMB[ZSMGOFPBPXKOPDKTNDGENPSGKKO,FGBPYCN
EIKVFPNPTNFGKGXBNTGNOFZGIRK.
EZK[\\DPGN
N[OPFBRKHYGYNNKPGEKO,NTCGEF,NIKKO,NBQBRKBPGZNFDKT
CSGVG[NECZ?CMNPT[KRGBRIRGXZKMKONZBG\B\FCGZB,NF[\GYY
GNFKECYCG,GMNFHPQNCZZGNI[GCPFZXGRGPB\RG.PJZFHGXZKMF
NFKG\DNGKFNRGMNFHPQ.BOFPJZF\FBPCGZZ\BXNFBEOMN
FHPQ,HFKFVGLBG\GNPYGCN,GFGBK\IKNNFZDK[B\FPKET,FPXGK
CTGNPG\FZGIRKKO.
NZP\FKYUFKET[NFBEO,BKQP[PTG\ZCF.CTHZ\FKETBRG
P\Y[ZKOTOFIGPZ.MMN[BRKNGPEKG\Z,MLDENFBXNKFEZK[F
NCGZB,GBRK\GFFPEGTTEKKQBKQNK[GOECZ,GFKMQF\GXBF[NMN
PT[K?F[YT\K[TG\TCGEFZCG\,FVSE\KMSUZC,MKBKRKTGCECHPQ
FNKPGEKO,BRKRPRTPNF[YKTHPQZCCP[VIF,PVSKEBV[ZGKG\
NF\TRDCPYGPG\BIZKO,GMKGXBCBNF.FGEG\NPBPXKGPYCNBEO
EZK[FBDGBKSJK\NCGZB{GPEGTNKBKQ[GOECZ?
NMQTNMNEYF,[BEOP[YKTCYCNFTNKGNEZG[\PGZF,GNB
NFDKE:"BRKMBQ,MKBRKBNJZGBKSJ".FBEOXZKLNFKG\BNJZGBKSJ
CPT[KOBIZKO;FPJZFCYCNFFKBNBNFKG\BNJZGBKSJ,BNB
NF\RFDMPYPWCHPRG,GTNMNEYF,TNKGNCEGYPF\MNK\FGNBQFKB
PGCKNF.ZYBHFBEOK\CKK\K[ZNPJZF.BONB\EZG[\PGZFNMN
EYFTM[KG,P[PTG[B\FNBHYGYNEYFFCBF,GBKQNL[GOEZK[G\
PFNKPGE,GBOMLFPXC,\K[BZCNKMNGO.
CKZGZFRKPGYGFJTOCMNEYF,FGBFECZFMKI[GC[K[NRG.
CVGTN,MRDEHFP\YGPOMNFDGU,MNFPGI.FBEOPGMQNT[G\FMN,
NXKKZ\Z[KPKO,NNPGECEYEYRG\TNFSVKZG\,FTGNPG\,NM\GC
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\217
PBPZKOCRG[BKFYCNF,GCNCE[KGMNNF\IPYPCKZGZFMGGRF,
PF[BNFFPZMHK\TNFY[Z[NGTOFCGZB.
CPYGO[CKQFBEONCGZBRPXBMNFBDGBKHO.CBG\FFPKEF[\ZXF
NFKECYCCGZB,\XJZLNCJNB\FBDGBKHOC\GML.ZYCPYGOFHF[N
FBDGBKHOFPCGJN,BV[ZNFZDK[B\FCGZB.CHFPS\MP\MN
FTCGEF,GEGGYBTNHFBSGZNECZBK[TOZTFG.BSGZNECZTNFMGGRF,
FRKPGYKOF[GRKONDCKPFCEKGYBRKZGXF,PFBRKEGZ[PFNKPGE.
GBKNGTNFNKPGETXPG{SVKZG\,VZXGVKO{ECZGMPF[\ZXGG\NPEG
HB\BK[TOZTFG.
BOFICZ[NLCYKBGNB,BKQHFI[GC.BN\I[G[[FGBKSVZNL
P[FGNBRMGQ,BKQNHFP[PTG\.FI[GCFGB[NPE\TGEYX\,GCPKGIE
TOICZ.NMQBOPK[FGPCY[PPLNSVZNGP[FG{SVZ,GBN\I[G[
[PBBKRLKGET,MKBKQNHFI[KCG\.
GCMNHB\BN\HNHNGCKET[NMO.FKETI[GCPBGE,MK\GXB\FNKPGE
\FKFBKIGECKQFIGGKG\,F\IG[G\FVRKPKG\[NMO,G\IG[\FIGPZ
FRNPE.\\IKNGNFCKQPFHFPSL,ZXGQ,BGZ,\TRGD,CBKHGXGZFFGB
RMRS,KGXB,REIU.\\IKNGNFZDK[B\MNFVTGNG\FBNGC\GMMO.
NMQIKKCKONNPGE,MKCSGUFNKPGEGFTCGEFFVRKPK\,F\IG[G\,
K\BIEGN[NPG\BI\.BNB[CF\INF,M[FNKPGEPRG\YPF\IG[G\,
BKQ[GOP[PTG\NMLBOPK[FGKGETTRKKQPSGKKORMGQBGNBRMGQ.
NTGP\HB\,M[FNKPGEMCZKFKFRJGTC\GL\IG[G\KMO{BSGZ
NFTCKZGNBIZKO.PG\ZNFTCKZZYKETGNB\IG[G\,FZD[G\.CEZL
MNNK[NEGQCRG[BKOMNNKKO.CTKG\[NMGGRFFQCTKG\BK[KG\GNB
RG[BNEKGQ.BLBOBEOEQCHFTOBIZKO,CMLFGBPHKYNTXPG
GNBIZKO.
"PG\ZFBEOPQFCFPF"
FBEORGNEMBDGBKSJYJQ.NBIZFNKEF[GMCCPKJFKXGZYJQ,[MGNG
BDGBKHOGXGZI.C[NCHFFGBNB[GRFCPBGOPDGZ[NIKF.FBEO
P\YKKOCTHZ\IP[\FIG[KO,FGBIK,P[KDB\FTGNOFHF,TGSY
CPET{GBKRGXZKLKG\ZPHF.M[O[IKFIKFB\IKKF,MLDOFGB.
XTEKFNKPGE 218
K[ROPSVZFCENKOCKQBEONIKF:BEOZGXFNF\T[Z,NF[KD
[NKJF,MCGE,KET.NF[D\ECZKOBNF,BKQFBEOHYGYNCGZB,BCNBO
PNPTNFPMRKSKON\GMG[GZ[YJQ[NFMNKFZGIRKFT\KEK,BHK\IKN
NCZZGNIV[CPFNPNBIKSZGQHF.FCGZBPMRKSN\GMG,MCKMGN,PYGZ
YJQ[NBGZBGIKSZGQYJQNBGZ,[FOFKKRG=FL.
BEONBKMGNNPNBIKSZGQNBGZNBCTG[Z,NBC[NKJF,NBCMCGE.
FIKSZGQFHF,GFPKNGK[NG,NB[KKMKONTGNOFHF,BNBNTGNO
FZGIRK.CMNPEZDFK[ZXGQPKGIEGFPKNGK[NG.BOPMRKSKON\GL
FBEOZXGRG\D[PKKO{DGVRKKOBGBRG[KKO,RK\QNPNBBG\OCTGNO
FHF.BKQFCENBOFPKNGKKFKFDEGNBGYJQ,FI[GCFGB,[FPKNGK
YKKOCPSDZ\FTGNOFHF.BOPMRKSKON\GLBEOZXGRG\,[NB
PFTGNOFHF,FGBP\IKNNIV[.TOZXGQMHFBV[ZNIV[MNECZ
GCMNPYGO,BLCMNPYZF{NBNPNBBG\G.
BKQ\TRGDCZPF[NFTGNOFHFMRDEZXGQZGIRK.FZXGQRK\QPNPTNF,
GNMQFPKNGKBUFGB,XZKLNCGBPNPTNF.
NTK\KOBEOPXNKINSDGZC\GMGB\FZXGQFHF,N[YGTC\ZEP\.
P[FGPXKYNG,PVZKTNG{BLPFNT[G\?CBGVQHFP\RFN\ZC
FBRG[G\.BOBEONBPXNKINSDGZC\GMGZXGQHF,FGBP\IKN
CIKVG[,GCEZLMN[FKPDKTCSGVG[NECZNYCNF.PZDT[P\IKNKO
NNPGEYCNFP\TGZZG\CTKG\.MEKNPNBZXGQC\TRGDXZKMKONVTGN
TNFZXGQFHF.MEKNF[KDZPFPSGKKP\[NTG[Z,NP[N,IKKCKO
NTCGEY[FCP[LMPF[RKO.BOZGXKONFDKTN\FKNFXZKMKONTCGE
TGEMT[ZKO=[NG[KO[RF.
CMNECZXZKMKONF[YKTPBPXKO,MEK[RK\QKFKFNFDKTNFK[DKO.
FPBPXKO[BEOP[YKTCTGNO[NRGTOFZXGRG\GF\TRGDKO,[PBKZKO
NGCT\KE,RPXBKOMCKMGNCBG\GYG{MMN[BRKTG[FKG\Z,MLBRK
P\YZCKG\Z,NPF[BRKZGXFNF[KD.FECZKBZL,TGEIGE[,TGE[RF,
TGET[Z[RKO,BKQI[KCG\NML.BRKFGNLNYZB\HF,F\PGRFCZGZF
NK,BRKBVKNGKMGNNGPZ,CTGEMPFHPQBPP[B\ZXGRK.
NTGP\HB\CYCNFK[ZXGQ,BCNZXGQNPF?NBKGETKO.F\TRGD
RPXBCZPF[PTCZNZP\RG.MPG[FZXGQNF[MNFGF\TRGDPKET,FGB
PTNNEZD\G[NCTNIK.FBEOGCTNKFIKKO,BU[RPXBKOCBG\GTGNO,
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\219
FZXGQNZGIRKG\,[RK\QNBEOFGBNTGNOBIZ,TGNOTNKGQ.GZYCZXGQ
FHFFGBPG\ZPQFCFPF.
M[N\GLFBEOPMRKSKOZXGQZGIRK,FGBBKRGKGETNBKNGPBPXKO
FGBHYGYMEKNFD[KOBG\G.FBEONBZGBFB\F\GXBFFSGVK\[N
ZXGQHF.FGBBVKNGNBPSGDNNFCKQPFFGBXZKL.FGBPZDK[[PEGCZ
CBK=[YJCR[P\GGBO[GBNKOBG\GPFFGBZGXF,FGBTXPGBKRG
KGETCEKGY.ZTNG,MKFGBNBPSGDNNPNBB\TXPG.
FYG[KFGNLGPIPKZ,M[FBEOP\IKN,MCKMGN,NFD[KOB\FZXGQ
FHF{GBHFGBPKEPYCN\GXBG\FVGMG\.FGBNBZGBFY[ZCKQ
FPBPXKOGF[D\FPJZF.CEZLMNN,MMN[BEOYZGCKG\ZNPJZF,
MLFGBXZKLNZBG\FCZGZKG\Z,NFZDK[KG\Z.CYCNFHFNBML.NBEO
FKFBGVKJGC,GV\BGOFGBRT[FZT,ECZKOFKGCZGZKONG,GTM[KGECZ
MCZNBCZGZNGKG\Z.REPFNG[FGBFGNLCEZLRMGRF,[FZKCPYGOMN
F\TRGDKO[NFTGNOFHF,FGBT\KENYCNP[FGDEGNKG\Z,[FZKBO
ZXGRGDEN,MLDOFPKNGKXZKLNDEGN,CF\BPF.
FBEOPSMKONTCGEKG\ZPMVK[TCECTGNOFHF,BLCYXFFPRFZF
FGBXZKLNZBG\NTCZPFFGBP\YZC,GPFKYCN.
[F\IKNFBEONNPGEYCNF,I[C[FMNSCKCGKS\EZ,BCN[GO
ECZNBPS\EZ.FGBI[C[CTHZ\FYCNFFGBKZDK[KG\ZB\
KTEG{BLBG[FKTERTNONINGJKQ,BG[FGBFVLNISZTRKKQCG.MN
FY[KKOFNNGEZG[KO,MEKNTCGZPZP\FZXGRG\[NFTGNOFHFNZP\
FZXGRG\CTGNOFZGIRK.FBEOIKKCNF\R\YPTRKKQBK[KC\GXBF[N
TCGE\G{HFBNJZGBKHOBPK\K.NMQBEOTGCZ[NC[NPCIQXKVKG\,
[NCCGYKKP\BKF\BPFPGINJ\CKQPBPXKGGCKQF\GXBG\[N
PBPXKOBNG.
N\GLFBDGBKHOFD[PK[NRGFMRKSGRKXGW[NBGZ:BDGBKHOZGIRK.
FBDGBKHOCTGNOFZGIRKVGTNNVKMNNKOBIZKO.BOZGXKONPNB
BDGBKHOZGIRK,IKKCKONEIG\B\FBDGBKHOFD[PK,[RPXBCRGCZP\
FTGNOFHF,GNTNG\MCKMGN,NZPF[NBG\GBDGBKHOZGIRK.
M[RG\RKONBEOZXGQZGIRK,NBRG\RKONGCRGSU[GOFZD[G\,IGW
PIKSZGQF\TRGD{HFGMNKCXGZ\GFRYKF.NMQMNFVTGNG\,MNFPBPXKO,
BV[ZKKOZYCTHZ\FDGU.CTHZ\GBEOYOPGYEOKG\Z,FGNLNK[GQ
XTEKFNKPGE 220
PBGIZKG\Z,YGZB,P\TKKU,MNFHPQPTSKYB\PGIG{MNGPZFGBVGTN
CDGU,[[KLNZPFFHB\,GCZPFFHB\FDGUEGZ[\PGZF.FDGUPKE
P\IKNNFXKDJTRG\JCTKG\GPGXEYG\{PFG[MZKTNMNTPNK?FBEO
BGNKF\YEOZGIRK\,BCNNDGUFCFPK,FF\YEPG\FZGIRK\FHB\NB
PFGGF\[GCF,FDGUNBPZDK[BG\F.DOCZXGQFZGIRK[R\RGPNPTNF,
FGBNBPZDK[CKR\KKO[GOECZ.
CSGVG[NECZ,BEOP\YEO,TGCE,NGPE,BLBKQNG\GXBG\D[PKG\,
NBCZB[GNBCR[PF.HFCBGVQJCTKPCKBB\FDGUNPXC[NEKMBGQ,
BGCEQTXG\,IGSZPGINJ[NFXEYF,[\BV[ZBKM[FGNF\YEO
FNBF.
\IG[G\GZD[G\
CRYGEFFHB\PGZD[KOKSGZKO.FORK\RGCMGGRF,GBOBEOK\DCZ
TNKFOFGBK\YZCNBP\.NF\DCZ,VKZG[G[CMBCFIHYCKG\Z,DOHF
FPGZD[CDGUFVKSK,FBEOXZKLNRSG\GNPXGBY[ZTOFCGZB,TO
FPYGZNMNHF,TOPK[KMGNNPNBBG\G.PXCKOMGBCKOBNF,FO
PXCKODGZNKKO,FKMGNKON[P[MRYGE\PGXBCEZMG[NFBEO.BIZK
[F[YKTPBPXKOMCKZKO,PYCNFBEO[MZGHFGDPGNBPK\K.
K[[MZBIECNCE,GFGBFZD[\FBP\.BOCSGVG[NECZFBEO
PS\VYCF,GBKQHFP[RFNG[DGVGSGCN,GCZGIRKG\FGBTGENBYKCN
MNGO,FZKFGZGBF,[CMLFGBZGM[FZD[\BP\IHYFPB[ZNVRKMQ.
BOHFBMQP\BKONGGPSVYBG\G.FGBKMGNNF\YEO,GCSGVG[N
F\FNKLKFKFNPYGCN.
FEZL\FBZXGVFY[KKO,FKGSPGMKOGCJGIKOCHF.TRKKRKTCGEF,
P[VIF{\PKEKFKFP[FG[NBKS\EZ.FZD[F[FMNZT,GBUMKECZ
NBK[\VZCT\KE,HGFZD[F[RGJTKOCBEOPNPTNFCMGGRF.BEOXZKL
NRSG\NXB\PPXCKOY[KOBNF,CTHZ\FICZKOCYCGXF,GCTHZ\
FSVZKO.K[RQ\YGVG\[FBEONBXZKLNYZGBSVZKO,BNBNYI\SVZ
BIZ,N[PGTPGSKYFBGNYZGB\FKNKO{HFTGHZPBGE.
FI[GCCZDTKOBNGHF[FBEOKIHKYPTPECEZL.PF[NBKZVB
F[MNKZVBFHPQ.BEOIKKCNFTPKENTXPGMNN:"BRKNBZGBFGNB
[GPT[GOECZ,ZTNK,BLHFNBI[GC.MPGBGJGPJBRKPDKTN[KTGZK
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\221
FYCNF,BCNPDKT".FPBPWFVKSKFHF,KRKCB\ZPG\FZGIRKG\FMK
DEGNG\.
K[ROPXCKOCFOFBEO"YON\IKF",P\IKNNFBKZNGYX\BGZ,
GFGBPCKQ,[ZM[B\FRYGEFFBPK\K\,[MRDEFFGBPYCN,NVIG\
PZIGY,\[GCFBPK\K\.FGBP[YKTPBPXKO,PYCN[MZ,RMRS
NEKMBGQ,NBPCKQPFYGZFNG,BKQP[FG[KTRDBG\GCTGNOFHF,GBKQ
NGTGNOZGIRK,GIGHZINKNF.
TNKRGNFCKQ,[F[MZFP\YCNCDKQFPBPXKOCTGNO[NRG,FGB
FZD[\FBP\,GNB\TRGDCXGZF[BRGZDKNKONF.MLFCGZBPZDKNB\
FBEONBFGCB\FBP\KG\ZPMN,NNM\YEKPF,TE[NPTQFBP\
KZXFNEIG\B\MNFBDGBKHOFBZXK.
GBHFGBKGMNNTNG\NPEZDF,[PPRFR\RGNGB\FZXGQFZGIRK.PZDT
HFGBKNL,FGBK\IKNNYCNPBG\FFPEZDFPKETZGIRK,\TRGD,PKNGK.
FGBKFVGLNPYGCN,GKKGGNECTGNOFZGIRK.NMQBOFZD[\F[MZ,[NB
CXGZ\FFD[PK\,BNB[NCXGZ\FBP\P\BKPFNBEO,FGBKFKF
PYGCN.
NBEOBKQ[NKJFTNFPI[CG\[PMRKSKOCG.FQR[NIG\CMGGRF.
BRIRGKMGNKOZYNRSG\GNFDKCTNKFQCXGZFFRMGRF.PFVKZG[RMGQBG
NBRMGQ?CBBNK\NPKENVRKHPQPF.FGBNBKETGNBZBFMNGOPNVRKG,
FMNFKFZTNG,FGBFKSSGZXF[BZDKTBG\G,[BDNFNGMKKBKZNGBGZ
CT\KE,GBRKNBKMGN\KNGPZNGECZ,NDCKPF[KYZFNG.
MN\[GCFCPXCKOMBNG,FKBCIHY\DRKCF[NPF[RG\RKONG
PNPTNF.BKQNK[GOHMG\NMCG\CGB\FZXGQ,BSGZNKNFVKDBVKNG
CPYX\B\FBMHCF[K[CG.FZKMNHFEGGYBJGC,FMZIKGZXGK,GBSGZ
NTHGZ.FFPNXFFKIKEF[KMGN\KN\\NG,FKB"\P[KLNT[G\CBGVQ
PKMRK,B\PF[T[K\CPXCLFJGCFYGEO.B\FNBKMGNNFKPXB
CVRKPKG\TOFR[PF,TOFSVZKOFBNG,BLCMNHB\RSFNV\GISVZ,
GRSFNZBG\TEMPFHFEGIFBG\L".
CHPQFNKPGEBGCPFNLFTCGEF,CCK\,CP[VIF,P\TGZZG\CBEO
MNPKRKPI[CG\.NVTPKOFPI[CG\FBNGPVZKTG\NPYXGT.BH
CGGEBK[IKKCKONF\R\YPFPI[CG\TNPJZ\FCZKBFGTNTXPL.
XTEKFNKPGE 222
M[[BN\KB\FZC[NKB\BG\F[BNF,FGBF[KC:"B\FZGBF,HG
FSKCF[YGEOFKK\KVGTNCRKKQ,BIZMLSRENZ,VGTNV[GJ.
FKK\KYOC[TFBI\CNKNF,GP\IKNNNPGEYCNFNVRK\IKN\
FTCGEF.FBP\FKB,[NVTPKOFKK\KRZEOCTCGEF,GPNMNLEU,[TNKG
FKK\KBPGZNM\GCEG"I.FKGPXKTKONK\VYKEKOCMKZKO,BCNKET\K
[C\VYKECMKZKDHNGPPRKDOB\FZB[,GDOB\FR[PF.
NMQFKK\KCGIZTCGEG\,[CFQFKK\KR[BZTOTXPK,NPZG\[KMGN\K
NF[\MZKG\Z,GNMQMNIKKIKK\KCTGRK.MNFHPQRKSK\KNPXGBTCGEF,
[\BV[ZNK"ZB[RYK"GPXE[RK,[BYCNCF[MZPKRKPNKNPIKF,GNB
BXJZLNEBGDNVZRS\FPIZ.".
BRIRGRPXBKOCTGNO,[CGNVTPKOY[FPBGENCIGZPYGOTCGEF,
G\IGOTCGEF.PNCEHB\,FBEOFGBKXGZKXKZ\K,[PRSFNPXGB
CTCGE\GRKXGXKKXKZ\KG\.NVTPKORGJNKOPBEOB\FFCRF,[FGB
IG[CTNECZKOPKG\ZKOGBIZMLPIHKZKONGBG\F,GV\BGOFGB
[GBN:"TNPFI[C\K?".
PXCKOBNGPHPRKONBEOCMGGRF,MEK[KCZZB\PXCGFBPK\K,B\
JCTGGB\EZD\GFRGMIK\,MEK[KZBFPPFFGBXZKLNF\R\Y,GNBQ
TNKGNFDKT.MEK[KMKZCBVSG\MGIG\KG,GKXJZLNY[ZTOFCGZBGHF
KXKNG.
MNPF[BRKBGPZTM[KG,RK\QNFCRFPRKSKGQBK[KCNCE.BO
\NPEGNVKFSVZKOFRMGRKO,FZKCMNPYZF{\\YEPG.BSGZNBEO
NET\FMNPZB[.FGBXZKLNET\ECZBIE:"BPZGNKNYZGBCSVZKO
FBNF{GHFG."
PNPTNFRG\RKONBEOZXGQMN[FG.BOCTHZ\FZXGQFHFFGBP[KD
\GXBFZGIRK\PSGKP\,FKBP\CJB\CML,[FBEOP\IKNNFZDK[
B\FMGIFTNKGQ[NFCGZB,[[GNJCG.FGBP\IKNNFZDK[B\MN
FPXKBG\,GB\PK[[GNJCF.
N\IG[G\BKQ[VF.BRIRGZYYGZBKONFQC[PG\MPG:IPGW,PZ,
RTKO,NBRTKO.BKRRGPSGDNKON\\NMNBI\PF\IG[G\FBNGFDEZF
PEGKY\.PTCZNHF,BKQBRGPSGDNKONF[GG\CKQPF[MNBIEPB\RG
I[.HGFCTKF[NVSKMGNGDKFGVSKMKBJZKF.BRIRGNBPSGDNKONFDEKZ
B\\IG[G\FBEO,N[MVNQ,NIHGZTNKFQGNF[GG\QBXNCRKBEO
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\223
[GRKO.NMQMNPF[Y[GZC\IG[G\FBEO,BKRGRYZB"PET".\IG[G\
FQBGZ.
ZYTCGEFV[GJFGP\PE\,CNKN[KONCN\IG[G\GFZD[G\VRKPKG\,
PCKBF,CSGVG[NECZ,B\FBEON\GXBFZGIRK\.CTNFSGNOMG\CTN
HFCSTKUYN"D,CFYEPFN\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\:FECZEGPFNPNL,
[ZXFNCIGZPMNR\KRKGB\BNF[BGFCKOGRBPRKONGKG\ZPMGNO,
MEKNFYKUTXPGCFOCBZPGRG.
FGB[NI[NKIKONMNZICKFPPNMF,NFGEKT[MNPK[ZGXKONTCGE
TCGEFVRKPK\PKGIE\NPNL,XZKMKONCBNBZPGQ.FECZEGPFNBEO,
[PYCNZXGQPSGKONF\YZCNCGZB,BUMKTEKKQBKRGPCKQZXGQHF.FGB
ZYP\IKNNIV[.BKQCTGNOBEO,[NVIG\VTOBI\,NB[BNTXPG
PEGTFGBIK.F\[GCFN[BNFHGFKBF[D\FTGNOFZGIRK,MNGPZ
F[D\FCGZB.
MEKNCEGYPKCBP\BGFCG,[OFPNL,CMNFEZMKOFPGCKNG\
NBZPGQTPEG\,GXGGFNCNCNCMGGRFB\MNPK[FGNLBNKG,NFSCKZ
NFO[NBMEBKNTCGECBZPGQFPNL,GNTGZZCFOVIE.M[[PTGBR[KO
CBG\FFPPNMFTNFBV[ZG\FHB\,PKERTGNTCZFBZPGQ.FECZEGPF
NBR[KO,[CPYGONYCN\TRGDKOYJRKO,ZBG,MCKMGN,BV[ZG\NYCN
\TRGDKODEGNKOKG\Z.BOBKRLKMGNNPNBC[GOECZB\FZXGQFIE[,
P[PT[B\FXZKL\TRGDDEGNKG\Z.MNGPZ,BEOPSMKONF[YKTMBQ
KG\ZMGIG\,PB[ZCPYGPG\BIZKO,NMQFGBTGHCTCGEFJGCF,
F\YEPG\T\KEK\MN[FK,TG[Z{MNHB\MEKNFKMRSNZGIRKG\.
[GPZKFPNLEIGB\FBR[KOFNNG,BLZCKOPFOFXNKIGNF\YZC
NBZPGQFPNL,CNKN[TG\NECZKFFZ\TF[NF[GPZKO.CBGZIEGPF
"FBRK"FVRKPK[NFBEO,P[MRTG[NBMEBKNTCGEB\FCGZB.GBKNG
FCGZBCMGGRF[NINGNBEO[GPZKO[KTPEGCEZMGNFKMNGKRSGNFVZKT
NG,GCMLRK\QNBEONCEGYB\[NKPG\FZXGQ,GB\FRIK[G\.
MLPPXKOB\CKZGZFMNKFIE[GFZMC\G{EGGYBCNKCGRQ[NCTKG\
VRKPKG\BNG.NXGZLNKCGQFCTKG\FVRKPKG\,IKKCKOBKVGBFNGPEKO
NBNECZTNFPXCKOFBNFNBTOBIZKOGNBCKRONCKQTXPO,GBVKNG
NZCBSGZNFSCKZECZN\NPKECPXCKOMBNG{MKF\NPKEXZKLNTCGZ
B\FMNCTXPG,CNKNF\I[CCPKE\FYG[KFBV[ZK\.
XTEKFNKPGE 224
F[GPZKO[TPEGC[TZKFBZPGQFKGBMHZKKOTGEKG\Z,GNBR\RG
BVKNGNF\YZCBNF[TZ.CDSG\OFKGEGIKOMNPK[P\YZCBNKFO.
MLDOC[NCKOFBIZGRKONVRKFMRKSFNZGIRKG\,FBEOPZDK[EIKG\
KG\ZGKG\Z\YKVG\,TNBUFRKSKGQ[XCZ.FRKSKGQFHFNBRTNO,NB
NGYIKOBG\G.RVKNFZB[GRF,[RKF,[NK[K\{MNHFPXJCZGNBRTNO.
MTCGZHPQPF,FBEOP\IKNNF\ZDNNRVKNG\BNG,FQMCZNBRI[CG\
TCGZGNCN\KBV[ZKG\,FGBPCKQB\FXGZLCFQ.FBEO[PIBVKNGTN
FMBC[CPXCKOBNG,MKFMBCFHFPIGNNC\GMGFZD[FFVGMF{FBP\
FRMNN\CG.
GZYFTY[RKOPMGNOFP[KMGNRSG\NF\YZCNPNL.\I\NIXO[N
F[GPZKOFBMHZKKORSGDG,GIHZGNF\YEOCRKSKGQNF\YZCNPNL.GML
FRKSKGRG\NFDKTNPNLGFRSKDG\,\I\F[VT\F[GPZKOFBMHZKKO,
FPI[CG\[NBMEBKNTCGECBZPGQFPNL,RP[MG[RKOZCG\,TE[BNF
[CBP\ZXGNF\YZC,NBRIN[GCZXGROHFGNBF\BMHCG.
FIHYKOCZGIO,[SCNRG\OTPEFNFONFP[KLGNRSG\)SCNRG\,GNB
KETBGVKNGSGVKG\NPKRKFQ(RKXIGB\F[GPZKOFBMHZKKO,[V\IGB\
F[TZKO,GPKEHMGNZBG\B\FPNLCMCGEGGCTXPG,GFGBFTRKYNMNBIE
PFO\VYKEZBGK.MLM\CCTNFSGNO:RKXIG"BNG[PKE\SCNRG\O
TPEFNFO"G[FP[KMGCNKPGEKFOCSCNRG\.[GOECZBIZNBKTHGZ,MK
NXCGZRKSKGQCDGUFD[PK,RK\QBLGZYCXGZFMHB\.
MNPF[YGZFCTGNO[NRG,RMVFTNKRGCPMGGQ.TOHB\,TNKRGNI[GC
[K[NRGIGV[CCIKZ\FPT[FFT\KEK.CTRKKQHF,FBEOIKKCNGPZ
NTXPG,[K[NGIGV[CIKZF.GMB[ZFGBTGNFNPEZDFTNKGRFKG\Z,FGB
ZGBF[NBFKFNG[GOIGV[CIKZF.
CPKNKOBIZG\,MNHPQ[BEORPXBCPXC,[CGXZKLNCIGZCKQ
ECZKO{TNKGNV\GZB\FCTKFCTXPG,GNBNGPZ[HF\VYKEG[N
FCGZB,[HGCTKF[NGGNB[NK,BNB[B\FCTKFFHB\FXKCNVRK
FCGZB.GFBOK[NKCBP\IGV[CIKZFBPK\KNFINKJP[FG,BG[PF
FFINJFRT[K\TNKEKF\MGRG\[FCGZBFMRKSN\GMK,BGCF[VT\
FICZFFSGCC\BG\K{MNHFNBI[GCGNBXZKLNTRKKQBG\KTM[KG.
BRKXZKLNZBG\,B\PF[RPXBNVRK,GNV\GZB\FTRKKQCBPXTKO
FTGPEKONZ[G\K.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\225
BEOXZKL\PKENV\GZB\CTKG\KGCTXPG,GZYNBIZ[KV\GZBG\Q
NJGCBGNZT{TNKGNI[GC[MNHFHGPQNGPXEFCGZBPZB[,
G[F\[GCFRYCTFPZB[.FRKDGE,FYGJCKG\,CKQF\INFGSGU,PTGZZ
CRGCNCGNIHY.
BKRRGPCKRKOBKLNF\KKISNMNHF,MKC\GMRGRPXBKOPG[DKOMPG:
TCZ,FGGFGT\KE.MNTGEBRGRPXBKOCDCGNG\FTGNO[NRG,GTE
[FPGETG\[NRG\KMRSNIGYKG\[NSKCFG\GXBF,NBRK\QCEZD\RG
CTGNOFHF,NFCKQPFKRXIKG\,BG\FFEZDF[CFECZNBP[\RF.
BOBKQBRKNK,PKNK
PNM\IKNFBEOIKKCNRFGD,MBKNGFGBNBKGETMNGO,GZYFGBRG[B
CPXCKO,GTNKGNT[G\FMNCTXPG."BOBKQBRKNK,PKNK"{MLM\GC
CVZYKBCG\,GCFP[LRBPZ:"GM[BRKNTXPK,PFBRK".MQRBPZ
)ECZKOE("BKQTGEPNCEG".NPZBK\TKQ,RZBKOP[VJKOBNGMSG\ZKO
HFB\HF,BLCPCJYZGCRK\QNZBG\,MKFOKMGNKONF\YKKO,GBU
FMZIK[K\YKKPG,CMVKVFBI\.
FCTN[OJGC{PYGCNPFPBFF=18,[IKCZGSKF,M\C[CCGYZBEO
XZKLNYGOGNNM\NIV[TCGEF,MBKNGFCGZBBKRGYKKO,GFGBRPXB
CZ[G\TXPG,GBUBIEPNPTNFNBKTHGZNG.GNPZG\[FGBPBPKQ
CCGZB,FGBXZKLNGPZ[FCGZBNBP[VKTTNF\RFDG\G.MNGPZ:BRK
CTNFCK\[NTXPKG[NT\KEK.
CTNFCK\CTGNO,KMGNNFKG\FBEOBGFCGZB,BIEP[RKFO.
CRYGEF[RK\R\NKNCIKZF{BRKCTNFCK\,MKFCGZBNBRPXBCF,
MCKMGN.MLBEOXZKLNVTGNCP[LMNFKGO.BNB[CTZC,NBIZ[[C
NCK\GGMSUCMKSG,C[GOBGVQBNNGNFDKE,[HFFGB[FZGGKI,G[FGB
HF[PXBB\FTCGEF,G[F\PHNPHNG.FCGZBFGB[\KMRQFMN,GBVKNG
[MC\MNFKGOCPKJF,GNBRYV\BXCT,FKFNLCMNPYZFB[Z
FZGGI\.
BLF[MN[NRGMNNBKRGPSGDNNFCKQHB\,NBMN[MQNBIEB\
[\KF\VKSG\FBNG,FRZBG\PRGDEG\HGNHG.ZYBIZKZMK[\\MGRG\
ZGIRKG\,FBEOPSGDNNBIEB\FPG[DKOFKSGEKKO,GFFVMKKO
FBNG.
XTEKFNKPGE 226
GCKGOFPIZ\BG\GFECZ,"FKGOFCB",VKZG[GFZDTFCB.
M[PTPKEKOBEOPGNCIKZF,FGBXZKLNF\KKISNHFCXGZFBI\:
"FMN\NGKCK".GNBIZPKPG[FCIKZF,NNBXKVKG\GBPGRFCF’,PF[NB
KFKF,FGBIKKCNGPZ{"FMNRT[FCKEF’".XZKMFNFKG\FVZEFCZGZF
CKQ[\KF\VKSG\,MBKNGPEGCZC[RKBR[KO[GRKO:PBPKQG[BKRG
PBPKQ,NVRKFFINJFGBIZKF,GBKQFMGGRFCPGCQFE\KGFIKNGRK.PBPKQ
G[BKRGPBPKQ,FOPXCKO[NPK[PIV[ZGIRKG\.
C\GZFM\GC,[CZB[F[RFZG[PKOBG\RGNPTNFC"SVZ"PSGKKO.
[OZG[PKONMNBIE,PFKFKFNGCP[LF[RFFHB\,PKKIKFGPKNB,
MPFKZGGKIMNBIE,PKK\I\Q,K\DZ[,CPFKINFGTGE.BOFMNRYCT
PZB[,GBGPZKONRGML,BHNPFBRIRGXZKMKONT[G\P[FGCIKKO
BNF,PEGTTNKRGNF\BPW?FBOFBEOPSGDNN[RG\B\PF[FCGZB
T[F?
ZYNYCNFK[\[GCG\N[BNG\BNG.VKNGSGVKFGPETBKROTGSYKO
C[BNG\BNG,PBIZ[FO\GXB\G[NF[MNFBRG[K.[MZFBEOTN
FPBPXKO[NG,FGBCKISRMGQNPF[YGZF.
NBEOXZKMFNFKG\FCRFCZGZF,NPFFGBHYGYNXGZLF\YEPG\G
FZGIRK\.GBIZMLHGFKFCIKZFFIGV[K\[NG.BEOHYGYNKET,MEK
[KFKFNGIGV[CIKZF.MNTGEBKQNGKET,NBYKKOIGV[CIKZF.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|FNKPGEMTCGEFZGIRK\227
\IKN\EZMG[NPYGCN
M[FDT\KNZCCZGLB[ND,FGB[NIBG\KNNPGEBXN\NPKEGFGG\KY
FNN.NVRKMQRKSK\KNNPGEBXNZCKO,BLNBYKCN\KFSCZKO[SKVYG
BG\K.NTGP\HB\,FNKPGEKOBXNFNNPXBGIQCTKRKKCHMG\FKG\O
FDKGRKKO,CZGZKOGZXKGRNKKO.CF\INFFMNRZBFNKCZGZNMBGZF,
I[C\KMKBKQNK,BNBN[RQB\[[\MZMKG[N\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\,
GMLBGMNPKENKJGNINYCFRFDFFTNKGRFFVGTN\TNK,GTNMN
FTGNOMGNG.
FDKTFF[TF,GFZC"[HKPQBG\KNF[\\UC[KTGZKO,[FGBPTCKZ.
PZDTHF,MNB[ZI[C\KNPGCQ,RT[FS\GONDPZK,GTNGCKTGEGTGE
[BNG\,[RG\ZGNNBPTRF.FNKPGEBXNFZC,NBZY[NBSKKTCFCR\
FIGPZ,BNBFGCKNBG\KNFMKZCTGCEF,MKBKRRKPCKQPBGPF.
ZYNBIZ\YGVFBZGMFFCR\K,MKFZC"[R\QN\NPKEKGKETTKGRK
\IKNF,GZYBIZKMQFKFPZBFNFOMKXENF[\\UCFRFDF.BNB
[FPTCZNF[\\VG\VTKNFCFRFDFFTNKGRFBKRGZXKGRNK,GNMQTNMN
BIEGBIENF[KDGCTXPG,GRGXZF\IG[F[NBK=FCRFPGINJ\.
FZC"[NBNKPEB\\NPKEKGN[OCYKBG\\KBGZJK\,C[PG\KFO
[NPG[DKOZGIRKKO,BGN[OKMGN\NF\VNVNCFO,NNBFCR\JCTO.
CPYGOHB\,ZXFFZC"[NFCKBB\\NPKEKGNKEKPXC,[CGKZDK[GB\
FPG[DKOFNNG.HGFKEZLNKPGE[GRFNDPZKPNKPGE\KBGZJK.CEZL
NKPGEHG,FPJZFBKRFMPG\FKEKTG\[KYCNF\NPKE,BNBBKMG\Q.
MNGPZ,CBKHGPKEFFECZKO[F\NPKE[GPT,KSKKTGNGNF\YZCCTXPG
NECZKO,[FGBYGZBCSVZ.
FZCNBYKCN\NPKEKOIE[KO.\NPKEKOIE[KO,FGBFKFPVRF
NPGZKOBIZKO,\GLPTYCBIZF\V\IG\O.G\NPKEKO[FVDKRGZXKRG\
GF\PEF,CKY[NNPEOCTXPG.
FZXGQFBRG[KNFCKQ,NRFNGN[NGJFGBZXGQIKGCKPBE,MKGGQ[FGB
PCKBNFK\GGSVG\O[NZXGRG\RGSVKO.CSLFMNXZKLBEONZMG[B\
"PV\IFYSO",PSLGBGZIGHZ,MEK[KKMRSPKENZGIRKG\.
CTNFSGNOM\CCMGGRFB\\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\CXGZF,[MMN
[NGPEKOBG\GKG\Z,MLFGNMG\GP\ZCG\F[BNG\.FECZRIGW,MEK
XTEKFNKPGE 228
[\FKFNBEOBV[ZG\NF[YKTB\PBPXKGCP[FG,\GL[KPG[CMGGRF
PSGKKP\.FPBPWCBPNPJF{PFBEO,GBKNGB\FMGGRFRG\QFCGZB
PNPTNF,BLNBNVRK[FBEOPZDK[,MKRKSFMCZFMN,GBKQNGNBQ
NVRG\TGE,GMKFGBPP[REIYNVKRF.ZYBHPCY[FBEOCBP\THZF
PFCGZB,GCY[\GFBPK\K\RTRK\.
FTKYZCTCGEFFZGIRK\,FGBN[PGZTNSCNRG\GRIK[G\.\VKN\
FBEOPGDEZ\,TNKEKFPXCCGFGB[ZGK,G\NGKFCPYGOFKPXBG\O
[NFRKXGXG\.MNTGEFBEONBP[KDZGIRKG\,REPFNGMKMMN[K\BPW
VIG\,MLKKJCNG.BGNONBIZ[RMRSNTGNOFZGIRK,FBEOPXJTZTN
ML[T[FMFPTJ,NPTQF[D\FZGIRKG\.
FEZLNF[D\ZGIRKG\MZGMFCCKXGTVTGNG\XPXGO[NFBEO.PF
VKZG[FECZ"NT[G\XPXGO"?MEKNFSCKZHB\,RKYIMEGDPBBR[KO,
FPTGRKRKONZHG\.BR[KOBNFPCKRKO,MKF\TRGDB[ZKVKYGPFZHKF,
TGNFTNF\TRGD[CBGMN.K[ROPYZKOCFOFBGMNFGVLPP[N"BGKC"
TCGZO,TEMEKML[FOPP[[GRBKOBG\G.TCGZONF\IKNNFYVKETN
EKBJF,HFGXPXGOFZXGQ.
FTKYZCTCGE\FXPXGO,FGBNFMKZCZGT.N[OFMZ\FZGTRK\RF
NRGF\GZF,[K[CFB\BG\GKIGERVNB,FPBV[ZNRGNFCKQPKFG
FBGKCGFPM[GN,CEZMRGNF[D\FZGIRKG\.
FBEORBNWNTCGZY[KKOZCKOCIKKG,TE[REPFNG,MKBKQMN
\GTN\G\MNK\CTCGE\G,MNTGEFGBNBPCKQFKMQRPXB\FBP\.MN
TGENBTG[FFBEOXPXGO,FGBNBKMGNBVKNGNF\IKNNET\,FKMQ
FKBRPXB\.MB[ZFGBMCZRPXBCZGIRKG\,FGBCKEKKOJGCG\,G[GC
BKRGHYGYNEKCGZKO,[FZKFGZGBFCTXPGB\B[ZTNKGNZBG\.
MNTGEFBEONBPYCNPNPTNFB\FMGGRFFRMGRF,TNKGNF[YKT
CPT[F,BVKNGN\GTN\TXPG,C\YGGFN[RG\B\PXCG.FBEOBKRGREZ[
NF\BPWZYN[OFPBPW,[FZK\MNK\FCZKBFFKBNKFRG\,GBKNG
PBPWVKZG[GKSGZKO,BGFTEZ[NECZPF.BKNGRK\QFKFNTCGZNMGGRF
NF[VKTNCGZB,BGNTCGZN\TRGDZGIRK,NNBMNPBPWBEZCB,BKRRG
IKKCKONIV[Y[KKOCTCGE\RG.
BLBOFPBPWPFRF,FZK[GCBKQFGBPBPW;FECZP[GNNBO
FPRKYFB\\KRGYF,GRFRK\PML.GBORRKI,[FPBPWNI[GCTN
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|\IKN\EZMG[NPYGCN229
FCGZB,[FKFCF\INFY[FGPNBMG\K,RT[FNV\TPFRF,IKGRK
GI[GC,BHKFGBTGCEPIHY\PBPWNIHY\\TRGD,G[GCBKQXGZL
CPBPXKO.FPBPXKOFKGRIGXKO,BLGZYMEKNTCGZB\FPISGO
FZGIRKFHF.
MB[ZBEOP\IKNNTSGYCZGIRKG\,DOTCGE\GCP[NIKEGP[\RF,
FKBPYCN\PKNGKBIZ.BR[KOFSGCCKOBG\G,GEBK[NBK[KPGNCNML.
MLNP[N,BOKRDRGB\RKDGRKFTGNPG\FZGIRKKO,FJGCKO[CPCXTKO,
FRKDGRKOFNNGKFKGEGPKONMNPGSKYFBIZ\,P[GO[BR[KO[BKRO
TGSYKOCZGIRKG\,TNGNKONFGZKEKXKZFZGIRK\PGDPZ\,TENZPF[N
ECZKVF,BLPXGK.
BSGZNFXJTZTNFTCZBGNFB[KOB\TXPL[VTN\NBRMGQ,BG
[IKK\NBMZBGK.FMNRT[FCBGVQFPKJCK,GFKFBPGZNYZG\MVK
[YZF{FMNRP[LPNPTNF.TGCEFHGTGE\\DNFNTKRKMNBIEGBIE
PB\RG.MMN[RMRSKOTPGYKG\Z,BN\GLFZGIRKG\,MLFGNLGP\ZIY
FTCZ.KGOB\PGNRZBFMBKNGFKFNVRK[RKOZCG\,GCGYZGXFZKKO
KK\V[GCTZCMKPKOTCZG.
FTCZIGNU,GFT\KERS\Z,GBKRG\NGKCRG.K[NIKG\CFGGF,CZDTHF
PP[,FRPXBCDCGNCKQFZDT[INUNHFFTGPECV\I.
XTEKFNKPGE 230
P[GNIRG[NPYGCN
ZCK,FZCCZGLB[NDFKFRGFDNZ[GO,B\MNPF[FKF[GPTPBCKG.
MB[ZCB\KBNKGNNPGE,F\IN\KN[BGNBG\GB\[BNG\KKFY[G\,
[BNG\[FXKYGNK,BLFGBMNFHPQRPRTPN\\\[GCF.TE[VTOBI\,
FRKINKNYZGBCM\CKKEG,MEK[BPXBCFOB\PF[I[GCNKGPTRKKQ
BG\K{GBH,CHPQ[BRKYGZBCM\CKG,C\GLFPXCKOF[GRKO[BRKRPXB
CFO,BCKQB\PF[TNKNFCKQ.FGBFGSKU,[FM\CKOFBNFKSVKYGNK
NMNFIKKO,BVKNGCHPQ[FGBMCZNBKFKF.
F[KIFFHGF\YKKPFC=.1981BHFGBR\QNKPICZ\,[PPRFT[K\K
FT\Y,GBIZMLYZB\KGF[\P[\KCGT[Z[RKO.C=1991,KGONVRK
VJKZ\G,FGBFTRKYNKB\FPYGZ,GBPZ:"\YZB,HFC[CKNL",GCKY[
PPRKNCGBNPIZ\PGYEOKG\Z,MEKNTHGZNGNFRKI\VKNKQ.FGBMCZ
KETB\FMNPZB[,BCNBRK{NBKET\KGBKIZ\K.M[FDT\K,FGBFKF
MPTJNNBFMZF,GNRDETKRKFNLNTGNPG.
FPBPZKOGFM\CKO,[PSZNKI[GCKOGTPGYKONBKQ[KTGZ.CMN
VTO[YGZBKOCFO,REPFNBEO[FGBPCKQP[FG,BCNCYZKBF
FCBF,FGBZGBFTEMPF[F\VKSF[NGFK\F[DGKF,GBHPDNFNTXPG
TGEGTGEECZKONTGPYO.FCR\FRYZB\NGKFCPXCFVRKPK[CGRPXB
FYGZB.
FPBPZKOFBNFRM\CGPYXFFF[DFFZGIRK\.BCNKMGNNYZGB
CFOMNPK[RPXBDOCZPG\FZGIRKG\FRPGMG\,GBVKNGCZPF[N
FTGNO[NRG.MNBIEKMGNNPXGBCFOB\FPXCFBK[K[NG,PFTNKG
NT[G\CPXCG,GPFFPICZZGXFNFDKENGCBG\GZDT.
PGPNWNYZGBPBPZKOBNF,GBVKNGZYMPF[GZG\CKGO.NVRK
[R\G,RFDZCKNV\GIB\FPICZ\NMPF[RKG\.HFFSVKYNF\V[JG\
FBGZCR[PF.
BIEFPBPZKOFTPGYKOGFI[GCKOCKG\Z[NFZCFGB"BKQTGE
PNCEG".HFGPBPZ[IKKCNFKG\PGRITN[GNIRG[NMNBIE,MNPK
[P[\GYYNFKECYCCGZB.FPBPZMGNNC\GMGB\MN\GZ\G[NCTN
FSGNO,MNFDK[F[NGNCZKBF,MNPF[BEOIKKC\PKENFIHKYC\GL
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|P[GNIRG[NPYGCN231
TXPGGNFZDK[\PKE.HFGFPBPZFZB[GQCSVZ"[PT\K"[FGXB\KG
NBGZ.
FRFM\GC"BKQTGEPNCEG",[VKZG[G,[BKQ[GOMIBIZCTGNO,[KFKF
NGKMGN\NT[G\P[FGRDEGK\CZL.GPF[FBEOZGBF[K[ECZKOCTGNO
[FOPMIK[KOVPNKB[NPTNF,FSKCFFKB,PJTO[MLFGBZXGRG
K\CZL.GHFGCIKR\\KYGQ,FRYZB"[PBNEGIFGKPKQPYZC\".MNGPZ,
PF[F[PBNEGIF,HFRMRSCDEZ[N\KYGQ.CPKNKOBIZG\,[K[RO
ECZKOCTGNO,[CBGPNM\IKNFTNFMGGRFNFJG\B\FBEOPEZL
FK[Z,[TNKEKFOFGBREIFPYEG[F.GF\GTN\PFEIKG\FKB,[TNKEO
FBEOPYCNXGZLGZXGQ[NO,[FYC"FKTHGZNG,MKBIZ\FGBZGBF
[FGBBCGE.NBEK[NBP\YEOCTCGEF,ZYFGBZGBF[FGNLBIGZF.
FKKRG,BVKNG[NBN[PF,BKQNGMINYKKOB\F\G"P.[ZYT"KF\DCZG\
BPK\KTNMNFPM[GNKO,NPTNFPFET\,FGBKMGNNYKKOB\F\G"P.
GNB\PKEK[NGMIFF\DCZG\NPTNFPFET\.BIZ\,FGBPGMZINRJG\
ISG[NGOPEZLF’,BVKNGP[NBN[PF.GFGB,[\PKEBXNGFVZGW
PZGCFPFTGPE,FKKRG,[FKZKEG\FOFZCFKG\ZPFTNKG\,GNBZGBF
CHF[KYISGUFPXCKOFBNF,GFGBK[BZ\PKEPIGWNYEG[F.MKFGB
ZGBFBVKNGMYGXK[NKGE,Y[FNGNYKKO,ZYCF\DCZG\NPTNFPFET\.
BCNNB\PKEFGBPSGDNNF\DCZ,GPFKFKFFSGU.
)CTNFSGNO,SVZ"[PT\K"PBPZ"BKQTGEPNCEG"(
P\GLFPBPZ[NVRKRGTGNF,MKFCGZBFGBF[NKJFKIKECCZKBF,
GFGBHF[CZBB\FBEOTO\MGRG\PSGKKPG\,FTRKYNGB\MNFMGIG\
FEZG[KO,FTPKEGCRSKCG\B[Z,TGHZG\NGNF\YEONYZB\PJZ\
FCZKBFCXGZFFBGVJKPNK\{BCNFCGZBBKRGPSKKTNBEO,GBUPCNCN
BG\GTECNKSGUCFS\CMGKG\[GRG\GP[GRG\:VKJGZKOPFTCGEF,
PING\,M[NGRG\GKSGZKO,CTKG\CP[VIF,GTGEECZKOZCKO.MNHB\
TG[FFCGZB,BPRO[FBEONBPDNFBG\GMPK[TGPEPBIGZKMNPF
[FGBTGCZ.
F\YGVFCFFBEOHGMFNYCNKISMHFPFCGZB,FKBEKBZGMF.BKQ
NBEOCZKZF,BNBNTCGZB\MNFPXCKOFNNG,NZMG[CFORKSKGQ,
B[ZKBV[ZNGCFP[LBV[ZG\NHMG\C[NPG\,CRXIKG\,CBKRSGVKG\
GCECYG\TOFCGZB.
\YGVFHGPDKTFNSKGPF,MB[ZFBEOPDKTNFINJF,[ZYFCGZB
CTXPGKMGNNTHGZNG.FINJFHGPTGZZ\CNCG\CKTFBPK\K\,[FCGZB
KV\INGB\TKRKGGNCG,GKYZCBG\GBNKGCECYG\RXIK\.
XTEKFNKPGE 232
ZXGRG[NFCGZBFGB,[FBEOCTNKK\GPFTGNO[NRGNTGNPG\
FZGIRKKO,KZMG[B\MN\MGRG\KFO,GCMNTGNOGTGNOKFKFMPGFCGZB,
GKINKVG.BLNNBTHZ\FCGZB{BKQBV[ZG\NT[G\HB\.FBEONB
PSGDNNT[G\ECZCMGIG\TXPG.MNFKSGZKOGMNFXZG\[VGYEKO
BG\RG,FOP[GO[FZXGRG\=F\MGRG\[NRGFOFGVMKKON\MGRG\FCGZB,
GFGVMKKONBGZ.
CDNNFGVMKG\F\MGRG\,MNPF[BRIRGZGBKOCTGNPRG,NBYKKO
CBP\CPXKBG\,BNBFGBZY\GXBF[NF[\YVG\F\MGRG\[NRG
CBGZFTNKGQ.MB[ZFBGZPDKTPPTN,FBEONBPZDK[B\FBGZ,BNB
B\\MGRG\KGFBK[KG\FPYGNYNG\C\GMG,GBHMEKNFZDK[B\FBGZ
TXPG,TNKGNFKVJZPZGTFBDGBKHO,PFFVZTG\.
GMB[ZFBEOHGTYNCGZB[KTHGZ,P\CZZV\BGO,MK"MNFEIKG\[FKF
NG,FKFFMNPB\F’.FKKRG,[NBPJTO[FGBNBFKFCSEZ,[NBFKF
NGFKMGN\NF\DCZ.BNB,NBNGBR[KO[ZGXKOCBP\NF\YZCNF’,
GCMEK[NBKFKFPS\VYCPGTJ,MNGPZ[NBK[BZCCIKR\KNEYJQ,
CNKET\.GP[GOHF,RK\QNGPNPTNFTHZF,[NBKFKFNGFKMGN\NGPZ,
[CZGLF’[K[NG\GZFGPXG\GPT[KOJGCKO,GPFISZNGTGE.GHF
EGYBBOCBP\,[K[NBEOFHFZXGQBPK\K.BH,FBEOFHFPYCN
THZFPNPTNF,GPZBKONG\PKE,BKL[FGBNBCSEZCPXCFRGMIK.
EFKKRG,[[GNIKONGPI[CG\GEKTG\,[FORDEFTCGEF.GHFGCMEK
[KZBF,[BKQFGBC[NKPG\TOF’.
GTEMPF[FGBP\DCZ,FGBZGBF\PKE,BKL[FGBRPXB,CPXC[FGB
ZIGYPYEG[F,P[BZTGCEKO[FOPZDK[KO,[FOC[NKPG\TOF’.
PF[BOMQFGB,\PKEK[NGJTRG\G\CKTG\,GNBKMGNN\ZWB\
FF\RFDG\[NFCGZB,BKL[FGBP\RFDTPG.GHFDGZONGMBC,PEGTFGB
NB[NOTOFYC"F.TE[CBNKEKFZD[F,[PP[BKQNG[GOINY
CYEG[F.GFDO[PYCNNVTPKOBKHFF\TGZZG\PNPTNF,[PIKFBG\G
NVK[TF,BCN\KMUFGBRGVNNPYGOF[VNG\.BGNO,HFGFSKCF,[DGZO
NG[KCGBNKEKFMZF,[ZYF’KMGNNTHGZ,[KYZCBG\GCBP\.
FBEOXZKLNF[\ENNNM\\PKECEZL,[FGBECGYCGK\CZL.MNGPZ
[MNPI[CG\KGKFKGCGK\’.FKKRG,BOBVKNG[FGBRPXBCPXCFMKDZGT,
[BKBV[ZNFKG\KZKEFKG\ZDEGNFPHG,BNKXBPZ[G\GK\’,MNGPZ
[K[Z[G\BIZ[NBRG\QNGNFMRSNFYEG[F,[CKEGNFJKCBGNFZT.
VKZG[,[BNKI[GC[K[TRKQMI[NS"B,[FKBNBRG\R\NBEONT[G\
PT[KOJGCKOGNNM\CEZMKF’,BNBFMNRT[FPXEF’.
)CTNFSGNO,SVZ"[PT\K"PBPZ"BKQTGEPNCEG"(
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|P[GNIRG[NPYGCN233
FCGZB[GNINBEOPMG\,MEKNFIHKZGBNPJZ\FCZKBF.CEZL
MNN,BOJGCNBEOGFGBPYCN\TRGDKO,NBBKMV\NGBOFCGZBYKKO
BGNB.BCNEGGYBCPXCKOF"JGCKO",I[GC[FBEOKFKFCECKYG\
TOFCGZB.N[OML[GNIFCGZBPMG\,MEK[CRKBEOK][email protected]
NBEO,FGBP\IKNNI[GC{MLBGBIZ\{TNFCGZB.NVKML,MNPF
[REZ[FGB,N[FG\CPI[CFTNFCGZB,EGGYBM[JGCNL.
FYCNFPECZ\TNFZD[G\FTEKRG\CKG\ZCR[PF.FBEOBKRGPXVF
NPMF.FKBCBFCXGZFNBXVGKF,M[FBEOPRG\YPFCGZB.TNMNBIE
PB\RGVGTN\FF[DIFFVZJK\[NFCGZB,DOBOBRIRG[GMIKOBG\G.
MEKNFHMKZNRGB\TXPG,FCGZB[GNINRGBG\G\PKGIEKOCXGZ\PMG\
DGZN,PMBQRBPZNBEO,[TNKGNMGGQ\PKEB\PI[CG\KGNTCZFCGZB.
GKG\ZPMLNBREZ[.
~...|PK[BGPZ[K[MIBIZCTGNOFKKRGYNKVG\,FBEOFHFRPXB
CCIKR\"GTCE\OBNFKOBIZKO".[NBGEGYBCPI[CF[NMVKZF,FGB
TGCZTCKZF,BNBBOFGBIG[C[K[TGEZ[G\GMIIGWPF’,FGBTGCZ
TCKZF.GNBTGE,BNBPK[BGPZ[K[NBEOZ[G\CVRKTXPG,FKKRG,
[BGPZB\PGNFGBCTXPG,NBFKFZGXFNNM\CEZMKF’,DOHFRYZB
TGCZTCKZF[NMVKZF,MNGPZ[BKRGPBPKQ[ZYFCGZBFGBPRFKD
FTGNO.
)CTNFSGNO,SVZ"[PT\K"PBPZ"BKQTGEPNCEG"(
BKQCRGBUPI[CF,[PYGZFBKRGCCGZB.MLRYCTPZB[CPI[C\
FCZKBF,GBRIRGNBKMGNKON[RG\ECZ.BOML,PKFGF"BRK"?F"BRK"
FGBPK[PZDK[,B\PF[CBPNPTNF.\IKNFMNFPI[CG\PPTN
RYNJG\CRGMCNCGN,[FGB\GXBFPMRKS\FZGIRKG\N\GMRG,N\GL
FD[PKG\.
BCNNBJ=NBJ,BG\GCNCGNPGXBB\PYGPGCBEO.FBEOP\IKN
NTCGE,GP\IKNNFCKQ,[CNKHF,NPT[FNBKK\MQNF\YEOCEZL
FZGIRK\."TNKF"FKBFSMP\G[NFBEOTOPF[FCGZBTG[F,GCF
FBEOPZDK[B\TXPGPNB,[NO,RXIK.FGBRVZEPFDGU[NGGP[\KKL
ZYNZGIRKG\.
BGNOCHPQ[TCZBKHFTCKZF,GCJI[FGBXZKLNF\IZJGNFXJTZTN
PF[FGBT[FB\FTCKZF,DOMBQXZKMKONSEZB\SEZKFXTZGFMBC,
TNBKHFRYGEFFGB\GNFSKC\DGZOFTCKZF,[TNRYGEFHGXZKMKO
NFXJTZ.
XTEKFNKPGE 234
GFBEOXZKLNFXJTZBH,GKBPZ,HF[T[K\KB\FTCKZF,FGBPSKC\
[FYC"FHZYBG\KPFYEG[F,NPYGOJKRGV\NCK\FMSB,[[OPYGO
FVSGN\.MNGPZ,[F’R\QNGZXGQGI[Y,NF[\T[TGNR[GOBGKZ,CPYGO
SZIGQ)GBV[ZNGPZ,[PGCBCSVZKO[NVTPKOFBEOCBCDNDGNIHKZ,
GK[NVZ[TNEZL[FGBBGPZ,[FBEOPYCNZXGQGI[YNYCNIKG\,
PECZKO[MCZBPZTNKFO[FGBVSGN\,GTM[KGFGBZXFNYCNPFO
PHGRG\(.
GMPGMQ,CHPQ[FBEOPZDK[[TM[KGFGBRPXBCCIKR\TNKF,GPZDK[
YX\JTOCTCGEF,BNKBPZ[TM[KG,BRKRPXBCPXC,[BRKPCKQ,
[MEBKNFKG\TGCEF’.BNBFGBXZKLNET\,[TM[KGFGBPXBIQCTKRK
F’.NMQFYC"FPYZCG,GP[GOHFFGBPZDK[TM[KG,JTOCTCGEF.GKHFZ
[BUVTONBNXB\PZ[G\FYEG[F,NGPZ[K[TGEPK[VGTN,IGW
PFYC"F.
)BGNOPMBQP[PT,[TRKQPXKB\IQCTKRKF’BGNFKVL,BKRG\NGKCBEO
TXPGBNBFMNCF’.GPEGTTM[KGPXBIQCTKRKF’GBI"MBKRGMQ,BKQHF
CKEKFBEONFCKQTOF[MNFIKXGRK[NG(.
GMPGMQ,CHPQ[PXJTZTNPF[BKQFYC"FPYZCG,XZKLDOMQNFHFZ,
[NBKFKFTNI[CGQTXPG,FKKRGPHF[FGBPZGIYPF’,MKCHFFGB
RT[FNPYCNN\GTN\TXPG.GFPYCNFGBCVZGEB,BNB[KXJTZTNDNG\
F[MKRF.MNGPZ,[FGBDGZOXTZF[MKRF.GFBEOXZKLNXKKZNTXPG
MEGDP\[K[NBEOMBCCBKHFBCZYJQ[FGB,PMNPYGOFMBCPGZD[
CTKYZCPGIGNC,[FNCGFPGIFOMNNG\FBEO.GCJI[BKQTZLEPKGQ
FZD[\BCZVZJK,CTZLMNNG\YGP\FBEO,[[OPGZD[CTKYZFMBC.
MPGMQFMBC[FBEOPZDK[,PHF[FGBPZGIYPF’.GFKG\[FBEOFGB
ZYBCZVZJKPF[MKRFFYEG[F,MKF[MKRFFYEG[F,FKBMNNG\
R[P\K[ZBN.GNMQBKRGEGPFFZD[\FMBCFVZJK,CTZLFZD[\FMBC
FMNNK,MNGPZ[K[XTZF[MKRF,CHF[FBCZKOPGZIYKOPPRF,GBKRF
KMGNFNVZRSB\FBCZKO[NF.
)GK[NGPZ[HFGPBPZIH"N,CHPQ[BEOPXJTZ[MKRFPFBGPZ\,
YNRKPZB[K(GCHF[IG[CFXTZ[NF\ZIYG\NBTNTXPG,FGBRXGN
PNRVGNNZ[\FZXGQNYCNNTXPG,[FGBCIKR\VKZGEPFYEG[F.
GBG\GECZCHPQ[BEOPZDK[[K[NGYX\F\YZCG\NYEG[F.[K[NG
[PIF,PHF[HMFNPXKB\IQCTKRKFYC"F,DOBHPGJNTNKGNGPZ,
[TKYZF[PIF[NGKFKFCHF[K[TM[KG[PIFNPTNF,BXNF[MKRF
FYEG[F,PHF[FKFNFPYGO,NYZCB\BCZFVZJK[NFBNKF,GNB
XZKMFN[NGIB\FBCZFVZJK[NFFIGXF.
GPHF[FBEOHMFN[PIB\F[MKRF,PHFK[NG[PIF.GHFGDOMQTN
BG\GFI[CGQFR"N,MKPF[K[[PIFNFVZJ,HFGZYINY,PHF[K[
[PIFNFMNNMNG.GT"KFI[CGRG\FBNGFGBPBCEB\VZJKG\GTXPG,
GNBRNMECZ[\FS"B,[FGBFZXGQNYCNN\GTN\TXPG.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|P[GNIRG[NPYGCN235
GFDO[FZXGQNYCNFGBECZFMZIK,PSKC\"MKHFGMNFBEO",MKPF
[K[CBEOIGWPFZXGQNYCNBKRG[KKLNFRCZB,BNBBRGPKISKO
NFCGZB,BCNFZXGQNYCNFRBF,XZKLNFKG\P\GYQCTP"RNF[VKT.
MNGPZ,[F\TRGDGF[PIF[FZXGQNYCNNGYI,XZKLNFKG\TNFMGGRF
P[GO[K[RI\ZGINPTNFPHF[K[NFRCZBKO\TRGDKO.MKHFFK\F
PJZ\FCZKBFNFJKCNRCZBKG,GHFRYZB[PI\F[MKRFNPTNF.
GP[GOHF,PIGKCFBEONI[GCTXG\BKLFGBKMGNNT[G\RI\ZGI
NPTNF,GCJI[TNKEKHF[KFKFNG\TRGD,KFKFRI\ZGINPTNF.NMQ
FGBP[\GYYNFKG\\PKECFKMNFPNL,GKFKFNGFKMGN\NF[\T[T
CDRHKFPNL,GPHFCGEBKKFKFRI\ZGINPTNF,RPXB[MNFF[\GYYG\
XZKLNFKG\ZYN[O[PKO.
)CTNFSGNO,SVZ"[PT\K"PBPZ"BKQTGEPNCEG"(
FCGZB[GNINBEOJGC.BCNFJGCFHF,CTCZGEZLFBDGBKHO,
PGZD[MZT:PING\,P\IKO,GPMG\DGZNNPKRKFQ.CHPQFZD[\FZT,
FBEONBKMGNNFGEG\NCGZB.BKNGFKFFBEOKGET,GPXJTZTNML
[ZTNCGZBPFZD[\BG\GFFCEN,CKQFJGC[FGB[GNI,NZT[PZDK[
FBEO,BGBKNGFKFPZDK[B\[PI\FCGZBTNML[JGCNG,NBEO
TXPG,BG=BHFGBFKFVGTNBIZ\.
CPNKOBIZG\,MNFPI[CG\,MNFPT[KO,MNPF[P\ZI[{TNKRG
NMGGQNCGZB.MKZYML,KGXBFBEOPF"BRK"[NG,PDGVG,NZGIRKG\.
XTEKFNKPGE 236
"FBEONGPEB\TXPG"
[BNG\G\[GCG\
N[OPFPYGCNKOP\BZKONRGB\FTGNOFTNKGQ?
MEKNTHGZNRGNF\IKNNIG[B\FTGNPG\FTNKGRKO.FBEORCZBMEK
NIG[B\FTGNPG\FTNKGRKO,BGCPNKOBIZG\,NIG[B\\IG[\
FCGZB.BRIRG,[NBPSGDNKONZBG\B\\IKN\FCZKBF,GB\SKC\F,
NBPSGDNKONZBG\DOB\SGVF,GNMQBKRRGPSGDNKONFCKQB\
P[PTG\FIKKO[NRG.
IGYZPTGNOBIZ,CF\CGRRGCTDNCQKGPGGC\KRGYCQKGPG,KBPZMK
F\KRGYISZVGJRXKBN,GYZGCNGGEBK[NBK\V\ICXGZFPZ[KPF,CTGE
FTDNCQKGPG[MCZPSGDNNNM\,GPCKQFMN{NGR\QFJCTB\MNPF
[RIGWNIKKO,GNMQFGBK\V\IKG\ZPF\KRGY.
MLKI[GCTNFTGNO[NRG,MNBGZIPTGNOBIZ.FGBKDKTNPSYRF
HG,PMKGGQ[BKRGPSGDNNZBG\B\FPXCFSGVK,C\GOMN[NCK
FF\V\IG\,NM[KT[FFBEOVZKXFYEKPFGK\V\IFZCFPTCZ
NF\V\IG\FTDN.
BONBRZBFCBGVQCZGZB\F\GXBFFSGVK\,B\FPJZF[NRG{
GBRIRGNBPSGDNKONZBG\BG\FMKGO,BORK[BZBLGZYCPDCNG\
FTGNO[NRG{RP[KLNFBPKQ[FIKKO[NRGP\IKNKOGPS\KKPKOZY
CTGNPRG.
NMQPYGCNKOIGHZKOGPXKKRKOCMNSVZKFO,[K[NNPGEYCNF.DO
BOBEONBPCKQB\PF[FGBYGZB,BNB"S\O"YGZB,FZKCNB
KGETKQKP[GLBNKGTNKEKML,B\FBGZFZGIRK[SGCCBG\RG.BG\G
FBGZ[CFEZDFDOPJFZBG\GGPMKQBG\GN\IG[\FMGIG\FZGIRKKO,
TE[CZDTPSGKO,\IKNFCNBPGET,GBIZKMQCPGET,FGBP\IKN
NIG[B\FTGNOFZGIRK.
FGBPSGDNBHNZBG\GNFCKQB\MNFPKET,[FGBPYCNTNIKKG,
[FGBTNF\V\IG\R[P\GCPFNLDNDGNKFFYGEPKOGFT\KEKKO,GFGB
PYCNMGIG\ZGIRKKOIE[KO,MEKNNPGEBKLNCY[GNYCNB\FPEZDG\
FCBG\[NR[P\GPFCGZB.
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|[BNG\G\[GCG\237
FBOMNBEOKMGNNFKG\PYGCN?
BOBEONGPETOPGZFZGIRKGCF\BON[KJ\FNKPGEFRMGRF,FGB
KFBCCGBFT\,PYGCN.FBEO"FGVL"NFKG\MNK,[CGFGBTXPGPCXT
RKSGKKO.FBEOTXPGFKRGFPGEN[NFCGZB,[BG\GFGBIGYZ.
CPKEF[CFBEOP[GGFXGZ\GNCGZB,FGBTXPGKMGNNFZDK[
PFKZGIRKG\.BHMKZMK\FNKLFF\YEPG\FZGIRK\PIKKCCRKK\[\K
RGSIBG\:FBI\,CRKK\FF[DFFZGIRK\C\GLTXPL,FNKLFRYZB
CRKK\FPSL.FRGSIFF[RKF,FKBHG[PZBFMKXENF[\P[CPSLFHF.
MEKNCRG\B\[\KFRGSIBG\FNNGGNFPIK[Q,HYGYFBEONZC=PEZKL,
NYCGXFGNSVZNNKPGEYCNF.
K[FSCGZKO[FIG[F[K[KFGBCKJGKNPINFRV[K\,GPSGGDKOBG\G
MFHKF.PFKFBP\?
CIGMP\FYCNFB\FI[B\MNFSGCCBG\L,GCPYCKNB\FPSGDN
NCIGQB\FPXKBG\MTGPEPFXE,PMKGGQ[NPE\NIG[B\TXPL,GB\
PYGZF\IG[G\[NL,FCGZB.FCRFHGFKBBKREKCKEGBNK\,GBUBIENB
KFKFPSGDNNFTKETNRMGRG\FBGN\BZFCEKGY.BCNIGMP\FYCNF
FKBFPETF[KPG[KCKG\Z[YKKO,GMNF\GXBG\PG[DG\CGCEZL[N
RKSGK.
FY[ZFZGIRKFK[KZTOFCGZB,FGBHF[PBV[ZNBEONZBG\GNFCKQ
B\FPXKBG\FBPK\K\,GB\INYFFHRKI,NPT[F,[BRIRGPSGDNKO
NYNGJCPDCNG\FTGNO[NRG.
FKMQFFCENCKQ\IG[G\FPYGCN,NCKQIGGKG\[NP\#Y[ZKO,PKSJKYRKO
BGBR[KE\G\[GRG\?
PK[PDKTNEZDFZGIRK\[NF\DNG\FCGZBKGGMICFCEN.FRS\ZFGVL
DNGK,ZYNPK[PSGDNNFCKQ.GBKLBEO[JGTF,KFKFPSGDNNFCKQ[FGB
JGTF?ZYCTHZ\FY[ZTOPYGCNBPK\K,FGBK\IKNNFCKQCFEZDF,
[MNF\IG[G\[NGRJGNG\KETBPK\K,GBKQNFQCSKSG[KJ\KG\.
FKMGN\NIYGZCBGVQ[KJ\KGPCGYZB\MNFPXKBG\,NVK[KJF
PETK\,NFTZKLB\F\GXBG\FP\YCNG\PGNPYGCNKOBIZKO,[DO
TCGZOFRS\ZFVLDNGK,GTCGEFCFP[MKG\,CCYZF,G\GLRKSGK{MNBNF
PCEKNKOCKQIGMP\FYCNFNCKQMNF[BZ.
XTEKFNKPGE 238
CPBFF=19MNFBRG[G\IKV[FDBGNFCBPRG\,GFBPKRFMK"FKGVK
KXKNB\FTGNO";CPBFF=20,FBPKRGFMNZYCMGI,TGXPF
GF\YEPG\PETK\.FKGOFDTRGNHPRKO,[CFOFBRG[G\PDNFBJBJ
[FIKKO[NRG\NGKKOZYCIGYKJCTTNKGRKO,GMEKNYI\INYCPTZM\
IGYKOHG,XZKLNFDKTN[GZ[[NFCTGNOFTNKGQ.
TGER\IKNNIG[XGZLNFCKQB\[GZ[FIKKOFTNKGQ.IKKRG,PTXO
JCTO,KRKTGBG\RGNIV[DBGNFGKMGN\NF[VKTTNMNF\FNKMKOCTGNO.
FBRG[G\\DNF,MKNBRK\QNF\YKKONNBKMGN\PTGZCG\[NRGCF[DIF
FTNKGRF.GML,IGYFKYGOFMNNKKXNKINFRKTBG\RGNF\V\IPCIKRF
ZGIRK\,FGEG\NHF,[BEOPJCTGFGBKXGZTXNQGBDGBKSJ,GZYEZL
FKSGZKOGFSCNBV[ZNF[VKTTNKG.
IGMP\FYCNFPBV[Z\NBEONFKPRTPFSCNBGNFVIK\G,GNFYEKO
NPRGTB\PMG\FDGZN.NKPGEKIGMP\FYCNFPTRKYKONBEOMGIG\
ZGIRKKO,FCRFGKMGN\F\RFDG\RMGRFCTGNOFHF.CMLFBEOPSGDN
NFKPRTP\YNG\,GBSGRG\.PYGCNKO[GBVKONFCKBNEZDFFZGIRK\
FHGB\MNTOK[ZBN,GBIZKGDOB\MNFTPKOFBIZKO.
MKXEHF[NPZG\FTGRDGFBG[ZFTKNBK[JPGRKOCYCNF,BKQRFKZF
FPGRK\NNPGEIGMPFHG?
MNEGZPGZMCP[MC\FR[PG\[NMNFEGZG\FYGEPKONG.BPRO
CEGZRGKGZEG\BNFTGNOFHFFR[PG\FDSG\CKG\Z,R[PG\TCG\,
CTNG\ZXGRG\DEGNKOPBGEGBUZIGYG\PZGIRKG\,BLNBCFMZI
PGETG\FQNPF[RIGWN[O\KYGRQ,GNMQFXKCGZFZICRG\ZBEK[
NIGMP\FYCNF.
FBEOFPPGXTBKRGZGXFNIKG\CINGPG\TNFT\KE.FKG\[FDGU
[NRGI[ZYB\FFGGF,[GBUFBEONYCNBLGZY\TRGDD[PK.BK[
BKRGRIVHNYCNNKEKGB\TCGE\F\KYGQFZGIRKFPVZM\.BCNBO
FBEOKCKQ[HGFEZLFKIKEFNDBGNF,NBKFBPSGDNNRJG[B\NKPGEK
FYCNF.
BVKNGBOMNFBRG[G\\DNFCBIEPFKPKO,[YKKOBPXTKNF[D\
ZGIRKG\,TEKKQMNBIEK\KKISNMLCBGVQ[GRF,CF\BONSGDR[P\G:
INYPFBR[KOK\IKNNF\TRKKQCRG[B,INYOKYRGET\CRG[B,
CBPXTKNKPGEPZIGY.BIZKOKVYEGPT\NT\PYGCNKO,INYOKNPEG
FBEONGPEB\TXPG|[BNG\G\[GCG\239
CBGVQSEKZBLNBNTK\KOYZGCG\,GZYPTJKOK\PSZGNNKPGEK
IGMP\FYCNF,CF\BONXGZLFVRKPK[NR[P\O.CBKHFPSNGNKRG\C
MNBIEPB\RG,BKQHFI[GC.FTKYZFGB[TNMNBIEGBIEPB\RG
NET\[IGMP\FYCNFYKKP\,HPKRFGNFCKQB\KTGEF.
MMNPGXZFPKGTENYFNKTE,MLDOFYCNF{VGRFNYFNPDGGQ:K[
XKCGZZICFPS\VYCCY[\CZMG\P"IMPKO",K[NGPEK\GZFCXGZ\
FKSJGZKF,K[BR[KO[\ZKOBIZSGEG\FBG\KG\,MPCY[KPJPGQ.
CYZC[GIZKIGMP\FYCNFFBPK\K\,K[ROBR[KOB[ZYZGCKOKG\Z
"NPZMH"{NZXGQNFKECYCCGZB,GK[ROBR[KO[NGPEKOB\FYCNF
MPET,GFOIVXKOCKETCRG[B.FECZEGPFNPTDNKPKO[RGXZKO
PHZKY\BCQ:MNBEO[[PTTNIGMP\FYCNF,K\PYONTGP\F,
CTPEF[\GBP\B\[BKV\F[NR[P\GN\KYGRF.BNF[TEKKQNB
FDKTGNIGMP\FYCNF,HPROJZOFDKT.
FBORTZKOKMGNKON[PGT[KTGZKYCNF?
PGPNWNMGNO{GDONRGTZ{NYZGBB\SVZG[NCTNFSGNO"P\Q
\GZF".
TNPFPCGSS\FF[DFFZGIRK\[NRG?
FF[DF[NRGPCGSS\TN\IG[F,TNPDT.EZLHGPTRKYFB\
FF\TPYG\FPG[NP\CKG\Z,FREZ[\NXGZLF[DFCTGNPRG.[MQCIG[
FPK[G[,CBKONKEKCKJGKMNK\ZFIG[KOCDGUFBEO.IG[KOBNF,
ZBKF,[PKTF,ZKIGJTO,BKRO[NPKOGBKROPTRKYKONRGB\FZD[\
FPXKBG\,MVK[PTRKYIG[FPK[G[.IG[FPK[G[CTGNPRG,FGB\GXBF
PVTGN\FCKJG[[NBGZFPYKUCPSL;MVGTNKGXBPVTGNFHGP\BIEKO
CMNKBIE,CF[DFBI\[NFBGZ,MNIP[\FMNKO[NFVZXGU:PGI,
TXPG\,DKEKO,C[ZGTGZ,[FOM\Z,IGMPF,CKRF,H"BGPNMG\
CF\BPF.FECZP\ZI[MB[ZFBGZFK[ZKGZEPNPTNFNPJF,PEZD\
M\Z)PGI(,TENEZD\PNMG\)TGZ(,G[OPMFCPSL,GBGZIGHZTGNFPPRG
PNPJFNPTNF,TEPEZD\M\Z.MNGPZ,BOFBGZPDKTNEZD\TGZ,MN
FSVKZG\[CVZXGUP\BIEG\GFP[PTG\FKB,[MN[BZFIG[KO
P\PNBKOBUFOCBGZ,CPKET.FOBPROVGTNKONPZIGY,CRKDGENIG[
FPK[G[,BLBKROPNBKOCRVIFPKET,GNMQBKROBPK\KKONDPZK,GNB
PDKTKOTEPNMG\.
XTEKFNKPGE 240
MKXEZGBFFYCNFMVKFTNBEOMRDEZXGRG?
YKKOMNN:"BKQMVKFCZGIRKG\".MNSGD[NMVKF,NZCG\XKGGKO,
FT[GKKONKJGNPFBEO,CPK[ZKQBGCTYKVKQ,B\HMG\FCIKZF
FIGV[K\[NG{VSGN.CMVKFDGHNKOPQFBEOB\FECZFI[GCCKG\Z
[R\QNGFCGZB,MEK[KGMNNFCKQB\PFG\G,GMEK[TNKEK\KYGRF[N
PFG\HG,KGMNNF\YEONYZB\FCGZB.TNMQMVKFPRGDE\NINGJKQNMN
FJCTFBPK\K[NFCZKBF.
CT\FNKPGER\YNFBEOCPXCKOCFOBKQNG\[GCG\N[BNG\PFG\KG\,
GCGCHPQBKQCKMGN\GNRSI[GO[BNF.PEGTHFP\ZI[?
PXCHFP\ZI[,MB[ZBEONBPZDK[C\GMGB\FIGPZFRNPE,
GFGBJZOF\DNFBXNGCIG[KO.CPYZKOBNGBKQNBEO\DGCFTNPF
[[PT.
PFFFCENCKQET\GBPGRF?
FZD[\FBEOB\FCGZBCCKZGZ,RYZB\"BPGRF"."ET\"FKBPF
[RZBFPIGWNBPGRF,CTKRKPK[TEKKQNBPZDK[B\FCGZB.NMQET\,
HGFKZBKFPGDCN\[NFTGNO,GBPGRFFKBZBKF[NPF.MB[ZFBEO
PSZCNNM\ZYEZLFET\,GNYCNMNKOBDGBKSJKKOCNCE,FGBP\IKN
NFZDK[ZGIRKG\,GFFZD[FFHB\RYZB\BPGRF.BPGRFFKBFECZ
FKIKE[ISZNRG.
PFGEKRG[NPK[IKKG[DZ\KKOGPTGJK=SCN,GPCY[NNPGEYCNF?
\MGRG\IKKOBNG,P[PTQ[HMK\CKISPKGIEPNPTNF.RZBF[CTCZ
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XTEKFNKPGE 242
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RP[KLNTCGE,VKSK\GZGIRK\.
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XTEKFNKPGE 244
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MB[ZFBGZPPNBB\FBEONDPZKGNNBFDCNFFGBPGZD[M[NPG\,
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HFYZGK"CIKRFB’",BG"IGMPF".
XTEKFNKPGE 246
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MNGPZRCZBBPK\K)ZBFBKGZ1(.
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NFCKBB\FRCZBKO.
XTEKFNKPGE 248
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XTEKFNKPGE 262
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MNFZ[KPG\,CPKNKOBIZG\,MNFZXGRG\[RK\QNPNBNPTQFCGZB
XTEKFNKPGE 264
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INYK,TEFJCGZ.FPJZFFKBNFCKBNML[PNMG\\FKFPSGDN\
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XTEKFNKPGE 266
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GBPGRG\[GRG\,[NPT[FZIGYKOPBGEPIGMP\FYCNF.XZKLMBPGZ
XTEKFNKPGE 268
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GPFJKCO,GPFFY[ZCKQMNFECZKO.F\TRKKR\KCXGZ\FIKKO
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PTZM\FGGKSG\[NXGZG\FIKKOF[GRG\.GML,PNPTNF,RKGGJGBG\KBN
IGMP\FYCNF.MMN[F\YEP\KCNKPGEKFYCNFPXB\K[BG\Q[BNG\
PJZKEG\VIG\.FCR\K[IGMP\FYCNFMNNNBP\KKIS\N[BNG\
YKGOFDGUFVKSK[NRG,GMKPXCKFIKKOGFPGG\[NGBKROY[GZKO
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XTEKFNKPGE 288
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XTEKFNKPGE 290
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XTEKFNKPGE 294
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PYGCNBKRGPGXBXGZLNF\TSYCPETKO[GRKOCTGNO[NRG,GNTZGL
RKSGKKOGPIYZKO[GRKO.FGBPSGDNNSVYB\MNFFSCZKOPRYGE\
ZBG\F[NIGMP\FYCNF,FPYGZNMNFPETKO.NMNPETK[[VFP[NG.
BOFPYGCNBKRGPETQCF[MN\GFGBK\Y[FN\BZ\GVTG\MBNF
GBIZG\C[VFGCPGRIKOFPYXGTKO[NBG\GFPET.
FPYGCNI[B\FIGYKOFBPK\KKO[NFKYGO[PFORGCT\FPFG\
FIGPZK\,GFZGIRK\.CBKHF[VFFGBK\TEB\KISKFDGPNKQ[CKQ
F\GVTG\F[GRG\?[FZKCXGZFMN[FKFGBXZKLN\TEB\FMGIFZGIRK
[PFGGFB\FKSGENTGNOFHF,GB\FKISKOFFEEKKOCKQFTXPKO
FZGIRKKO.
B\FECZKOFBNFNBRDEKZC[GORGSIF[NFTGNO[NRG.CTGNO
FZGIRKKMGNFPYGCNNFTCKZB\F\IG[G\[NGNHGN\GBLNBNT[G\Q
RDK[G\NBNF[TEKKQNBRMRSGBNFTGNOFZGIRKGBVKNGRK\QFKFCXGZF
MN[FKNFTCKZNFOP[FG,CMNHB\NBFKFRK\QNF[\P[CMLCTGNO
[NRGTEB[ZFBEOK[\RF.BKNGBR[KOFKGP[RKOB\F\MGRG\[NFO,
FOFKGPSGDNKON\Y[ZC[VFFZGIRK\GNCXTVTGNG\ZGIRKG\.
MNBIEPYCNGSGCNCF\BONZPF[CFFGBRPXB.MEKNFVGL
KSGZKOBNFNZGIRKKOISZPSL,[BG\GNBPYCNKOS\OML.EZK[F
HGKGXZ\IKW,FVZEF.GNMQIGMP\FYCNFRYZB\DO"IGMP\FRS\Z"
TCGZBNF[TEKKQNBF[KDGBG\F.
C"PCGBNSVZFHGFZ"P\GBZG\BZCTEZDG\[NFMZF{IGPZ,
XGZF[CIGPZ,XGZFPGV[J\GPFG\.FPET[NRGPSGDNNF\PGEEZY
CMNPF[Y[GZNIGPZGNXGZFFPNGC[\CIGPZ.XGZFNNBIGPZ{FKB
PG[DPGV[JNINGJKQ,[NBRK\QNR\IBG\GCCKZGZ.GPFG\{FECZ
[PVKIIKKOCBGCKKYJKOBGKGXZ\DGCG\{CMNNNBRK\R\NFCRF.
\GVTFEGPFYKKP\CTGNOFZGIRK.PYGCN[NGPEECZPFCZGIRKG\
KMGNNF[KDB\FIGPZGB\FXGZF[CIGPZ,BCNXGZFPGV[J\[N
FIGPZBKRRFC\IGOF[D\G.MNGPZDOCTGNOFZGIRKYKKPG\PDCNG\
CFCRFGCKMGN\F\VKSF[NFKYGO.BNB[MB[ZFPYGCNPDKTNZPF
ZGIRK\PSGKKP\FGBPYCNPNPTNFP\RF[VG\I\CVRKGB\MN
SGEG\FKYGO.
XTEKFNKPGE 298
[KTGZ9
C[KTGZHF\NPETN:
B.KXKB\FTGNPG\
C.F[D\TGNOBKQ=SGU
D.VZXGVKTGNOFBXKNG\
E.[N[TNKG\C[C\
F.P[PTG\GFZGIRK\[NFHPQ
G.F\YEPG\CTHZ\BGZPYKU
H.DPZF\KYGQ
KXKB\IP[\FTGNPG\BEOYEPGQ,BXKNG\,CZKBF,KXKZFGT[KFFKB
PKPG[[NIP[FSVKZG\M\Z,IGMPF,CKRF,H"BGPNMG\[RPXBG\
C\GLPNMG\TXPF.PNPTNFNPJFP\V[JKOFTGNPG\GPDEKNKO
CZXKVG\B\TCKG\O[NBZCT\FZXGRG\FZB[GRKOPBVS)CIKR\[GZ[(
GTEBZCT)CIKRFE’(,MQFTGNPG\FOFSCKCF[PYKVFB\PNMG\,M[O
[BEOPGYUCSCKCF.
PMGIFIG[KO[K[NGBEOPZDK[ZYB\FSCKCFFYZGCFCKG\Z
BNKG.GHFGTGNOFT[KF.
MB[ZFIG[KOP[\VZKOGF\MGRG\P[\RG\,P\IKNFBEOCFEZDF
NIG[B\FSCKCFFCBF,GBIZKMQSCKCFRGSV\,IKXGRK\KG\ZGML
FNBF.MNFTGNPG\PFGGKOPTKQPSRRKOFTGPEKOTNEZMG[NFBGZ
GPDCKNKOB\F\V[JG\FBGZFPYKU.TOMNTGNO[FBEOP[KD,FGB
PSKZPSRQRGSUGP\YZCKG\ZGKG\ZBNBGZFCGZB.BKNGFKFBGZ
FCGZBPDKTNBEOCPK[ZKQ,NNBFSCKCFFPYKVFBG\G,FK\F
P\CXT\[CKZ\FMNKO[NFBEO.
CFEZDF,TOFSZ\FPSRRKOGI[KV\FTGNPG\,PMRKSFBEOB\MN
FTGNPG\FBNFN\GMGGR[BZTOFBGZ.FBEOFGVLNFKG\EGPFNBGZ.
FPXCFZGIRKFHFPDKTCDPZF\KYGQ.MB[ZFBEORPXB\IKNFC\GL
FTGNPG\FGBI[B\F[NKJFGFFDCNG\[NFO.MEKNFKVJZPFFDCNG\
BNFTNFBEONYCNTNTXPG\KYGQVRKPK,[P\BKO,NEGDPB,N\MGRG\
[NTGNOFT[KF.FP[PTG\FKBNFKG\BNJZGBKSJCEZDF[NCIKR\
[GZ[.MB[ZBEOPXNKINDCGZTNTGNOFT[KF,FGBRMRSN\GMG,
GP[BKZCGB\IG\PG.C[NCHFFGBMCZPZDK[B\TGNOFT[KF.MEK
T[ZF[KTGZKO|[KTGZ9299
XTEKFNKPGE 300
NFZDK[TGNOPSGKKOFMZIKNFKEPG\N\MGRG\KG,BHDOFTGNOFHF
KKMRSN\GMG.
MLBEOFGVLBNJZGBKSJCEZD\FTCKG\FZB[GRF,CTGEFPJZF
FTGPE\NRDETKRKGFKBNSVGDN\GMGCBGVQEGPFB\MNFTGNPG\,
GNYCNB\\MGRG\KFODOCEZDG\FTCKG\FCBG\:C’,D’,G=E’.CXGZF
MHB\FPNMG\[SGVD\N\GMFB\F\MGRG\[NJ’FSVKZG\FZB[GRG\
PK\YR\.FBEOKGXBBNPTCZNDCGNG\[NMNFTGNPG\BNTGNO
BKQ=SGU.
MEK[BEOKGMNNF\IKNC\FNKLF\KYGQFGBXZKLNFKG\PGZMC
P\MGR\FCGZBGP\MGR\GFTXPK\,\MGR\FYCNF[NG.MNVZXGU
FCBCTGNOBXKNG\P\IKNPFo&F[NFVZXGUFYGEO,VZJNVZXGVK
H"BGPNMG\:H"BP\IKNPJCGZBCBGBPBGPNMG\P\IKNFPJCGZ
EH"B.
NVRKFKGGXZG\O[NT\KY,BZKLBRVKQ,BCBGBPB,RYZBKO[NG[\
FVZXGVKOFBNFM\Z,IGMPF,CKRF,GFO\GBPKOB\M\Z,IGMPF
GCKRFCTGNOFRYGEKO.FZB[[NTGNOFBXKNG\RPXBCF\BPFN[RK
FZB[KOCTGNOFRYGEKOGBUPPNBBG\G\VYKE.ZB[TGNOFBXKNG\
KXBZB[GQCZ[KPG\FMNKOFNB[CGZKOCZB[TGNORYGEKO.BLH"B
GPNMG\TCZG\KYGQCFEZDF.PH"B\GYRGZYDG"TGPPNMG\ZYRYGEF.
FBI"VKO[NH"BGPNMG\RPXBKOCTGNPG\CK"T.BORXNKIN\YQBG\O
BHKMNFTGNPG\K\GYRG.F\KYGQP\CXTCVZXGUBEOZB[GQ.
VZXGUBEOZB[GQ{PNMG\ETGNOFBXKNG\{TGNFNCKRF.FECZRT[F
C[NG[\RGTG\.MNTGNOFBXKNG\TGNF[NG[PEZDG\.FPXCFZDKN[N
TGNOFBXKNG\YZGK"KGO=IGN".CKPKOBNFTGNOFBXKNG\PGBZTNKEK
BGZINYK[PDKTTEFVZSB.
GBIZKMQPDKTPNPTNFBGZCTGXPFDCGFFKG\Z[PTRKYNTGNO
FBXKNG\\MGRG\ZGIRKG\RTNG\GMNFTGNOTGNFPEZDFZGIRK\BI\.
CPYGO[FKFH"BRPXB\TM[KGPNMG\.H"BTGNFNEZD\BCBGBPB.
BCBGBPBP\PYPKOCPYGOBZKLBRVKQGBZKLBRVKQTGNFNEZD\
T\KY,T\KYTGNFTGEKG\ZNPTNFNS"D)ZBFBKGZ9(.
FTNKFFZB[GRF[NTGNOFBXKNG\RT[K\CTZC[C\.FTNKG\FBNF
RYZBG\F\TGZZG\PNPTNF{B\TZG\BENTKNB{ECZ[CTGNO[NRG
T[ZF[KTGZKO|[KTGZ9301
BKGZ.9TNKG\TGNPG\CK"T
XTEKFNKPGE 302
\GBONKPKO,[CGTG\,HPQ.MNPF[YGZF,YGZFNVKIGYKFJCTGBKRG
\NGKCRG.
FTNKFFCBFPTNFB\TGNOFBXKNG\PEZDFRGSV\,GB\PNMG\
NEZD\BCBGBPB.CPEZDFHGFKBZGM[\\MGRFRGSV\:B\FMGGRF
"N\\".MT\PNMG\PSGDN\NYCNNPTQFCGZB.FKBMCZCTN\PSL
GPSGDN\NCXTHKGGDEFMBFGNKXGZVZXGVKOBIZKO.TNF\MGRG\[N
BCBGBPBPXEBIE,G\MGRG\PNMG\TGNOBKQ=SGUPXE[RK,FKB
KGXZ\VZXGUIE[FYZGKBEOFZB[GQ.
FPXCKOFZGIRKKO[RYZBKO"TZC[C\","[C\","PGXBK[C\"
GMG’,KMGNKONFGVKTBXNFPYGCN[NBCF\BONKPKO[CNGIF[RF.
BOC[C\[NVKNGIF[RFBSGZNRSGTGNT[Q,FZKC[C\FVZJK\
[FKBPXCZGIRKKIGEKPG\ZNT[G\FMN.TOHB\,FPYGCNIKMMNG\
FMNDOCTGNOFHFGRGFDCF\BONIGYKG.FPG[DKOFZGIRKKOFBNF
NBRK\RKOMNNNF[GGBFTOBNF[NFTGNOFHF.NEGDPB,[K[FKPKO
KMGNKONTCGZBXNPYGCNC[CZKZ[N[RKFGPXCZGIRK[N[C\KMGN
NFKP[LMPFKPKO.
MNECZ[P\PP[CTGNOFHF,[KKLNDGU[NRG,GMNPF[P\PP[
CZGIRKG\[KKLNR[PF.CKR\KKO,MVK[RK\QNZBG\,FR[PFBKRF
P\GBP\TOFDGU.MB[ZFTGNO[NRGKTCGECF\BONPTZM\FZGIRK\,
ECZ[KYZFCDPZF\KYGQ,MNVTGNG\KRGCTGNOFHFGCTGNOFZGIRKGMN
FHPRKO,K\BIEGNBIE.
BOTM[KGB\OTGCZKO[KRGKPSGKO\GL[RKF,GF[KRGKFCBK\ZI[
CTGEIP[[RKO,BHF[RKFFCBF[NMO\KP[LIP[[RKO.HPQ
CZGIRKG\P[PTG[KRGKC\MGRG\.CTGNPRGKMGNKONTCGZBNU[RKO,TE
[FBEOKFKFPGMQNF\IKNCNKPGEIGMP\FYCNF.MB[ZBRIRGRMRSKO
NTGNOFZGIRK,BRGTGCZKOCKGOBIEPXCKO[TCZRGYGEONMQCP[L
MPFDNDGNKO.HFG[KRGKFHPRKOGYKXGZO.B\F[RKOFZGIRKG\,[[\
BNVKFPEZDG\CK"T,NBRK\QNF[GG\TOHPQCTGNO[NRG.
FTNKFPTGNPG\CK"TNTGNOFBXKNG\RYZB\[C\.MNFBKHGZ
PFJCGZ[NDNDN\BGTEFVZSBYZGK[C\.CHPQFTNKFFZB[GRF
P\GL[NG[TNKG\,TGNOFCZKBFTGNFNBXKNG\,CP[LFTNKFF[RKF,
TGNOFKXKZFTGNFNBXKNG\GCTNKFF[NK[K\TGNFDOTGNOFT[KF
NBXKNG\.FTNKF[NTGNPG\CK"TGTGNOFBXKNG\RT[K\CGHPRK\.
CP[LFTNKFF[NK[K\,H"B,PNMG\ETGNOFBXKNG\GTGNPG\CK"T
RPXBKOCPZIC[NTGNOFBXKNG\.ZB[KTGNOFBXKNG\:T\KY,BZKL
BRVKQ,BCBGBPBKGXBKOBNPIGWNDCGNG\TGNOFBXKNG\NTGNOBEO
YEPGQ,GZB[DNDN\BTGNF)CTNKFZB[GRF(PZB[T"C)CTNKF[RKF(
GPZB[S"D)CTNKF[NK[K\(BNTGNOBKQ=SGU.
PK[PDKTPFTGNO[NRGZYBNFTGNOFZGIRKFZB[GQ{T[KF{KMGN
CP[LFTNKFF[NK[K\NTNG\NTGNOFBXKNG\GNFKPXBCPXCZGIRK
[N[C\.BCNBIZKMQFGBKGZENPJF,[MQFF\TGZZG\[CBF
PNPTNFBKRF[MZ[FZGGKIFBEOTXPG,BNBFECZKGZEBNKGPNPTNF
MP\RF.
FMKGGQ[NFHPQFZGIRKFGB\PKEPNPJFNPTNF.MNFR[PG\,MN
FBRG[G\,CNKP[KO,TGNKOMNFHPQNPTNF,P\YZCKONCGZBMEK
NF\BIEB\G.\FNKLHFYZGKF\YEPG\CXKZFHPQFZGIRK.FPEKEF
FKB\PKECMKGGQFJGCGFIKGCK[NFXKZ,DOBOFBEOC\IG[G\KG,
PZDK[\RGTFHGM[NKNK\,MRSKDF.FBEOFGBBDGBKSJK,GNMQPTZKL
B\MNPF[Y[GZNZGIRKG\MECZ[NKNK.FBEONTGNOBKRGRSGD
NBIGZCPFNLF\YEPG\GBNTCZFZGIRKG\.
FBEOCTGNO[NRGNBXZKLN[BGUNFDCZ\FBDGBKHO,BNBXZKL
NF[\GYYBNFCGZB.CPFNLFTCGEFCMKGGQFHF,JZOF\KYGQ,KZDK[
CMNHB\BKLFBDGBKHO[NGDGCZ,MNGPZFJCTFBDGBKSJK[NGK\DNF
NGCFEZDFCXGZFF[NKNK\CKG\ZCF[GGBFN\MGRG\FCGZB.
CHPQNKPGEKIGMP\FYCNFFBEOPG[LTNKGB\FBGZFPYKU
CTGXPFFGNM\GDGCZ\,GCBGZFHFF\MGRG\FBPK\KG\[NFBEO
PGZD[G\MKG\ZGKG\Z[NKNKG\.F\MGRG\R[BZGMVK[FKG,BCNFBEO
P\IKNNF[GG\BG\QTO\MGRG\FBGZ[NFCGZBGPMBQFFZD[F
F[NKNK\.EGGYBNBEOP\DNFFZT[CGGNPZG\HB\,\IG[FHGPTKEF
TNPDP\F\YEPG\NTCZFCGZB.
TGNPG\CK"TBNFFOMNKOBNJZGBKSJKKO[RVNGNBI"VP\I\
NVZSB.DOTGNPG\BNFP\INYKONDG"TGBI"V.DG"T[NFORDPZ
CIHFETGNOFKXKZF,MNGPZBIZKT[ZFSVKZG\[NTGNOFCZKBF
T[ZF[KTGZKO|[KTGZ9303
G[[FSVKZG\[NTGNOFKXKZF.BZCTT[ZFFSVKZG\F\I\GRG\,FIN
CIHFEKXKZFGNPJF)BZCTSVKZG\[NTGNOFKXKZFGT[ZSVKZG\[N
TGNOFT[KF(,FQFBI"VKO[NTGNPG\CK"T.
TGNOFBXKNG\PBKZCBGZGTNTGNPG\CK"TTEIHFETGNOFKXKZF.
TGNOFBXKNG\YZGK"[C\".[[T[ZFFSVKZG\FTNKGRG\[NTGNPG\
CK"T)DG"T(,PVZSBGTEIHFRYZBKO"\IGO[C\",GTGNOFBXKNG\
TXPGYZGK"TKZ".
BKGZ.10TKCGZF[NTKZ
DOMB[ZMNTGNPG\CK"TTGNKONPTNFNTGNOFBXKNG\,RK\Q
NFVTKNZXGRG\[RPXBKOP\I\NVZSBTEIHFETGNOFKXKZF)DG"T(.
NMQCTGNO[NRGBV[ZNXB\C[C\PTCZNTKZ,BCNZYCDCGNG\KF,
C\GL\IGOF[C\.FPZIYFHFFGB000,2BPFG=70BPF)CTZL000,2
XTEKFNKPGE 304
XTEKO(.MKXEFGBP\INY?PVZSBGTEIHFTGNOFCZKBFFPZIYFHF
YZGK"TKCGZ"GPFGGF70BPF.PZIYHF[KKLTEKKQNTGNOFBXKNG\,
NPZG\FKPXBG\GPIGXFNG.HFGYG[PYKUPCIGWB\MNFTKZ,MPG
CJQ[NBK[FFZF[CGP\V\IFTAa@Z,[MBKNGMCZIZDP\GMF,BCN
CMNHB\[KKLBNKF.GFPZIYPIHFETGNOFCZKBFGTEIHFETGNO
FKXKZFFGB000,2BPF.
MNFPZIYPVZSBGTEFSKGO{000,6BPF.INYPTGNPG\CK"T,
PIHFEKXKZFGTEFSKGO,YZGKPEGZFYNKVG\{FBI"VKO[NTGNPG\
CK"T;BNFMGNNKOBZCTSVKZG\[NTGNOKXKZFGT[ZSVKZG\[N
TGNOT[KF.HFGPYGO[ZKYNINGJKQPYEG[FGNMBQBSGZNXB\
C[C\PTCZN\IGOBNVKKOBPF.
CK[ZBNK[PYGPG\CFOPXKCKOSCKCFTKZDEZ\KNPKGIE\
[PSPR\CCKZGZB\DCGNG\KF.VTGNFHGYZGKF"TKZGC".\KYGQKIGEK
HFFGVLB\MNFTKZN[JIBIE.C\IGOFPGDEZFHFRK\QNNM\,
NFGXKBGNFMRKSECZKO.CTGNOFZGIRKMNHFRT[FMEK[C[C\RGMN
NBIEB\MNFZXGRG\FYKKPKO[NRGN\MGRFBNJZGBKSJK\BI\.
C[C\FR[PFTGNFNTGNOFBXKNG\GRPXB\CZ[G\FCGZB,CBIEG\
[NPF.CR[PF[GNJZYFBGZFTNKGQ[KGZENPJF.BLM[K[MPF
Z[GKG\,FR[PFRPXB\C[NKJ\FMNKOF\I\GRKO.
MB[ZFBEOTGCZB\FPISGOGTGNFBNFTGNOFZGIRK,FGBBKRG
TGCZEZLPEGZFYNKVG\,PMKGGQ[C[CKNGFPTCZNTGNOFZGIRKBKRG
RT[FC[C\,MB[ZTGNPG\CK"TRPXBKOC\GLTGNOBXKNG\.
CZGIRKG\,BKQF[C\RMRS\BXNMNBIECBG\GHPQ.CTGNO[NRG
CPEKRG\GCTZKO[GRG\F[C\RMRS\CHPRKO[GRKO,BCNBOFBEONB
RPXBTGE\I\F[VT\FBEPFG[P[,NEGDPBCINN,FGBXZKLN[PGZ
[C\NVK[TGQKZG[NKO:CF\BONZGIRKG\)[C\FKBZP\FTGNO
BXKNG\.FTNKFNTGNOFBXKNG\RYZB\TZC[C\(;KZG[NKOFKB
FPYGO[CGRPXBFCGZB.
PTNKOB\FR[PG\NBXKNG\MEK[KZBGB\FFDCNG\[YKKPG\[O,
GKGMNGBIZMLN[PGZTNFFDCNG\FBNGCTXPQ.MB[ZFBEOPDCKN
B\TXPGPZXGRG,[GCBKRG[ONCNPDCNG\BNGFKG\[FGBRPXB
PTNKFQGFQNBNGIXG\TNKGKG\Z.MNFVTGNG\FBNGRGCTG\CBGVQJCTK
T[ZF[KTGZKO|[KTGZ9305
PF\MGRG\FTXPKG\[NBG\GBEO.PJZ\FCZKBFFKB[RTNFCBGVQ
TXPBK,GF[C\YKKP\MEKNFZBG\NRGPFK[CTGNPG\FTNKGRKO,GBN
PFXZKLNF[\GYY.
PXCF\KYGQ[GZZMB[ZBGZFCGZBPBKZTNKRGCBGVQK[KZ,NNB
[GOFDCNF,GNBEZLFTGNPG\[PSRRKOGPINK[KOBG\G;GCFBKZG
TNKRGCPK[ZKQDGZONRGFRBFRXIK\GBKRSGVK\CF\BONPJZ\
FCZKBF.
XTEKFNKPGE 306
[KTGZ10
C[KTGZHF\NPETN:
B.VZXGUBEOFZB[GQ
C.F[\GG\FXGZF
D.F\KYGQ
E.PSRRKOZGIRKKO
F.\VYKEK[ZBNCBEOFZB[GQ
BEOFZB[GQFKRGFRCZBFKIKEK.VZXGUHFPDKTNDGCF[N[NG[\
FTGNPG\:CZKBF,KXKZFGT[KF.ZB[GRPXBCTGNOFCZKBF,DZGRG
P[\ZTTEIHFETGNOFKXKZFGDGVGP[\ZTPIHFTGNOFKXKZFGTE
SGUFTGNOFHF.FZDNKKO\GVSG\B\PYGOTGNOFT[KF.
BKLPPGYPG\FBZXG\C\GLFTGNPG\?CTNFSGNOBGPZML:TGNO
BXKNG\YZGKBZWK[ZBN.FPYGOFYZGCCKG\ZBNKG,KZEQ,\GVSB\
PYGOTGNOFCZKBF.NVKFGZB\FCGZB,[RKKOP[CJKK[ZBN,[RK
INYKFR[PF,KMGNKONFKPXBCKZEQ,MNGPZCTGNOFCZKBF,FKG\
[\MGRG\FTGNOFHF)\MGRG\FCKRF(MPTJ[BKRQRCENG\P\MGRG\
TGNOFBXKNG\)IGMPF(.
FBZWFCBF[BUFKBRI[C\YZGCFNBZWK[ZBN,SGZKF,FKB
FPNMG\[NTGNOFCZKBF.PPNMG\ETGNOFCZKBFGTEIHFETGNO
FKXKZFRPXB\BZW[RKFRFZG\,BGCCN.[GCBRGZGBKO[FPZIY
PFVZSBGTEIHFETGNOFKXKZF[KKLTEKKQNBZWK[ZBNGYZGK"MKCG[
EGE"{TN[PG[NBEO[FXNKINKK[OB\FZGIRKG\CTGNO[NRG.MNPF
[BRGNGPEKOCZGIRKG\IKKCVTOBI\NF\PP[DOCTGNO[NRG.
FPXKBG\PGZMC\PFCGZBGFBEO,GCPKNKOBIZG\PFZXGQN\\
FRBFGPFZXGQNYCNFRBF.BCNPSCKCNBEORPXBKOIPK[FPSRRKO
[PS\KZKOB\BGZFCGZB{IP[\FTGNPG\.BOFBEOVGTNCXGZF
JCTK\GCF\BONMNZXGRG\KG,FGBRPXB\I\FPSRRKOMNGPZ\I\
F[VT\O.BCNBOFBEOP[\GYYN\YQB\TXPG,CF\BON\MGRG\
[NNVIG\BIEFPSRRKO,NP[NF\I\GQCKG\Z)TGNOFT[KF(,FGB
TGNFPTNKG,G\MGRG\KGFGVMG\EGPG\N\MGRG\[NBG\GTGNO.
GBODOCFP[LFECZKOF\MGRG\[NGKFKGEGPG\N\MGRG\[RK
FTGNPG\FRG\ZKO,FBEOKRJZNDOB\F[VT\O[N[RKFPSRRKO
T[ZF[KTGZKO|[KTGZ10307
XTEKFNKPGE 308
FBNF,GKTNFPTNKFO.GBHBGZFCGZBKMRSFKK[ZBN\GLR[P\G.MN
PF[YGZFNRGCKQ[\KFRYGEG\{IKKOGPGG\{PFGGF\GXBFK[KZF[N
\FNKMKO[YGZKOCTGNOFZGIRK.FBGZP[\GYYNFKMRSBN\GLPNMG\
NNBY[ZNPXC[CGFKBRPXB\.FBEOXZKLNEIG\B\FBGZ,IZU
FKG\GPSGDNNYCNBG\G.BRGTM[KGRPXBKO\I\XPXGOGREPFNRG
[FCGZBBKRGZGXF[RIG[BG\G,GNMQBKRGP\DNFNVRKRG.BRGBURTR[KO
PKEKG,BOBKRRGPYKKPKOB\FM\GCCSVZKF\GZF.
BONEGDPBFBEO\KYQB\TXPGCF\BONTGNOFT[KFP[PTG
[FGBRPXBCTGNOFHF.FGBFSKZPTNKGPSRQBIE[SKRQB\FBGZ
GMT\FGBTXPGPTMCB\FBGZPNFKMRSGMNHB\MEK[KGMNNYCNBG\G
CMGGRFN\\NCGZB.GBHFGBRGMINET\MKNCGZBBKQHFP[RFBOBRG
TG[KOXPXGOTNPR\NYCNNPTQFCGZBBG[PBPYCNKOBRIRGB\
FBGZNPTRRG.FBEOTXPGTGNFNEZDF[CFBKQ[GOFCENCKQYCNF
GR\KRF,BP\G[YZ,PXGGFGIJB.
MBQMCZFCIKZFGFFTEVF\NGKFCG,CBEO.PXEFCGZBYKKOZYZXGQ
NDZGONBEONFRBF;PFGSGDFFRBF?FECZ\NGKCPYCN.FTKYZFGB
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BNJZGBKSJK\,BUMKBKQXVGKTNHF\DPGNRGSUGBUBKQTGR[BONB
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FBGZFTNKGQ.PBIGZKFPSRQFIPK[KFCGZBMNNNBPGZD[,G[ORPXB
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CPFNLMNFEGZG\,CMNFR[PG\,NBGZLMNFFKSJGZKFFBRG[K\.FBGZ
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MEK[KGMNCFP[LNYCNB\FBGZNPTQFCGZB.
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FMNKFZGIRKPGZMCP[RKINYKO:FINYPFo&FTEFJCGZ[YZGK
MNKOEF[VTF,MNGPZFZXGRG\"N\\";MNKOEF[VTF,NPZG\[C\GMO
FOBDGBKSJKKO,VGTNKOCPJZFN\\.FINYPFJCGZGPJFYZGKMNKO
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BNB[CMNKOFTNKGRKOFZXGRG\YJRKOGCMNKOF\I\GRKOFZXGRG\
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"DGKKO".
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MNFZXGRG\P\BIEKOMEKNKXGZ[GCMNKBIEP[G\UGTNMQBKQ[GO
FCENCKQK[ZBNNDGKKO,VZJNSEZCGFOP\GYRKO.
XTEKFNKPGE 310
R[BN\F[BNF:BOR[PG\K[ZBN,FQFMKVIG\BDGBKSJKG\MKXE
FTOFKFGEKR\VSMTOFMKBDGBKSJKCTGNO?FSKCFNMLFKB[FDKT
HPQF\KYGQ[NFO,FOMCZRPXBKOCZP\F\V\IG\DCGFFKG\ZGNMQ
EGGYBFZXGRG\[NFOFVMGDNGKKO.FDGKKOTEKKQNBKMGNKONFK\YQ,
NMQFZXGRG\[NFOTGEOPGS\ZKOG[ZGKKOC\ZEPF.
BNB[CCGBHPRORKGGMITEMPFFZXGRG\[NFODEGNKOTGEKG\Z
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R[PG\K[ZBN[MCZTCZG\KYGQ,KGMNGFGEG\NFONTNG\.FDNKG\KFO
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BNFFKGEZG[KOMEKNFTNG\CDGKKOBG\ORKXGXG\R[PF,[RK\QKFKF
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FIGYFKIKEK[YKKOCMNFPXKBG\FGBFFRBFFPKZCK\[N
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FNMFNPT[F[NIGYHF.MNECZCKYGO,CMNRYGE\HPQR\GRF,PGRTTN
KEKFMGI[EGIUB\FBEONFDKTNPXC[NFRBFPKZCK\,F\PNBG\
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FRYGEFFPZGIY\CKG\Z[YZGKFFTGNOFHF.BIZKMQFGBP\IKN
NP[GLBG\RGBNKG.
XTEKFNKPGE 312
BRIRGI[KOB\F\FNKLFHFMP[FG[RMVFTNKRG,PNGGFCSCN
GKSGZKONPKRKFO.FSCNFHFRGTENEIGUBG\RGN[KRGKFJCT
FBDGBKSJK[NRGNBNJZGBKSJK.[FNBFCGZBPJCTGBNJZGBKSJK.
F\ZIYG\BGF\YZCG\BNFCGZBP[PTG[KRGK\MGRG\FBEOCPKPE
FZGIRK:MMN[EGPKOKG\ZNCGZB,N\MGRFFBNJZGBKSJK\[NG,
RP[MKOBNKGCTGXPFZCFKG\Z,GBKNGFDCZ\FBDGBKHODGZP\
NF\ZIYG\PFCGZB.
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TEB[ZFMGIFPG[L[NGK[VKTTNKRGCXGZFPMBKCF,RGMNNXPXO
B\FSCN[NRG,GNIG[B\FMGIFPG[L[NFCGZBMP[FGJGCFDGZO
NRGFRBF.BOR\TY[GNBRZXFN\YQB\F\MGRG\[NRG,GCVZJRSZC
NYCN\MGRG\BNJZGBKSJKG\[NFCGZB,RIG[CTGNOFHFSCNZC
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FF\YZCG\FZGIRK\NCGZB,PYCNMGIG\ZGIRKKOGKET,GBHFGBPSGDN
CMGIG\TXPGGCXGZFPFKZFGYNFNTCGZB\MNFEZLFZGIRK\
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PING\,BSGRG\,GPNIPG\.MNF\GVTG\F[NKNKG\CTGNO[NRGFQVGTN
KGXB[NVTKNG\FMGIFPBNW[NFCGZB,[EGIUBG\RGN\KYGQ.
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P[FG[BKRGPG[NO,FZK[FGBTXPGNBFKFPG[NO.
XTEKFNKPGE 314
PJZ\G[NFCGZB,PFKG\GPG[NO,NCZGBRCZBF[GGFNGC[NPG\G.
FZXGQFHFFPGJCTCBGZYZGK"PJZ\FCZKBF".PI[C\FCZKBFFHG
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[NRG,MNHFPMGGQNBG\FPJZF:NFCKBB\FRCZBNPXCGFPG[NO
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BNBCMNFTGNPG\MGNO.BOFCGZBPG[NOBHDOFPT[FFSGVK[NG
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FZB[GRF[NFTGNOFZGIRK.
PMNFBPGZ,PGCQ[MNCTKK\RGFKBNFDKTNFMZ\FZT[NFBDGBKHO
[NRG,FJCT[NRG.NMLRGMNNFDKT,ZYCF[VT\BGZF\GZF,BGFBGZ
XTEKFNKPGE 316
FPYKU[PBKZNRGCHPQNKPGEFYCNF.FBGZRYZBPYKU,MKGGQ[TEKKQ
BKQFGBKMGNNFKMRSNBEOCDNNRGMIG\FZT[C\GMG.
PEGTBRGGFTGNO[NRGCRGKKOCXGZF[NFZXGQNYCNMVK[RCZBRG?
FBGZFKGXBPFCGZBTGCZEZLBZCTCIKRG\[CPFNMQFGBP\TCF,
NVRK[FGBKGXZ\I\KG"MNK"[FGBFZXGQNYCNB\FBGZ,GNKFRG\
PPRG.FZXGQFHFFGBFCIKRFFIPK[K\,PNMG\.BNB[CZDT[PNMG\
P\IKNFNFZDK[C\GMFB\FBGZ,FKBPINKJFNFKEPG\NG.NMQ
CVRKPKG\FFKBPRSFNFKEPG\NBZCTFCIKRG\[YGEPG\NF,GNMQDO
FKBP\INY\C\GMFNIPK[FINYKO.
CINY[FCIKRFFIPK[K\PSGDN\NFKEPG\NBZCTFCIKRG\,FKB
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FYGEPG\,R[BZCTKRGNNB[KRGK.
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FMGIPGZD[MZTGPHKY.
XTEKFNKPGE 318
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PFGMNK?
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FCGZB,FGBPYCNFHEPRG\NPNBC\TRGDB\FZXGRG\FBDGBKSJKKO
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YNKVFGMG’.
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CYKZCFP[VI\K\?
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HMZKGRYCK{[RPXBKOCPTZM\KISKDGPNKQCKRKFO.KISKFDGPNKQ
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H"BGRGYCBRGNEG\FR[PG\.\MGRG\FR[PG\PDEKZG\B\F\MGRG\[N
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PYGO,G\HGHF,BUMKPKPEKOBNFBKROYKKPKOCTGNOFZGIRK.BNB
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YGCTKOB\MNPF[KYZFCTGNO[NRG.
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HFCHF,PHEGGDKOGKGXZKOR[PG\IE[G\.HGFKPTZM\PGZMC\PBE.
P\GLKG\ZPBNVKKOTPGEKO[C"\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\",[FGBSVZ
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N\KBGZ[NHG"QTGNOFBXKNG\.
T[ZF[KTGZKO|[BNG\G\[GCG\319
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RK\QNCGEEMNINY[NTXOZGIRKGBVKNGFYJQCKG\Z,GNINYGVTO
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[F\I\GQNBKMGNNF[KDB\FTNKGQPTCZNVTGNG\FTNKGQC\GMG.
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"PPT[KLFMZRGL".
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NKSGEG\B[,ZGI,PKOGBEPF)BVZBGTVZ(.BEPFNTGNONB\\PGSS
G\FVGLPPGXYNRGHN.PSKCFHGK[PXGGFNMSG\EOCTVZ.
PTNKSGEFBEPFRPXBKSGEFPKO[PGZMCPDHKFPKPQGFIPXQ
NPZG\XGZ\GFRGHNK\.PTNFPKORPXBKSGEFZGI[PGZMCPSGDKO
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[RPXBPTNMNFKSGEG\,BKRGP\VZYGNTGNOBKRGP[\RF.FBEPF
XTEKFNKPGE 320
FKBFKSGEF\I\GQPMGNOGFKSGENMN[BZFKSGEG\.DOCTGNPRG,
FPKORPXBKOTNVRKFBEPF,PTNKFOFZGIGFB[PTNMGNO.
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MRDEBZCT\YXGG\\CN,PHZI,PTZC,EZGOGXVGQ,K[ROBZCTF
KSGEG\:B[,ZGI,PKOGBEPF.CSVKZG\FPYCKNFGBIGMPF,CKRF,
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RPXBKOCMNKFOGMLP[KDKOB\\IKK\FP\KO.
PFGYGN?
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F[GRKO[NF\MGRG\[NT[ZFSVKZG\,MKTYCFXKZGVKOFBNFRCRG\
XTEKFNKPGE 322
CMNSVKZFT[Z\\=SVKZG\GCMNBI\PFQYKKPG\TGET[Z
\\=SVKZG\GMQFNBFTEBKRSGU.
MNF\MGRG\[NFCZKBFPYGZQC\MGRG\FJPGRG\CT[ZFSVKZG\.
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MTW[K[NG[GZ[,[FGBPYGZ,DHT,GTRVKO[FOFT\YKO[NF[GZ[.
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P[FGCTRVKO[NBYZFNVRKMQC[GZ[.
"XPXGO"FGBIGYFCZKBF,GNVKGFRCZBKONBRCZBGPG[NPKO,
BNBMNBIERCZBCIGSZ[NPG\PSGKKO.[NPG\FKBF\BPFPNBF
CKQMNRCZBNCGZB.CF\INFFCGZBCZBB\FMNCPXCF[NOGFSGVK
[NG,GBIZMLFS\KZB\TXPGPFRCZBKOGCXGZFMHB\KXZINNZKY,
[RYZB"TGNOFXPXGO".
"TGNOFBKQ=SGU"FGBFBGVQFMNNK[NFPXKBG\[NVKGFMN
PNM\IKNFRCZBCKEKFCGZBCXGZFPG[NP\,BNB[F[NPG\PGS\Z\
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NMQTNBUHB\[MNFCZKBFRPXBC[NPG\GRXIKG\G[ZGKFCBG[Z,
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N\MGRG\[NFSVKZG\,[NFBGZ,FGBP\IKNNFZDK[B\FPXKBG\
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MNFCZKBFPTXOKXKZ\FPIGKKC\NFDKTNDKNGKFPXCFBPK\K[NF,
GCEZLHGP\CXT\[NKJ\FCGZBEZLFSVKZG\.
"PYGO"RGXZP\GLFFS\Z[NFCGZBPFRCZB.FFS\ZFGB[KGXZ
"PYGO"[FGBZKYRG\FFZD[F,\IG[\=ZKYBGFTEZ.B\FFTEZKXZ
FCGZBMEK[FBEOCBGVQTXPBKK[BUNFZDK[B\FCGZB,GKDNFBG\G
C\GLTXPG,C\MGRG\KGFP\GYRG\CF\BONSVKZG\.
"Z[KPG"FGBFHKMZGQ[P\DNFNRCZBPFTCZTNMNPF[RTNO
PFZD[\GGMKXEFKGVRKFECZKOBNPNKBFKFRTNOPPRGFMN.
FGEG\NZ[KPG\,FRCZBKOPSGDNKONF\YKKOC\GLFINNFZKY,CNK
FPKNGK[NBGZFCGZB.CFTEZMN\TRGD,FRCZBKOFKG[ZGKKOCCJNF.
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T[ZF[KTGZKO|RSVI:PG[DKKSGECPCRFFCZKBF323
N\RGTF,NF[\GYYG\GNF[DF[NPF[KTGZZCGFZ[KPG.[KRGKFZ[KPG\
FGBPF[DGZONRGB\FZD[\F\RGTF,FHPQ,FIKKO.
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[NRG,CPKEF[GGF,GNRGRG\ZZYNFCKQ[FO[GGKOGNFMZKTCBPXTG\
PI[CG\GVTGNG\NMKGGQFIKGCK.[GGKGQHFFGB[RG\QNBEOB\IGV[
FCIKZF,B\FKMGN\NFMZKTCKQFECZKOFJGCKONZTKO.[MQFTEZ
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"YG"FKBXGZF[NFRFD\FCGZB,NVKFPK\YRKOMNFRCZBKO
GIGHZKOBNF[NPG\.FYGFGBINYPF[NPG\[MNFCZGBKOKZDK[G
CT\KE.[NPG\O\G[DNBIZ\KYGROCBPXTG\F[DI\FCGZB[KGZE\
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GRG\QNGINYPSGKKOP[NPG\G[NTGNOBKQ=SGU.MNPJZ\FCZKBF
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P\GYRG\[NFBEO,FF[DIF[NFJGCFPGINJPGZD[\MZT.GCPKE\
F\KYGQ[NF\MGRG\MLDOF[DI\F"ZT"PGZD[\MJGC.NMQRBPZMK
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GCFZD[\IGSZ[NPG\.
RBPZ[FZ[KPGPTGZZGPRKTB\FDGU=FZXGQ.BCNFYGNBZYPPNB
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"XKRGZ"{MB[ZBGZPTGNOBKQ=SGUKGZEBNFRCZBKO[RPXBKO
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YZGK"FTCZ\BGZCXKRGZ".CMLFRCZBKOP\BIEKOTOFCGZB.
XTEKFNKPGE 324
CBGVQFHFFCGZBPYZCB\BNKGFRCZBKO.BLFGBP[VKTTNMNN
FRCZBKODO[NBCBPXTG\FTCZ\BGZCXKRGZ.TOHB\K[NHMGZ
[FRFD\GFDNGKF[NFCGZBPGZD[\ZYTNKEKBNF[RPXBKOCTGNPG\
FTNKGRKO,NVK[KTGZKDKT\G[NFBEO.
CDPZF\KYGQFMNNKFCGZB[GCP\DNFNMNFRCZBKOMPRFKD[N
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\MGRG\KGFBK[KG\[NMNBIE,BNBMJGCF[NO,CPKEFF[GGFNMGNO
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BFCF,RXIKG\,[NPG\FKEKTFGF\TRGD.PXCHFFGMQNPTRRGPZB[
CKEKFCGZBCTGNOBKQ=SGU,GMNHFXZKLNF\DNG\NRCZBKO,CF\BO
NPKE\F[NPG\[NFO,NVKZ[KPGGYG.
"BGZVRKPKGBGZPYKU"{MB[ZBGZPTGNOBKQ=SGU,KGZENRCZBKO,
FGBP\INYNVRKPKGPYKU,MNGPZNPPNBGNPYKU.FECZ[FCGZBPDNF
NRCZB,PF[PPNBB\FRCZB,YZGKBGZVRKPK.GPF[JZOF[KDFRCZB
PMNNF[NPG\,PGS\ZCBGZPYKU.
NMQMNBGZBKQ=SGU,MNGPZBGZ[NBG\GPXCPG[NOBNKGKDKT
FRCZBCT\KE,P\INYNPXCFRGMIK[N[NPG\INYK\[BNKFMCZFDKT
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NBFDKT.
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"T[ZFSVKZG\FVRKPKG\GFIKXGRKG\"BNFFOPXCKO[NDKNGK
GFS\Z[NFCGZBMNVKFRCZBKO,FRGCTKOPF[DIFDNGKFBGRS\Z\,
GFPXCKOFBNFP\CJBKOCRCZBC[RKBGVRKO:R[PFGDGU.MB[Z
FDGU[GNJTNFBEO{P\DNKOFISZGRG\GFF[DIFFRS\Z\,CBG\F
PKEF[CFFDGU[GNJCR[PF.GNFKVL,CPKEF[FR[PF[GNJ\CBEO
CPKEFHGFBEORPXBC[NPG\.
FIKCGZCKQFDGUGFR[PFP\CXTNVKPKE\FIKCGZ[NFYGTO
FZ[KPG,GFFRFDFP\CXT\CF\BONPKEFCFFOPIGCZKO:FYG
P\KKISNINYFVRKPK,GBKNGFZ[KPG\BGFMNKP\KKISKONINY
T[ZF[KTGZKO|RSVI:PG[DKKSGECPCRFFCZKBF325
FIKXGRK[NFFRFDF.BLCHPQFGNE\FVZXGVKOFZGIRKKOP\BIE
FVRKPKTOFIKXGRK,GMNIGSZIKCGZCKRKFODGZON[NKJF[NHF
TNHF.
"BEOYEPGQ"FGBFTGNOFZB[GQGFTNKGQ[NFTGNOFZGIRK.
PBIZ[MNFBGZNMNFTGNPG\[FORPGMKOPPRG,TGCZEZMGPTGNO
BKQ=SGUGKGZEP\GMG,NMQCBGZ[BG\GFOPYCNKORPXBG\F\MGRG\,
FMNKO,[NTGNOBEOYEPGQ.
"BG\KG\"FQMNKO.FBGZPVZXGUT"CTEKKQBKRGRG[BC\GMGBG\KG\
MK[OFBG\KG\ZGGKG\NDPZKCBGZ.BGZPVZXGUS"DMCZP\CJBCBG\
"F’"{M[GZ[[NFMNKFT\KEK.CBGZFKGZEPVZXGUP"FFRYZBVZXGU
HTKZBRVKQK[RFBG\G’MF\INF[NFMNKFT\KEK.CBGZFKGZEPVZXGU
C"Q{PNMG\,K[BG\KG\,CVZJCKXKBFPFVZXGUMB[ZFQP\RD[G\
GRTNPG\.MLRGNEG\MNM"CFBG\KG\,FKKRGFMNKF[NO.
NBIZ[CKZ\FMNKOC"TGNOFRYGEKO"R[BZG\CMNMNKZ[KPG\
PF[CKZF,GBKRQRTNPG\TENDPZF\KYGQ.CHPQF[CKZFMNFBGZTGHC
B\FMNKGHFDGZONMNFISZGRG\GFVDPKO[CMNK.PMBQRGCT\[NKJ\
FDGUTNFR[PF,MKCPKE\[NKJ\FDGUTNFR[PF,MLPKE\IGSZ
F\KYGQ[CDGU,MNGPZCZXGQ.
BCNHFF[CKZFF\ZI[FCMGGRF\IKNFMEKNKXGZCBEOBDGBKHO,
ZXGQTXPBKNKFRG\PBGZFCGZB.TOHB\RGXZGDOF\RBKON\KYGQ
FDGU,FZXGQ,MEKNF\IKNC\KYGRG,TE[KDKTNZP\FR[PF=FBGZ,[NB
KFKF[GOFCENCKQFR[PFNDGU,GNBKFKFFCENCKQZXGQFBEOGZXGQ
FCGZB.
BIZKMQFZXGQ,FMNK=DGU,KGZETGEKG\ZRPGLC\MGRG\KG,TE[FGB
RT[FEGPFNDGUFFGNLTN[RKKO.MNHF\GMRQPZB[TGEP[CKZ\
FMNKOCTGNOFRYGEKO.BLPBIZ[FPXCFP\GYQDOFGBJPGQ
CTGNOFRYGEKOTGENVRK[CKZ\FMNKO,KIHGZMNZXGQNBP\GYQ
NPXCGFP\GYQGKFKFEGPFNBGZ,GCPKEFCFFGBKEPFNBGZ,KMRSCG
FBGZ.
CP[L[[\BNVKF[RKO,MNGPZCJZOR\YRGMNFR[PG\,GZY
KIKEKOFKGFGVMKONFKG\PYGCNKO,NBPGZD[\FZGIRKG\,[FKB
F\DNG\FCGZBCTGNOFHF.BCNNBIZ[MNFR[PG\PK\YRG\,RDKT
XTEKFNKPGE 326
NPXCFYZGK"DPZ\KYGQ",GCTGNOFHFK\DNFCMNFCGZB.GFTGNOFHF
KFVGLNPG[NO,MKGGQ[FBGZPTGNOFBKQ=SGUKZEBNKG,FKG\[FVZSB
[NTGNOFBXKNG\\TNOGNB\FKFTGEPM[GNNF\V[JG\FBGZ.
FPXCFHFRYZB"FBNUF[CKTK".
BIZKMQKCGBGTGEMPFPXCKOHFBIZHF.KFKFHFMB[ZFDGU
KKMRTCFEZDFNR[PF,GBH\\IKN"\IKK\FP\KO"G\KYGQFEZD\K[N
FZXGRG\\I\[NKJ\FR[PF.
PBIZ[ZXGRG\FDGU[RYZBKO"BI"V"PGZMCKOP[NG[FZXGRG\
BDGBKSJKKOCTNKTCKG\C’D’E’,TCGE\F\KYGQ[NFOFKBNBMPG
BI"VETNKF,BNBP\ZI[\CXGZFFEZD\K\:
\KYGQ[NTCKG\C’GFPKNGK[NF,CPYGPF\I\FVZSB,YZGK"FBNU
F[PKRK".\KYGQ[NTCKG\D’GFPKNGK[NF,CPYGPF\I\FVZSB,YZGK
"FBNUF\[KTK".F\KYGQ[NTCKG\E’GFPKNGK[NF,CPYGPF\I\
VZSB,RYZB"FBNUFT[KZK".
TNPF[K\ZI[TODPZF\KYGQ[NMNFR[PG\,MB[ZBGZFCGZB
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[TGNKOCMNFPEZDG\[NFTGNPG\FZGIRKKO,KMGNKONF[KDB\
FPEZDG\ZYTEFBNUF[CKTK.BCNBKLKFKFDKNGKFCGZBCTGNO[NRG
NBIZF\KYGRKOCBNUF[K[KGF[CKTK,HB\FOBKROKMGNKONF[KD.
TOHB\,CTNSGNOMG\C[YKKPG\DOR[PG\[P[KDG\B\FPXCKO
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VTOCT[ZFEGZG\,GMKR[P\G=FGBFKBPFSGDFHF.BCNMKXEHF
YGZFHB\RPRTPNFSCKZ,MKTNKRGFIGCFNF[KDB\FPXCFHF
CTXPRG.
PXC[NDPZ\KYGQP\BVKKQCML[FZXGQNKFRG\FPYGZK)FBDGBKHO(
RT[FEGPFCJCT[NGNBGZ,ECZ[NBRK\QNEPKKQ.
MNTGEK[FS\ZFTNFCGZB,YKKPKOTGNPG\BCK"TGFF[DIF
P\CXT\EZMO.
TGNOFRYGEKOFGBF[GZ[GFPYGZNFGVT\FZT.CBPXTG\FZT
FCGZBPDNFB\K\ZGQFBGZTNVRKFIG[LCML[FIG[LFGVL[GC
NFKG\MPGFBGZ.MNFTGNPG\YKKPKOBLGZYMEKNDNG\B\[NPG\G[N
FCGZBCBEOGCCZKBF,GNMQMNFTGNPG\P\INYKON[RKSGDKO:\IKNF
T[ZF[KTGZKO|RSVI:PG[DKKSGECPCRFFCZKBF327
P\DNFFFS\ZF,GBIZKFPG[D\F[NPG\.CTGNPG\BCK"TRPXB\
FF[DIFCHPQFS\Z\FCGZB.
[CKZ\FMNKOMGNN\C\GMF[RKINYKO:YNYGNGF\ZGYRG\;\KYGQ
GPKNGK.
"TGNPG\CK"T"RGXZGPFMNKOF[CGZKO[NTGNOFRYGEKO,
GFMNKO[CZB[,[NG[FSVKZG\FZB[GRG\,TCZGNTGNOFBXKNG\.
BIZKMQTGNOFBXKNG\P[NKOB\TXPGTNI[CGQF[NP\O[N
FMNKO[NTGNPG\CK"T.
"[C\G\"G"IDKO"FOPXCKO[NYJRG\GDENG\H"B)[NTGNO
FBXKNG\(.PXCFYJRG\P[PTGKRKYF,GPXCFDENG\P[PTGDBGNF.
BNFFOPXCKOHPRKKO[MNFHPQP[\RKOTENDPZF\KYGQ.
"\PGR\FCGZB"{FCGZBPXKDB\FRFD\GCXGZF[NTKDGNKO
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FFRFDF[NGFPSGEZKOMPGTKDGNKO[RPXBKOHFC\GLHF:FTKDGN
FTNKGQFGBIHYGDEGNKG\Z,GCPZMHRPXBFTGNO[NRG[CGP\DNF
FBGZCBGVQFYNG[CKG\Z.
MB[ZFCGZBPXKDB\F[DI\GCXGZF[N[NG[FYGGKO{YGKPKQ,
YG[PBN,YGBPXTK,FGBPDNFTNKEKHFB\FRFD\GCPKE\FZIPKO
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"PNMG\"RYZB\\PGR\F’P[GO[ZYCFPZDK[FBEOB\FCGZB,
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FVRKPK\,C\GLFPNMG\[NG,BCNZYCBG\Q\MGRG\[CPNMG\[FGB
YKCNPNPTNF.
XTEKFNKPGE 328
RSVI:T[ZFBGZG\
.1F\TRGDKO[NFR[PG\PYGZOCDKNGKFBGZ.MMN[FBGZDEGNKG\Z
MLFFRBF[FR[PFPYCN\DEGNFKG\Z.CMNSGDKFBGZFTKYZ
FGBF[NPG\.
GHFFECZ[FCGZBZGXFNV\GINVRKRGCTGNOBKQ=SGU:N\\NR[PG\
FRBF[NPFGRXIK\P\IG[\FKIGE.TGNOBKQ=SGUP[PTGPXC
[CGFR[PG\RPXBG\C[NPG\P\GLBKIGEQTOFCGZB.
.2CTGNOBKQ=SGUBKQPYGO[NBPNBC[NPG\.MNGPZ,MNFR[PG\
I[G\ZY[NPG\P\GLFBKIGETOFCGZB.MEK[FR[PF\DNFB\
F[NPG\FHB\KXZFCGZBPYGO[FGBZKYP[NPG\.
MB[ZP\YRKOB\FPYGOFZKYP[NPG\ML[FGBK\PNB[NPG\,
BHPG[DKOFMGIGFBKMG\[NF[NPG\,MKFBGZP\DNFZYP\GL
FIG[L[YEONG.
.3PF[RPXBCTGNOBKQ=SGUM[NPG\RPXBDOMQC"YG":CXGZF[N
FS\ZF[NPG\GCXGZ\Z[KPG.FZXGQN[NPG\[CZ[KPGPK\YQ
GP\PNBCBPXTG\FYG.
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MVK[FKFC\IKNF.
.4FZ[KPGFGBF[GZ[GFCSKS[NFDGUFZGIRK,GMNFVTGNG\
[P\CXTG\,PYGZQCZ[KPG\,PP[MPG[CHZTJPGRKOMNF\MGRG\
GFVTGNG\[NFK[G\[T\KEFNFKGGXZ.
YGFGBFCSKSGF[GZ[[NFR[PFGMGNNB\MNFMGIG\FPRGDEKO
GF[GRKOMMGIBIE.FGB[GNJCMNVTGNG\FZ[KPGCPJZFNFIHKZ
FMNNPXCF\IN\K[CGFRCZBGFCGZBP\BIEKOCZXGRG\KFO.
.5BGZTGNOBKQ=SGUVGTNCMNFMKGGRKOFBV[ZKKOGCMNPXCK
FCZKBF,CMNFZPG\FZGIRKG\[NFO.BGZHFBKRGPGDCNMNN
CVTGNG\KGGFGBP[VKTCBPXTG\[NPG\GTNFMN.
BNB[FTGNONBRGXZM[FGBPGZMCP\MGRG\[NPG\GCN\K
PGDCNG\,MKBOCFEZDF,CDKNGKTYCK[NMGIG\FCGZB.
\MGRG\ZCG\GMGIG\[GRKOCBKMG\OGCTGXP\OP\BIEKONXGZL
VTGNFBI\.FGEG\NMLK[CKERGNF[KDB\VTGNG\FCGZB.FVTGNG\
T[ZF[KTGZKO|RSVI:T[ZFBGZG\329
F[NPG\GFBKRSGVKG\CKISBNKRGRINYG\NINYKORVZEKO
GPGDCNKO.NMQBRIRGP\BZKOB\VGTNGFBIEGF[NO[NFCGZB
MSEZ\VTGNG\P\P[M\,GMCKJGK[NMGIG\[GRKO,BUMKZYZXGQ
BIEYKKOCCGZBGFGBNFRG\NRCZBKGGHFGVGTNGFKIKE.
BKRRGPSGDNKONIYGZB\FCGZBC[NPG\GGCRXIKG\G.BCNFGEG\
NML[FVTGNFFCGEEF[NGRINY\NVTGNG\ZCG\,[GRG\GPRGDEG\,
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ECZ,B\FVTGNFFCGEEF[NGMSMGO[NMN[BZFVTGNG\.
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BIZMLFGBP\DNFCVRKGCFEZDF,TE[P\DNFCPNGBG.
MNFVTGNG\GMNFCZKBFRGXZGBLGZYMEK[FRCZBKFKFPSGDN
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GFPI[CG\F[GRG\FQFSVKZG\[BG\QZGBFFRCZB.MLNP[N
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[PIHKZB\FZTNJGC.
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NFVZKEGPQFIG[L,[FGBFZD[\FTEZFCGZB.MNPF[RCZB
FGBZYFZXGQNFZDK[B\FBGZ.FZD[\FBGZP\VZ[\M\TRGD,
MNGPZFCGZBFKRGFBGZ,FKRGF\TRGD[PZDK[FRCZB.
XTEKFNKPGE 330
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[FGBFZXGQNIG[B\FBGZ.MNFMGIG\,FRSKCG\,FMNPNCE[RK
PZMKCKOFBNF[NFKYGOFBGZGFZXGQNIG[B\FBGZ{BNGFO
ZYCKJGKKO[GRKO[NVTGNG\FCGZB[PJZ\ONFCKBB\FBEO
NKEKFZD[\FBGZ.
.9BIZKFS\NYG\FBGZPTGNOBKQ=SGUR[BZZ[KPG{INYKY[N
BGZCPZICZKYGCGZXGQNKFRG\PFBGZFMNGNPMNFZXGRG\)[N
FDGVKO,FR[PG\(.
.10BGZBKQ=SGURPXBSCKCMNFCZKBF,GFZ[KPGRPXBC\GL
FCZKBF.GCKQFCZKBFNCKQBKQ=SGURPXBFYGGFBGZ.
T[ZF[KTGZKO|RSVI:T[ZFBGZG\331
RSVI:PEZDG\FF\TNG\
FPXKBG\MGNFPGZMC\BLGZYPCGZBGPFCZKBFFTKYZK\NG
FRYZB\BEO.NMQMNPF[FBEOI[FGBFCGZB,[FZKPNCEGNB
YKKONVRKFBEOECZ.BOFBEONBI[B\FCGZBTXPGCXGZFDNGKF,
BNBZYB\PF[SCKCG,MVK[BRIRGI[KOMKGO,VKZG[FECZ[FCGZB
RS\ZPPRG,PBIGZKTGNO[YZGKFTGNOFHF.
FTGNOFZGIRKFGBFTGNOCGFCGZBPGZD[GTGNOHFYKKOZYC\GL
FBEO[PZDK[B\FCGZB.BOFBEOBKRGI[B\FCGZB,P[PTG
[FGBBKRGRPXBCTGNOFZGIRK,BLBOFBEOP\IKNNIG[B\FCGZB
P[PTG[KXBBNFTGNOFZGIRK.MMN[FBEOI[B\FCGZBCTGXPF
IHYFKG\ZMLFGBRPXBDCGFKG\ZCTGNOFZGIRK.PFTGNO[NRG[CG
FCGZBBKRGPGZD[GTEN\IG[\FCGZBCTGXPFFIHYFCKG\Z,IKKC
FBEONTCGZPBFT[ZKOGIP[PEZDG\[NTNKFZGIRK\.TOMN
PEZDFI[FBEOB\FCGZBCK\Z[B\.
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NPJF:
BEO{CGZB.MBQ[GZZ\FZD[\FCGZBFRYZB\"TGNO
BKQ=SGU"{\IG[FNNBYXF,NNBPDCNG\,NNB[GOFCENCKQBEO
NCGZB.
BEO{BEOYEPGQ{CGZB
BEO{BXKNG\+BEOYEPGQ{CGZB
BEO{CZKBF+BXKNG\+BEOYEPGQ{CGZB
BEO{KXKZF+CZKBF+BXKNG\+BEOYEPGQ{CGZB
BEO{T[KF+KXKZF+CZKBF+BXKNG\+BEOYEPGQ{CGZB
BEO{FTGNOFHF+T[KF+KXKZF+CZKBF+BXKNG\+BEO
YEPGQ{CGZB
FPEZDG\FQFTGNPG\[PVZKEKOB\FBEOPFCGZB.FBEOPSGDN
NIG[ZYB\FTGNO[RPXBFK[ZNVRKG.B\[BZFTGNPG\[PCEKNKO
CKRGNCKQFCGZBFGBBKRGI[MNNZYFPEZDF[PTNKGPGZD[\.BO
BEORPXBC"TGNOFHF"FPEZDF[PTNKGRYZB\NEKEG"JCT".K\MQ
[FPEZDF[PTNKG\KYZB"CGZB",BLHFC\RBK[FGBTNFNTGNO
XTEKFNKPGE 332
FT[KF,BGPTCZNG.FPEZDF[PTNKRGRYZB\\PKECGZBPMKGGQ[FKB
B[ZPGNKEF,[GNJ\GPHKRFB\FPEZDF[P\I\KF.
FTGNOFHFFGBMNPF[BRIRGZGBKOSCKCRGGMNPF[BRIRGPSGDNKO
NIG[CTHZ\FIG[KO[NRG.CPNKOBIZG\,FTGNOFHFFGBBKL[BRIRG
I[KOB\FCGZBTM[KGNVRK[F\INRGN\YQB\BKCZKFIG[KO[NRG.
C\KYGQFIG[KOBKQFMGGRFN[KVGZKMGN\FZBKF,F[PKTFBGNIKNGVKQ
ZDK[GKG\PSGKKPG\,BNBC\KYGQMGGRG\FNC[PYCNB\PF[PDKTBNKG
PIP[\FIG[KO[NRGMFRBFBGMSCN.
MNFPEZDG\PGZMCG\CXGZFMHGML[CMNPEZDFRMRSFINY\I\GQ
[NFPEZDF[PTNKF.MNGPZMNPEZDF,M[PDKT\GZF,PGZKEFB\INYF
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KMGN\FTNKFFZGIRK\PPEZDFNPEZDFP\PP[\FGEG\NML[CMN
ZDTR\GQYKKP\CBEOPEZDFZGIRK\DCGFFKG\ZBNKFFGB[GBUNTNG\.
FCTKFFKIKEFFKBFTGPE\CVRKGFKBMKXENRXNCXGZFFBGVJKPNK\
FHEPRG\HG?
FPEZDFFZGIRK\CFRPXBBEOYGCT\B\MNFZXGRG\GF\MGRG\
[NG.FBEOKMGNN[RG\B\\MGRG\KGNJGCG\KG\ZZYBOKTNFNPEZDF
ZGIRK\DCGFFKG\Z.BGBH\MGRG\BG\FPEZDFTNKGRFKFVMGN\MGRG\
FJCTKG\[NBG\GBEO.BLMNTGEFGBR[BZCPEZDF[NG,FGBIG[C
GRGFDCF\BONPF[FGBPYCNPFPEZDFFHGGHFPF[PDEKZB\
FFMZFFTXPK\[NG.
BKLRK\QBKVGBN[RG\B\\MGRG\,ZXGRG\PI[CG\,BOFQ\GXBF
BG\GNEFK[KZF[NFSCKCF)FPEZDFFZGIRK\(CFRPXBFBEO?N[O
MLPXGKCMNPEZDFZGIRK\INYPFPEZDF[PTNKF.BIZ\NBFK\F
NBEO[GOBV[ZG\NTNG\PPEZDFNPEZDF.MNGPZ,FINY[NFPEZDF
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FPEZDG\.BNB[BG\GINYKMGNFKFNY[ZCKQ[\KPEZDG\ZYBKNG
FKGNGBK\Q\MGRG\P[G\VG\G\MGRG\MBNGNPT[FNBYKKPG\
CZGIRKG\,MK[\K\MGRG\HFG\KFKGNECZBIE[NO.
T[ZF[KTGZKO|RSVI:PEZDG\FF\TNG\333
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NIG[B\FXZMKO,F\MGRG\GFZXGRG\[NRGCEZDFFZGIRK\FRGMIK\.
ZYBHPYCNKOB\F\MGRG\,FZXGRG\GFF[\GYYGKG\FIE[G\.
NMQCZGIRKG\[GNJTKYZGQFBNJZGBKHO.[FZKFKMGN\NF\R\Y
PTXPLGPFZXGRG\[NLFMZIK\NIKKOFZGIRKKOGNF\YZCG\BN
FCGZB.MLNP[NBOPNBLPFTGNOFZGIRKFKFCJTG\PDKTNTGNPRG,
FGBFKFPGV\TGFKFBGPZ:"BKLB\OCMNNPSGDNKONF\YKKOZY
CPSDZ\[NFZXGRG\[NMO,CBDGBKHO[NMO?FZKFBDGBKHONB
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NF[\VZGNF\V\I."
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[NG.GCMLFGBPCJKINTXPGKMGN\NFKPXBTOFZXGRG\FBNF
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NPTQTXPGBNBMEKNF[\GG\BNF\I\GQ.F[\GG\MHGTOF\I\GQ
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C\GMGB\FTNKGQ,NBMTNKGQ,BNBMINYPPRG.
XTEKFNKPGE 334
RSVI:SVKZ\FPNMG\
FBGZ[KGXBPFCGZBKGXZZXGQ[KFRFPFBGZ.ZXGQHFYZGK
"PNMG\".TE[FBGZPDKTNPNMG\FGBTGCZ\[TF[NCKO[N[KRGK,
FPM[KZKOBG\GNFKG\P\BKONCZGBB\FPNMG\.\[T\F[NCKO,
FSVKZG\,YZGKKO:M\Z,IGMPF,CKRF,ISE,DCGZF,\VBZ\,RXI,FGE,
KSGE.BIZMLRGXZF[NCFBIZGQFYZGK"PNMG\".[[\F[NCKOPISE
TEKSGERYZBKO"HTKZBRVKQ".CSLFMNNVRKRG"T[ZSVKZG\",[FQ\[T
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