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marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi

(IX saukunemde)

s. a. ternovski

TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY

Eastern Patriarchates of the Orthodox Church

(Including the 9th Century)

TBILISI THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY AND SEMINARY

PUBLISHING HOUSE

TBILISI 2017

Tbilisis sasuliero akademia

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi

(IX saukunemde)

Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da

seminariis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2017

bibliuri geografiis codna aucilebelia wminda werilis

jerovnad gagebisaTvis. winamdebare wignSi swored adreu-

li Sua saukuneebis epoqis istoriuli geografiis proble-

mebi aris ganxiluli. asaxulia aRmosavleTis qristianuli

qveynebis eklesiebis istoria _ moTxrobilia ierusalimis,

aleqsandriis, antioqiis, konstantinopolis sapatriarqoebis,

aseve, sparseTisa da kviprosis eklesiebis DSesaxeb. naSromi

gankuTvnilia damxmare saxelmZRvanelod sasuliero saswav-

leblis studentebisaTvis.

© Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis gamomcemloba

ISBN 978-9941-9258-9-4

In order to understand the Holy Scriptures properly, it is also indispens-able to learn Biblical Geography. The present book precisely suggests the discourse on the problems of historical Geography of Early Middle Ages. It gives a survey of history of the Churches in Eastern Christian countries: Characterised in this edition are the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Alexan-dria, Antioch and Constantinople, also, the Churches of Persia and Cyprus. The work is classified as a supplementary text-book for the students of the Theological school.

mTargmneli nora gabriaZe

redaqtori Tamar GubiniZe

recenzenti dekanozi maqsime Wanturia

Teologiis doqtori

TRANSLATOR NORA GABRIADZE

EDITOR TAMAR CHUBINIDZE

REVIEWER Doctor of Theology

Archpriest MAKSIM CHANTURIA

s a r C e v i

redaqtoris winasityva ---------------------------------------------------- 7

ierusalimis sapatriarqo ---------------------------------------------- 11

meore palestina --------------------------------------------------- 17

pirveli palestina ------------------------------------------------ 34

mesame palestina ---------------------------------------------------- 77

aleqsandriis sapatriarqo --------------------------------------------- 81

antioqiis sapatriarqo ------------------------------------------------- 105

arabeTis provincia -------------------------------------------- 109

dasavleTis provincia ----------------------------------------- 110

siria ----------------------------------------------------------------- 119

meore siria -------------------------------------------------------- 131

kilikia -------------------------------------------------------------- 133

isavria -------------------------------------------------------------- 140

antioqiis sapatriarqos

aRmosavleTis provinciebi ----------------------------------- 141

kviprosis eklesia --------------------------------------------------------- 157

sparseTis eklesia --------------------------------------------------------- 161

konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ------------------------------------- 167

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daarseba ------------ 173

pontos diocezi -------------------------------------------------- 178

aziis diocezi ----------------------------------------------------- 203

Trakiis diocezi ------------------------------------------------ 243

7

redaqtoris winasityva

winamdebare wignis avtori, sergei aleqsandres Ze ternovski (1848-

1916), iyo cnobili mecnieri – eklesiis istoriis doqtori, ebrauli

enisa da bibliuri arqeologiis kaTedris profesori yazanis sasu-

liero akademiaSi. is daibada moskovSi, moZRvris ojaxSi. 1871 w-s

daasrula kievis sasuliero akademia. iyo palestinis marTlmadide-

beli sazogadoebis wevri da Jurnal `pravoslavni sobesednikis~

redaqtori. 1893 w-s igi mivlinebiT gaagzavnes ierusalimSi ebrauli

enis srulyofisaTvis. ternovski sicocxlis bolomde eweoda nayo-

fier samecniero da pedagogiur moRvaweobas. mas mravali gamokvleva

ekuTvnis, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: 1. XVIII s-is Zegli ìkona”_ Икона _ winasityvaobiTa da vrceli gamokvleviT:

Архив Юго-Западной России, ч.1, т.5, Киев, 1872. am SromisaTvis mas mieniWa

RvTismetyvelebis magistris xarisxi. 2. `saeklsio geografiisa da

eTnografiis narkvevebi~ – Очерки по церковной географии и этнографии. Православный собеседник. 1876. 3. ̀ msoflioSi gafantuli iudevelebi da

maTi religiuri propaganda~ _ Иудеи рассеяния и их религиоэная пропаганда, ibid, 1881, n.2. 4. `wm. efrem asuri~ _ Св. Ефрем Сирин, ibid. 1884. 5. `wm. aTa-

nase aleqsandrieli~ _ Св. Афанасий Александрийский. ibid. 1885. 6. ieru-salimis patriarqi uZveles droSi _ Патриарх Иерусалимский в древнее время, ibid 1886. 7. `karvobis dResaswauli ebraelebSi~ _ Праздник кущей у Евреев, Казань, 1890. 8. ̀ bibliuri siZveleni~ _ Библейская старина, Чтения, вып.56-63, 1900. 9. ìstoriuli Canaweri yazanis sasuliero akademiis

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb misi gardaqmnis Semdeg~ _ Историческая записка о состоянии Казанской духовной академии после её преобразования, Казань, 1892. 10. statiaTa krebuli Zveli aRTqmis Sesaxeb _ Сборник статей по Ветхому Завету, Казань, 1898. 11. `marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmosavleTis sapa-

triarqoTa regionebi me-9 saukunemde~ _ Области восточных патриархатов православной церкви до 9-го века, Казань, 1899. 12. `sityva ìerusalimis~

mniSvneloba~ _ Значение имени Иерусалим, Казань,1907. 13. ìerusalim-

is sxvadasxva dasaxeleba bibliaSi~ _ Различные названия Иерусалима в Библии, П.С. 1912, n.6. 14. `bibliuri xanis ierusalimis topografia~

_ Топография Иерусалима библейских времён, П.С. 1912, n.12. 15. `cxovrebis garegani pirobebi palestinaSi~ _ Внешние условия жизни в Палестине, Саратов,1914. 16. `zogierTi fsalmunis ganmarteba~ _ Изъяснение некоторых псалмов, Казань, 1915.

am naSromTa Soris gamorCeul adgils ikavebs cnobili wigni

8

`marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi”. es aris

pirveli rusulenovani gamokvleva axlo aRmosavleTis qristianu-

li eklesiis Sesaxeb. naSromi gvaZlevs istoriul movlenebsa da

geografiaSi orientaciis saSualebas qristianobis pirveli cxra

saukunis ganmavlobaSi. aq aRwerilia aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoe-

bis: ierusalimis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, konstantinopolis, kvi-

prosisa da sparseTis eklesiaTa teritoriebi; moTxrobilia sapa-

triarqoebis urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, maT administraciul dayofaze,

Sida istoriasa da saistorio-saeklesio RirsSesaniSnaobebze. pal-

estinis aRwerisas avtori sargeblobs ara mxolod qristianuli, ar-

amed ebrauli saistorio wyaroebiTac, maT Sorisaa ioseb flaviosis

istoriuli traqtatebi da Talmudi. wignSi detalurad aris war-

modgenili uZvlesi toponimika, aRwerilia TiTqmis mTeli axlo aR-

mosavleTisa da mcire aziis yvela regionis bunebrivi da geografi-

uli pirobebi. gamocemas didi mniSvneloba aqvs axlo aRmosavleTis

adreqristianuli istoriis SeswavlisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saukuneze meti dro gavida am wignis dawe-

ridan, mas mniSvneloba ar daukargavs. geografia da arqeologia

istoriuli faqtebis kvlevisas fundamenturi dasayrdenebia, ramde-

nadac warsulis nebismieri movlena xdeba istoriul sivrcesa da

istoriul droSi. am damxmare saxelmZRvanelos mizania, ganixilos

adreuli Sua saukunebis epoqis istoriuli geografiis probleme-

bi aRmosavleTis qristianuli kulturis qveynebSi. umniSvnelovanes

istoriul problemas warmoadgens antikuri warmarTuli qalaqis

transformacia Sua saukuneebis qristianul qalaqad _ cvlilebe-

bi topografiaSi, cvlilebebi toponimikaSi, saeklesio nagebobebis

CarTva qalaqis arqiteqturul qsovilSi, warmarTuli taZrebis bedi,

qalaqSi sasaflaoebis gaCena da sxv. naSromSi yovelive amis Sesaxeb

sainteresod aris moTxrobili.

bibliuri geografiis codna sruliad aucilebelia istoriuli

movlenebis jerovnad SefasebisaTvis. eklesiis istoriis Seswavlisas

saWiroa gansakuTrebuli, specifikuri geografiuli codnis floba.

eklesiis istoriis SemswavlelisTvis arc imdenad mniSvnelovania

informacia dedaqalaqebisa Tu sawarmoo centrebis, ama Tu im qveynis

mcxovrebTa garegnuli keTildReobis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac codna ud-

abnoebsa da monastrebze, taZrebsa da mosaxleobis RvTivsaTnoebis

Sesaxeb; warmodgena im adgilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xSirad TiTqos

arafriT iyo gamorCeuli, magram iq cxovrobdnen eklesiis didi mame-

bi. Cveulebrivi geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebi ver gagvcemen pasuxs

imaze, Tu sad mosagreobdnen, magaliTad, Teodorite kvireli, kozma

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maiumeli, spiridon trimifunteli. . .

bibliuri geografiis codna imTaviTve miiCneoda aucileblad

wminda werilis jerovnad gagebisaTvis. jer kidev pirvelma saekle-

sio istorikosma evsevi kesarielma da wminda werilis cnobilma

ganmmartebelma netarma ieronimem, dagvitoves Txzulebebi bibliu-

ri geografiis Sesaxeb. ZvelaRTqmiseuli geografia bunebrivad gr-

Zeldeba axali aRTqmisa da qristianuli eklesiis geografiaSi, es

aris niSani RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebis uwyvetobisa. mravalma saukunem

Caiara qristes Sobidan, moxda uamravi umniSvnelovanesi movlena

qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi. maT gasaanalizeblad saWiroa sa-

Tanado saeklesio geografiis saxelmZRvanelos arseboba. winamde-

bare Targmani swored am mizans emsaxureba.

wignSi warmodgenilia aRmosavleTis damoukidebeli eklesiebi:

ierusalimis, antioqiis, aleqsandriis, sparseTis, kviprosisa da kon-

stantinopolis. am eklesiaTa Soris ar moCans saqarTvelos eklesia.

es gasagebi xdeba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom naSromis Sed-

genisas, me-19 saukunis bolos, saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc aseTi,

aRar arsebobda – ruseTma Cveni eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma iseve,

rogorc aRarc Tavad saqarTvelo iTvleboda qveyanad, is ruseTis

guberniad iyo qceuli.

naSromis Targmnisa da redaqtirebisas gansakuTrebiT rTuli Seiq-

na toponimTa qarTul enaze gadmotana. toponimika, rogorc viciT,

enaTmecnierebis erT-erT vrcel ganStoebas warmoadgens. toponimTa

monacemebs farTod iyenebs mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargi: istori-

uli geografia, eTnografia, arqeologia, enaTmecniereba, folklor-

istika. toponimia mniSvnelovani wyaroa ama Tu im xalxis istoriis

dasadgenad. toponimebi orgvari bunebisaa, maTSi, erTi mxriv, kar-

gad aris Semonaxuli arqaizmebi da dialeqtizmebi – gansakuTrebiT

es mTebisa da wylebis saxelebs exeba, meore mxriv ki, toponimebi

mudmiv cvalebadobas ganicdis _ istoriul-politikuri viTarebis

cvalebadobis Sesabamisad. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens Tun-

dac Cvens droSi uamravi geografiuli adgilis saxelwodebis Secv-

la: peterburgi, petrogradi _ leningradi _ peterburgi, ceiloni _

Sri-lanka, raguza _ dubrovniki, iurievi _ tartu, koromo _ toiota

da mravali sxva. naSromSi uxvad mocemuli toponimebis qarTulad

gadmotanisas ramodenime saxis dabrkolebis winaSe aRmovCndiT, ese-

nia: maTi gansxvavebuli forma saTargmn, anu rusul enaze; Tavad am

toponimTa sxvadasxvaenovani warmoSoba: ebrauli, berZnuli, siri-

uli, egvipturi, kopturi, laTinuri, sparsuli, Turquli; foneti-

kuri cvlilebebi, rac am saxelebma saukuneTa manZilze ganicades,

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Sesabamisad, dRes isini, SesaZloa, sruliad sxvagvari JReradobis

sityvebad warmogvidges; dabolos, Zvel toponimTa oficialuri

likvidacia – saxelTa gadarqmeva sxvadasxva politikuri mizeziT,

es gansakuTrebiT exeba konstantinopolis sapatriarqos teritoriis

toponimebs. dRes odindeli bizantiis adgilze sxva qveyanaa, sxva

enisa da sxva aRmsareblobis xalxiT, romelTac yvelafers, mTebsa

da wylebsac ki Seucvales saxelebi. am labirinTSi gzis gakvlevas

didi dro da energia dasWirda. qarTul enaze gadmotanisas, cxadia,

gaviTvaliswineT rogorc dRevandeli warmoTqmis wesi, ise - isto-

riulad damkvidrebuli tradicia. aseve moviqeciT pirTa saxelebis

gadmotanis drosac.

saTargmn teqstSi moyvanilia sigrZis inglisuri da Zveli ru-

suli erTeulebi: mili, saJeni, versi, arSini, futi. Cven movaxdineT

maTi Sesabamisi unificireba erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemis me-

triTa da kilometriT.

dasasruls, SevniSnavT, rom wignis avtors, s. ternovskis, naS-

romis Sedgenisas usargeblia Semdegi literaturiT:

1. Wiltsch: Handbuch d. Kirchl.Geogr. und Statistik.2. Bingamii: Originum sive antiquitatum ecclesiasticarum. Lib.IX.3. Le Quien: Oriens Christianus.4. Moritz: Register к церк. истории Штолберга.5. Pepъ: Описание Палестины.6. Норов: Путешествие по Святой Земле.7. Норов: Путешествие к семи Малоазийским церквам, упоминаемым в

апокалипсисе.8. Преосв. Порфирий Успенский: Путешествие в Синайский монастырь.9. Преосв. Порфирий Успенский: Путешествие по Египту и Нубии.

gvsurs, didi madloba movaxsenoT wignis redaqtirebisas gaweu-

li daxmarebisaTvis profesor nino meliqiSvils da Teologiis

doqtors, dekanoz maqsime Wanturias, romelnic guldasmiT gaecnen

mTel teqsts da mravali uzustobisagan dagvazRvies. aseve, gansa-

kuTrebul madlobas movaxsenebT profesor enriko gabiZaSvils, ro-

melmac fasdaudebeli daxmareba gagviwia mravali sakuTari saxeli-

sa da terminis qarTulad gadmotanis saqmeSi.

11

ierusalimis sapatriarqo


ierusalimi da palestina qristianuli eklesiis pirveli sam-Sobloa, swored aqedan daiwyo eklesiis Tavdapirveli istoria. miuxedavad amisa, ierusalimis sapatriaqo, rogorc sapatriarqo, sxvebze gvian daarsda. es moxda imitom, rom I saukunis 70 wels ierusalimi daingra da mis adgilze aRmocenda patara, TiTqmis sruliad warmarTuli qalaqi elia kapitolina. am dros, rodesac ierusalimis saepiskoposom dakarga mrevli, palestinis sulieri iurisdiqcia ekuTvnoda kesariis mitropolits. palestinis kesaria imJamad iyo palestinis mTavari qalaqi samoqalaqo Tvalsazris-iT. es uflebebi kesariis mitropolitebs TiTqmis oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi gahyvaT. ieronimes1 werilidan pamaxiosisadmi Sei-Zleba davaskvnaT, rom palestina im dros jer kidev antioqiis arqiepiskoposis saeklesio mmarTvelobis qveS imyofeboda. Tumca ar arsebobs cxadi mtkiceba imisa, rom palestinis mmarTveli kesa-riis mitropoliti kurTxevas antioqiis patriarqisgan Rebulobda, antioqiis olqis sxva mitropolitebis msgavsad.

im drosac, pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, elia kapitoli-nas episkoposi, iq da mis SemogarenSi arsebuli wminda adgilebis gamo, palestinaSi kesariis mitropolitis Tanabari pativiT sarge-blobda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase iyo II saukunis dasasrulidan. amis dasamtkiceblad, magaliTad, SeiZleba mivuTiToT imaze, rom ierusalimis episkoposi narkisi kesariis episkopos TeofilesTan erTad Tavmjdomareobda mTeli palestinis episkoposTa krebas aRdgomis dResaswaulis sakTxze, da rigiT meore adgili ekava. Semdgom orive episkoposma erTad akurTxa origeni moZRvrad. pav-le samosatelis cTomilebis gamo gamarTul antioqiis 272 wlis krebis CanawerSi ierusalimis episkoposis, vimeneosis, saxeli dgas tarsis episkoposis, geleniosis saxelis Semdeg da kapadokiis ke-sariis episkoposis, Teoteknosis saxelis win. tarsi da kapadoki-

1 igulisxmeba netari ieronime, III-IV saukuneebis moRvawe – asketi da saeklesio mwerali, romelsac ekuTvnis bibliis kanonikuri laTinuri teqs-tis Targmani (red. SeniSvna).

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marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmosavleTis sapatriarqoebi...

ierusalimi.

aRdgomis taZari, macxovris saflavi.

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is kesaria ki metad mniSvnelovani qalaqebi iyo. ierusalimis saepiskoposos mniSvnelobis saCveneblad evsebi, kesariis episkoposi2, sxvaTa Soris, miuTiTebs imaze, rom ierusalimSi, iseve rogorc rom-Si, antioqiasa da aleqsandriaSi, mociqulTa memkvidreobis mqone episkoposTa rigi arasdros Sewyvetila. 325 wlis nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebaze ierusalimis episkoposs kanonikurad daudgines Rirsebis es upiratesoba. Tumca es upiratesoba mxolod pativis maCvenebeli gaxldaT. umaRlesi sulieri iurisdiqcia palestinaSi mTlianad ekuTvnoda kesariis mitropolits da ierusalimis epis-koposs araviTari saarqiepiskoposo ufleba palestinis sxva epis-koposebis mimarT ar gaaCnda. is mxolod yvelaze pativcemulad iTvleboda maT Soris. nikeis msoflio krebam, romelmac ieru-salimis episkoposs daukanona Rirsebis upiratesoba, am wess imave dros isic daurTo, rom am Rirsebis gamo aranairad ar unda Se-laxuliyo adgilobrivi (anu kesariis) mitropolitis uflebebi.

meoTxe saukuneSi iwyeba ierusalimis politikuri da saeklesio mniSvnelobis amaRleba, da imavdroulad _ kesariis politikuri da saeklesio mniSvnelobis dacema. metad niSandoblivia Talmud-Si3 gamoTqmuli azri, rom am or qalaqs ar SeeZlo erTdroulad aRzeveba. `Tu getyvian, vkiTxulobT TalmudSi, rom es ori qa-laqi _ ierusalimi da kesaria _ erTdroulad daeca, ar daije-roT; Tu garwmuneben, rom ierusalimi da kesaria erTad hyvavian, arc es irwmunoT. magram Tu giTxres, rom am qalaqTagan erTi daeca, xolo meore didebiT xarobs, es marTalia~.

ierusalimis gandidebis pirvel mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos IV saukunis dasawyisSi imperator konstantines dedis, elenes, mogzauroba ierusalimSi, rasac mohyva mis mier patiosani da cxovelmyofeli jvaris povna da didebuli taZrebis mowyoba saxarebiseuli ambebis umniSvnelovanes adgilebSi. im droidan sayo velTaod iqca ierusalimSi mogzaurobis survili, ramac ieru-salimis episkopossa da qalaqs didZali simdidre da mniSvneloba SesZina.

2 evsebi pamfilieli _ palestinis kesariis episkoposi 311 wlidan, saeklesio istoriis mama. `qronikebSi~ mogviTxrobs kacobriobis istoriaze samyaros Seqmnidan 325 wlamde (red. Sen.).3 Talmudi _ orTodoqsuli iudaizmis mTavari teqsti, iTvleba Toras

(moses xuTwigneulis) WeSmarit ganmartebad (red. Sen.).

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Tuki aqamde ierusalimis episkoposebi mxolod garegnuli pa-tiviscemiT utoldebodnen TavianT mitropolits, am droidan maT ukve eklesiis marTvaSi daiwyes qmediTi monawileobis miRe-ba. ase magaliTad, makari ierusalimelma akurTxa diospolisis episkoposad maqsime, xolo 347 w. maqsime ierusalimelma aziara aTanase aleqsandrieli. marTalia, akaki kesariels meoTxe saukunis naxe varSi eyo gambedaoba, gadaeyenebina maqsimes memkvidre wminda kirile ierusalimeli, magram kirile aRadgines 381 wlis kon-stantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio krebaze da am krebaze mas gelasi (an Talasi) kesarielze ufro maRali adgili eWira. Tumca, netari ieronimes werilidan pamaxiosisadmi (romelic, daax-loebiT, 390 w. daiwera) vigebT, rom am periodSic ierusalimis episkoposi kesariis mitropolitis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda. am werilidan gamomdinare, swored am dros da momdevno wlebSic, kesariis mitropoliti gansakuTrebul zomebs Rebulobda ieru-salimis kaTedris aRzevebis winaaRmdeg. man ierusalimis episko-poss Rirsebis gamo darTo neba, masTan erTad mieRo monawileoba yvela mniSvnelovan saqmeSi, Tumca, amis dabrkolebis mizniT iyenebda Tavis gavlenas.

V saukunis dasawyisidan kesariis episkoposi iZulebuli gaxda, Tavisi uflebebi ierusalimis episkoposisTvis daeTmo. piligrimTa ricxvis zrdam metad da metad gazarda ierusalimis episkoposis mniSvneloba da Rirseba. ase rom, V saukunis dasawyisSi ieru-salimis kaTedra yvelgan umniSvnelovanes samociqulo kaTedrebis ricxvSi Cadga, romis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis kaTedrebis gver-diT.

ierusalimis episkoposis aRzeveba patriarqis wodebaSi me-5 saukunis Sua xanebSi iubenali ierusalimelis dros aRsrulda. iubenali ierusalimelma umaRlesi ierarqis, patriarqobis ufle-ba moipova, raki unaric gaaCnda da simtkicec, daedasturebi-na ierusalimis kaTedris umaRlesi mniSvneloba. Tavisi kaTedris gandideba man 431 w. efesos krebaze daiwyo. rogorc Cans, gare-moeba xels uwyobda am saqmis warmatebas, vinaidan krebas ar es-wreboda arc erTi umTavresi mitropoliti, romlebsac SeeZloT, win aRdgomodnen mis moTxovnebs. nestori konstantinopoleli gadayenebuli iyo, ioane antioqieli _ kirile aleqsandrielis mier ziarebisagan ganyenebuli. rac Seexeba kiriles, iubenali mis

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mxardaWeraSi darwmunebuli iyo. amitomac, iubenalma saqme aRar gadasdo da daJinebiT moiTxova, rom irusalimis episkoposs mit-ropolitis uflebebi miniWeboda ara mxolod palestinaSi, aramed _ arabeTsa da orsave finikiaSi, olqebSi, romlebic antioqiis sapatriarqos gamgeblobaSi imyofebodnen. iubenalis moTxovnas am krebaze warmateba ar hqonia. kirile aleqsandrieli aRudga amas da ara mxolod piradad uaryo iubenalis Txovna, ufro metic: miswera romSi leons, romelic maSin jer kidev arqidiakoni iyo, TumcaRa de facto ukve gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnda ekle-siis saqmeebSi, TxovniT, win aRdgomoda ierusalimis episkoposis moTxovnebs. iubenalma, raki ver miiRo wm. kirilesagan Semweoba, axla zemoT aRniSnuli provinciebis mierTebisaTvis daJinebiTi TxovniT imperator Teodosius umcross mimarTa, romelmac daak-mayofila kidec misi Txovna da gansakuTrebuli saimperatoro ediqtiT uboZa mas ufleba xuT provinciaze, kerZod samive pal-estinaze, finikiasa da arabeTze. imperatoris am gadawyvetilebas antioqiis patriarqis protesti mohyva, vinaidan is sakuTari di-ocezidan4 kargavda or provincias _ arabeTsa da finikias. axla saqme saeklesio sasamarTlos gadaeca. sadavo sakiTxi 449 w. efesos msoflio krebaze iqna gatanili. magram sabolood 451 wels qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebaze gadawyda. krebis dadgenilebiT patriarq maqsimes kvlav ubrundeboda finikia da arabeTi, xolo iubenalis daqvemdebarebaSi rCeboda palestinis sami saepiskoposo, amasTan, ierusalimis kaTedras sapatriarqo up-iratesobebi eniWeboda.

Tumca maqsime antioqiels SemdgomSic ar surda am gad-awyvetilebaze Tanxmoba. SesaZlebelia, is imiT iyo ukmayofilo, rom palestinis sami provincia axla ukve samudamod gadadioda ierusalimis patriarqis daqvemdebarebaSi da arc mas da arc mis memkvidreebs antioqiis diocezTan maTi xelaxla mierTebis aranai-ri imedi aRar rCebodaT, da aRarc im zomebis diocezi eqnebodaT, rogoric nikeis krebis mamebs hqondaT maTTvis dadgenili. sxva-Ta Soris, maqsimes protests papi levi uWerda mxars. miuxedavad

4 diocezi – (laT. dioecesis) saqalaqo da administraciuli erTeuli romis imperiaSi. diocezad iwodeboda, aseve, saeklesio-administraciuli teritoriuli erTeuli Zvel eklesiaSi. dRes mis Sesabamis terminad marTl-madidebel eklesiaSi `eparqia~ ixmareba (red. Sen.).

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yvelafrisa, qalkedonis krebis gadawyvetileba Sevida ZalaSi. iubenali da misi memkvidreebi patriarqebad rCebodnen, yvelas mier aRiarebulni iyvnen am RirsebaSi da patriarqTa rigSi mexuTe adgili daikaves. didxans ar gastana ierusalimis sapatriarqos keTildReobam ... amaze qvemoT iqneba naTqvami.

ierusalimis sapatriarqos SemadgenlobaSi, romis dayofiT, Se-dioda sami provincia: a) pirveli palestina _ romelic moicavda galileis nawils, mTel samarias, mTel iudeasa da idumeas; b) meore palestina _ romelic moicavda galileis umetes naw-ilsa da TiTqmis mTlianad iordanes gaRma mxares da g) mesa-me palestina _ romelic moicavda Zalian did, magram TiTqmis dausaxlebel teritorias mkvdari zRvis samxreTidan sinas nax-evarkunZulamde. ierusalimis sapatriarqos bunebrivi sazRvari CrdiloeTiT iyo libanis mTebi, samxreTiT _ sina da arabeTis yure, dasavleTiT _ xmelTaSua zRva, egvipte da heroopolitis yure (Heroopolites)5, xolo aRmosavleTiT _ arabeTis udabno da elanitis yure (Aelanites)6. ai, am SedarebiT momcro sivrceSi ierusalimis sapatriarqos keTildReobis periodSi, V-VI sauku-neebSi, ormocdaaTamde saepiskoposo arsebobda, romelTa umetesi nawili pirvel palestinaze modioda. cxadia, am saepiskoposoebs metad umniSvnelo sivrcis olqebi gaaCndaT. zogierTi saepisko-poso erTmaneTisagan xuTi-eqvsi aTasi nabijiT iyo dacilebuli (mag. beTlemi ierusalimidan, anda gaza maiumidan). magram jer erTi, rom ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi saepiskoposoebi mxolod qa-laqebSi iyo, saepiskoposo kaTedrebs soflebSi Cven ver vxedavT; meorec, qalaqebi palestinaSi metad xalxmravali gaxldaT. ieru-salimis sapatriarqos am ormocdaaTi saepiskoposodan ocdaxuTi iyo mitropolia, Tumca ki iseTi, romelTa mitropolitebs Tav-ianT gamgeblobaSi daqvemdebarebuli episkoposebi ar hyoliaT. episkoposTa aseTi didi raodenoba ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi da maTi saepiskoposo olqebis aseTi simcire ar unda gvakvirvebdes. sxva sapatriarqoebSic aseTive mdgomareoba iyo. aRmosavleTis

5 Tanamedrove suecis yure, romlis maxlobladac, gesenis qveyanaSi, iyo berZnul-romauli qalaqi heroopolisi (red. Sen.). 6 igive akabis yure, wiTeli zRvis ukidures CrdiloeTiTa da sinas

naxevarkunZulis aRmosavleTiT, romlis sanapirosac oTxi qveyana iyofs: egvipte, israeli, iordania da saudis arabeTi (red. Sen.).

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zogierT adgilas imdenive episkoposi iyo, ramdeni samrevlo mR-vdelic gvyavs Cven amJamad. `Zneli warmosadgenia, vkiTxulobT brolis (Брольи) TxzulebaSi, ramdeni mowveva unda daegzavna konstantine dids nikeis krebaze, roca marto erT karTagenis krebaze, aTi wliT adre, eqvsasma episkoposma moiyara Tavi. epis-koposTa amgvari simravle aucilebeli iyo im devnis Jams, rodesac urTierTobebis sirTulisas saWiro gaxda eklesiis mTeli Zalau-flebis Tavmoyra erT sasuliero pirSi, romelsac SeeZleboda didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eqadaga da Seesrulebina yvela saekle-sio saqme mocemul adgilas~. marTalia, dasaxelebul mizezs ar hqonda kavSiri ierusalimis sapatriarqosTan, vinaidan misi saepiskoposoebis umetesi nawili Seiqmna IV saukunidan, devnis periodis Semdeg. magram ukve aseTi iyo sabeZneTis eklesiaSi dam-kvidrebuli praqtika, kerZod, met-naklebad dasaxlebul adg-ils qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg dauyovnebliv unda SeeZina Tavisi gansakuTrebuli episkoposi. amas isic unda daematos, rom uZveles droSi aRmosavleTSi mosaxleoba gacilebiT mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli, vidre Cvens droSi. ase, magaliTad, vitersgeimis gamoangariSebiT, siriaSi, finikiasa da palestinaSi iricxeboda 7 milioni mosaxle, axla ki 2 milionamdea, mcire aziaSi 20 milioni iyo, amJamad ki 10 milion 700 000 mosaxlea.

meore palestina

Cven daviwyebT ierusalimis sapatriarqos CrdiloeTi nawilis, meore palestinis, SesaniSnavi adgilebis mimoxilvas. aq Sedioda galileis umetesi nawili da iordanis gaRma mxare, da Sedgeni-lobiT misi mosaxleoba metad hgavda galileisas. palestinis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi _ galilea _ balaxovan dabal mTianeTs warmoadgenda, rasac Tavs ramodenime mwvervali dahyurebda, mag-aliTad, Tabori. is genesareTis anu tiberiadis tbasTan axlos mdebareobda. tbis es ukanaskneli saxelwodeba ieso qristes dros axali gaCenili iyo. tbam es dasaxeleba mis napirze gaSenebuli qalaqis, tiberiadis, mixedviT miiRo. is galileis mmarTvelma

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herodem aaSena imperator tiberiusis pativsacemad, romlis dro-sac, rogorc cnobilia, cxovrobda macxovari.

sivrciT galileis provnicia samariaze meti da iudeaze na-klebi iyo, misi sigrZe 15-16 km-s, sigane ki 12-13 km-s Seadgenda. ramdenadac galileis provincia palestinisa da finikiis sazR-varTan mdebareobda, da amis gamo galileis mosaxle ebraeloba ufro mWidrod Seerwya warmarTebs, zogi misi kuTxe ki ugamonak-lisod warmarTebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, galileis ebraelebi axlo urTierTobaSi aRmoCdnen warmarTebTan, da amis gamo galileas xSirad warmarTTa galilead moixseniebdnen.

galileas hyofdnen or nawilad: zeda, romelic dasaxlebuli iyo sirielebiT, berZnebiT, finikielebiTa da egviptelebiT, da qve-da, samxreTi, sadac mxolod iudevelebi cxovrobdnen. Talmudis maswavleblebi galileas sam nawiladac ki hyofdnen: qveda gal-ilea, sadac xarobs TuTa, zeda galilea, sadac ar xarobs TuTa, da tiberiada. galilea uZveles droSi ar yofila ganTqmuli kargi qalaqebiT. `galilea, ambobs farari, ebraulad wres niSnavs. es Tavdapirvelad oci qalaqisagan Semdgari provinciis saxeli iyo, kedes-neftalis olqSi, romelic mefe solomonma uboZa qirams jildod taZris mSeneblobisas xe-tyis masalis miwodebisaTvis. qirams rom unaxavs es adgili, solomonisTvis uTqvams: es ra qa-laqebi mogicia CemTvis, Zmao?! da uwoda am miwebs qabuli _ arad Cagdeba (Sdr. 3 mf. 9-12,13)~.

magram galilea metad nayofieri mxare iyo, misi qveda nawilis umetesi teritoria ekava israelis vels. am garemoebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia mis nayofierebaze msjeloba. iudevelTa istoriko-si ioseb flaviosi galileas WeSmarit samoTxed warmogvidgens. ara mxolod israelis veli iyo ganTqmuli xvna-TesviT, mebaReo-biTa da vazis gaSenebiT, SesaniSnavi, nayofieri niadagiT, aramed iordanesa da genesareTis tbis raionebic ayvavebul baRebs war-moadgenda da yvelgan didi sargeblis kvali ixilveboda. gali-leis nayofierebas, wers a.a. olesnicki, Zveli ebrauli Zeglebi erTob gamomsaxveli StrixebiT xataven. galileis araCveulebrivi simdidre gansakuTrebiT warmoCenilia zeiTunis zeTiTa da RviniT, am ori umniSvnelovanesi sasicocxlo produqtiT, romliTac is amaragebda ara marto ierusalims Tavisi movaleobis Sesabamisad, aramed palestinisa da siriis bevr sxva punqtsac. umal mTel le-

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gion zeTisxilis xes aayvaveb galileaSi, ambobs Talmudi, vidre iudeaSi SeZleb Tund erTi buCqis gaxarebas. Talmudis gadmocemiT, ierusalimis sinedrionis oqmebSi Semonaxulia werili rabin gama-lielis xelmoweriT, romelSic ierusalimis iudevelebis war-momadgenlebi sTxoven `galilevel Zmebs~, Cqara miawodon zeTi.

erTxel, gviambobs Talmudi sxva adgilas, didi moTxovna gaC-nda zeiTunis zeTze laodikeaSi; kacebi gagzavnes tirosSi, ieru-salimSi, magram zeTis saWiro raodenoba ver Seagroves. maSin maT urCies, zeda galileis romelime qalaqisTvis miemarTaT, sadac iSoves kidec yovelive. zeTs galilevelebi Taviseburi WurWliT hyiddnen, romlis msgavss sxvagan versad akeTebdnen da riTac yvelgan scnobdnen galileis zeTs. rac Seexeba Rvinos, is mzadde-boda gansakuTrebuli gemos yurZnisagan, romelic uxvad modioda zeda galileaSi nefTalemis Stos kuTvnil miwaze.

Rvinosa da zeTTan erTad galileaze mcenareuli da cxovelu-ri samyaros mTeli siuxvis rqa gadmoRvriliyo. erTxel, mogviT-xrobs midraSi7, imperatorma adrianem uTxra rabi iezua-benqananas: ai, Tqvens kanonSi dawerilia, rom israelis miwa savsea yovelive sikeTiT. da Sen SeZleb, aq sami ram _ wiwaka, xoxobi da abreSumi miSovo?! rabim galileas miaSura da marTlac, wiwaka nazareTSi monaxa, xoxbebi _ akbarSi da abreSumi _ giskalSi. Tuki galile-aSi SeiZleboda xoxobis mopovebac ki, miT ufro sxva frinvelebis iseTi siuxve iyo, rom olqs Citis buded ixseniebdnen. Citis bu-didan gamova mesia, naTqvamia zoharSi8, anu galileadan. amitom iyo, rom galileis gerbze arwivs gamosaxavdnen.

provniciis noyierebis bunebrivi Sedegi gaxldaT misi didZa-li mosaxleoba. es mxare dafaruli iyo soflebiT, dabebiTa da qalaqebiT, gansakuTrebiT israelis veli, iordanesa da genesare-Tis tbis midamoebi. marTalia, ioseb flaviosi aWarbebs, TiTqos, galileaSi oras ormoci qalaqi da daba iyo, TiTqos, galil-eis yvelaze patara sofels TxuTmeti aTasi mosaxle hyavda, da mraval qalaqs _ as ormocdaaTi aTasi, mainc ver uarvyofT im

7 midraSi _ rabinTa qadagebebis werilobiTi redaqcia, romelic Sei-cavs saRmrTo werilis ganmartebebs da damrigeblur-zneobriv swavlebebs (red. Sen.).8 zoharis wigni _ kabalisturi literaturis umTavresi da yvelaze

cnobili wigni. mis ZiriTad Sinaarss Seadgens Toras komentarebi (red. Sen.).

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faqts, rom galileis mosaxleoba iudeasa da samariis mosaxleo-baze gacilebiT mravalricxovani iyo. es imiTac mtkicdeba, rom iudevelTa ukanasknel omSi romaelebTan iosebma9 Tavisuflad Sekriba asi aTasi moxalise.

galileis mosaxleobas Talmudi da ioseb flaviosi erTob mimzidveli Tvisebebis mqone xalxad xataven. isini Sromismoyvareni iyvnen. erTxel imperator adrianes, mogviTxrobs midraSi, rodesac is genesareTis tbis napirze, tiberiadis maxloblad miemgzavre-boda, aswlovani moxuci Sexvda, romelic leRvis xes rgavda. adrianes gancvifreba arc daumalavs. ramdenime wlis Semdeg mox-ucma imperators leRviT savse yuTi miarTva, xolo imperatorma is yuTi oqroTi auvso. galilevelebi ieso qristes dros, ambobs reri (Рэрь), mTeli iudeveli xalxis uganaTlebules da didebul nawils warmoadgendnen. noyierma niadagma, farTo dasaxlebam da vaWrobam sasikeTo gavlena moaxdina xelovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebaze; da ganaTleba sazogadoebis dabal da Rarib fen-ebSic ki gavrcelda. meores mxriv, galileis daxasiaTebisas, is-torikosebi weren, rom galilevelebi Tavisufal cxovrebas iyvnen miCveulni, uyvardaT Tavisufleba da erovnuli damoukidebloba, da galileis olqSi xSiri iyo romis batonobis winaaRmdeg am-boxeba. amitom romaelebi galilevelebs mousvenar, ficx, meam-boxe da meomar xalxad miiCnevdnen. iosebi cxadad ambobs maTze: `ucxoelebiT garsSemortymul galilevelebs arc saomari gamoc-dileba akldaT da arc xalxis raodenoba. isini bavSvobidanve brZolas eCvevian da bevrnic arian~. galilevelebi Rirsebas da patiosan saxels simdidreze maRla ayenebdnen, maSin, rodesac iu-develebTan piriqiT xdeboda.

galilevelebs religiur wesCveulebaSi bevri ram hqondaT iseTi, rac iudevelebisTvis miuRebeli iyo, magram aq igrZnoboda xasiaTis sirbile da amtanoba. galileveli kanonis gamo grZnoba-Ta bunebriv mdinarebas ZaldatanebiT ar Trgunavda, da iudau-ri praqtikis sapirispirod, micvalebuls SabaTsac daitirebda. magram, meore mxriv, paseqis wina dRes galileveli yoveldRiur saqmianobas anebebda Tavs, am dros ki ierusalimSi isev muSaobd-

9 igulisxmeba ioseb flaviosi, 1-li saukunis istorikosi, cnobili Txzulebis, `iudevelTa siZvelenis,~ avtori (red. Sen.).

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nen. TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom galileveli farisevelTa swav-lebis wvrilmanebis codnaSi iudevels ver Seedreboda da xSirad gaorebuli iyo iudevelTa da warmarTTa adaT-wesebs Soris. miT umetes, rom kanonis sakuTari, mudmivi maswavlebeli ar hyavdaT tiberiadaSi sinedrionis daarsebamde, da mxolod iudeidan SemTx-veviT Camosuli maswavleblebiT kmayofildebodnen.

galilevelTa enac, aseve, Sereuli iyo, Sedgeboda wminda iu-deuri da ucxo, galileuri, sityvebisagan. TviT ebrauli sityvis gamoTqmac mkveTrad ganasxvavebda galileis mkvidrs samxreT pal-estinis mcxovrebis gamoTqmisagan. galilevelebs gansakuTebiT xorxismieri bgerebis warmoTqma uWirdaT, da yvela maTgans, dRe-vandeli samarielebis msgavsad, erTnairad ambobdnen. `erTma gal-ilevelma, gviambobs Talmudi, erTxel moiTxova `yaS~. ase miuges: ras iTxov, Se briyvo galilevelo: virs, rom zed moajde, Tu Rvinos, raTa dalio, an iqneb samoss, rom Seimoso, Tu cxvars da-saklavad?~ (yvela am sityvas galileveli sul erTnairad ga-moTqvamda). ra Tqma unda, aseTi gamoTqmis mqone galileveli ver SeZlebda kamaTs daxvewil religiur sakiTxebze, amitomac isini xelmZRvanelobdnen axlo winaprebis gadmocemebiT.

yovelive am gansxvavebisa da warmarTebTan axloblobisaT-vis, da Tavisufali azrovnebis gamo iudevelebi galilevelebis mimarT Rrma siZulvils daatarebdnen. Tavad sityva `galilev-eli~ salanZRavad iTvleboda iudevelTa Soris. isini savsebiT usamarTlod amtkicebdnen, rom winaswarmetyveli galileidan ar gamovidoda, da winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs, rom `isxdnen bnelsa da aCrdilTa sikudilisaTa Sina~ (Sdr. isaia 9,2. maTe 4,16), gal-ilevelebs usadagebdnen. `Sexede da dainaxav, eubnebodnen rabinebi nikodimoss, rom winaswarmetyveli galileidan ar gamova~. did-xans Zebna da didi dakvirveba ar sWirdeba imas, rom am sityvebis umecrebasa da sicrueSi darwmunde. rom aRaraferi vTqvaT barak ganmaTavisuflebelze, elom msajulze10, ana winaswarmetyvelze, kidev oTxi cnobili winaswarmetyveli: iona, elia, osia da naumi daibadnen an umetesad galileaSi winaswarmetyvelebdnen. ̀ Sexede da dainaxav, rom galileadan winaswarmetyveli ar gamodis. maS,

10 baraki _ israelianTa rigiT mexuTe msajuli, romelic deborasTan erTad moRvaweobda. elomi _ meTerTmete msajuli israelisa (red. Sen.).

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sadRa aris, SesZaxebs farari, geT-ofiri, saidan movida iona? sad aris Tesba, saidanac movida elia? sad aris elkoSi, saidanac movida naumi? sad aris CrdiloeTis mTebi, saidan movida osia?~ _ `gana SesaZlebelia, nazareTSi iyos rame sikeTe~, ambobs na-Tanaelic, romelic vrclad gvacnobs farTod gavrcelebul azrs galileaze, da isic savsebiT usamarTlod.

ai, swored am galileis nazareTSi, romelsac ase augad moixseniebs naTanaeli, gaatara siWabuke da daiwyo sazogado msaxureba ufalma. aq iyo galileis is patara qalaqi kana, sad-ac ufalma aRasrula pirveli saswauli qorwilSi, da saidanac iyvnen warmoSobiT uflis mociqulebi barTlome da svimon kanan-eli, romlis qorwilsac, gadmocemiT, macxovaric eswreboda. aq, mTaze, warmoTqva ufalma cnobili qadageba netarebaTa Sesaxeb. aqve iyo Taboris mTac, sadac icvala feri. aq iyo is sofeli magdala, sadac cxovrobda mariam magdalineli. aq, palestinis ukidures CrdiloeT sazRvarze, iyo qalaqi filipes kesaria an paneada, sadac cxovrobda sisxlmdinare qali, uflis samoselis SexebiT rom ganikurna. yvelaze xSirad ufali genesareTis tbis napirebs miaSurebda xolme. am tbis maxloblad mdebareobda qa-laqi kapernaumi, romlis sinagogaSic xSirad qadagebda ufali. am tbis napirze iyo sofeli beTsaida, saidanac iyvnen warmoSobiT mociqulebi iakobi da ioane. bevri sxva mowafe da mociquli SeiZina ufalma genesareTis tbis meTevzeTagan. `genesareTis tbaze, wers erTi RvTismoSiSi mogzauri, ufalma Serisxa qari da tal-Rebi da isinic myisve Cawynardnen TavianTi Semoqmedis sityvebze. aq gauwoda ufalma mowyalebis xeli wminda petres, roca is mcire rwmenis gamo iZireboda. am tbaSi, uflis brZanebiT, petrem daiWira Tevzi, romelSic ipova moneta da gadaixada Tavisi da RmerTkacis xarki. am tbis napirebze kurnavda mowyale ufali avadmyofebs da eSmakeulebs. ramdenad uyvarda macxovars es tba, iqidanac Cans, rom swored aq ineba, sCveneboda mowafeebs brwyin-vale aRdgomis Semdeg. TiTqos, am Cum wylebs daukavSira Tavisi zeciuri elCobis dasawyisi da dasasruli~.

axla ufro dawvrilebiT gavaSuqoT galileis is adgilebi, romlebic macxovris yofniT aris ganaTlebuli.11

11 `miugo angelozman man da hrqua dedaTa maT…... da uTxarT mowafeTa misTa, viTarmd aRdga mkudreTiT da aha, wina giZRÂs Tquen galileas~ (maTe

23


nazareTSi gaatara ufalma bavSvoba. es qalaqi genesareTis tbidan 20 km-s, xolo ierusalimidan 120 km-s moSorebiT mdebare-obda, ufro zustad, sami dRis savalze, wynar, gancalkavebul adg-ilas, kirqvisagan TeTrad moqaTqaTe, magram mcenareulobiT mdidar borcvebs Soris. farari am borcvebs vardis gadaSlil furclebs adarebs, xolo saxlebs, zed rom iyo Sefenili, _ zurmuxtis fiala-Si Cawyobil margalitebs. farari cdilobs, gagvacnos aq uflis sacxovrebeli garemo. `is cxovrobda ise, rogorc yvela bavSvi am myudro qalaqSi, TiTqmis ise, rogorc axla cxovroben. visac nazareTis lamazi, janmrTeli bavSvebi unaxavs, Tvalyuri udevnebia maTi idiliuri garTobebisTvis, visac smenia maTi wkriala sici-li, unaxavs, rogor xetialoben da TamaSoben mSobliuri mxaris borcvebze, lamaz da wyaluxv nakadulebTan, SeuZlia warmoidgi-nos, rogor gamoiyureboda im dros yrma ieso da rogor erTobo-da. Tu mogzauri CemsaviT moiqceva da kvaldakval miedevneba Sin mimaval bavSvebs, Tvals Seavlebs maT ubralo saxlebs Raribuli garemoTi da martivi, Tumca axali da jansaRi sakvebiT, Sexedavs maT bednier, patriarqalur, gansakuTrebuli movlenebis gareSe daxunZlul cxovrebas, cocxlad warmoidgens im garemos, sadac iesos uwevda yofna. araferia am saxlebze ubralo, saxuravebze mzis guls mificxebuli mtredebiTa da sarkmlebis qveS daxveu-li vazis totebiT; kedlebze xaliCebi gaukravT, SesasvlelTan sandlebia dalagebuli, Weridan lampari CamoSvebula _ oTax-is erTaderTi mokazmuloba; patara kedlis niSSi xis, kaSkaSa ferebiT moxatuli zanduki Zevs, romelSic inaxaven wignebsa da ojaxis sxva Zvirfaseulobas; sakmaod farTo wamosawol adgilze, kedlebs rom miuyveba, dagragnili feradi sabnebi daulagebiaT, romelTac loginebad iyeneben; iqvea Camwkrivebuli Tixis WurWe-li yoveldRiuri moxmarebisaTvis; karebTan, rogorc wesi, wiTeli Tixis sura dgas, romlis yelic, sigrilis Sesanaxad, mWidrod dax-veuli foTlebiT amouvsiaT. sadilobis dros oTaxis SuagulSi idgmeba moxatuli xis magida; zed deben did langars brinjisa da Zroxis xorcis sadiliT da libans anu moTuSul xils. am lan-garidan iRebs yvela, visac ramdeni unda. sadilobis win da sadi-

28.5,7). zogierTi mkvlevari `galileaSi~ gulisxmobs adgils ierusalimis mimdebared, eleonis mTis CrdiloeT mxares, sadac banakdebodnen galile-idan Camosulebi paseqis dResaswaulze.

24


lis Semdeg mosamsaxure an ojaxis yvelaze umcrosi wevri yvelas abaninebs xelebs spilenZis xeladiTa da taStiT. albaT, ase wyn-arad, ubralod, Tvinierad, yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli movlenebis gareSe miedineboda wminda ojaxis cxovreba nazareTSi~.

nazareTSi uflis cxovrebis meore mxarec arsebobda. gadmo-cemiT, igi exmareboda iosebs xeze muSaobaSi. `qalaqis aRmosav-leT nawilSi, ambobs olesnicki, ioseb damwindvelis saxelos-nos giCveneben. am saxelosnoSi axla hkidia SinaarsiT SesaniSnavi tilo _ gamosaxulia RvTismSobeli misi RvTaebrivi ZiT iosebis saxelosnoSi gvian RamiT, kandelis Suqze. ieso qriste muSaobis Semdeg Carxis Tavzea wamomdgari, xelebi Tavs zemoT aRumarTavs da amgvarad Tavisi figuriT gamosaxavs jvars, romlis Crdilic mkveTrad aRibeWdeba kedelze. RvTismSobeli gverdidan uyurebs Svils da xedavs iesos Crdils, Svilis ganrTxmul xelebs da ukan _ jvars. uflis saqmianobis samaxsovrod nazareTSi amJamad yvela biWs aucileblad Tan daaqvs dasakeci dana, adgilobrivi, naza-reTuli nawarmi.~

nazareTTan axlos mdebareobs sofeli kana, sadac ufalma pir-veli saswauli aRasrula qorwilSi. ̀ nazareTidan galileis kana-mde, ambobs iRumeni danieli, 7 km-ia, kana ki did gzaze mdebare sofeli~. kanas nazareTTan siaxloveze mogviTxrobs fararic. ̀ naz-areTSi dabrunebul ufals, rodesac misi naTesavebi kanaSi qor-wilze wasulebi daxvdnen, saaTnaxevarSi SeeZlo iq misvla.~

gadmocemiT, ufali simon kananelis, igive simon zilotis qor-wilSi iyo. ebraulad `kana~ gulmodginebas niSnavs, amitomac uwodebdnen simon mociquls zilots, rac berZnulad niSnavs `gulmodgines~, `moSurnes~. kaTolikebi amtkiceben, rom saswauli qorwilze kanaSi moxda 6 ianvars.

nazareTTan sakmaod axlos mdebareobs is mTac, romelzec, gadmocemiT, feri icvala ufalma mowafeebis winaSe _ Tabori. is nazareTidan sami saaTis savalzea. ioseb flaviosi Taboris mTis simaRles 10 stadioniT12 gansazRvravda. es Zalian didia, Tu dablobidan vertikalurad aRmarTul mTas warmovidgenT.

12 `stadioni~ Zvel saberZneTSi sigrZis sazom erTeuls aRniSnavda da udrida 125 nabijs. (zustad imave mniSvnelobisaa Zveli qarTuli `asparezi~, romelic, aseve, 125 nabijis tolia, maSasadame, teqstSi miTiTebuli stadi-oni 1250 nabiji gamodis (red. Sen.).

25


magram es cifri gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu mwvervalisaken zigzagiseburad daklaknil gzas vigulismxebT. mTis mwvervali warmoadgens mogrZo, Tvalis fososaviT Cazneqil zedapirs. es mTa sruliad gancalkevebulia mTagrexilisagan da momrgvalebulia mTis Ziridan mwvervalamde, saidanac miiRo es saxeli _ Tabori, rac ebraulad niSnavs `simaRles~ an `Wips~.

mogzaurebs aRafrTovanebs Taboris silamaze. `Taboridan, am-bobs erTi maTgani, yoveli mxriT Tvalwarmtaci xedi iSleba, mTeli galilea, ulamazesi qveyana, TiTqos, xelis gulzea. aq marTlac WeSmariti grZnobiT SegviZlia gavimeoroT wm. petres sityvebi: `keTil ars CvenTvis aq yofna,~ Tumca es sityvebi sxva azriT iyo naTqvami. ̀ uneblieT yuradRebas ipyrobs nazareTsa da Tabors Soris sxvaoba, ambobs sxva mogzauri. nazareTi RvTis dafaruli yofnis adgilsamyofelia, mSvenieri xeoba, masSi aris raRac myud-ro da mokrZalebuli. xolo Tabori, adgili uflis didebiT feriscvalebisa, gvaocebs didebulebiT. SeuZlebeli iyo uflis didebiT feriscvalebisaTvis ufro Sesaferi adgilis povna, da arc isaa gasaocari, rom amaRlebulis, didebis ideis gamosaxatvad am mTasTan mohyavT Sedareba. Tundac ieremia gavixsenoT: `cxovel var, ityÂs ufali RmerTi, viTarca Tabori mTaTa Soris~.

zafxulis TiTqmis yovel Rames mTis mwvervals mrisxane Rrubeli mosavs, mzis amosvlamde boboqrobs qari, ris gamoc RamiT tempera-tura 30-dan 10 gradusamde ecema.

axali aRTqmis meore SesaniSnav adgilad iTvleba galileis mTa, romelzec iqadaga ufalma. farari miuTiTebs genesareTis tbis dasavleT mxareze. ganmartoebuli RamisTevaca da qadage-bac, wers is, am mTis erTaderT mwvervalze unda aRsrulebuliyo, romelic amJamad `hittinis rqebis~ saxeliT aris cnobili da aRmosavlur unagiris waagavda ori amaRlebiT~. am mTis sila-mazis aRwerisas farari, sxvaTa Soris, SeniSnavs: `sinas kanoni gamocxadda SiSveli, qariSxlebiT garemoculi mTidan, romelic mrisxaned gadahyurebda gadatrusul udabnos; axali aRTqmis kanoni ki ayvavebul, mwvane mdeloze warmoiTqva, borcvis Tavze, romlis ferdobebi vercxlisfer galileis zRvaSi eSvebian~.

galileis zRva, sxvagvarad genesareTis tba, sadac xSirad imy-ofeboda ufali, sakmaod patara iyo, sigrZiT 20 da siganiT 9 km2, arfis formisa, romlisganac, rogorc amboben, warmoiSva misi

26


Tavdapirveli saxeli _ kenereTi, rac `arfas~ niSnavs. tba mS-vidad gawolila qvaburSi, gars kldovani mTebi ertymis. Crdi-loeTidan, xeobis gavliT, tbaSi mdinare iordane Semoedineba, ro-melic mas vercxlisfer zolad kveTs Suaze. saerTod, tba wynaria, sarkesaviT ireklavs garSemortymul kldeebs. magram rodesac iordanes xeobidan qari Semovardeba, uecrad Zlieri qariSxali atydeba. dasavleTi napiri mdidaria mcenareulobiT. ieso qristes dros aq mravlad iyo qalaqebi da soflebi, romelTac xSirad stumrobda ufali. aRmosavleTi napiri ki piriqiT, ukacrieli da dausaxlebelia da ufali xSirad gadadioda tbiT iqiT ganmar-toebisaTvis. `rodesac tbisken nazareT-tiberiadis gziT daeSve-biT, wers o.o. olesnicki, marcxniv uzarmazar, mTis qedidan vul-kaniT mowyvetil fiqalis kldes dainaxavT, romelsac tbamde veRar miuRwevia da Sua gzaze gaSeSebula, da mudam arsebobs misi Camovardnis saSiSroeba. albaT, am kldes gulisxmobda ufali, rodesac mowafeebs uTxra: `ukueTu gaqundes sarwmunoebaÁ, viTar-ca marcuali mdogÂsaÁ, hrquaT mTasa amas: miicvale amier iqi, da miicvalos.~. SeiZleba iobsac, romelic genesareTis aRmosavleT napirze cxovrobda, es mowyvetili klde hqonda mxedvelobaSi, rodesac warmoTqva: `mTaÁ dacemiT daeces da klde daZueldes adgiliT TÂsiT.~.

genesareTis tba dResac mdidaria TevziT. adgilobriv Tevzs gansakuTrebuli gemo aqvs da aq is jiSebicaa, romelTac mxolod nilosSi vxvdebiT. am tbis Cveulebrivi Tevzebia: qorWila, kapar-Wina, Wanari da brtyeli Tevzi (qaSayis jiSis) 17 sm. sigrZi-sa, romelsac qristiani mosaxleoba wm. petres Tevzs uwodebs. TevziT simdidris wyalobiT qristes dros tbis Semogarenis mo-saxleoba, ZiriTadad, meTevzeobas eweoda, da fararis sityviT, oTxi aTasi navi dasrialebda tbaze.

genesareTis tbasTan mdebare yvela qalaqidan gansakuTrebiT xSirad ufali kapernaumSi imyofeboda, aq idga petre mociqulis sidedris saxli. ufali `movida TÂsad qalaqad~ (maT. 9,1), ambobs maTe mociquli kapernaumze. es iyo didi savaWro qalaqi. tviros-Si, damaskoSi, ierusalimSi, sepforisSi mimaval gzaTa gasayarze mdebareoba kapernaums savaWro centrad aqcevda, da amave dros, Zalian moxerxebuli adgili iyo baJis asakrefad.

kapernaumis maxloblad mdebareobda qorazani da beTsaida.

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beTsaida, savaraudod, ubralo meTevzeTa sofeli iyo kapernaumis maxloblad. saidi meTevzeobas niSnavs, beTsaida _ meTevzeTa saxls.

kapernaumis samxreTiT, tbasTan iyo sofeli magdala, romlis macxovreblebs metad cudi saxeli hqondaT gavardnili. SemTx-veviTi ar aris, ambobs olensicki, rom saxarebaSi monanuli cod-vilis tipad mariam magdalinelia SerCeuli.

tbasTan, kidev ufro samxreTiT, mdebareobda axladaSenebuli didebuli tiberiada. herode antipam tbis lamaz napirs misca upiratesoba da tiberiadaSi daaarsa Tavisi rezidencia, risTvi-sac aaSena aq brwyinvale sasaxle, taZari, amfiTeatri da qalaqs Semoavlo galavani. iyo kidev erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom uy-vardaT galileis mmarTvelebs aq cxovreba; es imitom, rom am qalaqis maxloblad miedineboda samkurnalo mTis mdinare. Tumca herodes aSenebuli qalaqis adgili uwin uZvelesi akldamebiT yofila dafaruli, da qalaqis Senebisas isini gadaTxares. amis gamo ebraelebi am qalaqs uwmindurad miiCnevdnen, eSinodaT wina-parTa saflavebze dasaxleba da Tavdapirvelad qalaqs sruliad warmarTuli saxe hqonda. `Tu ieso qriste, wers farari, arasodes Sesula warmarTul amfiTeatrSi, ar uvlia tiberiadis quCebSi, romlebic saflavebze gadiodnen, albaT, is xSirad Sescqeroda qalaqis koSkebiT gamagrebul galavans, antipas oqros sasaxlesa da Sors, tbaSi areklil marmarilos lomebis gamosaxulebebsa da sxva skulpturul Zeglebs~.

palestinis da galileis ukidures CrdiloeTiT, mdinare ior-danes saTavesTan, iyo qalaqi filipes kesaria, an paneada (warm-arTul RmerT panis saxelis mixedviT). fararis azriT, ufali am qalaqSi ar Sesula da mxolod mis maxloblad mogzaurobda. ma-gram am qalaqSi cxovrobda is sisxlmdinare qali, romelic uflis samoselis SexebiT ganikurna. gadmocema azustebs, rom gankurnebu-li adgilobriv cnobil gvars miekuTvneboda, da ieso qristes samadlobelad paneadas moedanze, Tavisi saxlis win, Zegli daudga macxovars. marmarilos kvarcxlbekze idga macxovris gamosaxuleba, mis win _ muxlmodrekili, vedrebiT xelaRpyrobili qali da iqve, uflis fexebTan _ ayvavebuli mcenare, gankurnebis simbolo.

maSasadame, galileaSi, rogorc uflis samSobloSi, pirvelad gaisma saxarebis qadageba. magram mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma yurad ar iRo es qadageba da mtrulad ganewyo mis mimarT. rode-

28


sac ufalma mSobliur qalaq nazareTSi iqadaga, mcxovreblebma misi kldidan gadmogdeba moiwadines. kapenaumSi dasaxlebulsac sruli uyuradReboba Seegeba misi swavlebis mimarT, aseve mox-da mimdebare soflebSi _ qorazinsa da beTsaidaSi. `vai Senda, qorazin! vai Senda, beTsaida! mimarTavda am xalxs, rameTu tÂross Tumca da sidons iqmnes Zalni, romelni iqmnnes Tquen Soris, ma-Sinve samemca ZaZiTa nacarsa zeda msxdomaresaTa Seinanes. xolo getyÂ Tquen,rameTu tÂrosi da sidoni umolxines iyos dResa mas sasjelisasa, vidre Tquen~ (maTe 11, 21-24).

saxarebis qadagebisadmi esodeni uyuradRebobis mizezad gal-ilevelebSi mosaxleobis gansakuTrebul yofiT ganwyobilebas miiCneven. igavebSi ufali Tanamemamuleebs praqtikul da cxovre-biseuli interesebiT gatacebul xalxad gvixatavs: `yovelman, romelman isminnes sityuani ese Cemni da yvnes igini, vamsgavso igi kacsa goniersa, romelman aRaSena saxli TÂsi kldesa zeda~ (maTe 7,24). `visme ukue Tquengansa undes godoli Senebad, ara-mea pirvelad dajdes da aRracxos, raodeni waragos, ukueTu aqus, raÁTa kma-eyos mas aRsrulebadmde. nuukue dadvas safuZveli da ver SeuZlos aRsrulebad misa, da yovelni romelni hxed-ven mas, iwyon kicxevad misa da Tquan: kacman aman iwyo Senebad da ver SeuZlo aRsrulebad~ (luka 14, 28-30). `aravin dasdvis Ãeli saÃnvelsa, da hxedavn igi gareSeukun da warmarTebul ars sasufevelsa RmrTisasa~ (luka 9,62). isini ar Cqarobdnen, miecaT Sesveneba daqiravebulTaTvis da dRis bolos usworebdnen anga-riSs (Sdr: maTe 20,8); fiqrobdnen, rogor aeSenebinaT didi beReli (Sdr: luka 12,18); amitomac hqondaT maT aseTi ganwyoba saxarebis qadagebisadmi, msgavsad lxinze miwveuli monisa: `kacman vinme yo puri didi da mouwoda mravalTa. da waravlina monaÁ TÂsi Jamsa purisasa, raÁTa hrquas CinebulTa maT moslvad, rameTu: aha esera, puri Cemi mza ars yoveli. da iwyo TiToeulman yovelman jmnad. pirvelman man hrqua mas: agaraki viyide da unebeli zeda-mac mislvad da xilvad igi. glocav Sen, ganmiteve, jmnulmca var Sengan. da sxuaman Tqua: uRleuli ÃarTaÁ viyide xuTi da mival gamocdad maTa; glocav Sen, jmnulca var.da merme sxuaman hrqua: coli SevirTe da mis gamo ver Ãel-mewifebis moslvad (luka 14, 16-20)~.

uflis amaRlebis Semdeg mociqulebma, galileis mkvidrebma,

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araerTxel iqadages TavianT samSobloSi. magram maTi qadagebis warmatebaze an imaze, Tu kerZod, ra adgilebSi qadagebdnen, an hyavdaT Tu ara mimdevrebi, araviTari cnoba ar Semonaxula.

iudevelTa omebis droidan, pirveli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan meoTxe saukunemde, galileaSi qristianuli eklesiis arsebobis araviTari kvali ar iZebneba. ori mizezi ganapirobebs amas. jer erTi, galileis qalaqebi, romlebic ebraelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, omis dros daingra. Tavisuflebismoyvare galilevelebma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes iudevelTa ajanyebaSi romis winaaRmdeg, fla-viosma 100 000 moxalise Sekriba da Taborze gamagrda, SeakeTa Taboris cixe-simagre iTaburioni, romelic dResac dgas. genesare-Tis tbis meTevzeTa navebi gadakeTda samxedro flotad da tbaze mravali sisxlismRvreli brZola gaimarTa. am TanadgomisTvis sas-tikad daisajnen galilevelni. genesareTis wylebze gamarTuli brZolis aRwerisas, sadac 7 500 adamiani daiRupa, flaviosi wers: `asobiT adamiani emsxverpla romaelTa Subebs. vinc cdilobda, rogorme Tavi gadaerCina, wylis qveS imaleboda, magram rogorc ki amoswevda Tavs, wamsve isrebiT ganigmireboda, xolo Tu ro-maelTa navebTan micurdebodnen, an Tavs dakargavdnen, an _ xelebs. zogierTebze devna xmeleTzec grZeldeboda, da yvela amowyda~. `maSin, agrZelebs igive avtori, tba SeiReba sisxliT, aivso gva-mebiT da veravin gadaurCa sikvdils. saSineli simyrale idga am qveyanaSi momdevno dReebSi da mwuxare iyo es qveyana; tba savse iyo gemebis namsxvrevebiTa da gasiebuli, mcxunvare mzis qveS gax-rwnili gvamebiT. da ise iwamleboda haeri, rom es ubedureba ara marto iudevelebis, aramed maT moZuleTa da am ubedurebis mizezTa sibraluls iwvevda. mravali galileveli daiRupa am omSi maxviliT, mravali tyve sastiki sikvdiliT dasaja vespasianem ptolemaidasa da tiberiadas Soris. 1 200 moxuci da davrdomili moakvdines stadionze; 6 000 tyve gaugzavnes nerons aTenis yelis gasaTxrelad; 30 400 gayides monad.... sabolood daiqca galil-eis qveyana. ase aRsrulda uflis sityvebi: vai Senda, qorazin! vai Senda, beTsaida! vai Senda kapernaum! TviT zecamde amaRlebuli, jojoxeTamde daemxobi~.

meore da mTavari mizezi imisa, rom qristianobis aranairi kva-li ara Cans galileaSi me-2-3 ss-Si, iyo iudevelebis gadmosaxleba ierusalimis dangrevis Semdeg. rogorc viciT, galileis qalaqe-

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bi metwilad warmarTebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTac, ra Tqma unda, ar Sexebia zemoT aRwerili ubedureba. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, qalaqi tiberiada. da ai, moxda metad ucnauri ram. ierusalimis iudevelebi, romlebsac ase sZuldaT warmarTuli galilea da ezizRebodaT maTi winaprebis saflavebze aSenebuli tiberiada, iZulebulni gaxdnen, swored es adgili aerCiaT sacxovreblad. 70 wels, ierusalimis dangrevisa da, gansakuTrebiT, mis adgilze elia kaptolinas daarsebis Semdeg, ierusalimis iudevelebi iw-yeben masiur gadmosaxlebas galileis qalaqebSi da iqve aarse-ben iudaizmis centrs. tiberiadaSi ewyoba cameti sinagoga. ti-beriadis sinedrioni xdeba iudevelTaTvis umaRlesi religiuri instancia; ierusalimidan gadmotanili iudeis umaRlesi skola iudeuri mecnierebis centrad iqceva. tiberiadis skolebSi Segro-vda is dadgenilebebi, romlebic qmnian miSnas, Talmudis ZiriTad nawils. netari ieronime gviambobs, rom mis iudevel maswavleb-els, romelic yvelas aocebda sibrZniT, ganaTleba tiberiadis skolebSi hqonda miRebuli. qristianuli gadmocemis sapirispirod iustinianes Sesaxeb, romelsac galileaSi 80 eklesia hqonda aSen-ebuli, arsebobda iudevelTa gadmocema rabin simonze, romelmac 80 sinagoga aaSena am qveyanaSi. erTi mxriv, galileis amgvari ga-partaxebisa, meore mxriv, aq fanatikuri ierusalimuri iudevelobis centralizaciis gamo 1-li saukunis bolos, SeuZlebeli xdeboda aq qristianuli eklesiis arseboba. am mxareSi me-4 saukunemde qristianobis arsebobis araviTari kvali ar moipoveba. galileis xelmeore `ganaTleba~ saxarebis swavlebis naTeliT da aq saepis-koposoebis daarseba ukve me-4 saukuneSi iwyeba.

perea. vidre davamTavrebdeT Txrobas galileaze, vityodeT mis ganaTlebaze qristianuli swavlebis sinaTliT me-4 s-Si, unda vaxsenoT meore palestinis provinciis naxevari, iordanis gaRma qveyana, romlis berZnuli saxeli iyo perea (sityvasityviT `gaRma mxare~). zemoT iTqva, rom genesareTis tbis aRmosavleTi napiri, anu iordanis gaRma mxare, udabnos hgavda. `genesareTis tbis meore mx-areze, anu aRmosavleTiT, wers farari, im droSic ar Canda arc erTi xe, arc suldgmuli vinme, arc sacxovrebeli. araferi iyo dabali borcvebis garda, romlebic kldovani napralebiT iyo da-serili da viwro da unayofo tbis napirisken eSveboda. macxovris

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dros kontrasti am or mezobel mxares Soris saocari iyo~. Tumca amgvari unayofoba da ukacrieleba iordanis mTel gaR-

ma mxareze ar vrceldeba. mis SemadgenlobSi Sedioda rubenisa da gadis Stoebis olqebi, romlebmac odesRac daJinebiT sTxoves moses, daetovebina isini am saZovrebiT mdidar iordanes gaRma mxareSi da ar gadaeyvana iordaneze. arc isaa swori, TiTqos macx-ovris dros sruliad ukacrieli iyo mdinaris gaRma mxare. aq, sxva Ta Soris, iyo berZnebiT dasaxlebuli, erTmaneTTan dakavSire-buli aTi qalaqi, saidanac momdinareobs am olqis saxelwode-ba `dekapolisi~ (aTi qalaqi). am qalaqTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda: Radara, geraza, hipposi, pella, filadelfia (dRevandeli amani), kapitoliasi (beTrasi), kanaTa, rafana, gergesa, skviTopolisi.

rodesac macxovris mier am mxaris monaxulebasa da eSmakeu-lis gankurnebaze mogviTxroben, markoz da luka maxareblebi mas RadarinelTa mxares uwodeben. albaT, imitom, rom Radara dekap-olisis mTavari qalaqi iyo. maTe mociquli ki mas gergesevelTa mxared ixseniebs, savaraudod,Y imitom, rom gankurneba aRsrulda qalaq gergesis midamoebSi, romelic doqtor tomsonis kvleviT, iordanes gaRma mxareSi, kapernaumis pirdapir mdebareobda. moci-qulebi mogviTxroben: rodesac Radarinelis gankurnebisas misgan gamosuli eSmakebi Rorebis koltSi Sevidnen da kbodedan gal-ileis zRvaSi gadacvivdnen, Radarinelebma sTxoves ufals, gas-cloda maT. amitom saWiro araa, vilaparakoT uflis qadagebis warmatebaze iordanes gadaRma.

Tu Tvals gavadevnebT istoriis Semdgom ganviTarebas ior-danis gaRma mxareSi, vxvdebiT iseT faqtebs, romlebsac, eklesiis istorikosebis azriT, erTob didi mniSvneloba hqonda qristian-uli eklesiis istoriaSi. es iyo ierusalimis qristianuli Temis gadasaxleba pereaSi, romelic tiberiadaSi ierusalimis iudevel-Ta gadasaxlebis Tanadroulad moxda. evsevi gviambobs: angelozis brZanebiT, ierusalimis qristianebma titusis mier ierusalimis dangrevamde cota xniT adre datoves ierusalimi da gadasaxld-nen pellaSi. es qalaqi, romelic mxolod berZnebiT iyo dasax-lebuli, SesaZlebelia, makedonelebiTac, radganac makedoniaSic arsebobda qalaqi pella, sruliad ar TanaugrZnobda iudevelTa ajanyebas. miT umetes, rom 150 wlis win, aleqsandre ioanes dros, is mTlianad gaapartaxes iudevelebma. ierusalimisadmi mtrulad

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ganwyobili, is usafrTxo TavSesafari iyo ierusalimeli qris-tianebisTvis. `ierusalimis iudvel-qristianebis am gadasaxlebas pellaSi, gviambobs lange `mociqulTa saukunis istoriaSi~, qa-laqSi, romelic berZnebis kolonia gaxldaT iudevelTa qveyanaSi da dakavSirebuli iyo RadarasTan, gerazasa da sxva qalaqebTan, sadac batonobda berZnuli ganaTleba, ar SeiZleba, ar mohy-oloda ierusalimidan gadmosaxlebulebis religiur Sexedule-baTa gavlena. pellaSi mcxovrebi ierusalimis iudevel-qris-tianebi iZulebulni iyvnen, mWidro urTierToba daemyarebinaT warmarTebidan gamosul qristianebTan da maTi zegavleniT unda SeeZinaTYmeti Tavisufleba moses kanonis dacvis valdebulebebSi, SexedulebebSi, romlis avtoritetuli warmomadgenlebic aqamde Tavad iyvnen~.

SemdgomSi pellaSi dasaxlebulma qristianebma datoves es qalaqi da isev dabrundnen ierusalimSi. maT yofnas pereaSi uk-valod ar Cauvlia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ueWvelia, rom me-2-3 ss-Si skviTopolisSi,13 qalaqSi, romelic 3 km-iT iyo dacilebuli pel-ladan, iyvnen qristianebi. Tumca es qalaqi mdebareobda iordanes meore, dasavleT mxareze, magram radganac dasaxlebuli iyo upira-tesad warmarTebiT (gadmocemiT, skviTebs dauarsebiaT 655 w-s. qr. dabadebamde, midiasa da siriaze laSqrobis dros), dakavSirebuli iyo dekapolisTan. SemdgomSi is dekapolisis mTavari qalaqi gaxda, ufro mogvianebiT _ mTeli meore palestinis mitropolia. pir-vel saukuneebSi skviTopolisSi qristianuli eklesiis arsebobaze nawilobriv miuTiTebs is faqti, rom 305 w-s. kesariaSi ewama vinme prokofi (medaviTne, katexizisti da ekzorcisti) skviTopolisidan, ufro metad ki is, rom 325 w-s. skviTopolisSi ukve arsebobda saepiskoposo kaTedra da misi episkoposi patrofile, ariozis fa-natikuri mimdevari, eswreboda nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebas.

amave dros, konstantine didis zeobisas, skviTopolisSi cxov-robda iudeveli iosebi. wminda epifane dawvrilebiT aRwers am iudevelis saswaulebriv moqcevas qristes rjulze. konstantine didma iosebs komitis14 wodeba uboZa. iosebi, TiTqmis erTaderTi

13 skviTopolisi _ dRevandeli beiT-Seani, wminda miwis erT-erTi uZ-velesi qalaqTagani, romelic Cv. w. aR-mde mesame aTaswleulidan arsebobs. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma da vrcelma sarestavracio samuSaoebma dRevande-li beT-Seani (israelis miwis namdvil `pompead~ aqcia (red. Sen.).14 komiti _ samoxeleo piri bizantiis imperiaSi. es Tanamdeboba gaCnda

33


marTlmadidebeli mTels skviTopolisSi, moSurneobiT avrceleb-da qristianobas meore palestinis provinciebSi, gansakuTrebiT galileaSi. man tiberiadaSi daaarsa eklesia da adrianumad wodebul nangrevebze moawyo taZari petre mociqulis saxelze. manve daaarsa eklesia nazareTSi.

me-4 saukuneSi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi arsebobda meore pal-estinis kidev oTx mxareSi _ gabeSi, maqsimianopolisSi, hippossa da kapitoliasSi. me-5 saukuneSi maT kidev oTxi saepiskoposo miemata: pellaSi, iotabaSi, amaTussa da miraSi. me-6 saukuneSi ki, rode-sac saepiskoposoebi gaixsna abelSi, elenopolisSi, diokesariaSi, karpokratiasa da ekazalSi (am ukanasknelSi SeiZleba vigulisx-moT Taboris mTa), saepiskoposoebis saerTo raodenobam meore palestinaSi Teqvsmets miaRwia.

am mxares gansakuTrebulad mfarvelobda imperatori iustiniane da zrunavda iq qristianobis gavrcelebaze. aqamde am provinciebs saqristiano samyaros kided aRiqvamdnen da qalaqi skviTopolisi eresebis dros xSirad iyo gandevnis adgili, zogierTisTvis ki _ TavSesafari. magaliTad, evsevi verCeleli15 didxans imaleboda aq iosebTan. fanatikosebi, romlebic aRaSfoTebdnen palestinis eklesias qalkedonis krebis Semdeg, dausjelad daesxnen Tavs skviTopolisis eklesias, mokles episkoposi severiane da Seura-cxyves misi msaxurebi.

iustinianes dros skviTopolisis episkoposi sapatio Rirsebas iZens da 536 wlis ierusalimis krebaze xels awers uSualod kesariis mitropolitis Semdeg. am dros skviTopolisSi cxovrob-da beri kirile skviTopoliseli, romelmac Seadgina palestinis eklesiis istoriisaTvis Zvirfasi, iqaur Rvawlmosil pirTa cx-ovrebani, aRwera maTi brZola WeSmaritebisaTvis.

gansakuTrebiT gamococxlda galileis saeklesio da saero cx-

konstantine didis reformebis Sedegad; iyvnen rogorc samoqalaqo, ise _ samxedro saqmis komitebi. sityva laTinuri warmoSobisaa _ comes, comitas, _ da `Tanamgzavrs,~ `amxanags~ niSnavs (red. Sen.).15 igulisxmeba wm. evsevi, verCelis episkoposi, me-4 saukunis (283-372)

italieli moRvawe. wm. evsevi aTanase aleqsandrieliseuli sarwmunoebis simbolos gulanTebuli damcveli da ariozis mimdevarTa dauRalavi mow-inaaRmdege iyo, risTvisac maT mier idevneboda. ambrosi mediolaneli erT werilSi qebiT ixsenebs mas eparqiis keTilad gangebisaTvis, da, gansakuTre-biT, samonastro cxovrebis mowyobisaTvis aRmosavluri eklesiis wesisa da rigis mixedviT. wmindani italiaSi piemontis mxaris mfarvelad iTvleba (red. Sen.).

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ovreba imperator iustinianes dros. man tiberiadas myari gala-vani Semoavlo da oTxmocamde eklesia aaSena. ̀ Taboris mTa, ambobs me-7 s-is erTi mogzauri, dafarulia balaxiTa da yvavilebiT, mis mSvenier mwvervalze dgas monasteri da mravali senaki~. magram didxans ar gastana meore palestinis keTildReobam. tiberiada da sxva qalaqebi me-8 s-Si xalifa omarma daangria.

jvarosnobis dros, me-9 saukuneSi, saeklesio cxovrebis centr-ma skviTopolisidan nazareTSi gadainacvla. skviTopolisis kaTe-dram dakarga mniSvneloba da nazareTSi gaixsna samitropolito kaTedra.

pirveli palestina

am provniciaSi Sedioda samaria, iudea da idumea.

samaria. galileis samxreTiT mdebareobda qveyana samaria. es saxeli mas samariis (ebrauli gamoTqmiT `Somron~) mTaze mde-bare misi mTavari qalaqis mixedviT ewoda. moculobiT samaria ar yofila didi, magram, galileis msgavsad, uxvi nayofierebiT ga-moirCeoda. is warmoadgenda msxmoiare tyeebiT daCrdilul xevs. garda cnobili israelis velis samxreTisa, mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda SesaniSnavi iordanis velis nawilic. aseTi noyieri naida-gis gamo samaria kargad iyo damuSavebuli. Talmudis mixedviT, samariis mxareSi uamravi qalaqi iyo. `daviTs, mogviTxrobs rabini ionaTani, samariis mTebSi hqonda samoci aTasi qalaqi; da yovel qalaqSi imdenive mosaxle iyo, ramdenic iricxeboda egviptidan ebralebis gamosvlis dros~. mosaxleobis aseTi simWidrove arc-Tu iseT did samariaSi aixsneba adgilis TaviseburebiT, is mofe-nili iyo mTebiTa da borcvebiT, rasac velebi kveTda, amis gamo qveynis zedapiri TiTqmis orjer izrdeboda. rabini ula ambobs TalmudSi, `rom samariis mTebSi iyo 60 aTasi qalaqi, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, iq 60 lerwmis buCqisTvisac ar aris sakmarisi adgili~. samariis udabur da miuwvdomel mTis xeobebSi, sadac adamiani ver saxldeboda, mravlad iyo mtredebi da ierusalimis taZaric

35


samsxverplo mtredebis umetes nawils samariis mTebidan iRebda, rogorc tarigs _ qebronidan da Saronis velidan, xolo Rvinosa da fqvils _ galileadan.

odesRac samaria israelis samefos nawils Seadgenda. rodesac es samefo asurelebma daipyres, samariaSi darCenili ebraelebi, ZiriTadad dabali fena, Seerivnen mosul warmarT kolonistebs da saxis wyobiTac ki araviTari saerTo aRar SerCaT ebraelebTan. amasTan erTad, Seinaxes ra WeSmariti rwmena, ramdenadme Seicva-les religiuri Sexedulebani. amitom aiTvalwunes iudevelebma samariteli ebraelebi, rogorc Sebilwulebi. iudevelTaTvis si-tyva `samariteli~ sagineblad iqca. isini ise eridebodnen sa-maritelebTan urTierTobas, rogorc danaSauls. sinamdvileSi ki samaritelebi ar imsaxurebdnen maT mimarT aseT ganwyobas. amitom ieso qriste xSirad stumrobda samarias, vinaidan iudevelebze ukeT icnobda da misabaZad warmoaCenda maT. zogierT religiur warmodgenaSi samaritelebs upiratesobac ki hqondaT. magaliT-ad, isini elodnen mesias, rogorc xalxis maswavlebels, sulier moZRvars da ara, rogorc miwier ganmanTavisuflebels. zogierT maTgans iudevelebze ukeT esmoda ieso qristes swavleba da gars exveodnen moZRvars.

pirvel saukuneSi samariaSi qristianuli Temi daaarsa moci-qulma filipem. petre da ioane mociqulebi sagangebod iyvnen movlinebulni ierusalimidan samaritelebis mosanaTlad. rogorc erTi mwerali aRniSnavs, filipe mociquls boZebuli hqonda gansa-kuTrebuli saswaulmoqmedebis niWi (saq.moc. 8,5-40). swored amiT aixsneba is didi warmateba, romelic mohyva mis qadagebas samaria-Si, da gansakuTrebiT _ sebastiaSi, qveynis dedaqalaqSi. am qveya-naSi metad Zlieri iyo saswaulTa rwmena da mowiweba yovelive uCveulos mimarT. 36 w-s, anu samariaSi qristiani mqadageblebis mosvlamde ori-sami wliT adre, didi moZraoba daiwyo erTi cru-winaswarmetyvelis mier, romelic qadagebda moses kanonTan pir-veladi saxiT dabrunebis aucileblobas. cnobilma simonma sofel gitonidan Tu gitadan, romelmac SemdgomSi didi saxeli moixveWa, daiwyo imiT, rom axdenda magiur saswaulebs, amitomac uwodeben mas mogvs.16 samaritelTa moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare, is iqamde

16 simon mogvis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs `saqme mociqulTa~ _ Tavi 8,9-25. misi saxelis mixedviT ewoda `simonia~ sasyidlis safasurad mRvdelmsax-

36


mivida, rom mociqulebs fuli SesTavaza saswaulTa aRsrulebis niWis sasyidlad.

samariis mxaris mTavar qalaqad iTvleboda samaria anu sebastia. es someris mTaze, mogrZo, SemaRlebul adgilze mdebare qalaqi ierusalimidan 13 km-iT iyo dacilebuli, gars msxmoiare veli da borcvebi ertya. Tavdapirvelad samaria aaSena israelis mefe am-brim, da qalaqi male iqca israelis samefos dedaqalaqad, romel-ic yvelaze lamazi da gamagrebuli iyo qveyanaSi da eWira wreze 1 saaTis savali sivrce. `mefobda ambri zeda israelsa aTormet wel da Tersas mefobda equs wel. da moigo ambri mTa igi so-moroisi semeresgan, mefisa mis mTisa, oriTa sasworiTa vercxliTa da aRaSena mTa igi da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli, romel aRaSena, saxelsa mas semerassa, uflisa mTisasa, somoron (III mf. 16,23-24)~. nayofieri, Tvalwarmtaci mTis SemaRlebaze da terasebze gan-lagebuli sasaxleebidan israelis mmarTvelebs SeeZloT Tvali xmelTaSua zRvamdec miewvdinaT. am adgilis SerCeva dedaqalaqad mefis utyuar gemovnebaze miuTiTebs, aq xom ase Serwymuli iyo silamaze bunebriv TavdacviT siZlieresTan da msgavsi adgili, ro-gorc aRniSnaven mogzaurebi, ar iZebneboda mTels aRmosavleTSi.

samefos aT muxlad dayofis Semdegac samaria inarCunebs Tavis politikur mniSvnelobas, Tumca religiur sakiTxebSi mas gadasZ-lia siqemma. erTwliani alyis Semdeg ioane hirkani17 apartax-ebs samarias. antoniusisa da kleopatras sikvdilis Semdeg mis nangrevebs imperatori avgustusi Cuqnis herode dids. da man am adgilas Seqmna saocreba: gaafarTova bibliuri qalaqis saz-Rvrebi, gars ufro farTod Semoavlo galavani, qalaqis centrSi, SemaRlebaze, aago brwyinvale taZari avgustusis sapativcemu-lod, Tanamedrove gemovnebiT aRadgina yvela Senoba da qalaqis dasacavad iq 6 000 romaeli veterani ganaTavsa. ai, amgvari saxiT daxvda samaria (sebastia) axal aRTqmas.

samariis momdevno saukuneebis istoria mxolod medlebma

urebis uflebis mopovebis mcdelobas. Zveli qristiani avtorebi: iustine filosofosi, irineos lioneli, ipolite romaeli, tertuliane da sxvebi simon mogvs miiCneven gnosticizmisa da eklesiis yovelgvari eresis mamam-Tavrad (red. Sen.).17 ioane hirkani _ iudeis mefe xasmonidebis dinastiidan, mefobda Zv.w-

is 134-104 ww-Si. mis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT makabelTa wignebSi, aseve _ fla-viosTan (red. Sen.).

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Semoinaxa, maTgan gansakuTebiT bevri SemorCa neronidan galamde (karakalas Zma) warweriT q Sebasto~ meg. e.i. didi sebastiis RmerTebi. septimus severusma sebastia koloniad gadaaqcia, anu qalaqi gaaTavisufla xarkisagan. Tu rodis daingra herodes sa-maria, zustad cnobili ar aris. utyuaria mxolod is, rom evsevim ixila is, Tumca ieronimeseul palestinis mimoxilvaSi sebastia ukve aRar arsebobda.

yovelive samariulisadmi zizRTan erTad iudevelebs SurdaT samariis mdebareobisa da simdidrisa da bednier qalaqs uwodebdnen mas. `visac unda simdidre, bednieri cxovreba, ambobdnen Talmud-istebi, wavides samariaSi, Tumca ki brZenma ierusalimi unda amjo-binos~. marTlac, samaria garegnobiT upiratesi iyo ierusalimze _ ierusalimis garSemo arsebuli qvebisa da SiSveli flateebis nacvlad aq ayvavebuli midamo iyo, silamaziTa da nayofierebiT erT-erTi saukeTeso palestinaSi. amas Tu davumatebT mosaxleo-bis gansakuTrebul sixalises, rasac kidev ufro zrdida Rvinisadmi midrekileba (winaswarmetyvelebi samaritelebs loTebs eZaxdnen), CvenTvisac naTeli xdeba, uZvelesi droidanve qveynierebis yove-li kuTxidan ratom modioda am mxarisaken cxovrebaSi mxolod grZnobier siamovnebasa da sitkboebas dawafebuli xalxi. simdid-riT qedmaRali samaritelebi gamoirCeodnen mxolod maTTvis da-maxasiaTebeli ieriT, riTac maT yvelgan advilad scnobdnen. isini sxva kuTxis macxovreblebs zemodan dascqerodnen, ebraul sityvebs cxvirSi gamoTqvamdnen, maTi Cveuli salaparako Tema maTi qalaqis upiratesoba iyo: `Cveni qalaqi imgvari aguriT rodia naSeni, da-vardnisas rom ifSvneba, aramed _ lodebiT, gana leRvis xiT, maleve rom lpeba, aramed _ saukeTeso libanis kedariT~.

samariis qristianuli eklesiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom aq qristianoba iqadaga filipe diakonma (erTma SvidTagan), xolo moqceulebi monaTles petrem da ioanem. saepiskoposo kaTedra samariaSi 1-el saukuneSi daarsda da gadmocemiT, misi pirveli episkoposi iyo diakoni nikolozi. me-4 saukuneSi samariis epis-koposi eswreboda nikeis krebas. aqve, samariaSi didi xnis man-Zilze inaxeboda akldama ioane winamorbedis neStiT, romelzec mociqulTasworma elenem aago taZari. am akldamisa da taZris naSTebi axlac arsebobs. Tumca ioseb flaviosi da evsevi io-ane winamorbedis mowameobrivi sikvdilis adgilad maxeris cixe-

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simagres miiCneven, mkvdari zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. magram gamoricxuli ar aris, rom misi neSti mis mowafeebs sebastiaSi gadaetanaT. amas sakmaod damajereblad adasturebs ieronime, ro-melmac swored sebastiaSi ixila ioane naTlismcemlis akldama, winaswarmetyvelebis _ elisesa da abdias _ akldamebTan erTad.

mogviano avtorebis mowmobiT (Teodorite), iuliane gandgomi-lis dros ioane winamorbedis wminda nawilebi, romelic sebastia-Si ganisvenebda, dawves da qars gaatanes. me-6 saukuneSi antoninem sebastiaSi ixila qristianuli bazilika winamorbedis akldamaze, Tumca, me-5 saukunis mwerali bilibaldi laparakobs winamorbedis akldamaze bazilikis gareSe, romelic, albaT, im droisaTvis spars-Ta mier iyo dangreuli. am faqtebze dayrdnobiT Cven ar vaniWebT mniSvnelobas skeptikosTa hipoTezas, romlis mixedviTac gadmoce-ma sebastiaSi winamorbedis saflavis Sesaxeb ar efuZneboda isto-riul monacemebs da gamowveuli iyo mxolod paralelizmisadmi midrekilebiT, raTa ierusalimSi, iudeis dedaqalaqSi, macxovris saflavis arsebobis Sesatyvisi yofiliyo misi winamorbedis sa-flavis arseboba sebastiaSi _ israelianTa samefos dedaqalaqSi.

neapolisi (nablusi) _ Zveli siqemi.18 siqemi ierusalimidan 64 km-ze mdebareobda, gebalisa da garizinis mTebs Soris. Tav-ad saxelwodeba siqemi, anu mxrebi, mianiSnebda, rom qalaqi orive mxridan mTebis ferdobebs efineboda. qalaqis mdebareoba Zalian lamazi iyo, mas amSvenebda moregis Wala, didi muxa (romlis qve-Sac iakobma damala colis kerpebi), mTebis _ gerizimisa da eba-lis, mwvervalebi. qalaqi nablusi metad mdidaria wyliT. mis midamoebSi oTxmocamde wyaroa. wylis siuxves unda umadlodes qalaqi nairgvar mcenareulobasa da baRebis siqorfes. baRebSi bevria xexili da yvavilebi, gansakuTrebiT _ iebi da vardebi, rom-lisganac mzaddeboda vardis wyali, razec didi moTxovnileba iyo palestinis yvela rwmenisa da religiis taZrebSi. bostanSi uxvad mohyavdaT kitri, xaxvi da sxva bostneuli. iRumeni danieli

18 qalaqi siqemi bibliuri droidanaa cnobili, aq aris bibliuri pa-triarqis, iosebisa da misi ori vaJis, efremisa da manases, gansasvenebeli. qristemde 400 wels es qalaqi samaritelTa kulturul da religiur cen-trad iqca. axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi romaelebma daipyres da imper-ator vespasianes sapativcemulod flavia neapolisi daarqves, rac arabul-Si damaxinjda, rogorc `nablusi~ (red. Sen.).

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ambobs siqemze: `baRebi aq uricxvia da mravalferovani: leRvi, Txili, tuxti, zeTisxili...…… qalaqs garSemo akravs maRnari ty-eebi da yanebi. es mxare Zalian lamazia da mdidari zeTiT, RviniT, xorbliTa da bostneuliT. aq uamravi Walaa. am simdidriT marag-deba da cxovrobs ierusalimi~. nablusis simdidre da mdebareo-ba odiTganve izidavda xalxs yoveli mxridan da is siriis sxva qalaqebze metad xalxmravali iyo. es iyo SemaerTebeli savaWro centri erTi mxriv, iafesa da beiruTs, da meore mxriv _ iordanes gadaRma qalaqebs Soris. es qalaqi SesaniSnavia imiTac, rom Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, aq didxans cxovrobdnen abraami da iakobi.

israelis samefos dangrevis Semdeg siqemi, ra sakvirve-lia, dazaralda iseve, rogorc danarCeni qalaqebi, magram ara ZirisZirobamde, rogorc ierusalimi iudeis samefos dangrevis dros. radganac israelis samefos dampyrobeli gegmavda da-tyvevebuli aTi Stos Secvlas aRmosavleTidan gadmosaxle-bulebiT. es ukanasknelni, romlebic jer kuteebis, Semdgom _ samaritelebis saxeliT arian cnobilni, ganuyoflad arian dakav-Sirebulni TavianTi istoriiT siqemis istoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT garizinze taZris aSenebis droidan. amis Semdeg siqemma igive mniS-vneloba SeiZina samaritelTaTvis, rasac ierusalimi warmoadgens iudevelebisTvis. TavianT taZars samaritelebi TviT ierusalimis taZarze maRlac ki ayenebdnen, rogorc agebuls abraamis mier isaakis msxverplad Sewirvis WeSmarit adgilze (morias mTas ieru-salimSi samaritelebi am msxverplSewirvis namdvil adgilad ar miiCnevdnen). saimperatoro medlebzec gamosaxuli garizinis mTa taZriTurT siqemis, anu maSindeli neapolisis, gerbs warmoadgenda. iudevelTa omis dros siqemi daingra da mis adgilze aSenda ax-ali qalaqi neapolisi. siqemis mkvidri samaritelebi TavgamodebiT erTgulebdnen TavianT, qristianobasTan dapirispirebul, kults. gansakuTebiT Zlieri devna neapolisis qristianebma samaritelebi-sagan iwvnies 487 wels, zenonisa da anastasis mmarTvelobis dros. mravali qristiani daiRupa neapolisSi sulTmofenobas, radgan maT eklesiaSi yofnisas daesxen Tavs. aseTive didi ubedureba ga-daitanes qristianma samaritelebma 530 welsac, iustinianes dros, rodesac samaritelebi ajanydnen vinme iulianes winamZRolobiT. maT gaapartaxes eklesiebi, saSinlad awames qristianebi da cec xls misces maTi wminda wignebi. amisTvis samaritelebi daisajnen da

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gandevnil iqnen siqemidan, xolo maTi taZari gadaakeTes wminda RvTismSoblis taZrad. imperatorma iustinianem siqemSi am peri-odSi xuTi samarituli sinagoga gadaakeTa eklesiad.

siqemis maxloblad, garizinis mTis ZirSi, ierusalimis Zvel saqa-ravno, damaskodan egviptisken mimaval gzaze iyo iakobis Wa, 2 m. siganisa da 20 m. siRrmis. amitom gasagebia samariteli qalis sityvebi ieso qristesadmi:L `ufalo, arca savsebeli gaqus da jurRmuli ese Rrma ars. vinaÁ gaqus Sen wyali cxoveli?~ (io-ane 4,11). Wis mdebareoba ierusalimis gzaze garizinis mTis win gasagebs xdis, rom macxovari swored aq gaCerda ierusalimidan galileaSi dabrunebis dros da esaubra samaritel qals. xolo aqedan aRmosavleTiT gadaSlili nayofierebiT cnobili israelis veli, weliwadSi orjer rom iZleoda xorblis mosavlas (arc Tu bevri adgilia aseTi palestinaSi), cxadyofs, rom swored im iako-bis Wazea aq laparaki: `ixileT yanebi, rameTu spetak arian samka-lad awve~ (in. 4,35). iakobis Wis namdvilobas adasturebs agreTve im adgilze dedofal elenes mier agebuli monumenturi Zeglic, raTa momdevno Taobebs ar daviwyebodaT adgili, romelic gaanaT-la macxovarma Tavisi yuaradRebiT. Zegls hqonda jvris forma; misi oTxive, erTnairi zomis viwro ganStoeba oTxi koridoris sax-iT miemarTeboda jvris centrisaken, sadac iyo Wa. me-6 saukuneSi aq idga wm. ioanes bazilika, romlis sakurTxevlis win iyo Wa da xis Tasi, romlidanac, gadmocemiT, ufalma dalia wyali. mravali avadmyofi midioda am WasTan da ikurneboda. xolo qva, romelzec ijda ufali, iustinianes dros konstantinopolSi gadaitanes.

iudea. sakuTriv iudea moicavda palestinis ukidures samxreT nawils (idumeis CaTvliT). iudea galileasa da samariaze bevrad vrceli iyo. sigrZe Seadgenda 32 km-s, xolo saSualo sigane ior-danidan xmelTaSua zRvamde _ 16-18 km-s. iudeis zedapiri zedmiw-evniT mTiani iyo da mis Sua, yvelaze maRal wertilSi idga ieru-salimi. amitomac am provinciis nayofiereba ver gautoldeboda galileisa da samariis nayofierebas.

iudeis mosaxleoba erTob mravalricxovani iyo, radganac aq idga mTeli dedamiwis dedaqalaqi ierusalimi, yvela adgilobrivi da ucxoeli iudevelis Sekrebis adgili, xelosnobis centri mravali xalxisTvis, romlebic verafers, an imdens ver gaxdebodnen

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palestinis sxva mxareebSi. es iyo mTeli dedamiwis savaWro centri, yvela axlomdebare qveynidan momavali qaravnebis mizani. reli-giuri dResaswaulebis dros aq imarTeboda xmauriani da mdidari bazrobebi, rac aTasobiT adamians asazrdoebda da siuxvisa da keTildReobis wyarod efineboda mTels provincias. `wminda qa-laqi ierusalimi _ werda agripa kaligulas, mxolod iudeis saxe rodia, aramed is aris saxe iudevelTa yvela dasaxlebisa mezobel qveynebSi, esenia: egvipte, finikia, siria, kerZod, pamfilia, kilikia, mcire aziis mravali adgili, TviT biTvinia da ponto, evropaSi _ Tesalia, beotia, makedonia, italia, atika, argosi, korinTo, pelo-ponesis udidesi da ukeTesi nawili, TviT evbea, kviprosi, kreta~.

garda amisa, iudeaSi iyo bevri sazRvao qalaqi, romlebic mdidari savaWro saqmianobiT gamoirCeodnen.

iudeis ukeTesi mimoxilvisTvis jer Cven SevCerdebiT sazRvao qalaqebze, Semdeg mimovixilavT Sua iudeaSi mdebare qalaqebs, xolo dasasruls SevexebiT samxreT-aRmosavleT iudeis adgilebs.

palestinis kesaria. xmelTaSua zRvis napiras mdebare iudeis qalaqTagan yvelaze SesaniSnavi iyo kesaria, romelic ierusalim-idan 600 stadioniT iyo daSorebuli. odesRac am adgilebSi iyo qalaqi krokodilopolisi. am qalaqs icnobdnen pliniusi, straboni da ptolemeusi. isini axseneben or mdinaresac, sadac, Turme, icoda niangebi. pokoki19 cdilobs, axsnas niangebis arsebo-ba aRTqmul qveyanaSi da qalaq krokodilopolisis warmoSoba. misi varaudiT, uZveles patriarqalur epoqaSi am ori mdinaris midamoebi ekuTvnoda egviptis romeliRac kolonias da maTi re-ligiuri rwmenidan gamomdinare, romlis mixedviTac niangi keTil-dReobis simboloa, moaSenes kidec niangebi palestinis am samflo-beloSi. `me Tavad vixile, gviambobs pokoki, flumen mortuum-Si20 daWerili niangebi. maTi sigrZe 160-180 sm-s udrida~. rwmunebas, rom niangebi egviptidan palestinaSi gadmoiyvanes, adasturebs Tanamedrove arabuli gadmocemac, romlis mixedviT mdinare zerqa da aqdari odesRac sruliad usafrTxo mdinareebi iyo. magram egviptidan Camoiyvanes niangebis ori wyvili, romelTagan erTi

19 eduard pokoki (Eduard Pococke) _ me-17 saukuneSi moRvawe ingliseli orientalisti da bibliis mkvlevari (red. Sen.).20 Flumen mortuum _ laTinurad: mkvdarTa mdinare (red. Sen.).

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gauSves nar-zerqaSi, meore _ nar-aqdarSi. es ori wyvili sakmari-si Seiqna, rom xsenebuli mdinareebi nilosis Semdeg niangebis meore samSoblod qceuliyo. amdenad, eWvi araa, rom qalaqi kro-kodilopolisi daarsebuli iyo egviptis krokodilopolisidan gadmosaxlebuli egviptelebis mier, romlebic am adgilis noyier-ma niadagma miizida. magram krokodilopolisi didi xnis winaT TiTqmis ukvalod gaqra. amis Semdeg imave adgilze, cota samxre-TiT, egviptelTa niangebis qalaqis nacvlad qanaanelebma aaSenes sxva qalaqi, romelic ioseb flaviosis drosac ki uZvelesad iT-vleboda, es iyo Sortoni, an ufro srulad, migdal stratoni, anu stratonis godoli. qalaqi stratonis godoli cnobili iyo simdidriT. sidonis mefis, izmunis warweraSi qebiT moixseneba es qalaqi amgvari formulirebiT: `dae, mefeTa ufalni gvmosavdnen silamaziT tir-Stratonisa, narCevi xorbliT rom aRvsebula~.

rac Seexeba stratonis saxelwodebas, amaze SeiZleba vTqvaT mxolod is, rom is semituri warmoSobisaa da unda vivaraudoT, rom modis qalRmerT astartes an atargatis saxelidan, romlis Tayvaniscema Secvala niangebis Tayvaniscemam...

ebraelTa istoriis bolo periodSi stratonis godoli daeca da gapartaxda mtris xeliT. herode didma21 am qalaqis nacvlad aaSena qalaqi kesaria. herodem qalaqi stratoni mcired da ulam-azod miiCnia, Tumca misi mdebareoba vaWrobisTvis mosaxerxebeli iyo da amitom gaafarTova qalaqi, gaalamaza, gaamagra, moawyo SesaniSnavi navsadguri da misgan Seqmna kesaria, anu qalaqi, rome-lic mieZRvna ara mxolod romis keisars, aramed romelsac hqonda keisris sidiade. `SeniSna ra iudeis miRma, ambobs flaviosi, zRvis napirze erTi moxerxebuli adgili, romelsac Zvelad stratonis godoli ewodeboda, herodem aRadgina Zveli qalaqis nangrevebi, didad gaafarTova, morTo Soreuli qveynebidan Camotanili Te-Tri qvis masaliT. qalaqi damSvenda brwyinvale sasaxleebiT, gak-virvebas iwvevda kerZo moqalaqeebis nagebobani~.

magram herodes kesariaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan nagebobad iTv-leboda navmisadgomi, romelic Tavisi sadiadiT aTenisas usworde-boda, da, SeiZleba, sWarbobda kidec mas. aq SemohyavdaT gemebi dasadgomad. herodem kesariis navmisadgomisaTvis iseTi gegma dax-

21 igulisxmeba iudeis mefe herode I, antipatrosis Ze, beTlemis yrmaTa momsvreli da ioane naTlismcemlis Tavis mkveTeli (red. Sen.).

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aza, rom aq mTeli floti daeteoda. flaviosi aRwers kesariis didebul navmisadgoms. aq gemebi SemohyavdaT CrdiloeTis qaris dros, vinaidan am adgilas is metad wynardeba. navmisadgomis Ses-asvlelSi sami kolosaluri Zegli iyo aRmarTuli, marcxniv _ godoli, marjvniv _ ori maRali sveti. sanapiros irgvliv mar-marilos saxlebi idga, xolo SuaSi, navmisadgomis Sesasvlelis mopirdapired, herodem araCveulebrivi brwyinvalebiTa da sila-maziT gamorCeuli taZari aago, romelic avgustuss miuZRvna.

flaviosis am aRweraSi yuradRebas ipyrobs kesariisa da pireis navsadgurebis dapirispireba. es dapirispireba ar aris SemTxveviTi, rogorc Cans, herode cdilobda, miebaZa aTenis portisaTvis. kidev Semdegis Tqmac SeiZleba: 1) orive ports bunebrivi dacvis garda hqonda xelovnuri jebirebi; 2) orive navmisadgomis Sesasvlele-bi zRvidan erTnairad iyo morTuli maRal svetebze aRmarTu-li lomebisa da sfinqsebis simboluri gamosaxulebebiT; 3) pireis navsadguris msgavsad, romelic Temistokles dros Semortymuli iyo kedliT 60 stadionis sigrZis wreze, raTa yoveli mxridan miuvali yofiliyo, kesariis navsadguric, rogorc zRvidan, ise xme-leTidan garSemortymuli iyo kedliT, romlis simagre yvelas gancvifrebas iwvevda; 4) rogorc pirea iyo aTenis calke nawili, ise kesariis navsadguric, herodes azriT, unda yofiliyo qalaqis calke sazRvao nawili. im cnobili sajaro gzis Sesabamisad, rome-lic pireas aTenTan aerTebda, herodem aaSena cnobili mozaikuri sanapiro, 25 m. siganis, romelic kesariis navsadguridan taZrisa da Teatrisaken miemarTeboda da ucxoelebis sayvareli saseirno adgili iyo. amgvari mowyobis miuxedavad kesariis porti mainc ar iyo absoluturad daculi, vinaidan aq zRva Zalian boboqaria.

rodesac vewvieT kesarias, gviambobs olesnicki, Cven vixileT navsadgurTan qariSxlisgan gamogdebuli Turquli gemi. sakiTxavia, ra unda ganecadaT am gzaze uZveles zRvaosnebs, romlebic Tav-ianT Tavs mokrZalebulad zRvis monebs uwodebdnen, Tuki Tana-medrove gemebic ki, Tavs rom zRvis gamgeblebad Tvlian, aq usa-frTxod ver curaven.

qalaq kesariis navsadguris irgvliv, rogorc centris garSe-mo, ganlagebuli swori quCebi TeTri qviT nagebi SenobebiT iyo damSvenebuli. SesaniSnav nagebobaTa Soris mogzaurTa yuradRebas ipyrobda borcvze aRmarTuli keisrisadmi miZRvnili didebuli

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taZari ori bumberazi qandakebiT _ erTi, argosis iunonas msgavsi, warmoadgenda roms, xolo meore, olimpiis iupiteris qandake-bis mixedviT nakeTebi, warmoadgenda romis keisars. taZris garda herodem kesariaSi aaSena kldeSi SeWrili Teatri da qalaqis samxreT nawilSi _ amfiTeatri, romelic didZal xalxs itevda, da aq daawesa xuTwliani TamaSebi keisris sapativcemulod, um-didresi prizebiT, romliTac ajildovebdnen ara mxolod pirvel, aramed meore da mesame priziorsac. amasTan, rodesac miwis zemoT igeboda aseTi didebuli nagebobani, samuSaoebi tardeboda miwis qveSac, rac iTxovda aranakleb xarjebsa da jafas. miwis qveS gay-vanili iyo swori gvirabebi, romlebSic Sedioda zRvis wyali da gamohqonda qalaqidan Cadinebuli usufTaoba.

Tormeti weli Sendeboda herodes kesaria. navsadguris mniS-vnelobasa da brwyinvalebasTan erTad is mniSvnelovani Seiqna saxelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiTac da Tavi ierusalimis metoqed ganacxada. axali qalaqis aseTi gandideba da ̀ wminda ierusalimis~ daknineba, ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeboda wminda iudauri partiis suls, miT umetes, rom axali zRvispira dedaqalaqi iyo sruliad warmarTuli. aq iyo warmarTuli taZari, mmarTvelTa da maTi col-Svilis qandakebebi amSvenebda moednebsa da Senobebs, Tumca kanoni amas krZalavda; qalaqis mcxovrebni umetesad ucxoelebi iyvnen, romlebic moses kanonis SezRudvebs ar scnobdnen da Tavi-anT yofasa da qalaqis dawesebulebebs romis qalaqebis msgavsad awyobdnen. kesariis mmarTvelebi advilad ibirebdnen xalxs romau-li kerpTayvanismcemlobisaken. ufro metic, kesariaSi iudevelebi sakmao devnas ganicdidnen warmarTebisagan. kesarieli berZnebi abuCad igdebdnen iudevelebs da Sexvedrisas dacinviT wamoaZax-ebdnen xolme ambavs egviptidan gamodevnil keTrovan iudeveleb-ze. xandaxan saqme sisxlisRvramdec midioda. kesariaSi, gviyveba ioseb flaviosi, iudevelebs hqondaT sinagoga, romlis mezoblad cxovrobda erTi berZeni, iudevelTa Seurigebeli mteri. imisT-vis, raTa mowinaaRmdegeTa religiuri grZnobebisTvis Seuracxyo-fa mieyenebina, berZenma sinagogasTan sxvadasxva saxelosno aaSena, romelTa xmauric erwymoda mlocvelTa wamoZaxilebs da xels uSlida RvTismsaxurebas. amasTan, raki sinagoga kesariis farTo da swor quCaze ki ara, erT miyruebulsa da viwro SesaxvevSi mdebareobda, es saxelosnoebi masTan misasvlelsac xergavdnen. iu-

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develebma mimarTes mmarTvel flors saCivriT da ZRvnad 8 ta-lantic miarTves, magram verafers gaxdnen da iZulebulni Seiqnen, droebiT daetovebinaT kesaria.

amis Semdeg gasagebi xdeba, ratom ixsenieba TalmudSi kesaria uwmindur, sazizRar da dawyevlil qalaqad, bibliuri edomis mxared (SeiZleba, es iyo miniSneba herodes warmoSobaze). Tal-mudi gansakuTrebiT uwmindurad miiCnevs kesariis dasavleT na-wils, anu sanapiros, da aRmosavleTis nawils _ tetraforsidan (oTxgasasvleliani godoli) miwisqveSeTamde. qalaqis am nawilSi yofna ebraelisTvis iseTive wabilwvas niSnavda, rogorc safla-vSi yofna. Tumca kesariaze dadebulma aseTma akrZalvam kanonis maswavleblebis mier axalgazrda iudevelTa protesti gamoiwvia, romlebsac SeuZlebelia, ar moswonebodaT dedaqalaqis brwyin-valeba da misi ucxouri wes-Cveulebebi. ase rom, erTi rabi TviT TalmudSic SeniSnavs, rom aRmosavleTi nawili, sadac mdebare-obda cirki, mcdarad iyo miCneuli bilw adgilad. da saerTod, Talmudistebi aRiarebdnen, rom kesaria yvela Tavisi uwminduro-biT warmoadgenda `sicocxlis qalaqs~ materialuri keTildRe-obis gagebiT. amitomac iudevelebi mainc etanebodnen kesarias. vidre sabolood, iudevelTa omebis dawyebamde cota xniT adre, imperatoris ediqtiT kesariis iudevelebs CamoerTvaT moqalaqe-Ta uflebebi da bolos, erT dResac nawili amoxoces, nawilic monebad aqcies. iudevelTa ukanaskneli omis dros kesaria romis jarebis mTavari Sekrebis adgili gaxda.

qristianoba kesariaSi sakmaod adre gavrcelda da hyavda mim-devrebi ara marto iudeveleTa da elinTa Soris, aramed _ warm-arTebSic. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, diakoni filipe, romelsac kesa-riaSi hqonda saxli. swored aq cxovrobda is kesarieli asisTavi, romelic pirveli moinaTla warmarTTa Soris. romaeli asisTavis swored kesariaSi, umTavresad romaul qalaqSi, yofna sruliad bunebrivi Cans. ierusalimSi qristianebis devnis dros mociqulebi da sxva morwmuneebi, Cveulebriv, TavSesafars kesariaSi eZebdnen, rogorc qalaqSi, romelic SedarebiT Tavisufali iyo iudevelTa TviTnebobisagan. qalaqis centraluri savaWro mniSvnelobis gamo aqedan iwyebdnen mociqulebi misionerul saqmianobas, rogorc zR-viT, ise _ xmeleTiT. pavle mociquli ara mxolod xSirad Semo-dioda am qalaqSi, aramed, raki romaeli mmarTveli iudevelebi

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maSin aq cxovrobdnen, swored aq iqna igi, rogorc patimari, moy-vanili ierusalimidan, da ori weli dahyo cixeSi romSi gagza-vnamde. me-4 saukuneSi, gadmocemiT, kesariaSi miuTiTebdnen erT Zeglze, romelic ukavSirdeboda mociqulTa istorias. piligrimis mowmobiT 333 w-s. kesariaSi uCvenebdnen embazs, romelSic petre mociqulma monaTla asisTavi korneliusi Tavisi ojaxiT (moc. saq. 16). ieronimes mowmobiT, aq ixiles filipe maxareblisa da misi ori asulis (orive winaswarmetyveli iyo) saxli (saqm. 21.8,9), agreTve sapyrobile, sadac datusaRebuli iyo pavle mociquli. kesariaSi karga xans, me-2-3 saukuneebSi, Semonaxuli iyo eklesiis istoriis kvali. Sua saukuneebSi, gadmocemiT, uCvenebdnen saxls, sadac Sedga 198 wlis kreba, romelmac gansazRvra paseqis dResaswaulis aRniS-vnis dro; uCvenebdnen agreTve saxls, sadac cxovrobda origene kesariaSi yofnisas, da agreTve, _ pamfilesa da evsevis22 saxls. maT aq daaarses qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo skola, pirveli qris-tianuli biblioTeka, Tan iseTi moculobisa, rac savsebiT sakmarisi aRmoCnda evsevisTvis istoriis dasawerad.

saepiskoposo kaTedra kesariaSi daarsda mociqulTa dros da am kaTedris episkoposTa memkvidreoba didxans uwyveti iyo. kesa-riis episkoposTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen Teoqtiste _ origenes megobari da damcveli; evsevi _ eklesiis gamoCenili istorikosi; misi memkvidre akaki, Taviseburi mwvalebluri seqtis meTauri. kesariis mitropolias mTel palestinaSi didi xnis man-Zilze hqonda upiratesi mniSvneloba, ase rom ierusalimis, ufro sworad, elia kapitolinas kaTedra mis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofe-boda. me-4 saukuneSic ki episkoposi akaki imiTicaa cnobili, rom ierusalimis episkoposs pirvel adgils edaveboda. magram me-5 saukunidan kesariis saeklesio mniSvneloba nel-nela ecema, me-7 saukuneSi kesaria politikur mniSvnelobasac kargavs. xolo me-13 saukuneSi mogzaurebi kesarias warmosaxaven sruliad gapartax-ebul qalaqad, afTrebisa da turebis sabinadrod.

iope, sxvagvarad iafa. Aaranaklebi mniSvnelobisa iyo sanapiro qalaqi iope, mdebare samxreTiT, saronis velis boloSi, im adgil-ze, sadac zRva CrdiloeTisaken Rebulobs mimarTulebas. qalaqma

22 igulisxmeba evsevi kesarieli (263-340) _ saeklesio istoriis mama (red. Sen.).

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saxelwodeba misi Tvalwarmtaci Semogarenisagan miiRo, sityva `iope~ ebraulad niSnavs `sixarulis sanaxaobas~. iope zRvidan did STabeWdilebas axdens mogzaurebze da amaRlebul ganwyobas uqmnis mxilvels. zogjer iopes uwodeben ̀ mefis qaliSvils~, rome-lic warmomdgara wminda miwaze mosuli mogzauris Sesaxvedrad. Tumca, es gamoTqma pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac SeiZleba gavigoT, vinaidan Zveli ebraeli mwerlebi iudeis qalaqebs uwodebdnen samefo ierusalimisa da israelis asulebs. es poeturi Sedareba Zalian Seefereba iopes _ qalaqs garSemo artyavs didebuli baRebis yvavilwnuli. erTmaneTs keklucad mikruli Senobebi am-fiTeatriviT rom ganlagebulan, Soridan saTburebsa da taZrebs hgvanan, xolo Tavad borcvi, romelzec qalaqia gaSenebuli, ada-mianis profils gagonebT da mas ukavSirdeba legenda persevsis mier zRvis urCxulisgan andromedas daxsnis Sesaxeb. dResdReo-biTac uCveulod nayofieria es adgili. visac iopes maradmwvane, ayvavebuli da keTilsurnelovani baRebi unaxavs, ambobs erTi Ta-namedrove mogzauri, SeuZlia warmoidginos, miwieri kurTxevis ra siuxviT duRda RvTis rCeuli xalxis miwa. limonis, forToxli-sa da broweulis erTmaneTSi ferwerulad gadaxlarTuli xeebi Seadgens iopes baRebis mTavar nawils da gansacvifrebeli nayof-ierebiT gamoirCevian. lamis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi daxunZlu-lan nayofiT _ jer pirveli mosavlis aReba araa damTavrebuli, rom xeebi axlad iwyeben ayvavebas. cnobilia, rom iopes baRebi amarageben evropisa da aziis mraval portsa da ruseTis bazars limoniTa da forToxliT. aq uxvad xarobs, aseve, leRvis, nuSis, atmis, gargaris, TuTis xeebi, aseve _ giganturi palmebi. bananisa da Saqris lerwmis moSenebas naklebad misdeven. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom iopes baRebis keTildReoba mTlianad xelovnur mor-wyvazea damokidebuli, ris gareSec aq warmoudgenelia mcenaris gaxareba, radganac niadagi Savmiwa ki ara, mSrali, wyalsmowyure-buli silaa. yovel baRs sakuTari ramodenime mosarwyavi Wa aqvs, saidanac arxebis saSualebiT wyali TiToeuli xis Ziramde miedi-neba. vinaidan baRebi ganuwyvetlad irwyveba, aq gamudmebiTa ismis Wis borblebis Wriali da virebis yroyini, romlebic am borblebs atrialeben.

qalaqidan iSleboda SesaniSnavi xedi zRvaze, vakeebze marcxniv da marjvniv da aRmosavleTiT mTaze, romelzec gadioda ieru-

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salimisken mimavali gza.gadmocemis Tanaxmad, qalaqi uZveles droSi, jer kidev war-

Rvnamde daarsebula. ebraelTa gadmocemiT, noem aq, zRvis napirze aago kidobani, xolo misma Svilma iafetma daaarsa qalaqi iafe. miTologiiT, andromeda iopeSi misces veSaps SesaWmelad. iq, sadac napiri uxvevs marjvniv, gviambobs norovi,23 da moCans zRaparuli kldeebi, persevsma ixsna andromeda zRvis urCxulisagan. mecnierTa nawili varaudobs, rom es miTi iona winaswarmetyvelis ambavzea dafuZnebuli, radganac swored aq gadaylapa iona veSapma.

iopes navsadguri mainc da mainc moxerxebuli araa. `qalaqsa da navsadgurs Soris, agrZelebs Txrobas norovi, naxevar km-ze napiri-dan, uwyvet mwkrivad amoSverila usasrulod araswori formisa da zomis qvebi. rodesac uyureb, rogor exeTqeba maT talRebi xmauriTa da qafiT, ggonia, rom ai, axla daimsxvreva es lodebi. srulebiTac ara! isini dganan da sul ar adardebT, ras fiqroben maTze mTeli aTaswleulebi ~. qvebis swored es mwkrivi gaxlavT iopes uZvelesi navmisadgomi, patara da mouxerxebeli. rodesac maT umzer, cocxlad warmogidgebaT Tvalwin odisevsis gemebi, romelTa wyalSi CasaSvebad ormocdaaTi kaci iyo saWiro, zRvaze curvis dros ki, vergiliusis sityviT, _ sammagi spilenZiT naWedi guli.

uZveles droSi iope ebraelTa erTaderTi navmisadgomi iyo. iopes navmisadgomSi tirosis mefe qirami tiviT gzavnida libanis kedarsa da sxva masalas solomon mefis taZrisTvis. aseve moxda taZris meored aSenebis drosac. aq, iopeSi Cajda TarSisken mi-maval xomaldSi iona winaswarmetyveli. iudeaze ucxoelTa ba-tonobis dros iope araerTxel qceula ajanyebis adgilad, gan-sakuTrebiT, makabelTa dros. `mociqulTa saqmidan~ viciT, rom petre mociquli stumrad iyo iopeSi vinme simon dabaRTan, da rom is saxli zRvis piras idga. aq ixila mociqulma petrem gaxsnili ca da misken Camomavali didi tilos msgavsi raRac WurWeli (moc. saq. 10,6,10). iopeSi simon dabaRis saxlis mdebareobaze Ta-namedrove mecnierebs Soris azrTa sxvaobaa. norovi miiCnevs, rom

23 avraam norovi (Авраам Сергеевич Норов) _ me-19 saukunis rusi saxelm-wifo moRvawe, mecnieri, mogzauri, mwerali. rogorc Cans, damowmebuli ci-tata moyvanilia misi naSromidan “Путешествие по Святой Земле” _ mogzauroba wminda miwaze (red. Sen.).

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es saxli mdebareobda laTinuri monastris midamoebSi, zRvis pi-ras. igive avtoris gadmocemiT, monastris eklesiis sakurTxevlis Tavze moTavsebul tiloze warmosaxulia RvTaebrivi aRtacebiT moculi petre mociquli misken cidan CamoSvebuli didi tabliT, romelzec yovelgvari oTxfexa miwieri cxoveli, qvewarmavali da cis frinvelebi arian. sul sxva adgils miuTiTebs olesnicki. `iopes Senobebs Soris mosanaxuleblad Rirs meCeTi jamaeT-tabie (meCeTi bastioni), wodebuli amgvarad koSkTan siaxlovis gamo, romelic qalaqs saxmreT-dasavleTidan icavs da axloa zRvasTan. adgilobrivi gadmocema am adgils Tvlis simon dabaRis saxlad, sadac cxovrobda petre mociquli iopeSi yofnisas. simonis saxlis arsebobas am musulmanuri salocavis adgilas,zRvis siaxloves, eTanxmeba mociqulTa saqmeebis wigni. ueWvelia, rom Zvel droSi petre mociqulis saxelze nagebi eklesia gadakeTda am meCeTad. franciskaneli berebis axali versia, rom simon dabaRis saxli iyo laTinuri monastris midamoebSi, usafuZvloa~.

petre mociqulma iopeSi aRadgina mkvdreTiT erTi mowafe qali, saxelad tabiTa. es gadmocema dResac Semonaxulia xalxSi. iopeSi is adgili, sadac axla rusuli baRia, didi pativiscemiT sarge-blobs, rogorc tabiTas saflavis adgili. dRemde, miuxedavad imisa, rom es adgili dacilebulia qalaqs da siliania, dResas-waulebze xalxi aq modis saseirnod, Tumca qalaqSi bevrad ukeTe-si daCrdiluli baRebia.

SemdgomSi iopes bedi amgvari iyo: pirveli saukunis damlevs, rodesac ebraelebi aujanydnen romaelebs, iope ieriSiT aiRo cestiusma da gadawva, romaelma jariskacebma rva aTasi adamiani daxoces. ramodenime xnis Semdeg ebraelebma axlad aaSenes qalaqi. magram mekobreebma, romlebic aq afarebdnen Tavs da esxmodnen finikiisa da siriis napirebs, kvlav miiqcies romaelTa yuradRe-ba. vespasiane moulodnelad, RamiT SeiWra qalaqSi da sruliad aaoxra. Semdeg qalaqis adgilze aaSena cixe-simagre da Caayena romis garnizoni. konstantine didis droidan arabebis Semosevam-de es adgili metad mniSvnelovani iyo qristianebisTvis, rogorc navsadguri, iseve rogorc axla, radgan aqedan iwyeba momlocvel-Ta mogzauroba wminda miwaze.

ufro samxreTiT mdebare sazRvao qalaqebidan Cven movixseniebT aSkelonsa da Razas _ filistimelTa uZveles qalaqebs, sadac

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imogzaura da iqadaga filipe diakonma.

aSkeloni _ filistimelTa Zveli sanapiro qalaqia, 85 km-iT dacilebuli ierusalims. vilhem tirelis24 sityviT (XVII,21), qa-laqi naxevar wred iyo gaSenebuli. mTel qalaqs zRvisken daqa-nebuli Rrmulis forma hqonda, yvela mxridan garemoculi iyo xelovnuri SemaRlebebiT, romlebzec aSenebuli iyo galavani. kedlis wres kveTda oTxi WiSkari, romelTa Tavze aRmarTuliyo koSkebi. pirvel, aRmosavleTis WiSkars uwodebdnen Porta major-s, aseve _ ierusalimisas, raki wminda qalaqisaken iyo mimarTuli. mis Tavze aRmarTuli iyo sakmaod maRali ori koSki; meore mTavar WiSkars, mimarTuls zRvisken, uwodebdnen zRvis karibWes, Porta maris-s. mesame mimarTuli iyo samxreTiT, qalaq Razasken da ewodeboda `Razis~. meoTxes, mimarTuls CrdiloeTisaken, uwodebd-nen `iopes WiSkars~. aSkelons Tavisi adgilmdebareobis gamo ar hqonda da arca aqvs ramdenadme moxerxebuli navmisadgomi. misi si-lovani napiri TandaTan scildeboda qalaqs. droTa ganmavlobaSi aSkelonis maxloblad Seiqmna navsadguri, wodebuli aSkelonis maiumad. sityva `maiumi~ niSnavs `adgils zRvasTan~. aq igive moxda, rac odesRac daemarTa kesarias _ Tu adre qalaqi zRvis piras idga, axla is misgan mocilebiTaa. qalaqis mimdebare adgili sili-ania da ar eqvemdebareba damuSavebas. miuxedavad amisa, aSkeloni adre umdidresi qalaqi iyo. gadmocemebi aSkelonis nangrevebSi gadamalul saganZurze efuZneba Talmudis cnobebs am qalaqis uzomo simdidris Sesaxeb ierusalimis pirveli da meore taZ-ris xanaSi. cnobilia, rom ierusalimis mRvdelmTavrebi aSkelonSi yidulobdnen efodisTvis saWiro Zvirfas qvebs.

uZvelesi legendis Tanaxmad, qalaqi aSkeloni daaarsa vinme aSkelosma, romelic lidiis mefes jariT siriaSi warugzavnia.

24 vilhelm tireli (1130-1186) _ Sua saukuneebis cnobili moRvawe, qalaq tiris arqiepiskoposi, mematiane. ganaTleba miiRo parizsa da boloniaSi, Tavisuflad flobda ramodenime evropulsa da aRmosavlur enas. pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdgom daarsebuli ierusalimis samefos mefem, amalrik I-ma, mas aRsazrdelad miabara Tavisi Ze, bolduin IV, romlis xel-zec vilhelmma keTris kvali aRmoaCina. misi umTavresi naSromia brwyinvale laTinuriT Sesrulebuli, 22 wignisagan Semdgari qronikebi, saTauriT Histo-ria rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum _ `zRvis gadaRma aRsrulebul saqmeTa is-toria,~ anu mokled: ierusalimis istoria, sadac yovelive miukerZoebladaa moTxrobili (red. Sen.).

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erTi sirieli qaliSvilis siyvarulis gamo is ukan aRar mibruneb-ula da dRevandeli aSkelonis adgilze dasaxlebula. uZvelesi droidanve qalaqi qalRmerT veneras mieZRvna. am qalaqSi arsebu-li veneras, an ufro sworad, astartes, taZari, herodotes azriT, uZvelesia qalRmerTis taZarTa Soris. SeiZleba am garemoebiTac aixsnas is, rom iulianes dros, rodesac qristianebi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT igvemebodnen warmarTTa mier, aSkeloneli warmarTebi umetesad qristian qalwulebs erCodnen. dRemde gansakuTrebu-lad miageben pativs aSkelonSi ̀ qalwulebis Was~ da ̀ qalwulTa bastionad~ wodebul uZveles nayars. es saxelwodebebi uZvelesi warsulidan gadmogveca memkvidreobiT. jvarosanTa laSqrobis dros icodnen kidev erTi uZvelesi `qalwulTa koSki~, romelic ionitebis raindebis samflobeloSi imyofeboda.

Raza. xmelTaSua zRvis piras mdebare filistimelTa Zveli qalaqi, navsadguriTa da dagonis25 taZriT, romlis nangrevebis qveSac daiRupa samsoni,26 aSkelonidan samxreTiT, 29 km-ze mde-bareobs. es iyo palestinidan egviptisken mimavali gzis ukanaskne-li qalaqi, mis iqiT unayofo udabnoebi gadaWimuliyo. sozomenis sityviT, Raza dacilebuli iyo 20 stadioniT, xolo strabonis mowmobiT _ 7 stadioniT zRvidan. zRvisken mimavali gza, romel-ic silian borcvebze gadioda, metad rTuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom qalaqis mimdebare midamoebi udabno iyo, Tavad qalaq Razas ayvavebuli saxe hqonda, radgan zRvidan da udabnos mxridan ori rigi borcvebiT iyo daculi. bibliur aRmosavleTSi zeTisxilis baRebi, ambobs olesnicki, adgilis keTildReobis mTavari maCvene-belia. qalaqi, romelsac aqvs zeTisxili, yovelTvis SeZlebulia. Razas SeiZleba siriis yvelaze mdidari qalaqi vuwodoT. pales-tinis arc erT qalaqs ara aqvs iseTi zeTisxilis tyeebi, rogoric gasdevs Razas CrdiloeTidan dasavleTamde. xolo aRmosavleTiT

25 dagoni _ filistimelTa RvTaeba kacTevzis saxisa, miwaTmoqmedebisa da nayofierebis simbolo (red. Sen.).26 samsoni _ filistimelebTan mebrZoli bibliuri gmiri. misma colma,

dalilam, ZilSi SeaWra grZeli Tma, ris Semdegac samsonma Zala dakarga, mtrebma Seipyres da Tvalebi daTxares. maT dResaswaulze brma samsonma, romelsac amasobaSi Tma gazrdoda da Zalac dabruneboda, taZris svetebi moangria da ase gaanadgura Mmravali filistimeli, Tavadac nangrevebSi daiRupa (red. Sen.).

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ki vrceli, egvipturi nayofierebiT gamorCeuli xorblis yanebia. ufro axlos, qalaqTan, gaSenebulia xexilis baRebi, romlebsac kaktusis bunebrivi Robeebi akravs. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs palmebis siuxve, amis msgavsi palestinis arc erT kuTxeSi ar gvxvdeba. aleqsandre makedonelis dros qalaqi mdebareobda borcvze, iyo didi da SemosazRvruli magari kedliT. aleqsn-dres Semdeg qalaqis umetesi nawili daingra egviptisa da siriis batonobis dros da iudevelTa omebis dasawyisSi. gapartaxebis Semdeg Raza gabiniusis wyalobiT isev aSenda, Tumc uwindeli silamaze veRar daibruna. herode didma Raza idumeas miakuTvna, xolo misi sikvdilis Semde avgustusma is gadasca siriis prokon-sulebs, rogorc berZnebiT dasaxlebuli qalaqi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Raza mravaljer iyo iudevelTa gamgeblobis qveS, aq mainc Zalze Zlieri iyo warmarTuli elementi. gansakuTrebuli mowi-webiT aq Tayvans scemdnen iupiters da uwodebdnen mas marnas, anu ufals.

saxarebis qadagebiT RazaSi diakoni filipe mivida, xolo misi pirveli episkoposi filimoni gaxda, romelsac pavle mociqulma gaugzava epistole. qristianTa raodenoba RazaSi pirvel sauku-neebSi metad mcire iyo. aqaur qristianebs Zlier aviwrovebda warmarTi mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT diokletianes dros, rode-sac aq awames ramdenime qristiani, maT Soris episkoposi siluani, man daiTmina dasaxiCreba, jurRmulSi Cagdeba da wamebiT sikvdi-li 303 wels.

konstantine didis dros Razas warmarTebma uari ganacxades qristianobis miRebaze. iulianes dros konstantine didis mier daarsebuli qristianuli taZrebi daangries da oTxi qristiani wamebiT mokles. mxolod imperator arkadis brZanebis safuZvelze da Razas episkopos porfiris didi mondomebiT Seiqna SesaZle-beli aq arsebul rva warmarTuli taZris dangreva. xolo erTi maTganis adgilas qristianuli eklesia aSenda.

imave dros, me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi, eklesiis istorikosis, so-zomenis mowmobiT, romelic warmoSobiT Tavad iyo Razadan, qa-laqis mimdebare udabnoSi gavrcelda meudabnoveTa cxovreba. swored aq, Razasa da maiums Soris daiwyo mosagreoba ilarionma, palestinaSi ber-monazvnobis pirvelma damaarsebelma.

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Razas maiuma. `maiuma~ niSnavs navmisadgoms (egvipturi si-tyvaa ma _ `adgili~ da jam _ `zRva~). strabonis Tanaxmad, Svidi stadioniT, xolo sxva mwerlebis mixedviT, _ 20 stadioniT iyo dacilebuli Razadan. sozomenis sityvebiT, `adgili qalaq RazasTan, maiuma, gamoirCeoda crumorwmuneobiT da aqamde Zve-li wes-Cveulebebis erTguli iyo. konstantine didis dros uceb yvela moeqca qristianad. aseTi RvTismoSiSebisaTvis mefem mai-umelebs didi jildo uboZa: am patara adgils mianiWa qalaqis mniSvneloba da Tavisi sayvareli vaJis, konstancis, saxeli, daarq-va. amasTan, misca TviTmmarTvelobac, radganac, fiqrobda mefe, us-amarTloba iqneboda maiumelebi damorCilebodnen Razas mcxovre-blebs, romlebic moSurne warmarTebi iyvnen~. magram iulianes dros mdgomareoba Seicvala. `rogorc ki samefo taxtze avida iuliane, mogviTxrobs igive avtori, Razelebma daiwyes dava kon-stancelebTan. mosamarTleoba Tavad mefem ikisra da konstanca Razas miakuTvna, Tumca isini erTmaneTisagan oci stadioniT arian dacilebulni. am droidan konstancam dakarga Tavisi saxeli da atarebs Razas zRvispira nawilis _ maiumis saxels. maT aqvT saer-To samoqalaqo mmarTveloba, saerTo saxalxo saqmeebi da hyavT saerTo mxedarTmTavrebi. mxolod saeklesio saqmeebSi isini aqamde or qalaqad aRiqmeba, radganac orTaves hyavs sakuTari episkoposi da sasuliero pirni, awyoben gansakuTrebul Sekrebebs wamebulTa mosaxseneblad da aqvT dadgenili TiToeuli eklesiis (Razasa da maiumis) adgil-mamulis ganmsazRvreli sazRvrebi. marTalia, erT dros, maiumis eklesiis winamZRvris gardacvalebis gamo Razas episkoposi Seecada, daeqvemdebarebina orive saepiskoposo im mo-tiviT, rom ukanonoa erT qalaqs marTavdes ori episkoposi. magram maiumelebi amas ar daTanxmdnen. adgilobrivma krebam samarTli-anad miiCnia maTi moTxovna da sxva episkoposi iqna xeldasxmuli, raTa maiumis eklesias ierusalimis eklesiaTa rigSi ar daekarga adre naboZebi upiratesoba~.

maiumis episkoposTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian: zenoni, romelic RazaSi ewama or ZmasTan erTad, da kozma, romelic me-8 saukuneSi cxovrobda, cnobili sagaloblebis avtori. wmida kozma iyo oboli, naSvilebi hyavda sergis, ioane damaskelis mamas. is da ioane erTad izrdebodnen da mTeli cxovreba erTad gaatares. rodesac wminda ioane damaskodan palestinaSi wavida, wminda sa-

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bas monasterSi, wminda kozmac mas mihyva. am monasterSi orive er-Tad mosagreobda da ierusalimis patriarqma isini erTad aiyvana wminda xarisxSi _ wm. ioane presviterad ekurTxa, xolo wm. kozma _ maiumis episkoposad.

iudeis zRvispira qalaqebis mimoxilvis Semdeg SevudgeT Sua iudeaSi mdebare mSvenieri qalaqebisa da dabebis aRweras.

Zveli gza iopedan ierusalimamde qveiTad ori dRis savalia, viwro da Zneli, qviani, kirqviT dafarul mTebze, romelic aramc Tu raime saxis transportiT, aramed fexiTac Zneli gadasalaxavia.

lida, igive diospolisi, anu zevsis qalaqi, Talmudis gan-sazRvrebiT, unda vivaraudoT, rom iopedan _ 3 saaTis, ierusalimi-dan erTi dRis savaliT iyo dacilebuli. `ierusalimis bazrebis gamosacocxleblad, ambobs Talmudi, dadgenili iqna, moetanaT mo-savlis nawili naturiT. magram radgan es rTuli iqneboda ieru-salimidan dacilebuli adgilebisTvis, es dadgenileba Semdegnai-rad Semoklda: nayofTa nawili naturiT mxolod im adgilebidan unda moitanon, romlebic ierusalimidan erTi dRis savalzea dac-ilebuli; kerZod, aRmosavleTiT iordanis velamde, CrdiloeTiT akrabamde, samxreTiT elatamde, dasavleTiT lidamde.~ Tumca es gansazRvra ar eTanxmeba Talmudis Semdeg adgils: `qalaq lidiis qalebi comis mozelvis Semdeg wavidodnen ierusalimSi da brun-debodnen comis amJavebamde~.

lida odesRac metad mdidari qalaqi iyo. marTalia, flavio-si mas uwodebs dabas, magram es daba tols ar udebda nebismier qalaqs. qalaqis mTavar simdidres Seadgenda nairgvari xexiliT savse baRebi, romlebic WebiT iyo savse; da erT maTgans elia winaswarmetyvelis Was uwodebdnen. baRebSi Warbad iyo fini-kis palmebi, Tumca Talmudi namdvilad hiperbolas mimarTavs, rodesac gvamcnobs, rom lidas macxovreblebi muxlamde eflobian finikis wvenSi~. garda amisa, lidas moqalaqeni sargeblobdnen tyis siuxviT da eweodnen xis nakeTobaTa rewvas, riTac uZvelesi droidanve ganTqmuli iyo lidas bazrebi. ierusalimis da taZris dangrevis Semdeg lidas nayofiereba da mrewveloba ecema, magram, amasTan erTad, qalaqis zneobrivi done maRldeba; aq daarsda metad mniSvnelovani iudauri skola, romelic farTo zneobriv sawyisebze iyo dafuZnebuli. amas adasturebs Semdegi dadgenile-

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ba, romelsac Talmudi qalaq lidas miawers: `sikvdilis asac-ileblad dasaSvebia moses kanonis yvela dadgenilebis darRveva, garda kerpTmsaxurebis, mkvlelobisa da sisxlis aRrevisa~. lidas rabinebze, romlebsac samxreTelebs uwodebdnen (galilevelTa da tiberiadelTa sapirispirod), andazac Seiqmna: `visac sibrZnis mox-veWa unda, wavides samxreTiT, lidaSi, xolo vinc simdidres eZiebs, is CrdiloeTiT, galileaSi gaemgzavros.~

ebraelTa droTa aRricxvis _ CarTuli Tveebis da saero kalendris _ Sesworeba mxolod lidas skolaSi SeeZloT da am ganmartebisTvis aq igzavnebodnen sinedrionis sagangebo dele-gatebi. me-3 saukunidan, lidaSi qristianebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, iudauri skolis reputacia ecema, mas ampartavnobasa da reli-giur indiferentizmSi sdeben brals. qristianuli saepiskoposos daarsebis Semdeg lidas ebrauli skola ixureba. Tumca, SeiZleba, amis mizezi mosaxleobis ukiduresi gaRaribeba ufro iyo, rasac midraSi am sityvebiT asaxavs: `mTeli adamianuri siRatakis cxra meaTedi lidaze modis~.

saeklesio istoriisaTvis lida metad mniSvnelovani qalaqia. aq petre mociqulma gankurna dambladacemuli eneasi. SemdgomSi, rodesac lidam diopolisis saxeli miiRo, is ierusalimis sapatri-arqos erT-erT saarqiepiskoposos warmoadgenda ocdaxuTTa So-ris, romelTac gamgeblobaSi saepiskoposoebi ar gaaCndaT. lidas episkoposTagan gamoirCeoda deciosi, ariozis megobari, evstaTi atnioqielis mteri. me-5 saukuneSi, 415 w-s, aq mowveuli iqna kreba pelagiosis saqmeze. me-12 saukuneSi aq aSenda bazilika wmida giorgis saxelze. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, lida iyo wminda giorgis mSobliuri qalaqi da aq iqna igi dakrZaluli. imave dros aigo ioane naTlismcemlis taZari sebastiaSi.

rac ufro vuaxlovdebiT ierusalims, garemo miT ufro udabno xdeba. nayofsavse iopes simwvane klebulobs, saronis veli Tan-daTan SiSvldeba da amzadebs mogzaurs ierusalimis nangrevebis xilvisTvis.

ierusalimi. iudeis provinciis centrSi idga iudeisa da mTe-li aRTqmuli qveynis mTavari qalaqi, ierusalimi. ierusalimis adgilmdebareoba yvelaze maRali iyo mis SemogarenTa Soris. amitomaa, rom wminda saxarebaSi mudmivad laparakia `ierusalimSi

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amosvlaze~. qalaqis nawili mTebzea Sefenili, nawili SemaRle-bul vakeze iSleba. ierusalimi Semdeg mTebzea gaSenebuli: sioni (amgvarad wodebuli mSrali da mkacri niadagis gamo), akra, moria da bezeTa.

sionis mTa yvelaze maRalia. masze mdebareobda zeda qalaqi, daviTis cixe-simagre, arsenali, gmirTa saxli, pirvelmRvdelmTavris sasaxle, qalaqis sapyrobile da sxva sazogado da kerZo Senobebi.

mTa akra _ saxeli asurevelTa mefe antioqos epifanes mier aSenebuli maRali cixe-darbazis mixedviT miiRo. es cixe taZris asaRebad iyo gamiznuli. simon makabelis brZanebiT, akris nawili gadaTxares, raTa ar gameorebuliyo antioqosis msgavsi mcdeloba. akraze idga qveda qalaqi da mefe solomonis agebuli sasaxle, sadac cxovrobda yvela iudeveli mefe.

mTa moria, romelzec idga solomonis taZari, uswormasworo formisa iyo. amitom taZris mSeneblobis dros mis aRmosavleT mxares gakeTda araCveulebrivi miwayrili, romelic dResac aoc-ebs mnaxvels. morias mTeli zedapiri ekava taZars. Crdilo-dasav-leTiT taZars ekvroda cixe-simagre, aSenebuli qristes Sobamde 140 w-s. simon makabelis mier, romelsac herode didma antoniu-si uwoda romaeli antoniusis sapativcemulod. am cixe-simagres TandaTan avrcobdnen da yoveli mxridan gluvi qvis filebiT amagrebdnen, mters rom ver SemoeRwia; mas gars ertymoda mtkice kedlebi da koSkebi, xolo SigniT savse iyo yvelafriT, rac gar-nizons sWirdeboda. cixe taZars uerTdeboda kibeebiTa da saidum-lo gasasvlelebiT. aqedan erTob ioli iyo Tvalyuris devneba taZarsa da qalaqze, radgan is 15 m. simaRlis gorakze idga.

mTa bezeTa, anu ̀ axali qalaqi~ mas ewoda imis gamo, rom aSenda xalxis momravlebis Semdgom.

qalaqi gaSenebulia am oTx mTaze. mas samxreTiT _ erTi, xolo CrdiloeTiT sami kedeli ertya. am kedlebze gansazRvruli SualedebiT aRmarTuli iyo oTxkuTxedi mtkice koSkebi, saidanac advilad SeiZleboda qalaqis dacva. pirvel kedelze 60 koSki iyo meoreze _ 14, xolo mesameze _ 90. amiT aixsneba is rTuli da

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xangrZlivi alya, romelic win uswrebda titusis mier ierusali-mis saboloo damorCilebas.

qalaqis garSemovlas ornaxevari saaTi sWirdeboda. mTebze gayvanili quCebi da gzebi bunebrivad eSvebodnen Zirs,

zog adgilas ki isini metad cicabo iyo. aRmosavluri wesisamebr, xelosnebs saxelosnoebi da duqnebi sacxovrebel binebSi, an iqve, saxlis win, quCaSi hqondaT mowyobili da es quCebic Sesabamis saxelebs atarebda: mepureebis, yasbebis, Salis mCeCavebis da sxv.

ierusalimis buneba Raribi da mWmunvarea. zeTisxili moCans mxo-lod CrdiloeT sibrtyeze da eleonis mTis ferdobze, irgvliv garemo ki carieli da gadaxrukulia. es gamowveulia wylis simciriT. ierusalimis wylis simdidred iTvleba siloamis mcire wyaro da gigonis nakadis Stoebi. amitom ierusalimi wyliT be-Tlemidan momdinare wyalsadenebis saSualebiT maragdeba.

qalaqis mosaxleobis Cveuli raodenoba 120 000 _ 150 000 suls aRwevda. Tumca, didi dResaswaulebis dros, rodesac aq Tavs iyridnen sxva qveynebidan Camosuli iudevelebi, xalxis raodenoba milionamde izrdeboda. amiT aixsneba daRupulTa uricxvi odenoba titusis mier ierusalimis dangrevis dros. didi dResaswaulebis dros xalxi qalaqSi ver eteoda da mis irgvliv gaSlil karvebSi cxovrobda. ierusalimis mudmiv mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen adg-ilobrivi iudevelebi, nawilic _ ucxoeTidan droebiT, swavlisT-vis an savaWrod Camosaxlebulebi, dabolos, romaelebi TavianT ufrosebTan erTad. ucxoel iudevelebs ierusalimSi TavianTi sin-agogebi hqondaT.

ierusalimSi ieso qristes dros sruli sidiade da brwyinvale-ba sufevda. pliniusi Zvel ierusalims ara marto iudeis, aramed mTeli aRmosavleTis umniSvnelovanes qalaqad miiCnevs. strabonis mowmobiT, daviTis qalaqs iseTi grandiozuli nagebobani hqonda, rom iopedanac ki moCanda. es niSnavs imas, rom ierusalimis danaxva mTeli iudeisTvis iyo SesaZlebeli, rakiRa iope qveynis yvelaze dabali da mocilebuli punqtia. ierusalimis dangrevis Semdeg, rodesac iudevelebs aekrZalaT TavianT Zvel dedaqalaqTan mi-axloveba, mocilebuli adgilebidan nangrevebis mzeriTRa inug-eSebdnen Tavs. ierusalimis Senobebis maRali terasebidan, ambobs flaviosi, SegeZloT, dagenaxaT mTeli qveyana xmelTaSua zRvidan mkvdar zRvamde. Tavad titusma, gaocebulma damarcxebuli ieru-

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salimis sidiadiT, qalaqis darbevisas STamomavlobas samaxsovrod dautova sami brwyinvale koSki _ Tazaeli, hipiku da mariamnu, da dasavleTis kedeli.

ieso qristes dros gansakuTrebulad mCqefare saqmianobiT ga-moirCeoda taZris moedani. vin da ra aRar iyo aq! saqmeSi Ca-fluli levitelebi win da ukan darbodnen. wreSi Camjdari farisevlebi msjelobdnen dogmatebze da arCevdnen sadukevlebis axal gandgomebs. sinedrionis sxdomis gaxsnis momlodine mRvdlebi da mecnierebi kanonis gakveTilebs atarebdnen meore ezos ganyo-filebebSi. axladmomkili Znebis konebiT datvirTuli sofleli aq xvdeboda nasuqi xariTa da cxvriT mosul mdidar qalaqels. keTrovani da gansawmendi ezos kibeebze ejaxebodnen eWvian qmars, sajarod gasakicxad rom moaTrevda qarafSuta cols. gareTa ezos ganieri portikebis27 qveS xalxis gundi xmauriT ertymoda gars kidev erTxel gamoCenil winaswarmetyvels, momaval droebze rom qadagebda. mtredebisa da namcxvrebis gamyidvelebi uklebliv yvelas epatiJebodnen duqnebSi. zarafebi erovnuli Sekelis im-peratoris dinarze da berZnul draqmaze gacvlas gTavazobdnen. vaWrobis, kamaTebis, locvis xmauri bukis xmas, dasaklav cxovelTa bRavils, cocxali cxovelebis frutuns, samsxverploebze cecxlis tkacuns ereoda. moednis am suraTSi, amboben rabinebi, yuradRe-biani damkvirvebeli SeamCnvda aT idumal Taviseburebas, anu taZris sisufTavisa da siwmindis aT saocrebas: arasdros yofila sakurTxevlis moedanze ara mxolod morielebi da xvlikebi, ri-Tac axla savsea moedani, aramed ar yofila mcire mwerebic ki Ses-awirav ZnebSi, da buzebi _ sawmidaris samzareuloebSi; arasdros Seurxevia qars cisken swor svetad aRmarTuli samsxverplos kvam-li, da arc wvimis wveTi dacemula kmevisas sakurTxevelze; ra-oden didi xalxmravlobac unda yofiliyo taZris ezoebSi, aravis arasodes dauCivlia: `nu maviwroebT, locvaSi xeli meSlebao~; arasodes damdgara cxovelTa suni; sawmindaris moedanze aravis arasodes hqonia uwminduri da uxeSi zraxva, iahves didebis wminda adgilis Sesaferi rom ar yofiliyo.

saeklesio istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, ierusalimi, upirveles yovlisa, SesaniSnavia, rogorc uflisa Cvenisa, ieso qristes, tanjvis,

27 portiki _ (laT. porticus) sayrdeni svetebiTa da TaRebiT Seqmnli, sami mxridan gaxsnil nageboba (red. Sen.).

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sikvdilis, aRdgomisa da zecad amaRlebis adgili.

sionis mTaze, `sionis darbazSi~ ufalma fexebi dabana mowa-feebs da aRasrula saidumlo seroba. es darbazi is adgilia, sadac SemdgomSi moxda upirvelesi, ierusalimis eklesiis yvela umniSvnelovanesi movlena. aq moiyares Tavi mocuqlebma uflis amaRlebis Semdeg da aq moefina maT aRTqmuli suli wminda _ nu-geSinismcemeli. aq aResrula RvTismSobeli da aqedan gadaasvenes geTsemaniis mRvimeSi. aq daido bina ierusalimis pirvelma episko-posma iakobma da aq iqna mowveuli pirveli qristianuli kreba. aq wilis yriT airCies axali mociquli iudas nacvlad da Svidi diakoni. aq iyo pirveli qristianuli eklesia msoflioSi, omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput,28 rogorc gvamcnobda am ekle-siis mogviano warwera. epifanes, palestinis mkvidris, mowmobiT, es sionis eklesia ar dangreula titusis mier ierusalimis ganad-gurebis dros, da ormocdaeqvsi wlis Semdeg, rodesac aq impera-tori adriane movida, erTiRa is idga uvneblad nangrevebs Soris. golgoTaze konstantines bazilikis arsebobis periodSi moixsenie-ba mociuqlTa eklesia, romelic sionis zeda taZrad iwodeboda, macxovris saflavis sapirispirod (kirile ierus. XVI,4). prokofis mowmobiT, aris safuZveli, vivaraudoT, rom ierusalimSi, maRal borcvze aSenebuli iustinianes bazilika swored am adgilze iyo. sionze miuTiTeben iakob alfesis mowameobrivi aRsasrulis adg-ils da im adgilsac, sadac markoz mociqulis saxli idga. axla aq moCans Cadgmuli karebi isriseburi TaRiT. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, am karebze daakakuna petre mociqulma RamiT, sapyrobilidan saswau-lebrivi daxsnis Semdeg (saq. moc. 12,12-16). sionis mTaze, darbazis maxloblad, uTiTeben adgils, sadac cxovrobdnen mRvdelmTavarni ana da kaiafa. aqve uCveneben macxovris sapyrobiles, adgils, sad-ac petre mociqulma uaryo moZRvari, da adgils, sadac mamalma iyivla. cota aRmosavleTiT gviCveneben mRvimes, sadac, gadmocemiT, petre mociquli dastiroda uflis uaryofas.

saidumlo serobis Semdeg ufali wavida geTsemaniaSi, ieru-salimis aRmosavleTiT, qalaqgareT, albaT, alayafis karebidan,

28 laTinuri: yvela qalaqisa da mTeli msoflios eklesiaTa deda da Tavi (red. Sen.).

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romelsac odesRac uwodebdnen iosafatisas, amJamad ki stefanes an geTsemaniisas. alayafis karebis marjvniv aris patara moedani, sadac, gadmocemiT, mokles stefane pirvelmowame.

geTsemania ewodeboda ierusalimis aRmosavleTiT, eleonis mTis ZirSi, ugalavno da yvelasTvis misawvdom zeTisxilis Walas, romelic sawmidaris sakuTreba iyo. aq umTavresad TavSesafars poulobdnen ierusalimSi sadResaswaulod Camosuli Raribebi. geTsemania zeTis saxdels niSnavs, aq iyo mRvime, sadac wuravd-nen aq moweul zeTisxils. mRvime moqmedebda mxolod zeTisxilis mosavlis aRebis dros, ise ki carieli iyo. aqac Ramis gasaTevad dgebodnen Camosuli Raribebi. gadmocemiT, am mRvimeSi gaatara ufalma ieso qristem mwuxarebisa da sulieri tanjvis saaTebi iudas Ralatis win. aq loculobda da ambobda: `mamao Cemo! ukueTu SesaZlebel ars, Tana-warmÃedin sasumeli ese Cemgan~. am-Jamad es mRvime kaTolikeebma gadaakeTes kapelad da uwodes mwuxarebis mRvime. misi sigrZe udris 27 nabijs (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken), gani ki 14 nabijs da inaxavs bunebrivi mRvimis Tavdapirvel saxes. gumbaTis xvrelidan, romelic amJamad sarkme-lis rols asrulebs, yridnen zeTis saxdelSi zeTisxils. ieronimes dros am mRvimis Tavze idga eklesia.

`geTsemaniis baRad~ amJamad iwodeba oTxkuTxedi sivrce, rome-lic ramdenime nabijiTaa dacilebuli mwuxarebis mRvimidan da Semovlebulia qvis maRali galavniT; am baRSi dgas rva aTaswlo-vani zeTisxilis xe, uZvelesni eleonis mTis zeTisxilTa Soris. ma-gram saeWvoa, es is xeebi iyos, romelTa CrdilSi isvenebda macxo-vari mowafeebTan erTad. vinaidan, flaviosis mowmobiT, jer kidev pompeusma gaanadgura ierusalimis irgvliv mravali baRi, titusma ki _ mTlianad yovelgvari mcenare oc stadionze ierusalim-is garSemo. maSasadame, axlandeli zeTisxilis xeebi geTsemaniis baRSi da ierusalimis CrdiloeT WalaSi warmoadgens bibliuri baRebidan aRmocenebul nekers. geTsemaniis baRSi miuTiTeben kl-deze, sadac eZinaT mociqulebs macxovris ukanaskneli locvisas da adgils, sadac iudam mzakvruli amboriT gasca moZRvari. es adgili, rogorc aRweren wina saukuneebis mogzaurebi, savsea ken-WebiT, romelTac isvrian aq gamvlelebi, ise, rogorc amas akeTeben ebraelebi abesalomis ZeglTan.

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geTsemaniis baRis marcxena nawilSi amJamad arsebobs RvTism-Soblis akldamaze aSenebuli eklesia. `uZvelesma xalxurma gad-mocemam, gviambobs norovi, daadastura am adgilis siwmindis, ro-gorc yovladwminda RvTismSoblis samarxi mRvimis, WeSmariteba. Tumca efesos eklesiam miiwera macxovris dedis dasaflavebis adgili, wm. dionise areopagelisa da ioane damaskelis mowmobam unda gadaswonos am SemTxvevaSi. da Tu amas dedofal pulxerias mimarTvasac davumatebT ierusalimis patriarq iubenalisadmi (450 w.) yovladwminda RvTismSoblis saflavis sakiTxze, ueWvelia, rom is mdebareobs ierusalimSi~. momdevno xanebSi RvTismSoblis sa-flavze gamarTes eklesia. kldis nawili, sadac dasvenebuli iyo RvTismSobeli, gamoiyo qvis kedliT da warmoiSva kubis formis Senoba, romlis Tavzec moewyo pirveli eklesia.

eleonis mTa, saidanac amaRlda ufali zecad, yvelaze maRali mTa gaxldaT ierusalimis midamoebSi, simaRle misi 800 metramdea. es mTa metad qviania da amitom _ Raribi mcenareulobiT, mxolod iqa-iq gafantula monacrisfro, tanmorCili zeTisxilis xeebi. mis mwvervalze, zustad macxovris amaRlebis adgilze, amJamad aRm-arTulia patara meCeTi. aqeT mimaval gzaze uTiTeben im adgils, sadac macxovarma aswavla mociqulebs sauflo locva da iwi-naswarmetyvela ierusalimis dacema, da _ im mRvimesac (laTinTa gadmocemiT), sadac mociqulebma Seadgines rwmenis simbolo.

qalaqgareT, ierusalimis samxreTiT, ginomis velis ukan, iyo ̀ us-julo sabWos~ (boroti saTaTbiros) mTa. Ziri am mTisa kldovania da dafarulia akldamebiT. gadmocema gvamcnobs, rom aq imale-bodnen mociqulebi uflis dapatimrebis Semdeg. usjulo sabWos mTaze aris adgili, romelsac uwodeben gak-el-damas (sisxlis miwa). Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, romelic netari ieronimes droidan mo-dis, es iyo meTunis miwis adgili, romelic iyides iudas Ralatis safasurad aRebuli vercxliT. jvarosnebis laSqrobebis dros aq asaflavebdnen mogzaurebs. meTunis miwas miawerdnen ocdaoTx saaTSi gvamis gaxrwnis Tvisebas. aqedan didi raodenobiT miwa gadaitanes pizas cnobil kampo-santoSi 1228 wels. da bolos, am usjulo sabWos mTis mwvervalze, rogorc fiqroben, idga kaiafas qalaqgare saxli, sadac ebraelebma gadawyvites macxovris mkvl-eloba. aqve uCveneben xes, romelzec CamoixrCo Tavi iudam.

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geTsemaniis baRSi Sepyrobili macxovari miiyvanes pirvel mRvde-lmTavar annas saxlSi, sionis karibWis maxloblad, iqedan ki _ kaiafasTn, romlis saxlic 170 m-iT iyo dacilebuli annas saxls.

kaiafasgan macxovari waiyvanes mTeli qalaqis gavliT romis pretoriaSi, pilatesTan, romelic cxovrobda moris mTaze, anto-niusis cixesimagreSi.29

aqedan ufali gaiyvanes dasavlTiT, golgoTaze, wamebis adgil-ze. mTeli `vnebis gzis~ sigrZe pilates pretoriidan samsjavros karibWemde, romlis maxlobladac iyo golgoTa, sul aTasamde nabijs iTvlida. saxeldobr: pilates samyofelidan TaRamde, sa-dac man gaiyvana samosSemoZarculi ufali xalxis winaSe, iyo 100 nabiji; TaRidan simon kvirinelTan Sexvedris adgilamde _ 245 nabiji30; aqedan wminda veronikas savaraudo saxlamde _ 450 nabi-ji; da veronikas saxlidan samsjavros karebamde _ 300 nabiji.

Zveli romaelebi qalaqis dasavleT mxares, bneleTis samefos-ken mimarTuls, mzes rom STanTqavda, ubedurebis mxared miiCnevd-nen. aseTive mniSvneloba miiRo ierusalimis dasavleTis mxaremac romaelebis batonobis dros. maSin, rodesac qalaqs sxva mxareebs amSvenebda triumfaluri wminda WiSkrebi, dasavleTis mxares iyo mxolod `samsjavros kari~, romelzec gadioda sajaro sikv-diliT dasjis adgilisaken mimavali gza. es adgili samsjavros karebs ukan, qalaqis kedelTan iyo. aq iyo mcire zomis, qvaburiv-iT amoRrmavebuli moedani, Tiqmis yvela mxridan Semortymuli fiqalebiani borcvebiT. qvaburis aRmosavleT mxares koncxiviT ga-moSveriliyo kldovani, dabali borcvi, romelsac adamianis Tavis qalis forma hqonda. es iyo golgoTa, namdvili bunebrivi eSafoti, damnaSaveTa sajarod mokvdinebis adgili. rogorc am adgilis umetes borcvebSi, golgoTas SigniTac iyo bunebrivi gamoqvabuli, sadac, albaT, sikvdiliT dasjilTa gvamebs yridnen. mogviano gad-mocemiT, am gamoqvabulSi iyo dakrZaluli adamis Tavis qalac, romelic gvian aRmoaCines, dauzianebeli saxiT. qvaburis dasavleT, ufro dabal da naklebad cicabo mxares, gamokveTili iyo ori akldama. erTi maTgani, rogorc Cans, ekuTvnoda SeZlebul gvars

29 sxva TqmulebiT, pilate cxovrobda qalaqis im nawilSi, sadac cxov-robdnen pirvelmRvdelmTavrebi, e.i. sionze, kerZod, daviTis cixesimagreSi. magram teqstSi moyanili mosazreba ufro miRebulia.

30 sigrZis sazomi erTeuli `nabiji~ 71 sm-s Seadgenda (red. Sen.).

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da daemzadebinaT ierusalimSi sazogadod miRebuli formiT, e.i. jer iyo patara oTaxi, romelic gadioda mozrdil oTaxSi, sadac mowyobili iyo sami sareceli. magram es akldama, romelic amJamd `iosebisa da nikodimosis samarxis saxeliTaa~ cnobili, ar iyo sakmarisi didi ojaxisTvis. da ai, ojaxi axal samarxs awyobs, irCevs axal mRvimes golgoTasTan ufro axlos. ukve gakeTebuli iyo am axali akldamis wina oTaxi da samarxis oTaxi daumTavrebeli sax-iT da, TiTqos, gangebam SeaCera misi Semdgomi mowyoba. mouwyobe-li samarxis oTaxi saxeldaxelod gakeTebuli erTaderTi ubralo sareceliT, iqceva macxovris saflavad. saxeldaxelod gakeTebuli grZeli skami swevda kubos gansasveneblis magivrobas. es iqidanac Cans, rom samarxTan misuli mariami, mRvimis dabal SesasvlelTan daxrili, ixilavs spetaki samosiT mosil or angelozs, erTi Tav-TiT, xolo meore ferxTiT ijda im adgilas, sadac esvena iesos sxeuli (ioane 20, 12). akldamidan cota ufro aRmosavleTiT iyo uwylo cisterna. ai, am cisternaSi, gadmocemiT, Cayares jvrebi, romlebzec gakrulebi iyvnen macxovari da masTan erTad dasjili ori avazaki.

qristes dabadebidan 70 wels ierusalims daatyda didi ubed-ureba, titusma ierusalimSi qva qvaze ar datova. gakvriT aRvniS-navT, rom sionze TavdasxmisaTvis yvelaze moxerxebul adgilad, iq, sadac odesRac iyo annasa da kaiafas saxlebi, titusma uflis saflavis axlomdebare adgili miiCnia, sadac iyo pirvelmRvdelm-Tavar ioanes samarxi. `rodesac gars moadgnen sionis cixe-simagres, ambobs flaviosi, titusma ipova moxerxebuli adgili ioane mR-vdelmTavris ZeglTan. radganac kedeli aq iseTi maRali ar iyo, rogorc sxva mxareebidan da Tanac aqedan ixsneboda gza meore, antoniusis simagrisaken. amasobaSi titusis jaris meore nawili (meaTe legioni) ierusalims eleonis mTidan (uflis amaRlebis adgilidan) Semoertya gars.

am dros ierusalimis qristianebi gaixiznen iordanis gaRma qvey-anaSi, qalaq pellaSi, xolo mTeli vnebis gza, romelzec gaiara ufalma jvarcmis adgilisaken, nangrevebis, namsxvrevebisa da mt-vris qveS moeqca. uflis winaswarmetyveleba aRsrulda, wminda qalaqi daingra, mxolod ramodenime koSki da Senoba gadarCa sio-nis mTaze. da am awiokebas, sxvaTa Soris, gadaurCa saqristianos eklesiis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli _ sionis darbazi.

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ierusalimis dangrevidan 48 wlis Semdeg imperatorma elius adrianem ierusalimis adgilze daaarsa axali qalaqi, romelsac imperatoris saxelisa da kapitoliumis iupiteris pativsacemad ewoda elia kapitolina. es iyo sruliad warmarTuli qalaqi; iudevelebs kategoriulad aekrZalaT am qalaqSi dasaxleba. maT weliwadSi erTxel hqondaT nebadarTuli qalaqSi Semosvla didi bazrobis dRes, isic Sesvlis safasuris gadaxdiT. qalaqis mTavari karebis Tavze daedgaT Roris gamosaxuleba, raTa am israel-TaTvis saZulveli emblemiT aeZulebinaT isini, kidev ufro Sors ganSorebodnen wminda qalaqs. ZirZveli mosaxleobisgan daclili axali qalaqi siriidan, saberZneTidan da arabeTidan gadmosaxle-bulebma daikaves. mxolod sionisa da morias mTis samxreT ferdo-bebs ar gakarebian isini, aq odesRac pirvelmRvdelmTavarTa da mefeTa sasaxleebi aRmarTuliyo, xolo elia kapitolinas daarse-bis Semdeg dRemde qalaqis galavnis miRma aRmoCndnen. solomonis taZris adgilze adrianem moawyo kapitoliumis iupiteris taZari da am saxiT fiqrobda adriane, dartyma mieyenebina iudevelTaTvis. wminda qalaqidan gaaZeves, agreTve, iudevelTa wiaRidan gamosuli qristianebic da elia kapitolinaSi darCa mxolod umniSvnelo ricxvi warmarTobidan moqceuli qristianebisa. qristianTa sarw-munoebis gasanadgureblad adrianem waarTva qristianebs macxovris saflavi da nayari miwiT gadaasworebina RmerTkacis sikvdilisa da daflvis adgili anu golgoTa mimdebare adgilebiTurT. ase-Ti nayari miwiT amaRlebul golgoTis adgilze aago taZari da astartes an veneras qandakeba, xolo uflis saflavis adgilze _ iupiterisa. Tumca am warmarTulma gamosaxulebebma _ sikvdilis, aRdgomisa da aRorZinebis Zeglebma, romlebic namdvili kacRmer-Tis WeSmariti sikvdilisa da aRdgomis adgilze iyo aRmarTuli, daicves daviwyebisagan wminda adgilebi. rodesac imperatorma konstantine didma ganizraxa uflis saflavze taZris aSeneba, mas daubrkoleblad miuTiTes is adgili. cxadia, ierusalimis dan-grevam, mis nacvlad warmarTuli qalaqis daarsebam, SebRalulma saqristianos wminda adgilebma da ierusalimis qristianebis gan-devnam, elia kapitolinas saepiskoposo kaTedras, romelic mxolod ieso qristes sisxliT naTesavebs ekavaT, daukarga mas gansakuTre-buli mniSvneloba da kaTedra mogvianebiT daeqvemdebara pal-estinis kesariis mitropolits. aseT mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda

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ierusalimi me-2-3 saukuneebSi.saqristianos salocavebis aRdgena ierusalimSi daiwyo me-4

saukunidan, imperator konstantine didis droidan. man ierusalims Zveli saxeli daubruna da xarjebis dauzogavad aRadgina da daamSvena qristianuli siwmindeebi. mociqulTaswori konstan-tines deda, wminda elene, TviTon Camovida ierusalimSi patio-sani da cxovelmyofeli jvarisa da uflis samarxis mosaZieblad. am dros amoTxares veneras taZari, aiRes uflis samarxidan nayari miwa, gaxsnes akldama, romelic savsebiT dauzianebeli iyo da ipoves uflis wminda jvari. dRemde uCveneben uflis saflavis taZris gverdiT agebul wminda elenes saxelobis eklesias da sarkmels, saidanac wm. elene Tvalyurs adevnebda samuSaoebis mimdinareobas. wminda adgilebis aRmoCenis Semdeg Seudgnen aq Sesaferi taZrebis agebas. aSenda ori eklesia: eklesia uflis saflavze _ aRdgomis eklesia jAnavstash~, da eklesia Txemis zdgilze Marthvrion. garda amisa, wminda samarxis aRmosavleTiT aRmarTes bazilika, romelic, savaraudod, Sedgeboda Sua mTavari da oTxi gverdiTi gasasvlelisagan. am taZrebis mosawyobad kon-stantine didi ar zogavda xarjebs. `dae, Senma keTilgonierebam, werda konstantine didi ierusalimis episkoposs, uTaosnos am adg-ilze aRmarTvas eklesiisa, romelic msoflioSi arsebul didmSve-nier eklesiebze aRmatebuli iqneba, raTa es nageboba yvela misi kuTvnilebiT saukeTeso iyos qalaqSi. rac Seexeba uSualod Senebasa da kedlebis galamazebas, Cven es davavaleT Cvens mego-bars drakelions, Tqveni provinciis mmarTvels; mas nabrZanebi aqvs, Tqveni RvTismoSiSebis moTxovniT, dauyovnebliv moggvaron mxat-vrebic, xelosnebic da yovelive, Tqveni gamWriaxobis Sexedulebi-samebr, mSeneblobisTvis. rac Seexeba svetebsa da marmarilos, ra-sac uZvirfasesad da sasargeblod miiCnev, safuZvlianad gansaje da dauyovnebliv momwere, raTa Seni weriliT gavigo, ramdeni da rogori masalaa saWiro da yoveli mxaridan mogawodo is. amas garda, minda vicode, rogori taZris kamara mogwons _ mozaikuri Tu sxvagvarad mokazmuli. Tu mozaikurs airCev, maSin sxva dan-arCeni SeiZleba oqroTi gaewyos.~ samwuxarod, wers olesnicki, konstantine didis dros uflis samarxis Tavdapirveli Sesaxedao-ba Zlier Secvales. jer erTi, samarxisTvis samlocvelos forma rom miecaT, is gamoyves kldidan, rogorc _ RvTismSoblis samarxi

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geTsemaniis mRvimeSi; Semdeg, vinaidan samarxi did adgils ikavebda masze daSenebul bazilikaSi, moxsnes wina oTaxi, ase rom darCa mxolod erTi Sida oTaxi, winas gareSe. ai, ras ambobs amis Taobaze wm. kirile ierusalimeli: `uflis samarxis mRvimeSi Sesasvleli gamoWrili iyo kldeSi, rogorc yvela adgilobrivi samarxebisa, magram amJamad is ukve aRar arsebobs, radgan taZris agebisas mo-Sales.~ Cven did pativs vcemT mSeneblebis gulmodginebas wminda samarxis morTvisaTvis. magram ar SegviZlia, ar aRvniSnoT isic, rom konstantinopolis presviteri evstaTi, romelsac, rogorc ieronime ambobs, davalebuli hqonda imperatorisagan xarjebis dauzogavad moxmareba macxovris wamebisa da sikvdilis adgilas taZris Senebisas, ukeTess izamda, Tu samarxis Sida nawils ar Se-exeboda, da orive oTaxs pirvandeli saxiT datovebda. wminda saflavis ubralo monacrisfro qva Tavisi siSiSvliT aranakleb STambeWdavi iqneboda qristianuli grZnobisaTvis, vidre amJamin-deli momrgvalo formis qveS moqceuli oqroTi da marmarloTi mopirkeTebuli akldama.

kldidan gamocalkavebuli da sakmaod dapataravebuli safla-vis mRvime mTlianad moeqca mrgval samlocveloSi, romelsac gars artyia Tormeti sveti, mociqulTa ricxvis Sesabamisad. kon-stantines bazilikaze srul warmodgenas gviqmnis miunxenis bavari-is nacionalur muzeumSi daculi spilos Zvlisgan Sesrulebuli reliefi, romelzec gamosaxulia uflis samarxis xedi macxovris aRdgomis Semdgom.

zemoT aRniSnuli taZrebis garda wm. elenem aagebina taZari eleonis mTazec, uflis amaRlebis adgilas, riTac es adgili aR-niSna, rogorc macxovris cxovrebis Sesaxeb mokrZalebuli mogone-bebis centri. wm. elenes mier aRmarTuli Zegli uflis amaRlebis adgilze warmoadgenda momcro, mrgval nagebobas Ria gumbaTiT. salocavis centrSi iyo lodi adamianis terfis anabeWdiT, rome-lic, ieronimes Tanaxmad, mimarTuli iyo ad orientem, unde oritur sol justitiae.31

wm. konstantinesa da elenes mowiwebas wminda adgilebis mimarT mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. qristianuli samyaros yove-

31 laTinuri: aRmosavleTiT, saiTac ixilvebis mze samarTlisa (red.Sen.).

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li kuTxidan daiZrnen qristianebi ierusalimis wminda adgilebis Tayvansacemad. imperatorma iulianem scada, ierusalimi kvlav iu-develTa wminda qalaqad eqcia, amisTvis man morias mTaze taZaric aaSena, magram, rogorc cnobilia, am mcdelobas warmateba ar mo-hyolia. ierusalimi yovlad qristianul qalaqad darCa.

cnobil piligrimTa Soris, romelTac me-4-6 saukuneebSi imog-zaures ierusalimSi da aq didi qvelmoqmedeba gaswies, unda ga-vixsenoT dedofali evdokia, romelmac aq mravali taZari moawyo (maT Soris wm. stefane pirvelmowamis saxelobisa), agreTve _ romaeli qalbatonebi: melania, pavla da sxv. aseve, ieronime da rufinusi. melanias qvelmoqamedebis Sesaxeb paladiusi ase ambobs: `da raodeni simdidre gasca man Raribebze! cecxlis alebic ver SeZlebdnen amodena ganZis daferfvlas.~ sxvaTa Soris, man eleo-nis mTaze aago monasteri ormocdaaTi qalwulisTvis.

am mTis mTeli dasavleTi mxaris, ierusalimisken mimarTuli, ferdobi me-4-5 saukuneebSi mofenili iyo mRvimeebiTa da Zveli ak-ldamebiT, romlebSic cxovrobdnen gandegilebi. netari ieronimes mowmobiT, gandegilebi locvasa da umwikvlo cxovrebasTan erTad dakavebulni iyvnen uZveles TxzulebaTa gadaweriT. sxvaTa Soris, rufinusma swored aq Seadgina `wminda mamaTa cxovreba~, me-5 saukunis meudabnoeTa yofis amsaxveli SesaniSnavi Zegli.

piligrimebis momravlebam ierusalimSi sasikeTo nayofi ga-moiRo. erTi, rom qalaqis mosaxleoba momravlda da misi quCebi sul ufro viwrovdeboda. jer kidev me-4 saukunis ierusalimSi gadaadgilebis saSualeba etli iyo, magram me-6 saukunidan mas sazogadoebis maRali fenisTvis cvlis taxtrevani, xolo yvela danarCeni fenisaTvis _ cxeni. ioane mosxTan (Tavi 33-e) vkiTxu-lobT: erTxel patriarq Teodores taxtrevaniT miabrZanebdnen ierusalimis quCebSi, roca man gamcilebel presviters SesTavaza, gaecvala misTvis adgili. pasuxad ki miuRia: presviters ar SeS-venis taxtrevanSi jdoma, rogorc patriarqs _ cxenze amxedrebao. piligrimTa simravlis meore Sedegi is gaxldaT, rom ierusalimis saepiskoposom sapatriarqo kaTedris mniSvneloba miiRo.

piligrimebis momravlebas cudi mxarec hqonda. upirvelesad is unda aRiniSnos, rom maT Tan mihqondaT adgilobrivi udidesi siw-mindeebi. macxovris jvari misi mopovebis Semdeg patara nawilebad daaqucmaces da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi waiRes, ierusalimSi mxolod

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misi mcire nawiliRa darCa. aseve, espaneTSi gemiT gaitanes kirqva miwa `sisxlis sofelidan.~ xolo romSi waiRes kibe, romliTac macxovari Sevida pilates samsjavroze; gatanili iqna mravali sxva siwmindec.

aseve zogierTi cudi Sedegi moitana ierusalimSi didi masS-tabebiT ganxorcielebulma qvelmoqmedebamac. qalaqs moawydnen usaqmurebi, romelTac qvelmoqmedTa xarjze daiwyes cxovreba. gaunaTlebel, usaqmur, religiisadmi fanatikurad ganwyobil pal-estinis brbosac xSirad ar erideboda, Riad gamoexata aRSfoTeba. ai, ierusalimidan imperatoris saxelze me-6 saukuneSi gagzavnili erT-erTi epistole, romelic cxadad axasiaTebs iq arsebul re-ligiur viTarebas. `gvaocebs, rom Sen, wminda rwmenaSi gazrdilma, dauSvi Sens samflobeloSi aseTi qariSxali eklesiebis dedis, aRdgomis taZris winaaRmdeg, rac mTeli samyaros TavSesafaria. ai, misi episkoposi, mRvmdelmsaxurebi, berebi idevnebian warmarTebis, ebraelebis, samaritelebis Tvalwin uwmindursa da ukurTxebel adgilebSi. maTgan sulmokleebi sacTurad eqcevian yoveli mxri-dan sulis gadasarCenad mosul Tayvanismcemlebs, romlebic axla ZrwoliT brundebian ukan. nuTu sarwmunoebis aRmsareblobis gamo esxmian Tavs am wminda qalaq ierusalims, romelic aris samyaros Tvalis Cini da mnaTobi?! winaswarmetyvelTa mixedviT, sionidan gamova kanoni da sityva RvTisa _ ierusalimidan. gana am wminda qalaqis mcxovreblebi ar xedaven sakuTari TvaliT da bageebiT ar eamborebian am saRvTo saidumloebebis movlenebiT ganaTebul adgilebs?! maS, rogor moxda, rom qristes dabadebidan 500 wlis Semdeg kidev Cven unda gvaswavlon Cveni sarwmunoeba? gana sax-eSecvlili, rogoradac surT misi gadakeTeba, SeiZleba modiodes ufal iesosgan? ... gevedrebiT, keTilismyofelo, SeiwyaloT sioni, deda yvela eklesiisa da Seni samflobelos mfarveli. Cven yvela erTi azrisani varT oTxive msoflio krebis miRebaSi. am gancxa-debis Semdeg Cven kidev vevedrebiT Tqvens brwyinvalebas, Sewydes wminda qalaqisa da wm. arqiepiskopos ioanes devna, radganac Cve-ni sarwmunoebis mtrebi, keTilsindisierebis niRabs amofarebulebi, sCadian yovelive sisastikes. vadasturebT Seni didebulebis wi-naSe, iseve rogorc RmerTisa da misi angelozebisa, rom ar Segvi-Zlia daveTanxmoT raime siaxles rwmenis sakiTxebSi. sjobs, daiR-varos Cveni sisxli wminda adgilebs Soris.., saxelis siwmindeSi

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raRa darCa, Tu Tavad SebRalulia~...konstantine didis Semdeg ierusalimis garegnuli keTil-

dReoba arc ise didxans gagrZelebula _ samasiode weli. 614 wels ierusalimi daipyro da gaapartaxa sparseTis mefe xosrom. ierusalimis qristianebs saSineli ubedureba daatydaT Tavs ara marto sparselebisagan, aramed ebraelebisaganac. am ukanasknelT sparselebisagan 30 000 tyve qristiani gamoisyides mxolod imisT-vis, rom ewamebinaT. aRdgomis taZari dangreul iqna; jvari ufli-sa gaugzavnes sparseTis mefes, masve gaugzavnes ierusalimis patri-arqi zaqaria didZal xalxTan erTad.

mtris gaZevebis Semdeg Teodosis monastris iRumenma modestim aiRo Tavis Tavze ierusalimis eklesiis saqmeTa marTva. marxavda mkvdrebs, zrunavda Raribebze, aRadgenda eklesiebsa da monastrebs. sayovelTao siRaribem sparselTagan qveynis gapartaxebis Semdeg ar misca modestis saSualeba, aRedgina uflis saflavis taZari imave brwyinvale saxiT, rogorc is konstantine didis dros iyo. amitom iZulebuli gaxda, aeSenebina cal-calke oTxi eklesia. ieso qristes saflavis mRvimeze axlad aRimarTa mrgvali taZari, rogorc wm. konstantines dros; Semdeg aaSenes ori mcire zomis taZari _ golgoTasa da uflis jvris mopovebis adgilze, da bo-los, meoTxe _ RvTismSoblis saxelze aages iq, sadac amJamad aris mironcxebis qva. wm. modestis mier aSenebulma taZrebma TiTqmis oTxasi weli, 1009 wlamde iarseba.

wm. modestis garda am gaWirvebis Jams ierusalimelebs didad exmareboda wm. ioane mowyale, aleqsandriis patriarqi. is ieru-salimSi uxv Sesawiravs agzavnida, gamoisyidda tyveebs, ifarebda sabralo xalxs, egvipteSi rom eZebdnen TavSesafars. ToTxmeti wlis Semdeg, 628 wels mefe xosro dasneulda da misma ufrosma vaJma kavad II-m zavi dado berZnebTan, daabruna yvela datyveve-buli qristiani ierusalimis patriarq sofronTan erTad, da aseve _ cxovelmyofeli jvari uflisa, romelic jer konstantinopol-Si gaigzavna da momdevno, 629 wels is ierusalimSi Tavad imper-atorma iraklim CaabrZana.

magram sul male ierusalimis eklesias yvelaze mZime Jami daudga. muhamedis mesame memkvidrem, xalifa omarma, 636 wels daipyro palestina da oTxTviani alyis Semdeg aiRo ierusalimi. qristianebica da iudevelebic mZime uRlis qveS aRmoCndnen, rac

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amjerad jvarosnebis gamoCenamde, 1096 wlamde gagrZelda.

beTlemi. Zveli aRTqmis xanaSi beTlemi patara, umniSvnelo qalaqi iyo, magram SesaniSnavi, rogorc daviTis dabadebis adgili, ris gamoc am qalaqs daviTis qalaqs uwodebdnen. beTlemi ieru-salimidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, sul mcire manZiliT, 8 km-iT iyo dacilebuli da mdebareobda mSvenier, borcviansa da nayofsavse adgilze. saxeli beTlemic mas am adgilmdebareobisaTvis ewoda _ `beTlemi~ ebraulad ̀ puris saxls~ niSnavs. beTlemSi, puris saxlSi, iSva ufali Cveni ieso qriste, zeciT gardamosuli RvTiuri puri. is daibada pirutyvis sadgom bagaSi, mRvimeSi, sastumros gverdiT. SesaZloa, swored am adgilze idga boozis an ieses, daviTis mamis, saxli. mRvime, romelic macxovris akvani Seiqna, imTaviTve qristian-Ta siwminded iqca. arsebobs gadmocema, Tumca naklebad cnobili, rom pirvel qristianebs am wminda adgilze taZari hqoniaT da rom is RvTiuri yrmis Tayvansacemad aRmosavleTidan mosul sam mogvs augia. qristianobis pirvel xanaSi beTlems Tavs daatyda didi ubedureba _ herodem gaJlita beTlemis bavSvebi. 70 wels romaelebma daangries beTlemi da qalaqi TiTqmis dacarielda. Tumca me-2 saukunis dasawyisSi aq jer kidev cxovrobdnen iudev-elebi. cnobilia, rom romis papi evaresti wrmoSobiT beTlemeli iudeveli iyo. magram imperatorma adrianem aukrZala iudevelebs aq dasaxleba da cxovreba, ufro metic _ qalaqSi Sesvlac ki aukrZala maT. amis Semdeg beTlemSi arc erTi iudeveli aRar cx-ovrobda. ̀ romel mesiasRa elodebiT beTlemidan, mimarTavda ter-tuliane amis gamo iudevelebs, rodesac erTi adamianic aRar dar-Ca israelis Teslidan beTlemSi~. adrianem ierusalimSi baginebiT wabilwa golgoTa da uflis saflavi, da aseve moeqca beTlemSic qristes Sobis mRvimes. misi brZanebiT, aq gaaSenes warmarTuli Walebi da aRmarTes adonisisa da veneras samsxverploebi. amis miuxedavad morwmuneebs ar SeuwyvetiaT maTTvis wminda adgilis, uflis Sobis mRvimis molocva. meore da mesame saukuneebis qris-tian mwerlebs, wm. iustine filosofossa da origenes, sakuTari TvaliT uxilavT es mRvime da TavianT naSromebSi mowmoben amas. maSin is qalaqgareT, Ria adgilze yofila.

konstantine didis dros mociqulTasworma elene dedofalma bagis Tavze didmSvenieri taZari aago da es bneli da carie-

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li mRvime mefurad morTo. Soreuli qveynebidan modiodnen be-TlemSi qristianebi, magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT grigol noseli. netari ieronime ramdenime xans asketurad mosagreobda beTlemsa da mkvdar zRvas Sua udabnoSi, Semdeg beTlemSi dasaxlda roma-el megobrebTan erTad. aq maT gamarTes monasteri da ramdenime sastumro saxli. beTlemSi amJamadac aris erTi mogrZo Senoba, romelsac netari ieronimes skolas uwodeben. am ganswavluli kacis mosasmenad iyridnen aq Tavs gandegilebi da mecnierebi. aq, beTlemSi, orjer gadaTargmna ieronimem laTinur enaze Zve-li aRTqma, jer berZnulidan, Semdeg ebraulidan. aqve, beTlemSia ieronimes akldamac.

530 wels imperatorma iustinianem aRadgina beTlemis kedlebi da wm. elenes mier qristeSobis mRvimeze agebuli didi taZari, romelic silamaziT ierusalimis imdroindel yvela eklesias aRemateboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad gauZarcvavT, misma Ta-vdapirvelma kedlebma da svetebma Cvenamde moaRwia. rogorc arqiteqturuli Zegli, is umniSvnelovanesia ara marto palesti-naSi, aramed mTels qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi da imsaxurebs, Seswavlil iqnes, rogorc qristianobis adrindeli epoqis uZve-lesi taZris erTaderTi originali, aTasxuTaswlovani istoriiT. beTlemis qristesSobis taZari Signidan warmoadgens jvars, rom-lis grZeli, dasavleTis bolo amJamad gamoyofilia kedliT da warmoadgens cariel galereas, romelic aRarafriT hgavs taZars. sicarielis miuxedavad nagebobis mefuri sidiade metyvelebs saku-Tar Tavze. mravali elferis porfiriT gawyobili, oTx mwkrivad ganlagebuli ormoci sveti iWers taZris maRal TaRebs. Semd-gomSi taZris kedlebi mozaikuri ferweriT dafares. es naxatebi asaxavda ieso qristes Camomavlobasa da yvela marTlmadideblur krebas, rogorc msoflio, ise _ adgilobrivs. samxreTis kedelze gamosaxuli iyo ioseb damwindvelis Svidi ukanaskneli winapari im rigiT, rogorc maTes saxarebaSia CamoTvlili: azori, sadoki, aqimi, eliudi, eleazari, mataTani da iakobi. isini TavSiSvelebi, SaravandiT, grZeli TmebiTa da wveriT, tunikiTa da beWebze mosx-muli mantiiT iyvnen warmodgenilni. warwerebidan irkveva, rom es mozaikuri samoseli, romelic faravda taZris mTel kedels, me-12 saukuneSi gakeTebula, rodesac palestinas jvarosnebi ganagebdnen, bizantiis imperatoris, manuel komnenosis SemowirulobiTa da

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efremis, berisa da istoriografis, musiatoris (anu mozaikis osta-tis) xeliT.

beTlemis naTelsa da mxiarul, msxmoiare da xalxmraval mi-damos, vkiTxulobT erT aRweraSi, mivyavarT msoflios mxsnelis Sobis qalaqisaken, da piriqiT, ierusalimis moRuSul kedlebs, SiS-vel kldeebian usicocxlo udabnos _ qristes devnisa da wamebis qalaqisaken.

palestinis bermonazonTa savaneebi. palestinaSi, da umTavresad iudeaSi, me-4-dan me-7 saukunemde arsebobda 130 samonastro sa-vane. udabno, rogorc mowmoben Zveli mwerlebi, dasaxlebuli iyo aTi aTasobiT angelozTa msgavsi adamianiT.

palestinaSi monazvnobis pirvel fuZemdeblebad iTvlebian wminda ilarion didi da wm. xariton aRmsarebeli. isini mos-agreobdnen jer kidev devnis epoqis dros, me-3 saukunis damlevi-dan. wminda ilarionma filistimelTa midamoSi, xmelTaSua zRvis maxloblad, qalaq RazasTan daaarsa savane. am savanis kvali dRes aRar arsebobs. wminda xaritonma ori savane daaarsa: erTi aT km-ze ierusalimidan, iordanis mimarTulebiT, faranis lavra, meore _ mkvdar zRvasTan, udabnoSi _ sukiis lavra. me-12 saukunis rusi momlocveli, iRumeni danieli ase aRwers am adgils: `wminda xaritonis monasteri mdebareobs beTlemis samxreTiT, xuTi km-is manZilze, sodomis zRvis maxloblad, did udabnoSi, saSiS da uwylo adgilas, mTebs Soris~.

me-5 saukuneSi cnobili moRvaweebi iyvnen efTvime da Teok-tiste.

eklesiis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda wm. sabas lavrasa da wm. Teodosis, warmoSobiT kapadokielis, kinovias.

wm. sabas lavra daarsda 483 w-s. `glovis velze~, daqanebul kldeze, kedronis velis gagrZelebaze, 12 km-ze ierusalimidan da erT saaTze cota meti xnis savalze beTlemidan, mkvdari zRvis mimarTulebiT. is mdebareobda kldis napralSi, yvelaze ud-abur adgilze. ierusalimidan lavrisaken mimaval gzas SemTxveviT rodi daerqva `mwuxarebis veli~, daRlili Tvali aq veraferze SeCerdeba, niadagi carcovania da TvalisTvis usiamovnod ufe-

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ro, gavarvarebuli haeri ar iZvris; garSemo samariseburi siCume sufevs. magram kidev ufro sevdiania sabas xeoba. mas `cecxlis mdinares~ uwodebdnen, radganac vulkanurma Zvrebma warmoqmna; miwa gaskda da gaCnda veluri xeoba daqanebuli napirebiT, mkvdar zRvamde rom grZeldeba. am miwis napralis dakidebul kedleb-ze moCans mRvimeebi da xvrelebi, es aris kurTxeuli meudabnoes mimdevari uricxvi mosagris senakebi. `mwuxarebis velis~ mraval senakTa Soris gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania ioane mdumaris, Rirsi qsenofontesa da misi sulieri Svilebis, ioanesa da arkadis, mRvimeebi, xolo umTavresia wminda sabas mRvime savanis aRmosav-leT, e.i. mopirdapire mxareze, sadac is Tavdapirvelad dasaxlda angelozis miTiTebiT. aqedan yvelaze saukeTeso xedi iSleboda savaneze.

savane mdebareobda ferdobze, 120 m. simaRleze xevis fsker-idan. Znelia, zustad aRuwero sabawmindis savane mas, vinc iq ar yofila da ar uxilavs cicabo kldeze Sefenili, mercxlis budeebiviT Camokidebuli senakebi. mnaxvels uxdeba kibeebiT erTi iarusidan meoreze gadasvla, xan Zirs, xanac zemoT svla, sad-ac siRrmeebSi moCans senakebi, zogi qvebiT Sekruli, zogic _ kldeSi gamokveTili. es kldis senakebi zafxulis cxel dReebSi RumeliviT xurdeba da gandegilebi iZulebulebi arian, wyliT morwyan isini, Tu sadme moipoves. wminda sabas savaneSi Tavda-pirvelad saerTod ar iyo wyali da mis mosatanad monastridan 15 stadioniT dacilebul wyaroze midiodnen. uwyloba Zalian Semawuxebeli iyo autaneli sicxis dros. magram SemdgomSi wm. sabam saswauliT ipova kldis ZirSi, erT mRvimeSi wyaluxvi wy-aro. axladmowyobil savaneSi wm. sabam sicocxlis ormocdaaTi weli gaatara, orjer iqna devnili Tavisive berebis mier. man am savanes maxloblad kidev Svidi axali lavra da kinovia daaarsa, ebrZoda mwvaleblobebs, romelic imJamad Zlier aRelvebda Rv-Tis eklesias. misi wyalobiT am ganmartoebulma adgilma male moixveWa didi saxeli da mTis usicocxlo qvabulebis mTeli es sivrce beTlemidn mkvdar zRvamde, sadac nadiric ki ar binad-robda, dasaxlda moRvaweTa krebuliT. imperatorma iustinianem rodesac Seityo wm. sabas saqmianobis Sesaxeb, SemozRuda savane kedlebiTa da koSkebiT. manve aaSena savanis mTavari taZari, ro-melic SemdgomSi, ioane kantakuzenis dros iqna restavrirebuli.

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wminda sabas savane pirvelad sparseTis mefe xosros Semosevis dros daingra. magram aRadgina irakli keisarma. darbevebis dros berebs didi ubedureba atydebodaT Tavs. magaliTad, xosros dros, 614 w-s. savaneSi SemoWrilma sparsebma awames berebi, egonaT, isini did ganZs malavdnen, da rom veraferi ipoves, ormocdaoTx bers erTmaneTis miyolebiT mokveTes Tavi, erTsa da imave qvaze, maTi senakebi ki gaZarcves da dalewes. mogvianebiT, iRumeni basilis dros, 792 w-s. arabebma aseve saganZuris moTxovniT wamebiT mokles oci beri.

sabawmindis savane gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc saRvTismetyvelo ganaTlebis centri. sabas monasterSi WeSmarit siwmindes gverdSi edga Wemariti mecniereba. aq dResac uCveneben kirile skviTopolelis, wminda mamaTa cxovrebis aRmwerelis, sen-aks. aq mecnierma berma antioqem Seadgina mravali Sroma wminda werilis ganmartebiT. aq saxelovnad moRvaweobdnen mgaloblebi kozma, ioane damaskelis megobari, SemdgomSi maiumis episkopo-si, da stefane. aq, kurTxeuli sabas kalTis qveS moiyara Tavi wminda mamaTa gundma _ iakob saWurisi, anTimozi, afrodisiosi, flaisi, gelasi, kiriake, aTanase, kalinike, leonti mwerali, ioane, iona, sergi, patrikiosi da anastasi _ sarkinozTagan wamebulebi, miqael Savadmosili, Teodore pirdawerili, Teofane aRmsarebe-li da Teodore, edesis episkoposi. da es mxolod yvelaze cno-bilTa saxelebia, romelTa naRvawsac maT saxelebTan erTad Cve-namde mouRwevia. magram wm. sabas lavris ganmadidebel wmindanTa krebuls Soris misi damaarseblis Semdeg yvelaze cnobilia wm. ioane damaskelis saxeli.

ioane, damaskoeli didebuli, saba ganwmendilis gardacva-lebidan orasi wlis Semdeg cxovrobda. imJamad qveynis mdgo-mareoba Secvliliyo, palestina aRar yvaoda, aramed gapartax-ebuli, urjulo arabebis uRelqveS aRmoCnda. ormocdaaTi wlis ioane damaskelma, ukve cnobilma marTlmadideblobis qomagma da xatmbrZolTa mowinaRmdegem, miaSura sabawmindis lavras, pales-tinaSi moqmed erTaderTi monasters. wm. ioane wadierad daemor-Cila lavris wesdebas, romlis Tanaxmadac yoveli axalmosuli jer gamosacdelad sulier cxovrebaSi gamobrZmedili brZenkacis zedamxedvelobis qveS unda damdgariyo. wm. ioanes moZRvarma mas upirvelesad aukrZala werilebis, TxzulebaTa da sagalobelTa

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wera, mecnierul sakiTxebze kamaTic ki, erTi sityviT, yovelgvari samecniero saqmianobisagan ganayena. magram xangrZlivi gamocdis Semdeg wm. ioanes mieca Tavisuflad da daubrkoleblad wer-is ufleba. calke keliaSi icxovra man kidev TiTqmis naxevari saukune, Camoayaliba RvTismetyvelebis dogmaturi nawili da Se-qmna RvTiuri galobani. amitomac eklesia netarad racxs mas, ro-gorc keTilgonierebisa da siwmindis moZRvars, marTlmadideblo-bis maswavlebels, msoflio mnaTobs, sulier nestvs, romelmac swori dogmatebiT daamarcxa manesis mimdevrebis, nestorianelTa ganwvalebis, severusis Serwymis gmobani da TviTneburi ugunure-ba~. pirvelma rusma momlocvelma mweralma, iRumenma danielma, 1106 wels sabas savaneSi ixila ioane damaskelis wminda nawilebi, romlebic mogvianebiT konstantinopolSi gadaabrZanes.

Rirsi Teodosis kinovia. Rirsi Teodosi, wminda sabas megobari da Tanammarxveli (romelmac misi gardaicvalebis Semdgom sami weli icocxla), warmoSobiT kapadokiidan iyo. sulis xsnisaTvis moSurneobiT, Teodosim gadawyvita wminda adgilebis monaxuleba; antioqiaze gavlisas man moinaxula svimeon mesvete. ierusalimSi Teodosi ewvia iubenalis sapatriarqos 450 wels da dasaxlda erT mTaze, Crdilo-dasavleTiT, beTlemisken mimaval gzasTan, im mRvimeSi, sadac, Zveli gadmocemiT, Rame gauTeviaT Cvili iesos Tay-vansacemad aRmosavleTidan wamosul sam mogvs ukan dabrunebisas . ai, aq daaarsa man Tavisi savane, romelic savsebiT gansxvavdeba wm. sabas lavrisagan, dawyebuli adgilmdebareobiT. wm. sabas sa-vane iyo pirquS xeobaSi, Teodosisa _ piriqiT, maRal adgilze, saidanac iSleboda vrceli xedi, erTi mxriv beTlemamde, meore mxriv ki iordanis gaRma mTebamde. Tuki wm. sabas savaneSi SemoRe-buli iyo cxovrebis mkacri wesi da yvaoda ganaTleba, Teodosis savanis mTavari mizani iyo qvelmoqmedeba. yoveli mxridan mo-sul adamianebs Teodosi xvdeboda didi siyvaruliT, mowyalebiT, maspinZlobda da uxvad asaCuqrebda maT. yofila SemTxvevebi, roca samonastro trapezi as kacze gauSliaT stumrad myofi mom-locvelebisa da RatakebisTvis. wmindanma savanesTan aaSena Tav-Sesafrebi da saavadmyofoebi: erTi _ berebisTvis, erTi _ saero-TaTvis da erTic _ didebulebisa da uxucesebisaTvis. Cven viciT, rom ubedurebis Jams, xosros Semosevis dros da ierusalimis

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dangrevis Semdgom, Teodosis savanis iRumenma aRadgina ierusa-limi. Teodosis savaneSi Tavmoyrili Zmoba sxvadasxva tomisa da modgmisa iyo. amitomac man aaSena ramdenime eklesia, raTa yovel ers SeZleboda RmerTis dideba mSobliur enaze: berZnebs, qa-rTvelebs, somxebs. Teodosis savanis sulier SvilTa raodenoba eqvsas oTxmocdacamets udrida.

marTalia, Raribulad, magram wm. Teodosis savanem me-15 sauku-nemde iarseba. amis Semdeg is dacarielda da nangrevebsRa war-moadgenda.

es orive, wm. sabasa da wm. Teodosis, savane, TiTqosda zeciuri gangebiT, erTmaneTis gverdi-gverd iyo, naTel mtkicebad imisa, rom orive gzas SeuZlia adamianis cxonebamde miyvana.

idumea. iudeis olqis samxreTi nawili ekava idumeas. es mx-are dasaxlebuli iyo idumielebiTa da edomelebiT, esavis modg-miT, romlebic adre momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen da babilo-nis tyve obis dros damkvidrdnen iudeis samxreT nawilSi. iudeis xalxis erT-erTma beladma hirkanma 135-106 w-s. qristes dabade-bamde daipyro idumea. mosaxleobas iZulebiT gaukeTa winadacveTa, miaRebina moses kanoni da samudamod miuerTa idumea iudeas.

herodes gvari, romelic gabatonebuli iyo iudeaSi macxovris dros, warmoSobiT idumeadan modioda, herode antipas mama war-Cinebuli idumieli gaxldaT.

zemoT aRweril qalaqTa garda pirveli palestinis provnici-aSi kidev ocze meti qalqi iyo, romlebsac me-4-6 saukuneebSi episkoposebi hyavdaT, kerZod: dora, antipatrida, iamnia, sozuza, Radara, rafia, serifea, antedoni, elevTeropolisi, diokle-tianopolisi, ieriqoni, libia, sikamazoni, azota, gerara, petra, menoada, beTeli, zebuloni, arqelaida.

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mesame palestina

es provnicia warmoadgenda udabur adgils idumeadan sinas mTamde da cnobili iyo petres arabeTis saxelwodebiT. am adgil-ma mesame palestinis saxeli miiRo traianis dros. me-4-8 saukneeb-Si aq ramodenime qalaqs gaaCnda saepiskoposo kaTedra: petra, arindela, aradi, xarakomba, areopolisi, eluza, zoara (sigori), fedoni, farani, elia (sxvagvarad elafi), metrokomia anu bakofi, parembola (e.i. banaki) da medaba.

rogorc Cans, sinamdvile aris Zveli mwerlebis gadmocema, rom mociqulTasworis konstantines droidan herakle keisris dromde qristes dResaswaulis dRes eklesiis zarebis rekva ganuwyvetel jaWvad gadadioda antioqiidan sinas mTamde, 800 km-ze met man-Zilze.

mesame palestinis udaburi da Soruli provinciis eklesiur cxovrebaSi araviTar gansakuTrebul movlenas ar hqonia adgili. saeklesio-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT mxolod sinas mTa aris mniS-vnelovani.

farani da sinas mTa. faranis udabno, romelzec gadaiares ebraelebma aRTqmuli qveyanisaken mimaval gzaze, dasaxlebuli iyo yamalekebiT. albaT, maTi daarsebuli iyo qalaqi faranic. igi elafidan (qalaqi da navsadguri arabeTis sruteSi) sami dRis savalze iyo dacilebuli. ase aRwers am qalaqs misi usamRvde-loesoba porfiri (uspenski): `gza faranis baRebs Soris keklucia. dadixar da tkbebi mwvane xeebis sixasxasiTa da granitis mwver-valebis silamaziTa da nairgvarobiT. baRebis miRma ukve sul sxva sasiamovni sanaxaoba warmogidgeba: faranis veli farTovdeba da gadadis wiwvovan tyeSi; SesaniSnavi ialRunebi (tamarix manifera), igive manana, izrdeba maRla, totebgaSlili, xSir koromebad da Sors miwaze garTxmula maTi mZlavri fesvebi, romelTagan nor-Ci amonayari wamozrdila. zogan SemWidroebiT dganan xeebi da Crdilsavse xeivnebs qmnian, zogan ki, rogorc xelovnur baReb-Si, maT Soris patara mdeloebi anaTebs. mTis Ziri dafarulia balaxiT, TiTqos mwvane lentebiT mouqargavTo. velis SuagulSi iklakneba zamTris niaRvari, xan Rrma, xan Txeli, xan silovani,

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xanac riyiani. Cans, rom aq kokispiruli wvimebi icis. vinmes rom sakmarisi Tanxa gaeRo faranis baRebis mosavlelad da aq cistern-ebi moewyo, es adgili edemad gadaiqceoda. faranis velis nayo-fiereba, xangamoSvebiTi uxvi wvimebi da wiTeli zRvis siaxlove gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom aaSenes es qalaqi yamalekebma da ratom iyo aq mWidro dasaxleba~. faranSi cxovrobdnen arabeTis mmarT-velebi, ramdenadme daqvemdebarebuli romis imperators. qveyanas xSirad esxmodnen sarkinozebi. saepiskoposo kaTedra aq jer kidev diokletianes dros arsebobda. mogvianebiT ki, iustinianes dros, faranis eklesias sinas episkoposi marTavda. Tumca sinas kaTedra ierusalimis sapatriarqoSi im ocdaxuT saarqiepiskoposos miekuT-vneboda, romelTac daqvemdebarebuli saepiskoposoebi ar gaaCnda.

sinas monasteri mdebareobda qorebisa da sinas mTebis si-axloves. misi usamRvdeloesoba porfiri mogviTxrobs: `Tvalmi-uwvdomel silis zRvaSi Cems winaSe kedeliviT azidula cad veeberTela qarafebiani, kldovani kunZuli. misi Ziri farTo da mtkicea, zemoT TandaTan viwrovdeba, xolo zustad samad dayo-fili Txemi dakbilulia, gulmkerdi da gverdebi cicabod daqa-nebuli, Sua nawili cota win aris gamoSverili, danarCenebi ukan gadaweulan. damabrmavebeli Suqi efineba am RvTis mTas da vardisfer sxeuls oqrosfrad uelvarebs. mis Tavze ki laJvar-di caa. odesRac am cidan ismina ganTavisuflebulma israelma RvTis sityva, RvTis wminda rjuli da mTa iyo kvarcxlbeki Zveli kanonmdeblisa~. msgavsadve aRwers moZRvari sinas mTasac: `sina saocrad didebulia. piramidasaviT gancalkevebiT mdgari da cisken aziduli, Rirsad meCvena, ieRovas kvarcxlbeki yofiliyo. misi kuTxovani gverdebi zemodan qvemoT ise eSveba, TiTqos elvis texilebi gaqvavebulao. es xazebi da napralebi, aseve misi naruji feri alag-alag Wvavis puris qerqs damsgavsebia. naTlad warmo-midga is grgvinva, elva, cecxlis sveti da mTebis zanzari, Tan rom axlda israeli xalxisaTvis aTi mcnebis RvTisgan boZebas~.

sinas monasteri 527 w-s. imperator iustinianes brZanebiT aaSe-nes da kedlebiT gaamagres, saxelmwifo xarjiT. mis maxloblad dunais napirebidan da egviptidan orasi ojaxi daasaxles monas-tris ymebad; isini icavdnen da emsaxurebodnen mas. amas mow-mobs warwera monastris dasavleTis kedlis karebis Tavze: `es

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sinas mTis wminda monasteri, sadac RmerTi esaubreboda moses, aRmarTulia Tavmdabali romaeli mefis, iustinianes mier, misi da misi meuRlis Teodoras saukuno xsenebisaTvis da mSenebloba dasrulda misi mefobis 30 wlis Tavze. xolo iRumenad iustini-anem daayena dulu; es moxda adamis droidan 6021, anu qristes dabadebidan 557 wels~.

radgan senakebis arsebobis niSnebs ver miagno, misi usamRvde-loesoba porfiri mivida im daskvnamde, rom senakebs saerTod ar aSenebdnen `maSindeli Zveli mamebi~, aramed Zveli wesiT cx-ovrobdnen mTis mRvimeebSi, napralebSi da mxolod SabaTobiT iyridnen Tavs taZarSi da kviris wirvis Semdeg ubrundebodnen mdumarebas TavianT samyofelSi. SesaZlebelia, Zveli eklesiis gverdiTi ekvderebi asrulebdnen sakrebulo darbazis (ejxevdai) rols. xolo episkoposi da mkiTxveli koSkSi cxovrobdnen.

sinas monastris mosagreTa da winamZRvarTa Soris gansakuTre-biT gamoirCeva ioane kibisaRmwereli, `sulieri kibis~ avtori. misi usamRvdeloesoba porfiri ase aRwers wm. iones moRvaweobis adgils: `kibisaRmwerlis samyofelis myudroeba gasaocaria, is ufro saflavis Zegls hgavs, veeberTela lodebmiyrils, vidre adamianis sacxovriss... es aris bunebrivi mRvime mTebSi, didi da patara qvebis grovebiT savse, odesRac rom dagorebulan sumras simaRlidan da SeCerebulan aq, raTa Tavi Seefarebina meudabnoes. am qvis nayaridan sami kedelia amoyvanili, ori sarkmliT. Rirsi ioanes samyofeli pirvel, antoni didis parexze cotaoden didia, mis SuaSi gamarTulad dgoma SeiZleba, magram gverdiT daqanebul siRrmeSi mxolod oTxadmokecili Tu SeaRwev. iq araferia erTi patara, kedelSi gamokveTili niSis garda, sadac wmindani, al-baT, awyobda wminda werilisa da Tavis TxzulebaTa gragnilebs. msgavsi niSa hqonda antoni didsac. didxans videqi sinas savanis kurTxeuli iRumenis Rvawlis adgilze da mikvirda misi Tavgan-wirva, moTmineba, TavSekaveba, mdumareba da RmerTSi CaZirva. gansakuTrebuli midrekilebaa saWiro amgvari WvretiTi cxovre-bisaTvis, adamianis udidesi Sinagani simtkice da madlis mravali niWi da nugeSiscema, raTa am pirquS qvabulSi ramodenime weli ise dahyo, rogorc samoTxis naTelSi~.

saerTod, palestinis yvela gadarCenili monasteri, rogorc aRweriT vxedavT, sakmaod erTnairad iyo agebuli _ zRuded gars

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ertya koSkebiT damSvenebuli kedeli. ezos SuagulSi aRmarTu-li iyo mTavari taZari, xolo kedlebis gaswvriv gayolebuli iyo senakebi da sxva samonastro nagebobebi, Cveulebriv, or an samiarusiani miwisqveSa sardafebiT. monastris karibWesTan aRm-arTuli iyo saguSago koSki, raTa monasteri daculi yofiliyo nadirTa uecari Tavdsxmebisgan.

sinas mTis eklesiis istoria Semdegia: me-3 saukuneSi, deciosis devnis dros, aq egviptis olqebidan gadmosaxldnen qristianebi. me-4 saukuneSi sinaze aleqsandriidan didmowame ekaterines wmin-da nawilebi gadmoasvenes da daarsda gandegilTa savane. me-6 saukuneSi, rodesac iustinianem savanes zRude Semoavlo, sinas iRu-meni akurTxes episkoposad.

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aleqsandriis sapatriarqo


aleqsandriis patriarqs eqvemdebareboda mTeli egvipte1, lib-ia da pentapolisi.

gadmocemiT, egvipteSi qristianoba Tavdapirvelad markoz mo-ciquls gauvrcelebia. egviptis qristianuli eklesia pirvel saukuneSi gacilebiT susti iyo, vidre aRmosavleTis sxva qveyneb-Si. Aamis mizezad miiCneven aleqsandriisa da palestinis iude-velTa Soris mtrul damokidebulebas, rasac mohyva kontaqtebis gaiSviaTeba. zogic am gaTiSvis mizezad aleqsandriis iudevelebis filosofiiT gansakuTrebul gatacebas Tvlis. imJamad egvipteSi moRvaweobdnen filoni2 da Terapevtebi3. iudeveli xalxis saukeTe-so Svilebi mTeli arsebiT erTgulebdnen axali religiis ama Tu im mimarTulebas. amasTan, egviptel warmarTTa Sorisac religiu-ri kulti im dros ufro mZlavri iyo da meti sasicocxlo Zala gaaCnda, vidre romaelebisa da berZnebis kults. daaxloebiT am dros egvipteSi imgvari warmarTuli taZrebi Sendeboda, rom-lebic tols ar udebdnen uZveles faraonTa nagebobebs.

ukve meore saukunidan aleqsandriis eklesia ikavebs metad mniSvnelovan adgils. Aaleqsandriis saepiskoposo kaTedris mniS-vnelobis zrda ganpirobebuli iyo Tavad qalaqis sidiadiTa da im faqtiT, rom aq pirvelad markoz mociqulma iqadaga. mecniere-bisadmi swrafvam, romelic am qveyanaSi sufevda, biZgi misca qris-tianuli RmrTismetyvelebis mecnierebis farTo ganviTarebas. rac Seexeba qristianuli moZRvrebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, am mxrivac aleqsandriis eklesiam udidesi roli iTamaSa. aq, egvip-

1 Tavad egvipte Semdeg nawilebad iyofoda: zeda, igive pirveli egvipte, nilosis deltaSi mdebare; meore egvipte (avgusmanikis pirveli da avgusmanikis meore provinciebi); Sua egvipte (arkadiisa da heptanomosis provinciebi); samxreTi egvipte (Tebaidas pirveli da Tebaidas meore provin-ciebi).2 filon aleqsandrieli _ ebrauli elinizmis gamoCenili warmomad-

geneli, mistikosi-mwerali, iudaizmis apologeti (redaqtoris SeniSvna).3 Terapevtebi _ (berZnuli sityvidan qerapeiva – msaxureba, Tayvanisce-

ma) axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukunis ebrauli asketuri seqta (red. Sen.).

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aleqsandria.

xarebis marTlmadidebluri taZari.

83


tis didebul udabnobSi me-4 saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli qris-tianul asketur cxovrebas. `nacvlad usargeblo molaybeebisa, _ wers erTi gandegili mwerali, da mxedvelobaSi hyavs ale-qsandriis warmarTi filosofosebi _ mogvevlinnen didebuli da mdumare, ganmartoebis moyvaruli uxucesebi, raTa daubrkoleblad miscemodnen sulier Wvretas~.

egviptis ZirZveli xalxi, koptebi, gansakuTrebiT iyvnen midre-kilni asketuri Rvawlisadmi da gamoirCeodnen gasaocari moT-minebiTa da gamZleobiT. egviptelebs SeeZloT, udrtvinvelad aetanaT saSineli wameba da mzad iyvnen, umal sicocxle daeTmoT, vinem gaecaT WeSmariteba. Tu aseTi adamianebi miecemodnen re-ligiur STagonebas, advilad SeeZlebodaT meudabnoe moRvawee-bad qceva. egvipteSi bermonazvnobis gavrcelebas xels uwyob-da, agreTve, am qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba da klimaturi pirobebi: miwis dayofa oazisebad da SiSveli udabnosa da nilo-sis msxmoiare velebis mkveTri kontrasti. amasve uwyobda xels adgilobrivi mosaxleobis WvretiTi bunebac, Terapevtebis magali-Ti da aleqsandrieli mamebis zneobrivi moZRvreba, gansakuTrebiT origenes Teoria umaRles da dabal zneobaze, nebayoflobiTi siRaribisa da uqorwineblobis did mniSvnelobaze.

qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel periodSi egviptis mosaxle-obis raodenoba milions aRwevda. aTanase didis dros, rodesac egvipte gabrwyinebuli iyo qristianobiT, aleqsandriis sapatri-arqoSi asamde saepiskoposo kaTedra iricxeboda. magram vinaidan aleqsandriis sapatriarqos sivrce arc ise didi iyo, misi saepisko-posoebis olqebic mcire zomisa gamodioda, swored ierusalimisa da antioqiis saepiskoposo olqebis msgavsad. es gansakuTebiT exeba egviptes, xolo libiasa da pentapolisSi, raki sivrce egvpteze ramdenadme didi iyo (kirena aleqsandriidan 700 km-iT iyo dac-ilebuli), 22 saepiskoposo moqmedebda.

ai, am vrcel saeklesio samyaroSi Zalaufleba ekuTvnoda ale-qsandriis didi eklesiis pirvelmRvdelmTavars. vinaidan egvipteSi ar arsebobda mitropoliebi da mitropolitebi, misi Zalaufleba sxva meTauri ierarqebis Zalauflebaze ufro didi iyo. maSasadame, aleqsandriis mwyemsmTavari uSualod waradgenda episkoposebs aleqsandriis sapatriarqosTvis. maT ki, rogorc qalkedonis krebis istoria gviCvenebs, misi nebarTvis gareSe ar SeeZloT mniSvnelo-

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vani gadawyvetilebis miReba.aleqsandriis sapatriarqos mosaxleobas ori ZiriTadi erovne-

ba Seadgenda: egviptis adgilobrivi, ZirZveli tomebi, romlebic SemdgomSi cnobili Seiqnen ̀ koptebis~ saerTo saxeliT da Camosax-lebuli xalxebi, umetesad berZnebi. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, Zir-iTadad, centraluri da samxreTi egviptis soflebsa da provin-ciebSi cxovrobda, xolo berZnebi _ zRvispira qalaqebSi. koptebi ganaTlebas moklebulebi iyvnen, berZnebi swavlisadmi siyvaruliT gamoirCeodnen. abba makaris berZnulad martivi winadadebis Tq-mac ar SeeZlo. kopturi sasaubro enis sazRvari aleqsandriasTan Zalian axlos gadioda. efesos 449 wlis krebaze arsinoas episko-pos kalisiriss missive arqidiakoni iuliusi uwevda Tarjimnobas da mis nacvlad manve moawera krebis aqtze xeli (arsinoa, amJamad medinet-eT-faiumi, aleqsandriidan 205 km-ze mdebareobda). antoni didi, romelic arsinoadan 23 km-ze dacilebuli herakleopolisis maxloblad daibada, mxolod kopturad laparakobda. pimeni didi, romelmac mTeli sicocxle aleqsandriasTan axlomdebare qveda egviptis udabnos savaneebSi gaatara, saerTod ver laparakobda berZnulad. mowame isaaki, romelic warmoSobiT qveda egviptis tifrosidan, aleqsandriidan 100 km-iT dacilebuli adgilidan iyo, 304 wels dakiTxvaze pasuxebs Tarjimnis saSualebiT aZlevda. saerTod, me-4-5 saukuneebSi CrdiloeT egvipteSic ki iSviaTad SexvdebodiT moRvawes (rogoricaa, magaliTad, abba iosebi), ro-melmac kopturic icoda da berZnulic. ber-monazonTa Soris umravless ramodenime berZnuli sityva esmoda, rogorc abba Te-odores. cxadze ucxadesia, rom Tebaidis udabnos moRvaweni, mag-aliTad paxomi didi († 348 w.) da ioane likopoliseli († 395 w.) mxolod kopturad laparakobdnen.

ueWvelia, qveynis am or ers Soris dayofa da dapirispireba iarsebebda. es eklesiis istoriaSic aisaxa. adgilobrivi koptebis nacionalurma opoziciurma sulma berZnuli zegavlenis winaaRm-deg gamosavali monofizitobis saxiT ipova. varaudoben, rom ale-qsandriis patriarqi dioskore4 warmoSobiT kopti unda yofili-

4 dioskore I aleqsandrieli _ aleqsandriis 25-e patriarqi. iyo kirile aleqsandrielis piradi mdivani. ewinaaRmdegeboda nestoris mcdar swavle-bas, Tumca mxari dauWira evtixianelTa moZRvrebas qristes erTi bunebis Sesaxeb. amis gamo qalkedonis krebam igi mis mxardamWer episkoposebTan

85


yo. efesos krebaze mas Tan wauyvania 23 episkoposi. me-6 saukunis II naxevarSi koptebma sabolood daiWires monofizitebis mxare, RvTismsaxurebaSi berZnuli ena Secvales sakuTari eniT da Seqmnes TavianTi nacionaluri seqtanturi eklesia, saTaveSi gansakuTrebu-li patriarqiT. leonti bizantielis5 TqmiT, `dioskores Semdeg eklesias CamoSorda mTlianad aleqsandriisa da egviptis xalxi, da proterios aleqsandrielTan6 aRaravis hqonda urTierToba~. zaqaria mitilenelis7 sityviT, ̀ 457 wlis vnebis kviraSi mxolod xuTma adamianma isurva, monaTluliyo wm. proteriosis xeliT, yve-la danarCeni sxvagan wavida~. amasobaSi berZnebi kvlav marTlma-dideblebad rCebodnen. qalkedonis krebis damswre oTxive egvip-tis episkoposi, romelTac marTlmadideblobas dauWires mxari, meore egviptidan iyo da maTi kaTedrebi erTmaneTis mezoblad mdebareobda. maTi es qmedeba gvaZlevs saSualebas, vifiqroT, rom es gabeduli koleqtiuri nabiji egvipteSive hqondaT Cafiqrebu-li. maSasadame, aleqsandriasTan sul axlos mwifdeboda diosko-resadmi opozicia, romelic mis gamWriax Tvals gamoepara.

xalifa omaris mier egviptis dapyrobis dros, 640 w-s. 300 000-ze meti berZeni unda gasaxlebuliyo egviptidan. marTlmadide-beli eklesia maSin imdenad daeca, rom TviT aleqsandriaSic ki marTlmadideblebs mxolod erTi, sabawmindis taZari ekavaT. me-9 saukuneSi, mefe leon brZenis mmarTvelobis dros egviptesa da mis mosazRvre qveynebSi 6 mitropolia da 105 saepiskoposo yo-fila; me-12 sSi _ 8 mitropolia mravali saepiskoposoTi da 5 mitropolia uepiskoposod; me-15 s-Si, Turqebis dapyrobamde (1517

erTad gadaayena. gadasaxlebuli iqna kunZul gangraze, sadac gardaicvala kidec 454 w. (red. Sen.).5 leonti bizantieli _ (445-543) bizantieli beri da RvTismetyveli.

dabadebula ierusalimSi, axalgazrdobaSi nestoris mimdevari yofila, Sem-deg miubrunda marTlmadideblobas; sami mniSvnelovani polemikuri Txzu-lebis avtori: `nestorisa da evtixis mimdevarTa winaaRmdeg~, `30 Tavi sever-us antioqielis winaaRmdeg~, `apolinaris mimdevarTa sicruis winaaRmdeg~ (red. Sen.).6 proterios aleqsandrieli _ aleqsandriis patriarqi, kirile ale-

qsandrielis mowafe, aleqsandriis patriarq dioskores monofizituri swav-lebis mowinaaRmdege. mowameobrivad aResrula monofizitebis xeliT 457 w-s; xsenebis dRe 28 Tebervali (axali stiliT _ 12 marti) (red. Sen).7 zaqaria mitileneli _ igive zaqaria sqolastikosi, zaqaria ritori.

bizantieli istorikosi, iyo monofizituri mimdinareobis warmomadgeneli. misma `istoriam~ Semoinaxa uaRrsad sayuradRebo cnobebi maiumis episkopo-sis, petre iberis Sesaxeb (red. Sen.).

86


w.) _ 16 mitropolia da 25 saepiskoposo. magram es kaTedrebi da-kavebuli hqondaT monofizit episkoposebs.

aleqsandria. egviptis dedaqalaqi aleqsandria qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi msoflio mniSvnelobis rigiT meore qalaqs warmoadgenda romis Semdeg, 700 000 mosaxliT. qalaqi Tavis arse-bobas aleqsandre makedonels unda umadlodes. qalaqi daarsda 332 w-s. qristes dabadebamde carcovan da silovan, im dros SiSvel, mwire, uwylo da virTxebiT savse8 miwis viwro zolze xmelTaSua zRvidan mareoTis tbamde. mis asaSeneblad xarjebi ar dauzogavT. mTavari quCa, romlis gani udrida 30 m-s, xolo sigrZe 5 km-s, gaW-imuli iyo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTamde (nekropolisamde) da morTuli iyo portikebiT, taZrebiTa da sxva didi nagebobebiT. meore aseTive quCa samxreTidan, mareoTis tbidan CrdiloeTisaken miemarTeboda. am ori quCis gadakveTis adgilze iyo didi moedani, saidanac moCanda qalaqis orive, mudam gemebiT savse navsadguri. qalaqis pirdapir, kunZul farosze, aRmarTuli iyo 130 m. simaRlis msoflios xelovnebis saocrebad cnobili Suqura. kunZuls qa-laqTan aerTebda xelovnuri miwayrili, romelsac heptastadions uwodebdnen, radganac sigrZiT 7 stadions aRwevda. qalaqi sufTa wyliT maragdeboda nilosidan myari wyalsadenis qseliT.

magram mTavari, razedac unda SevCerdeT aleqsandriis Sesaxeb saubrisas, aris muzeumi, sadac moTavsebuli iyo biblioTeka da cxovrobdnen yoveli mxridan Camosuli poetebi, mecnierebi, or-atorebi da sofistebi. muzeumi mdebareobda qalaqis yvelaze mdidarsa da vrcel ubanSi, romelsac bruxions, anu sasaxleebis ubans uwodebdnen. muzeumis biblioTekaSi daculi iyo berZnuli, egvipturi, eTiopuri, sparsuli, qaldeuri, ebrauli da laTinu-ri wignebi. am biblioTekisTvis, rogorc cnobilia, Sedga bibliis ebraulidan berZnul enaze Targmani, romelic samocdaaTTa Targ-manis saxeliTaa cnobili. filadelfos ptolemeosma9 muzeumis biblioTekisTvis iyida aristoteles biblioTeka. everget ptol-

8 virTxebis simravle aq, nilosis SesarTavTan, savsebiT gasagebia. egvipte yovelTvis puris beRel qveyanas warmoadgenda,saidanac puri sxva qveynebs, TviT romsac egzavneboda. romamde savali gza pirqaris drosac ki mxolod 6 dRes Seadgenda.9 ptolemeos II filadelfosi _ egviptis mefe 285-246 ww-Si, metad gan-

swavluli pirovneba (red. Sen.).

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emeos III-is10 brZnebiT, yvela mogzaurs sabaJoebze CamorTmeuli wignis originalis nacvlad ubrundeboda wignis asli, origina-li ki biblioTekas rCeboda. ptolemeosebma saerTod akrZales egviptidan papirusis gatana, radganac ar surdaT, vinmes maTsaviT mdidari biblioTeka hqonoda. amitom pergamosis mefe mcire azi-aSi, romelmac aseve moiwadina biblioTekis Seqmna, iZulebuli gaxda, gadasawerad tyavi exmara. da ai, ase mogvevlina pergamen-ti. ptolemeosebis energiis wyalobiT aleqsandriis biblioTekaSi Tavi moiyara uamravma xelnawerma, romelTa raodenoba Seadgen-da 400 000-s (sxva CvenebiT _ 700 000-s). magram es cifrebi sworad rom aRviqvaT, unda gavixsenoT, rom tomebad an, ufro sworad, gragnilebad im dros arc Tu ise didi moculobis teqstebi iwodeboda. magaliTad: ovidiusis `metamorfozebi~, romelic Cvens droSi erT wignadaa gamocemuli, maSin 15 wigns Seadgenda; evsevis 10 wignad warmodgenili `eklesiis istoria~ amJamad erTi 300-gverdiani wignia. amitomac aRar iwvevs gaocebas didimis mier misi sicocxlis manZilze dawerili 3500 tomi.

aleqsandriis meore RirsSesaniSnaobas warmoadgenda serapi-sis, an iupiteris serapeumis taZari. is mdebareobda rexetisis ubanSi da maRlidan dascqeroda yvela Senobas, gars ertymoda galereebi da isic did biblioTekas itevda. serapisis taZari aRmarTuli iyo miwidan asi kibis simaRleze da, TiTqos, mbrZane-blobda qalaqs. am egviptur sakurTxevelSi dasvenebuli iyo RmerT serapisis veeberTela kerpi. kerpi orive xeliT eyrdnoboda iataks da imgvarad moeTavsebinaT, rom misi saxe mudam ganaTebuli yofiliyo faruli naxvretidan momdinare mzis sxiviT. oTaxebis uricxvi raodenoba mdebareobda taZarSi an portikebis qveS, isini gankuTvnili iyo warmarTebSi metad dafasebuli, qurumTa maRa-li fenisTvis. am taZarSi xSirad tardeboda xalxmravali saxalxo krebebi, sadac filosofiuri sakiTxebi da qristianuli rwmenis dogmatebi gacxovelebuli ganxilvisa da daxvewili msjelobis sagnad iqceoda xolme.

yovelive aman aleqsandria ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis er-TaderT kerad aqcia. da ai aq, aleqsandriaSi, Caeyara safuZve-

10 ptolemeos III evergeti _ egviptis mefe, ptolemeos II-is vaJi, ptol-emeosTa dinastiis erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri warmomadgeneli, mefobda 246-222 ww-Si (red. Sen.).

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li Tavisebur mecnierul mimarTulebas, samecniero moRvaweobis Tavisebur saxes, romelic cnobilia aleqsandriuli moZRvrebis saxeliT. aleqsandrieli mecnierebis damsaxurebas, sxvaTa Soris, ar warmoadgenda axali da originaluri Txzulebebis simravle. berZnuli literaturis nayofsavse SemoqmedebiT xanas mohyva Tav-moyris, dazustebis, mowesrigebis periodi. aleqsandriis period-sac Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT ufro kritikuli, filologiuri, gramatikuli Ziebebis dro, vinem dro poeturi Semoqmedebisa da sakuTriv filosofiuri azrovnebisa. aleqsandriis mravalricxo-vani iudevelebic metad aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen mecnierul saqmianobaSi, amis magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT filoni.

aleqsandriaSi qristianuli eklesia, gadmocemiT, daaarsa mar-koz mociqulma da didi xnis manZilze aq liturgias im formiT atarebdnen, romlis Sedgenac am mociquls miewereboda. magram qristianTa raodenoba aleqsandriaSi pirvel saukuneebSi mcire iyo da aleqsandrieli mowamenic bolo devnebis periodSi moixse-niebian. aleqsandre severusis dros ewama leonide, origenes mama, da potaminosi. deciusis dros idevneboda aleqsanriis episkoposi dionise. qristianebis gansakuTrebulad sastiki devna moxda diok-letianes periodSi. maSin wm. antoni, egvipteli mosagre, sagange-bod swvevia aleqsandrias, raTa gaemxnevebina morwmuneebi.

eklesiis istoriis meore periodSi, konstancis drosac ki, warm-arToba aleqsandriaSi metad Zlieri iyo. mis batonobas bolo moeRo 391 wels serapisis taZris dangreviT, romelSic uamravi virTxa aRmoCnda. taZris dangrevas mSvidad ar Cauvlia. fiqroben, rom swored maSin ganadgurda taZarTan arsebuli biblioTeka. rodesac 20 wlis Semdeg oroziusma11 taZari moinaxula, mxolod carieli karadebiRa ixila. aleqsandriis swavlulobas sabolood wertili daesva 640 wels, xalifa omaris mier dapyrobis Semdeg. hyvebodnen, TiTqos mas 4 000 abano gaexurebina aleqsandriis bib-lioTekis wignebiT.

am ambebamde cota ufro adre, me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi ale-qsandriaSi keTildReoba sufevda. rogorc Cven viciT, 614 wels

11 pavle oroziusi _ me-5 saukunis qristiani Teologi da istorikosi, warmoSobiT espaneli, netari avgustines mowafe. mis kalams ekuTvnis cnobi-li `istoria warmarTTa winaaRmdeg.~ oroziusi dantes `RvTaebrivi komedi-is~ erT-erTi personaJia (red. Sen.).

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ierusalimi daipyro sparseTis mefe xosrom. am dros aleqsandriis patriarqma ioane mowyalem didi Tanadgoma gamoiCina ierusali-mis mosaxleobisadmi, agzavnida iq uxv Sewirulobebs, gamoisyidda tyveeebs da ltolvilebs egvipteSi aZlevda TavSesafars. magram arabebis Semosevis dros, rogorc cnobilia, aleqsandriis marTl-madidebeli eklesia aRmoCnda ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi. am xanaSi marTlmadideblebs dautoves mxolod erTi, sabawmindis eklesia, vinaidan yvela danarCeni koptebs mietacebinaT. Semdgom-Si am eklesiis adgilze aRmocenda sabawmindis monasteri, romel-ic marTlmadidebelTaTvis am umZimes xanaSi qristianTa Semowir-ulobebiT aSenda. monasteri mdebareobda aleqsandriis boloSi, e.w. kleopatras nemsebis12 mopirdapired, axal navmisadgomTan axlos. misi sarkmlebidan moCanda es granitis ornamentebiani nem-sebi, lurji zRva da kunZul farosis dakbiluli cixe-simagre.

aleqsandriis qristianuli eklesiis istoriidan cnobilia, rom am ganswavlul qalaqSi male ganviTarebula eresebi da cru gno-sisi. eklesiis pirvelma mwvaleblebma _ simon mogvma, apolosma da kerinTem _ aq miiRes ganaTleba. aqve gamoCndnen gansakuTrebuli saxis gnostikosebi, romlebic aleqsandrielebad arian cnobilni. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen vasilidi da valenti. aqve iyvnen neoplatonikosebi, romlebic cdilobdnen dacemis piras misuli warmarTobis aRdgenas da werdnen qristianobis winaaRm-deg:Lamonius sakasi, porfiri da iambliqe. magram aqve, aleqsan-driaSi, Caeyara safuZveli WeSmarit qristianul mecnierebas da gamoCndnen mecnierebi, romlebic icavdnen qristianobas eresebisa da warmarTobisagan. meore saukunis dasawyisSi aq ukve arsebobda katexizmos skola, imave saukunis damlevs skolam miiRo ufro se-riozuli da mecnieruli saxe. am skolis maswavleblebi _ panTeni, klimenti da origene icavdnen eklesias neoplatonikosebis Tav-dasxmisagan da Seadgines mravali mecnieruli naSromi qristianu-

12 `kleopatras nemsebi~ aris sami egvipturi obeliskis popularuli saxelwodeba, amJamad isini aRmarTulia londonSi, parizsa da niu-iorkSi, sadac me-19 saukuneSi gadaitanes. londonisa da niu-iorkis wyvili daumza-debiaT qristemde 1450 w-s. da tuTmos III-is brZanebiT aRumarTavT egviptis q. heliopolisSi. dedofalma kleopatram isini aleqsandriaSi gadaatanina qristemde 12 w-s. obeliskebi gamokveTilia wiTeli granitisagan, dafarulia ieroglifebiT, TiTeuli daaxl. 21 metris simaRlisaa da iwonis 224 tonas (red. Sen).

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li RvTismetyvelebis sferoSi. eklesiis ayvavebis xanaSi, me-4-dan me-7 saukunemde, aleqsandriis ierarqebi yvelaze qmediTi wevrebi iyvnen saeklesio saqmeebSi. mxolod isini iyvnen uflebamosilni, yovelwliurad gamoeTvalaT aRdgomisa da sxva dResaswaulTa TariRebi da yvela eklesiisaTvis daegzavnaT saaRdgomo epis-toleebi. aq aTanase aleqsandrieli ebrZoda arianelebs; kirile aleqsandrieli, romelic ilaSqrebda iulianes winaaRmdeg, ebrZo-da nestorianelebs, rac sxvaTa Soris, egviptisTvis ar yofila adgilobrivi mwvalebloba; Teofile aleqsandrieli mxurvale monawileobas iRebda origenes irgvliv gamarTul kamaTSi da io-ane oqropiris sasamarTloze. dioskorem SemoiRo monofizitoba, romlis warmomadgenlebic SemdgomSi iyvnen eluriosi da salko-fiale. patriarqma kirosma SemoiRo monoTelitoba. es ukanaskne-li mwvaleblobani adgilobriv xasiaTs atarebdnen da farTod gavrceldnen aleqsandriis sapatriarqoSi.

dabolos, ramdenime sityva unda iTqvas aleqsandriis SesaniSnav taZrebze. aseTebi iyo bavkaliis eklesia, kesarioni da wm. ioanes eklesia.

bavkaliis wm. markozis saxelobis eklesia, romlis presvitera-dac msaxurobda ariozi, iyo uZvelesi da qalaqSi mas gansakuTre-buli pativi miegeboda. amasTan, mdebareobda qalaqis savaWro centrSi. yovelive aman ganapiroba ariozis gavlenis zrda. mas mxars uWerdnen mRvdlebi: karpioni da sarmati, aiTala, aqila da misi Tanamosaxele ariozi; diakvnebidan: evzoi, makari, iuliusi, mina da geladi. aleqsandriis presviterebisa da diakvnebis kreba-ze ariozis partias miemxro xuTi presviteri da amdenive diakoni, xolo ocdaTeqvsmetma presviterma da ormocdaoTxma diakonma xeli moawera sabraldebo ganaCens.

kesarionis eklesia mdebareobda qalaqis centrTan, oTxi karib-Wis moedanze, gimnaziis adgilze, romelic pirvelad iwodebo-da adrianonad, Semdgom ki _ likonianonad. am taZris mSeneb-loba daiwyo aleqsandriis arqiepiskoposma, ariozis mimdevarma grigolma (22 marti, 339 w. _ 26 ivnisi, 245 w.) imperator kon-stantis xarjebiT (aqedanaa misi saxelwodeba kesarioni). rogorc Cans, taZris mSenebloba daasrula aTanase didma (21 oqtomberi,

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346 w. _ 9 Tebervali, 356 w.). Tumca, arianeli giorgis drosac, 361 w. aq raRac miSeneba mimdinaroebda. 365 w-s. es taZari gada-vida marTlmadidebelTa gamgeblobaSi, magram 366 w. ajanyebis dros, 21 ivliss igi dawves warmarTebma. imperatoris brZanebis safuZvelze aTanase didma kvlav daiwyo kesarionis aRdgena 368 w-s. 1 maiss, gardacvalebamde zustad xuTi wliT adre (aTanase didi gardaicvala 373 w-is. 2 maiss) da saqme bolomdec miiy-vana. ukve is faqti, rom adgilobrivma qronikam Semogvinaxa am eklesiaze zusti monacemebi, da isic, rom wm. epifane kvipreli gansakuTrebiT gamoarCevda mas, migviTiTebs, rom nageboba metad SesaniSnavi yofila. TviT aTanase didi uwodebda kesarions `did eklesias~, rac Seesabameba Tanamedrove `kaTedralur taZars~. eklesiis moculobaze da qristianTa raodenobaze me-4 saukunis meore naxevarSi metyvelebs is faqti, rom paseqis dResaswaulze es taZari mTlianad itevda aleqsandriis qristianul mosaxleo-bas. Tu romeli iyo is `didi eklesia,~ sadac 432 wlis 25 dekem-bers da 433 wlis 1 ianvars iqadages pavle emeselma da kirile aleqsandrielma, danamdvilebiT cnobili araa, magram metad sa-varaudoa, rom es kesarioni unda yofiliyo. 452 w-s. am taZarSi Sedga kreba, romelmac proteriosi arqiepiskoposad airCia. 457 wels `did eklesiaSi~, anu kesarionSi Sedga eluriosis arakanon-ikuri qirotonia. 415 w-s. kesarionis eklesiasTan iqna mokluli cnobili hipatia.13 da bolos 483 w. kesarionis bazilikaSi qveda egviptis berebi aRdgnen petre mongis winaaRmdeg. rogorc Cans, mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi kesarioni asrulebda aleqsand-riis kaTedraluri taZris rols.

aleqsandriis kidev erTi SesaniSnavi nageboba iyo agreTve wm. ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia, yofili serapisis taZari, romelic gamoirCeoda silamaziTa da sididiT. rodesac 391 w-s. qristianeb-ma warmarTebs CamoarTves es taZari, arqiepiskoposma Teofilem

13 hipatia aleqsandrieli _ me-4 s-is aleqsandrieli TvalsaCino mecn-ieri qali, filosofosi, maTematikosi da astronomi. siZulviliT savse ubirTa brbom is Caqola. hipatias saxe keTilSobili, ganswavluli qalis simbolodaa qceuli, is araerTi mxatvruli nawarmoebisa da filmis perso-naJia, misi portreti gamosaxulia rafaelis `aTenis skolaSic.~ roman `bau-dolinoSi~eko gvixatavs zRaprul hipatiebis toms – garegnobiT mSveniers, mecnier qalebs, TiTqosda aleqsandriidan gaqceul hipatias STamomavlebs (red. Sen.).

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is qristianul eklsiad aqcia. mSenebloba dasrulda arkadis (395-408 w.) dros da axalma eklesiam misi saxeli miiRo. Senoba Sedgeboda mTavari (ejkklhsia) da mcire (martuvrion) taZrebisagan. am martirionSi 398 w. 27 maiss gadmoasvenes ioane naTlismcemlis neSti. JamTa svlis manZilze eklesiis pirvandeli saxelwodeba miviwyebuli iqna da mas wm. ioanes taZrad ixseniebdnen. savaraudoa, rom amave wlebSi aqve gadmoasvenes elise winaswarmetyvelis neS-tic, rac aq 464 w-is 11 maisamde iyo dabrZanebuli. mexuTe sauku-nis pirvel naxevaSi wm. ioanes eklesiaSi arsebobda biblioTeka, romelic daarsebuli iyo am adgilis mecnieruli didebis Sesan-arCuneblad.14 wm. ioanes eklesiasTan 465-467 ww-Si mSeneblobebi mimdinareobda, rac mis mzard mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. 480 wlis maxloblad ioane talaia (SemdgomSi aleqsandriis arqiepisko-posi) iwodeba wm. winamorbedisa da naTlismcemlis, ioanes kerZo taZris ikonomosad. bolos, 517 w-s. wm. ioanes eklesia imgvari mniSvnelobisa Seiqna, rom kaTedraluri taZris saxiT Seenacvla kesarionis uZveles `didebul eklesias~.

Tmuisi. aTanase aleqsandrielis TxzulebaTa Soris gansakuTre-biT SesaniSnavia oTxi werili Tmuisis episkopos serapionisad-mi. qalaqi Tmuisi mdebareobda aleqsandriis maxloblad, nilosis deltaSi. amiane marcelinosis TqmiT, me-4 saukuneSi is egviptis umTavres qalaqTa Soris iricxeboda. Tmuisis episkoposTa isto-riidan Cans, rom maTi umravlesoba friad ganaTlebuli yofila. aTanase aleqsandrielis naSromebidan, sxvaTa Soris, gamoirCeva oTxi werili Tmuisis episkopos serapionis mimarT. kerZod, ieronime serapionis Sesaxeb ambobs, rom am episkoposma Tavisi ganswavlu-lobiT sqolastikosis saxeli daimsaxura, is iyo antoni didis megobari, Seadgina wigni maniqevelTa winaaRmdeg, wigni fsalmunTa Sesaxeb da mravali sasargeblo werili. SemdgomSi, rogorc Cans, is eswreboda sardikiis krebas da, SesaZloa, marTlmadideblobisa da aTanase didis erTgulebis gamo aleqsandriis patriarqma gi-orgim, ariozis mimdevarma, Tavisive eklesiidan gaaZeva.

14 wm. ioanes eklesiis biblioTeka ar yofila eklesiasTan arsebuli erTaderTi biblioTeka aleqsandriaSi. me-6 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi wm. markozis eklesiasTanac arsebobda mdidari biblioTeka (red. Sen.).

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peluziumi. qalaqi peluziumi, legendaruli gadmocemebis mixedviT, auSenebia aqilevsis mamas, pelevss, rodesac Zmis mkvl-elobisTvis gaafTrebulma furiebma is samSoblodan gandevnes. qalaqi mdebareobda Zalian axlos aleqsandriasTan, nilosis aR-mosavleT SesarTavze, Waobian da udabur adgilebs Soris. da miuxedavad amisa, mZlavri kedlebiT garSemortymuli, is egviptis saukeTeso qalaqad iTvleboda. ebraelebi am qalaqs uwodebdnen `sinas~, rac niSnavs `gasaRebs~, raki mas mTeli egviptis gasaRe-bad racxdnen. peluziumis mimdebare udabnoSi mravali gandegili moRvaweobda. aq me-5 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cxovrobda wm. isidore pelusioti, an peluzieli, warmoSobiT aleqsandrieli, eklesiis istoriaSi SesaniSnavi pirovneba Tavisi mosagreobiTa da saRvTismetyvelo SromebiT. peluziumis eklesia maSin sava-lalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. mis saTaveSi idga vinme evsevi, romelmac Tavisi biwieri yofiT didi areuloba Seitana eklesiis cxovrebaSi. medidurobis gamo eklesiebs garegnulad kazmavda, magram ukargavda mis mTavar mSvenebas _ Rirseul msaxurebs, da biwier xalxs ikrebda gars. maTgan erTni simoniiT Rebulobdnen xarisxs, sxvebi _ yiddnen mas. maT Soris iseTebic iyvnen, vinc saero kanonmdeblobiTac imsaxurebdnen sasjels. saRmrTo msaxurTa ara-jansaRma SerCevam iseTi areuloba moitana, rom eklesias ganud-ga mrevli, radgan ar surdaT uwmindurTagan siwmindis miReba. Rirsebamoklebul cxovrebas eweodnen berebic; zogi gaurboda Sromas, zogic aqeT-iqiT daexeteboda kargi sakvebis ZebnaSi, sxvebi saucxoo samoselze zrunavdnen. aranaklebi areuloba datrial-da saero cxovrebaSic. qalaqis mmarTveli kireniosi ara Tu gam-amarTlebel sityvas ar ismenda SesmenilTagan, aramed maT eklesi-aSi TavSesafris Ziebac ki aukrZala. man mZime gadasaxadi daakisra mosaxleobas, ris gamoc xalxi iZulebuli Seiqna, daetovebina samSoblo da gadasaxlebuliyo ucxo mxareSi. kireniosi qonebas arTmevda ara marto kerZo pirebs, aramed eklesiasa da saqvel-moqmedo organizaciebsac daado xeli. Txrida saflavebs, Seecada saqorwino kavSirebis gauqmebasac. didi boroteba moutana pelu-ziums kvestorma astanosmac, Tavad am qalaqSi gazrdilma. swored aseTma mdgomaroebam ubiZga wm. isidore pelusiots, araerTgzis daewera da daegzavna mamxilebeli werilebi.

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babiloni. petre mociquli pirvel epistoleSi, sxvaTa Soris, wers: `mogesalmebaT Tqven babilonis eklesia.~ zogierTi, rogorc cnobilia, am gamoTqmaSi, gulisxmobs roms, zogic ki _ egviptis babilons. dasaSvebia, rom petre mociquli yofiliyo egvipte-Si, vinaidan mis mowafesa da mimdevars, markoz mociquls uqada-gia aleqsandriaSi da kirenaSi. qalaqi babiloni mdebareoda Sua egvipteSi, memfisis maxloblad, mdinare traianeze. qalaqi aSenda sesostrisis mier datyvevebul babilonelTa xeliT. babiloneli tyveebi ajanyebulan egviptelTa winaaRmdeg da Tavi Seufarebi-aT nilosis maxloblad mdebare bunebrivad gamagrebul adgil-isaTvis, saidanac advilad igeriebdnen egviptelebs, usargebliaT dausjelobiT da augiaT kidec qalaqi, romelsac TavianTi samS-oblos saxeli, babiloni, uwodes. me-6 saukuneSi cnobili iyo babi-lonis episkoposi zosime, romelic sinas mTis gandegil berTagan iyo gamosuli.

arsenoa. ptolemeosebis sagvareuloSi bevri atarebda saxel arsenoas, ase magaliTad, ptolemeos I-is qaliSvili, Semdgom-Si ptolemeos II filadelfosis meuRle; cnobili kleopatra, ptolemeos III-is qaliSvili. bunebrivia, egvipteSi bevri qalaqi da adgili iyo, romelTac am samefo pirTa sapativcemulod saxe-lad arsenoa erqva. erTi qalaqi arsenoa mdebareobda kerenaikSi, meore _ arabeTis yuris ukidures ganapira mxareSi, da bolos, Sua egvipteSi, memfisis axlos, iyo arsenoas mTeli olqi nilossa da meridis tbas Soris. eklesiis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania es ukanaskneli, sadac me-3 saukuneSi gansakuTrebu-li ZaliT ganviTarda xiliasturi cToma. am moZRvrebis mTavari warmomadgeneli, arsenoas olqis episkoposi nepoti, wm. dionise aleqsandrielis azriT, metad sapativcemulo pirovneba iyo. wm. dionise aleqsandrielma saWirod miiCnia, piradad moenaxulebina nepoti, raTa gacnoboda mis mier Sedgenil swavlebas aTaswlo-van meufebaze. rodesac wm. dionise Cavida arsenoaSi, nepoti ukve gardacvlili daxvda. wm. dionisem Tavi mouyara arsenoas olqis presviterebs da sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi umtkicebda maT am swavlebis mcdarobas. es saubari mimdinareobda darbaislurad. `me mixaroda, wers dionise, roca vxedavdi Zmebis safuZvlian si-yvaruls WeSmaritebisadmi, maT yuradRebasa da gulisxmierebas.

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Cven vTavazobdiT kiTxvebs, eWvebs, Tanxmobas Tanmimdevrulada da Tavazianad; erTxel gamoTqmul azrs jiutad ar vicavdiT, ar varidebdiT Tavs kamaTs, ar gvrcxvenoda azris Secvlisa da sxvis mosazrebaze daTanxmebisa, Tu amas moiTxovda msjeloba~. tilemoni varaudobs, rom es arsenoeli pirebi, Tavi rom mouyara seriozu-li saubrisTvis wm. dionise aleqsandrielma, iyvnen egviptis is moRvaweebi, romlebic, wm. aTanases sityviT, jer kidev wm. antoni didze adre gasuliyvnen soflebSi da eweodnen mosagre cxovre-bas Rrma, ganmartoebul WvretaSi. me-4 saukuneSi aq miicvala wm. antoni didi. aqve mosagreobda misi mowafe abba siso (†429 w.). berebis raodenobam me-5 saukuneSi aq aTi aTass miaRwia.

nitria. moreoTis tbis samxreTiT, romlis maxloblad dgas aleqsandria, aris udabno, sadac, gadmocemiT, ganmartoebul cx-ovrebasa da moRvaweobas eweodnen egviptis pirveli asketebi _ Terapevtebi. aqve mdebareobda nitriis udabno, romelsac es saxeli mis tbebSi arsebuli gvarjilis (nitrati) siuxvis gamo daerqva. es udabno warmoadgenda borcviansa da unayofo sivrces. nitriis udabnoSi bermonazvnobas safuZveli wm. amonma, wm. anto-nis Tanamedrovem, daudo. man Sua nitriis udabnoSi daaarsa mon-asteri. erTxel, masTan stumrobisas antoni didma am adgilebSi SearCia senakebi im ZmebisaTvis, romelTac meti ganmartoeba ewa-daT. am saxiT nitriis monasterTan axlos uZveles xanaSive Seiqmna meore monasteri _ keliebi. moxerxebuli zedamxedvelobisTvis berebi daiyvnen jgufebad: aTeulebad da aseulebad. ufrosi beri, romelsac uwodebdnen mamas, xelmZRvanelobda maT da angariSs abarebda mTavar abbas. sul male nitriis udabno aivso bere-biT, rac ganapiroba aleqsandriasTan siaxlovem da mosaxleobis mWidro dasaxlebam. me-4 saukunis meore naxevarSi aq iyo TxuT-meti monasteri, romlebic paxomi didis wesdebis mixedviT iyo mowyobili. iq hqondaT Svidi puris sacxobi, saidanac maragde-bodnen mezobeli libiis udabnos gandegilebic. amasTan, nitri-is udabnos berebi gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT swavlobdnen saRvTismetyvelo mecnierebebs, razec aq aRmoCenili uamravi da mniSvnelovani xelnaweri metyvelebs. me-4 saukunis damlevs am udabnoSi moRvaweobda 6 000 beri, romlebic 50 monasterSi iyvnen danawilebulni. sxvaTa Soris, aq mosagreobdnen: makari aleqsan-

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drieli, didimi, wm. pafnuti. nitriis udabnos moRvaweni aras-dros rCebodnen gulgrilni aleqsandriis sapatriarqos saqmeebis mimarT. kirile aleqsandrielis dros 500 beri gamocxadda ale-qsandriaSi TavianTi episkoposis dasacavad aleqsandriis nacval orestes mier Seviwroebisagan. eklesiis istoriaSi nitriis berebi cnobili arian, rogorc origenul kamaTebSi mxurvale monawileni. nitriis moRvaweebze mraval saintereso cnobas gvawvdis rufinu-si, romelmac aq eqvsi weli dahyo. netarma ieronimem me-4 saukunis damlevs moinaxula nitriis udabno da aRfrTovanebulma uwoda mas `qalaqi RmrTisa~. `vumzer wm. makaris monastersa da mis max-lobel usicocxlo udabnos, wers arqimandriti porfiri (uspenski), da me vxvdebi, ra aris gandegili. es aris Tavdadebuli mebrZoli borot sulebTan da vnebebTan, iq, sadac aRar arsebobs sicocxlis kvali. im qvis napralSi, sadac dgas kurTxeuli sabas lavra, jer kidev budoben mtredebi, dafrinaven SaSvebi, cxovroben turebi da Sors xmauriT moedineba kedronis nakadi. nitriis udabnoSi ki araferia qvebis, silisa da mkvdari wylis meti. aq aris meudabnois ganSoreba erisagan _ saflavis msgavsi, maradiuli,…misi mraval-daTmena _ zebunebrivi. aq is nulia, oRond gazomili samoTxis sazomi erTeulebiT, raSic me vgulismxob niWsa da madlis nugeSs. aq gandegiloba amtkicebs, rom adamiani aris suli, romelic gan-kuTvnilia usxeulo sulTa dasSi maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis.~… nitriis berebze is wers: `iq cxovrobdnen zecisa kacni da miwisa angelozni. maTi bageebi mouklebelad adidebdnen RmerTs. ud-abno dRiTa da RamiT aJRerebuli iyo maTi fsalmunebiT. isini sakuTar TavSi umal suls Seicnobdnen, vidre sxeuls. codvil fiqrebTan da vnebebTan brZola da ganwmenda maT filosofosebze ukeT icodnen. es wvimas mowyurebuli udabnos miwa uxvad ir-wyveboda maTi cremlebiT. da ra cremlebiT, RmerTo Cemo! es iyo angelozTa cqeris Rirsi margalitebi. iqauri uflis saTnomyo-felTa rwmenas da locvas gamohqonda RmrTis wiaRidan sicocx-lis Wavli micvalebulTaTvis, sinaTlis naperwkali brmaTaTvis da axali Zalebi sneulTaTvis. es uflis saTnomyofelni lapara-kobdnen gonebiTa da guliT maradiul xsnaze. da maTi madli iyo ganxorcielebuli saxareba da fsalmuni. TiTqmis yvela maTgani iyo cocxali leqsi am ori RmrTivsulieri wignidan. Rirs amons ar uxilavs Tavisi sareceli, Rirsi ioane mcire morCilebiT yvela

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wyenas dumiliT pasuxobda da yvelas axsenebda uflis sityvebs: `iswaveT Cemgan, rameTu mSÂd var da mdabal guliTa~. wm. pambusi oci wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda wminda mamis pirvelmicemul gakveTils da sikvdilis win gaando Tavis Zmebs, rom arasodes unania arc erTi naTqvami sityvisTvis: `wesi daudgina enasa TÂssa~. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom maTken uwyvet nakadad moedinebodnen qristianebi yoveli mxridan, raTa eswavlaT, rogor ecxovraT da momkvdariyvnen RmerTisTvis~.

skitis udabno. nitriis mTidan samxreT-dasavleTiT 24 saaTis savalze mdebareobda skitis udabno, is ufro mrisxane bunebiT gamoirCeoda. es iyo veluri, siliani udabno, moklebuli yovelg-var sasicocxlo wyaros. aq Zneli iyo dasalevad vargisi wylis povna. skitSi gandegiluri cxovrebis damaarsebeli iyo wm. ma-kari megvipteli. am savanis moRvaweTagan gansakuTrebiT cnobil-ni arian: arseni didi, imperatorebis: arkadisa da honoris (†450 w) moZRvari; pimeni didi, Teodosi umcrosis Tanamedrove, ioane koloviusi. skitis gandegilebi Zlier mkacrebi iyvnen moTmine-baSi. `skitis mamebi, ambobs ioane koloviusi, iRebdnen pursa da marils da ambobdnen: ar unda davitvirToT puriTa da mariliT. amitomac iyvnen isini Zlierni RmrTis saqmeebSi~. berebis senakebi imdenad ubralo iyo, rom maT erT dReSi aSenebdnen. isini Zvel, palmis foTlebisgan Sekeril samoss atarebdnen. eZinaT, rogorc wesi, iatakze, Wilofze, sasTumlad xmarobdnen lerwmis konebs, rasac skamis daniSnulebac hqonda. berebis xelsaqme martivi iyo: wnavdnen tilos, kalaTebs lerwmisagan, qsovdnen badeebs. maT xel-saqmes hqonda is upiratesoba, rom marxviT gaTangulebs SeeZloT sagangebo energiis dauxarjavad keliaSive aResrulebinaT ise, rom fiqrebi ar gafantodaT. skitSi ar arsebobda gandegilTa saer-To kelia, moRvaweebi cxovrobnden cal-calke senakebSi, zogjer _ ramdenime mowafiTurT da TavianTi naSromiT irCendnen Tavs. SabaTsa da kviras, rogorc wesi, berebi gamodiodnen senakebidan da Tavs iyridnen eklesiaSi saerTo locvisa da ziarebisTvis. berebis sulier meTvalyureobas axorcielebdnen oTxi eklesiis presviterebi, xolo eklesiis qonebis ganmkarguleblad irCevdnen sagangebo ekonomoss. eklesiis saxsrebi ixarjeboda eklesiebis Ses-anaxad; maTTan, sxvaTa Soris, arsebobda saavadmyofoebi moxucebu-

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li da avadmyofi monazvnebisaTvis. skitis mniSvnelovani saqmeebis gadawyvetilebas iRebda uxucesTa kreba, romelic, Cveulebriv, ek le siaSi tardeboda, umetesad, SabaT-kviras. skitis udabnos mo-RvaweTa raodenoba ramdenadme mcire iyo nitriisaze, me-4 s-Si berTa ricxvma 3500-s miaRwia. marTalia, skitis savane nitriidan 24 saaTis savali gziT iyo daSorebuli, magram orsave udab-nos mTavar mamebs Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTTan xSiri urTierToba hqondaT. zogierT nitriel gandegils skitis udabnoSic hqonda senaki, sadac didi mdumarebis periodSi eZleodnen ganmartoebas. magram origenes sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT skitisa da nitriis udab-noebis moRvaweTa Sexedulebani mkveTrad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda.

me-6-7 ss-Si arabma musulmanebma sruliad gaapartaxes orive udabno. Tumca, rogorc Cans, momdevno saukuneebSic savaneebSi kidev iyo SemorCenili beroba. es imiT dasturdeba, rom me-9 s-Si imper-atori mixeil II icavda skitis udabnos gandegilebs arabebisgan.

Tebaida. Tebaidas saxels atarebda mTeli samxreTi, an, sxvag-varad, zemo egvipte, romlis dedaqalaqic odesRac iyo cnobili Tebe. nilosis dasavleT napirze Tebaida sakmaod kargad iyo dasaxlebuli, magram mdinaris aRmosavleTi napiri kldovansa da tramal udabnos warmoadgenda. sxvaTa Soris, Tebaida iyofoda or nawilad: CrdiloeT anu qveda Tebaidad (sadac iyo likopolisi, komana da pisperi) da samxreT anu zeda Tebaidad (sadac iyo tabe-na). TebaidaSi qristianuli eklesia sakmaod adre da myar sawy-isebze daarsda. diokletianes dros Tebaidas qristianebi sasti-kad idevnebodnen, magram yovelive udidesi simamaciT gadaitanes. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania Tebaida eklesiis istoriaSi imiT, rom aq gaatares mosagre cxovreba monazvnobis damaarseblebma _ wm. antoni didma da wm. paxomim. me-4-5 ss-Si aq hyvaoda beroba. magram me-6-7 ss-Si Tebaida gaanadgures arabma musulmanebma. mahmadis mimdevrebisaTvis gaugebari iyo monazvnobis arsi da isini yovelT-vis ukiduresi sisastikiT epyrobodnen gandegilebs.

likopolisi. qalaqi likopolisi mdebareobda nayofier xeo-baSi, libiis mTebis ZirSi, romlis uzarmazari kldeebi ifaravd-nen mas udabnos silisagan. amJamad aq aris q. iuzefi, sadac Tavs iyris afrikis siRrmeebidan wamosuli yvela qaravani, aqaa maTi

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sawyobebi da gacxovelebuli vaWrobaa gaCaRebuli egviptesTan. SesaZleblia, rom Zveladac am qalaqs aseTive, savaWro centris mniSvneloba hqonda. rogorc unda yofiliyo, qalaqis episkoposs, meletis (III s.) Seswevda Zala, winaaRmdegoba gaewia aleqsandri-is arqiepiskoposisaTvis. zogierTi saeklesio mwerali am viTarebas imiT xsnida, rom likopolisis kaTedra meore iyo egvipteSi da meletis uwodebdnen arqiepiskoposs. es dapirispireba likopoli-sel episkopossa da aleqsandriis arqiepiskoposs Soris sakmaod didxans gagrZelda da warmoSva aleqsandriis eklesiis istoriaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani _ meletianelTa ganxeTqileba.

komana. qvemo Tebaidis es umniSvnelo da patara sofeli imiTaa RirsSesaniSnavi, rom aq daibada wm. antoni didi da Tavdapirve-lad mis SemogarenSi eweoda mosagreobas. roca antoni didma gadawyvita, gahyoloda saxarebis rCevas, daTmo kuTvnili sakmaod noyieri yanebi, 300 aruris farTobisa, da TviTon daunawila me-zoblebs, rom SemdgomSi maT Soris dava ar amtydariyo. straboni wers, rom egvipturi nomebi iyofoda toparqebad, es ukanasknelni _ arurebad, rac gaxldaT miwis umciresi farTobi da Seadgenda 200 kv. m-s. aqve dasZens, rom mindvrebis zedmiwevniT zusti dayofa aucilebeli iyo imis gamo, rom nilosis kalapotidan gadmosvla iwvevda mijnebis walekvas da mindvrebis saxis Secvlas. ai, amiT aixsneba antoni didis qmedeba.

pisperi. 285 w-s. antoni didma datova sacxovrebeli adgili, gadavida nilosis aRmosavleT napirze da iq, mitovebul simagre-Si daiwyo moRvaweoba. SemdgomSi aq gaCnda patara monasteri _ pisperi, sadac berebis, antoni didis mowafeTa, raodenoba aRwevda 5000-s. maT Soris cnobilia pafnuti, SemdgomSi Tebaidis episko-posi, romelic eswreboda I msoflio saeklesio krebas. adgili, sadac dgas monasteri, warmoadgens nilosze dakidebul, uzarma-zar qvian kldes. nilosidan sruliad miuvali am kldis zedapi-ri umcenaroa. monastris irgvliv midamo usicocxloa, ar xarobs balaxi, arsad wveTi wyali araa. mdinaridan wylis amosatanad berebs kldis mwvervalidan didi da saxifaTo gzis gavla uxdebo-daT. cicabo kldidan, romelzec dgas monasteri, iSleba vrceli xedi: erTi mxriv, nilosi uzamazar sivrceze, palmebisa da Walebis

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ori mwvane zoliT; meore mxares _ dasavleTiT _ bolo ar uCans libiis udabnos qviSas; aRmosavleTiT, uSualod monastridan gadaWimuli silovani mTebis usicocxlo qedebi arabeTis yuremde aRweven. ai, aseTi iyo is adgili, sadac moRvaweobda antoni didi da sadac daaarsa man Tavisi pirveli monasteri.

wm. antoni didis monasteri. wm. antonim kvlav moisurva ganmar-toeba, datova pisperis monasteri da gavida Sida udabnoSi, e.i. arabeTis yuris napirebisa da nilosis saTavisaken, pisperidan sami dRis savalze. mivida is 1000 nabijis simaRlis mTasTan da dasaxlda am mTis mRvimeSi. es mTa TiTqmis miuwvdomelia, dRes aq momlocvelebi ahyavT sabagiro gziT. mTis mwvervalidan iSleba vrceli xedi: aRmosavleTiT, arabeTis yuris miRma _ qorebi da sinais mTa; samxreTiT _ Tebaidis mTebis qedebi; CrdiloeTiT _ mwiri vake; dasavleTiT, siliani zolis miRma _ egviptis nayofieri velebi. mTis ZirSi moedineba patara nakaduli, mis maxloblad izrdeboda palmebi da alamazebda garemos. ai, aq moawyo wm. an-tonim patara senaki, sadac mxolod dawola SeiZleboda, gaaSena baRi da bostani. amJamad aq aris wm. antonisa da wm. pavles saxe-lobis patara monasteri, sadac moRvaweobs 20 beri.

Tabena. zeda TebaidaSic mravlad iyo gandegilebis moRvaweo-bisaTvis metad mosaxerxebeli udaburi adgilebi. Tebaidis mefeTa sasaflaoebis xeobaSi, ambobs erTi mwerali, sicocxle Cerdeba da sikvdili namdvili devizia am aRuSfoTveli mdumarebisa. ufro pirquS adgils ver SearCevdnen mefeebi samudamo gansvenebisTvis. am mefeTa sasaflaoebis maxloblad mdebaroebda Tabena, kunZuli mdinare nilosze, veluri tyiT Semosili adgili, sadac izrdeba saukeTeso finiki. aq wm. paxomim moawyo pirveli monasteri Tavi-si gansakuTrebuli samonazvno wesdebiT. SemdgomSi wm. paxomim, RmrTis nebiT, aqve daaarsa sxva monastrebic; da maTac daudgina mkacri wesdeba. yvla es monasteri, sul cxra, eqvemdebarebo-da erT saerTo winamZRvars; monastrebis erTianoba gamoixateba imaSic, rom weliwadSi orjer yvela monastris Zmoba erTad iyrida Tavs, erTxel _ paseqis sadResawaulod, meored _ agvis-toSi, saerToO ekonomosis winaSe angariSis warsadgenad, agreTve axali brZanebis misaRebad, da Tu amas saWiroeba moiTxovda, axali

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winamZRvrebis asarCevad. Tabenis mTavar monasters ewodeboda pabau. Tabenis mkvidrni sanimuSo meurneebad iyvnen cnobilni, maTi Sromis nayofiT datvirTuli gemebi xSirad miemarTebodnen ni-losiT aleqsandriisken. me-4 s-Si Tabenis monastrebSi moRvaweob-da 1300 beri. es monastrebi moinaxules aTanase didma da kasiane romaelma. am ukanasknelma aRwera aqauri gandegilebis cxovreba dasavleTis mosagre berTaTvis sanimuSod.

libia. am saxelwodebis qveS igulisxmeba afrikis is olqi, sad-ac amJamad aris tripolisi. aq, zRvispira nawilSi iqadaga markoz mociqulma. gadmocemiT, aq yofila mociquli iudac an Tadeozi. ufro sarwmunoa, rom am ukanasknelma iqadaga siriis libanis mTeb-Si. Cans, saxelebis (libia, libani) msgavsebam warmoSva gadmocemaSi es uzustoba.

libiis samxreTi nawili warmoadgens qviSian, ukacriel udabnos da iTvleba saharis udabnos dasawyisad. aq arsebobda libiis sa-vane, sadac me-7 s-Si iRvwoda abba Talasi (†660 w.). magram libi-is CrdiloeTi, zRvispira mxare uZveles droSi mWidrod yofila dasaxlebuli. aq iyo ori olqi: pentapolisi anu pirveli libia da marmorika anu meore libia.

pentapolisi. es olqi dasaxlebuli iyo berZnebis mdidari koloniebiT. olqSi iyo cxra patara da xuTi didi qalaqi, saidanac warmoiSva kidec misi saxelwodeba (`pentapolis~ brZnulad `xuT qalaqs~ niSnavs).

kirena. kirena Tavdapirvelad iyo berZnebis kolonia pentap-olisSi, da am saxelis qveS xSirad mTel pentapoliss gulisxmobd-nen. gadmocemiT, es qalaqi spartel batonomoss dauarsebia. is SemaRlebul, zRvidan ramdenadme dacilebul, msxmoiare zeganzea gaSenebuli, apolonis wyarosTan, saidanac momdinareobs qalaq-is saxeli (`krene~ berZnulad `wyaros~ niSnavs). axlomdebare qvis sabadoebi uzrunvelyofda qalaqs saSeni masaliT, amitomac aq Senobebi qvisaa da uzarmazari. aqamdea SemorCenili Teat-ris, nekropolisisa da wyalsadenis kvali. savaWro TvalazrisiT, kirena afrikis aRmosavleT nawilSi warmoadgenda imasve, rasac dasavleTSi _ karTageni. kirenas mosaxleoba did pativs scemda

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berZnul ganaTlebas. romis batonobis droidan aq bevri iudeve-li gadmosaxlda, romlebic mWidro kavSirs arasdros wyvetdnen ierusalimTan; aq maT hqondaT TavianTi gansakuTrebuli sinago-ga da emterebodnen adgilobriv berZnebs. ierusalimis dangre-vis Semdeg aq gamoiqca ierusalimis SeiaraRebuli xalxi. kirenas mmarTvelma isargebla berZnebis gaRizianebiT da angarebis mizniT daarbia yvela mdidari iudeveli. kidev ufro didi areuloba datrialda kirenaSi adrianes dros. aRSfoTebulma iudevelebma daarbies aTasobiT berZeni, xolo romaelma jariskacebma _ yvela iudeveli.

kirenas saxeli araerTxel gvxvdeba Tavdapirveli qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi. simon kvirineli SeeSvela macxovars jvris zidvaSi. suliwmindis gardamosvlis dRes damswreTa Soris iyvnen kirinelebic. pirvelmowame stefanem kamaTi gaumarTa iudevelebs aleqsandriisa da kirenas sinagogebSi. qristianobis pirveli max-areblebi antioqiaSi iyvnen kviprosisa da kirenas mkvidrni. kire-naSi, gadmocemiT, markoz mociqulma iqadaga. diokletianes dros aq iyvnen wamebulebi.

ptolemaida. qristianobis periodSi ptolemaida iyo pentap-olisis mTavari qalaqi. ufro adrindel xanaSi am qalaqs uwodebd-nen barkas; ptolemaidam saxelwodeba udavaod ptolemeosebisagan miiRo. qalaqi, kirenas msgavsad, dacilebuli iyo zRvis napiridan da ganicdida wylis naklebobas. amis gamo es mniSvnelovani adgi-li TandaTan icleboda da ukacrieldeboda. iustinianes dros am qalaqma daibruna Tavisi mniSvneloba, imperatorma aq SesaniSnavi wyalsadenebi gaiyvana. ptolemaidis mosaxleoba, aleqsandrielTa msgavsad, gamoirCeoda mecnierebisadmi swrafviT, da aq vpoulobT rogorc WeSmarit, ise _ cru qristianul swavlebas. aq cxovrob-da savle, antitrinitaruli mwvaleblobis mniSvnelovani warmo-madgeneli. ptolemaidaSi episkoposi iyo sekundusi, ariozis uax-loesi megobari da damcveli. kidev erTi episkoposi iyo sineziosi, hipatias mowafe, SesaniSnavi saeklesio mwerali da pentapolisis olqis mosaxleobis mfarveli andronikes mmarTvelobis Seviwroe-bisagan, rac, misive sityviT, iyo saSineli sasjeli mosaxleobisaTvis miwisZvris, kaliebis Semosevisa da dawylulebis Semdeg, radganac am imperatorma qveyanaSi Semoitana manamde gaugonari sasjelis

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saxeebi: fexebis gadatexva, yurebis mokveTa, enis amogleja da misT. episkoposma sineziosma ara marto amxila, aramed gankveTa kidec es mmarTveli eklesiidan.

marmarika iyo libiis CrdiloeTi, zRvispira nawili, kirenasa da aleqsandriis olqebs Soris mdebare. marmarikis episkoposi Teona, sekundusi pentapolelis msgavsad, iyo ariozis uaxloesi megobari da damcveli. imperator iustinianes dros libiis oazisi miekuTvna marmarikas; da imperatorma aq ramdenime eklesia aaSena.

aleqsandriis patriarq dioskores gaumaZRari sixarbis aRsaw-erad saeklesio mwerlebs Semdegi magaliTi mohyavT: mis sapa-triarqoSi Semavali libia cnobili iyo, rogorc unayofo, Raribi provincia, sadac eric da beric Znelad moipovebda purs da xSir-ad SimSiliT ixocebodnen. amis gamo libiis episkoposebi SeTanxmd-nen, imperator TeodosisaTvis sursaTiT yovelwliuri daxmareba eTxovaT, raTa eklesiebSi RaribTa da gaWirvebulTaTvis daerige-binaT. magram dioskorem, rogorc libiis eklesiebis meTaurma, ga-moiTxova sanovagis ganawilebis ufleba. miiRo ra mefis xazinidan puri, miiTvisa is, daabinava beRlebSi da umosavlo wlebSi hyidda Tavis sasargeblod. libias araferi miuRia.

aleqsandriis sapatriarqos mezobeli qveynebidan qristianoba Zvel droSive miiRes abisiniam da samxreT arabeTma.

abisinia anu eTiopia nilosis zemowelSi mdebareobda da mas Tebaidisgan egviptis raioni hyofda. es qveyana me-4 s-Si gaanaT-les ezanam da frumentiusma. misi mitropolia iyo avqsuma. me-7 s-Si abisiniis mcxovreblebma evtixianoba miiRes, Semdeg isini ara-bebma daipyres. 727 wlidan aq koptebis ierarqia daiwyo.

gomeritebi, samxreT arabeTis mkvidrni, Teofile indoel-ma, avqsumis meore episkoposma, gaanaTla. gomeritel episkoposTa Soris cnobilia pavle, romelic abisiniis mefe dunaanma mokla; ioane, romelic iustinianes dros moRvaweobda; da wm. grigoli, marTlmadideblobis moSurne.

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antioqiis sapatriarqo.

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antioqiis sapatriarqo


antioqiis sapatriarqos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda romis cameti provincia, romlebic umetesad xmelTaSua zRvasa da sparseTs So-ris iyo moqceuli. yvela am provincias ewodeboda ̀ aR mosavluri~, `aRmosavleTis~, amitomac eklesiis istoriaSi aRmosavleTis epis-koposebis saxelis qveS antioqiis sapatriarqos epis koposebi ig-ulisxmebodnen. zusti monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra farTobze vrceldeboda antioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcia, ar arsebobs. cnobilia mxolod is, rom sapatriarqos mTavari provinciebi, finikia da siria, xmelTaSua zRvidan evfratamde iyo gadaWimuli. mTlianad am sivrceze ganlagebuli iyo mxolod ormocdaTeqvsme-ti diocezi da, aqedan gamomdinare, antioqiis sapatriarqos epar-qiebi mniSvnelovnad vrceli iyo, vidre ierusalimisa.

antioqiis eklesia daarsda da ayvavebas miaRwia qristianobis dasawyisSive. antioqiam didi roli iTamaSa qristianuli eklesi-is ganmtkicebasa da gavrcelebaSi. swored aqedan daiwyo pavle mociqulma misioneruli mogzauroba da male wm. egnate antio-qielic sazeimod gahyva mis kvals _ mcire azia, saberZneTi, romi _ raTa wamebiT aRsrulebuliyo.

misi usamRvdeloesoba porfiri amgvarad warmosaxavs sirielTa wvlils qristianobis gavrcelebaSi: `qristianobis pirvel sauku-neSi sirielebi gacxovelebul saqmianobas eweodnen, gansakuTrebiT romSi. yovelgvar patara xelobas misdevdnen, rogoricaa moed-nis movla, vaWroba, mebarguloba. sirieli yvelgan iyo miRebuli da Tan atarebda sakuTar enasa da samSoblodan gamoyolil zne-Cveulebebs. mas arc Zala gaaCnda, arc _ evropelis mediduro-ba; susti sxeuliT, fermixdili, xSirad cieb-cxelebiT gaTanguli, iq iZinebda, sadac uRamdeboda. nivriTa da gogriT nakvebi iSvi-aTad aRwevda siberes. misi sulieri Tvisebebi iyo: uwyinaroba, Tavmdabloba, gulkeTiloba, alersianoba da simarjve, saqmeSi muyaiToba da, amasTan, Semparavoba. sirieli arasodes dakavebula politikiT, magram religiur saqmeebSi yvelaze cocxal monawil-eobas iRebda. maT miutanes da auwyes saxareba suliT glaxakebs,

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guliT mgloviareebs, simarTles mowyurebulebs finikiaSi, mesopo-tamiaSi, sparseTSi, in doeTsa da CineTSic ki. sadac ki daadgamda fexs, yvelgan iyo keTili da mimtevebeli, xelgaSlili naTesav-ebTan da misawvdomi yvela Rari bisaTvis. is esaubreboda monebs da TavSesafars uyofda maT, batonebisgan Cagrulni masTan poulobd-nen mcire nugeSs. berZnebi da laTinebi, rogorc eri, mowodebul-ni iyvnen mbrZaneblobisa da didi saqmeebis aRsasruleblad, isini monebs ver eqceodnen samarTlianad da mowyaled. amitom iyo, rom monebi xSirad ilaSqrebdnen maT winaaRmdeg da yovelgvari uz-neobiT vnebdnen da samagieros uxdidnen maT. gulkeTili sirieli ki arasodes umtrobda vinmes, itanda yovelgvar damcirebasa da upati obas, mxolod ewada, moexveWa batonis keTilganwyoba, icoda masTan laparaki, SeeZlo qalbatonis gulis mogebac. amgvarad, es demokrati cot-cotaobiT arRvevda Zveli aristokratiis qsovi-lis Tvlebs da mis moqalaqeobriv Tavmoyvareobas. Zveli saxel-mwifoebi, romlebic efuZnebodnen tomTa uTanasworobas, maRalTa zizRs mdabalTa mimarT, monobas, samxedro da policiis Zalas, ga-nadgurdnen, Tumca ki sami sauku nis manZilze ebrZodnen qristian-ul demokratias, romlis uZlurebaSic moqmedebda Zala RmrTisa. romis didebulebs swyindaT, Riziandebodnen, rodesac xedavdnen aseT mdabioebs, siriel-iudevel-qristianebs, romlebic bedavdnen, erwmunaT RmerTi, hyvarebodaT is da hqonodaT misi imedi. aseTi `sazizRari xalxis~ daRupvas keTil saqmed miiCnevda istorikosi tacitusic: Si interissent, vile dam num.1 magram sxvagvarad iyo gad-awyvetili zecaSi. sirielma, Rar ibma kacma, Tavisive msgavs upo-varTa moyvarulma da gulRiam, gaimarjva, romis didebulebma ki marcxi iwvnies, radganac ar icodnen sibraluli suliT glaxakTa, guliT mglovareTa, mSvidTa, romelTac saxarebam aRuTqva nugeSi,

1 romaeli istorikosis, tacitusis `analebis~ II wignis 85-e TavSi vkiTxulobT: `iyo msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom akrZaluliyo egvipturi da ebrauli Tayvaniscema da senatma gamosca kanoni, rom monobidan gaTavisu-flebul pirTagan am crurwmeniT daavadebuli oTxi aTasi kaci, samxedro asakisa, kunZul sardiniaze gadaeyvanaT, raTa CaexSoT am adgilas gavrcel-buli yaCaRoba. da Tu isini mavne klimatiT daixocebian, iafi Sesawiravia.~ es bolo fraza: si interissent vile damnum (didi rame, Tu daixocebian) cnobili gaxda, rogorc adamianis sicocxlis arad Cagdebis aRmniSvneli. sazogadod, tacitusi Tavis naSromSi ufro antisemitad gvevlineba da naklebad exeba qristianobas, savaraudod, qristianul religias iudaizmis erT-erT seqtad miiCnevda (red. Sen.).

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sasufe veli caTa da miwieri keTildReobac.~ antioqiis eklesia devnis xanaSi mtkiced adga Tavis mrwamss

da kidev ufro gaZlierda. gakvriT aRvniSnavT, rom me-3 saukunis romis imperatorebi _ elagabalusi (igive heliogabalusi), ale-qsandre severusi da filipe arabi,2 romlebic rjulSemwynare-blobiT eqceodnen qristianebs, warmoSobiT sirielebi iyvnen.

rodesac me-4 saukuneSi iulianem3 antioqiis olqebSi imogzau-ra, ixila mosaxleobis sruliad gulgrili damokidebuleba warm-arTuli kerpTmsaxurebisadmi, nizibias man Segnebulad auara gver-di, vinaidan is mTlianad qristianuli iyo, da mxolod damaskos mcxovrebTa warmarTuli kultisadmi Tavdadebam mohgvara siame. antioqiis eklesiam warmoSva didi mamebi, eklesiis maswavleblebi da saeklesio mwerlebi _ wmindanebi: egnate antioqieli, ioane oqropiri, efrem asuri, ioane damaskeli da mravali sxva. meore mxriv, antioqiis sapatriarqoze saubrisas isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom aq qristianobas mravali mowinaaRmdege hyavda da sxvadasxva saxis eretikosi upirispirdeboda. gavixsenoT lukiane samosateli, pavle samosateli, sirieli gnostikosebi, apolinari laodikieli,

2 elagabalusi _ markus avrelius antonius avgustusi, romis impe-tratori 218 – 222 ww-Si, severusTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli siriel aris-tokratTa gvaridan. ymawvilobaSi gaxda finikiuri mzis RmerTis, elagaba-lis, qurumi. didi dartyma miayena romis oficialur religias sxvadasxva kultis SemotaniT, gansakuTrebiT saSineli iyo adamianTa msxverplSewir-va, rasac mTels italiaSi aRasrulebdnen. gamoirCeoda gaugonari garyv-nilebiT. jariskacebi aujanydnen axalgazrda SeSlil imperators da de-dasTan erTad mokles.aleqsandre severusi _ romis imperatori 222 – 235 ww-Si. cameti wlis asak-

Si avida taxtze, ibrZoda samxreTiT sasanidebis saparseTisa da Crdiloe-TiT _ germanuli tomebis winaaRmdeg. ajanyebulma legionerebma isic dedas-Tan erTad mokles. Tumca, misi momdevno imperatoris, maqsimianes, Camogdebis Semdeg senatma igi RvTaebis rangSi aiyvana.filipe arabi _ markus iulius filipusi, romis imperatori 244 - 249 ww-Si.

warmoSobiT sirieli, dabadebula romis provincia arabeTSi, iyo pretori-anelTa prefeqti imperator gordianusTan, romlis sikvdilis Semdeg avida taxtze. filipes xvda wilad, aReniSna romis daarsebis aTasi wlisTavi, rac didi zeimiT Caatara. evsevi kesarieli miiCnevs, rom filipe romis pirveli qristiani-imperatori iyo, mogviano istoriuli wyaroebic amasve amtkice-ben da sagangebod aRniSnaven, rom romis aTasi wlisadmi miZRvnil dResas-waulze mas warmarTuli msxverplSewirva ar aRusrulebia. filipe daiRupa uzurpator deciusTan brZolaSi (red. Sen.). 3 igulisxmeba iuliane gandgomili – flavius klaudius iulianus

avgustusi (Cv.w. 332-363), qristianobis moZule imperatori, romelic Seecada warmarTobis restavracias. (red. Sen.)

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gavixsenoT isic, rom erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli eresi, romelic me-5 saukunis eklesiaSi gaCnda, nestorianeloba, warmoSobasa da gaZlierebas antioqiis olqSi mcxovreb mwerlebs unda umadlodes, da Tavad nestoric warmoSobiT sirieli iyo. nestorianeloba antioqiis sapatriarqosTvis iseTive adgilobrivi mwvalebloba Seiqna, rogorc arianeloba da monofizitoba _ aleqsandriisaT-vis. rogorc aleqsandriis sapatriarqoSi kopturma mosaxleobam miiRo monofizitoba, xolo marTlmadideblebad mxolod berZnebi darCnen, antioqiis sapatriarqoSic berZnebma SeinarCunes marTl-madidebeloba da sirielebma ki miiRes nestorianeloba, nawilic sparseTSi gadavida.

antioqiis sapatriarqo olqebi, romlebic romis samflobe-loebsa da sparseTis sazRvrebs Soris iyo moqceuli, gamudmebiT omis Teatrad qceuliyo. maT xSirad sparselebi ipyrobdnen da me-7 saukuneSi mahmadianebis uRelqveS aRmoCndnen. ai, ramdenime striqoni, romelic asaxavs antioqiis sapatriarqos mdgomareobas Zveli droidan dRemde: `antioqiis sapatriarqo taxti, erT-erTi uZvelesi aRmosavleTSi, didi xania, aRar aris sakuTriv antio-qiisa, radganac qalaq antioqiis dakninebam da dacarielebam da adgilobriv mTavrobasTan siaxlovis aucileblobam eklesiisa da xalxis usafrTxoebisaTvis, aiZules antioqiis patriarqebi, TavianT mudmiv adgilsamyofelad damasko aerCiaT, mTeli siriis saxelmwi-foebrivi centri. amitom ufro upriani iqneboda, es sapatriarqo damaskos sapatriarqod wodebuliyo, vidre antioqiisad. magram antioqiis uwindel didebas, sadac qristes mcnebaTa mimdevrebma pirvelebma dairqves qristianebi, iseTi ganuzomeli xibli aqvs aR-mosavleTis qristianTa TvalSi, rom isini didi mowiwebiT uwode-ben am kurTxeul saxels sakuTar sapatriarqos. swored aseve, antioqiis taxtis eparqiebi titulebad im uZvelesi qalaqebis saxelebs atareben, romlebic didi xania, aRgvilan miwis piridan.

antioqiis marTlmadidebeli patriarqi atarebda tituls: `pa-triarqi didisa RmrTis qalaqisa antioqiisa, siriisa, arabeTisa, kilikiisa, iberiisa, mesopotamiisa da sruliad aRmosavleTisa~. ma-gram nawili am titulebisa mxolod warsulis sevdiani mogone-baRaa, vinaidan yvela im eparqiidan, romlebic antioqiis sapatri-arqos ekuTvnoda, amJamad mxolod Cvidmeti darCa~.

uZveles xanaSi antioqiis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda Semdegi pro-

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vinciebi: arabeTis provincia, romelic esazRvreboda damaskosa da palestinas; finikiisa da siriis provinciebi xmelTaSua zRvasTan da libanze; kilikiisa da isavriis provinciebi mcire aziaSi da xmelTaSua zRvasTan; evfratisa da mesopotamiis provinciebi mdin-areebis _ evfratisa da tigrosis _ olqebSi.

arabeTis provincia

antioqiis sapatriarqos ukidures samxreT nawilSi mdebareobda romis imperiis patara provincia arabeTi, romlis saxelwodeba, ra Tqma unda, udidesi arabeTis qveynis momijnaved yofnam gana-piroba. es provincia iyo damaskosa da palestinas Soris, Zalian axlos damaskosTan. rodesac `saqme mociqulTaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom pavle mociquli damaskoSi naTlisRebis Semdeg arabeTSi gav-ida, unda vifiqroT, rom swored damaskos mosazRvre arabeTzea aq laparaki da ara _ didi arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Sesaxeb, sadac iyo meqa da medina.4 swored am arabeTis mkvidri gaxldaT romis imperatori filipe. igi am provinciis erTi patara soflidan gamovida da rodesac taxtze avida, es sofeli qalaqad aqcia, da uwoda mas filipopolisi sakuTari saxelis sadideblad. iustini-anes dros arabeTis provincia gadaeca ierusalimis sapatriarqos.

bostra. bostra, rac ebraulad `banaks~ niSnavs, warmoadgen-da moabelTa uZveles qalaqs, romelsac axseneben ptolomeusi da straboni, Tumca arafers gvatyobineben misi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. romis batonobis xanaSi am patara moabituri qalaqis adgilze warmoiqmna romis kolonia, romelsac ewoda axali troa, ale-qsandre severusis dros _ aleqsandriis troa. me-6 s-Si amianus marcelinusi5 bostras arabeTis mniSvnelovan qalaqebs miakuTvnebs,

4 meqa da medina _ muslimTa wminda qalaqebi, maTi momlocvelobis centri. dedamiwis romel kuTxeSic unda iyos musulmani, locvisas meqasken pirSeqceviT dgeba (red. Sen.).5 amianus marcelinusi – me-4 s-is romaeli jariskaci da istorikosi

(red. Sen.).

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xolo me-8 s-Si imperator leonis noticiebSi bostras arabeTis mitropolia ewodeba. qristianuli eklesiis daarseba bostraSi miekuTvneboda mociqulTa xanas da am qalaqis pirvel episko-posad miCneulia wm. timoni, erTi Svid diakonTagani. mis gviandel eposkoposTagan gansakuTrebiT cnobilia berilus bostreli, ro-melic me-3 saukuneSi moRvaweobda da Tavisi cxovrebisa da gan-swavlulobis gamo didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda. Tumca mogvi-anebiT antitrinitarebis mwvaleblobaSi Cavarda da am eresis erTi gamoCenili warmomadgeneli gaxda. berilusTan sasaubrod sagangebod iyo palestinidan mowveuli aleqsandriis eklesiis udidesi mecnieri origene, romelmac gamowvlilviT daumtkica beriluss misi mcdaroba. cnobilni arian, agreTve, episkopose-bi: tite, saxarebis ganmmartebeli da maniqevelTa ganmaqiqebeli _ me-4 s; antipatrosi, origenes irgvliv gamarTul kamaTebSi monawile; iuliane, severusis mamxilebeli, me-6 s-is moRvawe.6

dasavleTis provinciebi

finikia. finikiis provincia (`finikis palmebis qveyana~) moi-cavda uZveles finikias, viwro zRvispira miwis zols xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT napirze (pirveli finikia), da libanis mTian qveyanas _ uZveles damaskosa da palmiras samefoebs (meore anu libanis finikia). veberis aRwerilobiT, es mxare gamoirCeoda sa-ocari cvalebadobiTa da formebis mravalsaxeobiT. zRvis viwro zoli, TiTqos, Tavad istumrebda mosaxleobas Ria, ukidegano zRve-bisken. yureebiTa da koncxebiT daculi SesaniSnavi navmisadgomebi xels uwyobda zRvaosnobas. liTonisa da samSeneblo tyis siuxve ki aviTarebda vaWrobas, rac kacobriobas am adgilas pirvelad gaexsna mTeli Tavisi didebulebiT. Rrma xeobebisa da mTis ferdo-bebis nayofiereba puris, yurZnis, bostneulisa da xilis moyvanas

6 istoriuli bostra dRevandeli qalaqi bosraa samxreT siriaSi; war-moadgens qveynis mTavar arqeologiur tritorias romauli, bizantiuri da musulmanuri periodebis ZeglebiT. gansakuTrebiT kargadaa SemorCenili romauli Teatri, sadac yovelwliurad ewyoba erovnuli musikis festivali. 1980 wlidan iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSi Sedis (red. Sen.).

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uadvilebda kacs, xolo mTis mSvenieri ialaRebi mwyemsur yofas xdida saamos. finikiis napiri, misi zRvisa da mTis haeris Sezave-biT, zRvaosnobiTa da mTian mxareSi cxovrebiT, sruliad sapirisp-iro iyo aRmosavleTis papanaqebis damasustebeli zegavlenisa; is im stiqiebs aerTianebda, romlebic xalxis sasicocxlo Zalas mxneobasa da siqorfes hmatebs. Tuki zRva Sors giwvevda da misi talRebi xalxis moZravsa da saqmian bunebas aZlevda biZgs, mTis mkacri mxare da xeobebis Caketiloba ufro martivi da zomieri cxovrebisaken migizidavda, ganamtkicebda erTgulebas imisadmi, rac uxsovari droidan memkvidreobiT migiRia winaparTagan.

finikiis sanapiro 200 km-ze iyo gadaWimuli, xolo siganiT _ 30-35-ze. ise erTianad iyo dafaruli qalaqebiT, rom es zRvispira mxare erT grZel qalaqs waagavda, mdidars, Zliers, saqmiani xalxiT dasaxlebuls. finikielTa nawarmidan yvelaze mniSvnelo-vani iyo: sidonis qsovili, SeRebili saqoneli _ tirsis Zoweuli, muqwiTlad naRebi Salisa da selis qsovili, romlis saRebav-sac Zowis niJaridan moipovebdnen; aseve, sxvadasxva niJaridan da mcenareuli wvenebidan damzadebuli saRebavebiT sxva ferebad naRebi qsovilebi da minis nakeTobani.

religiuri cnebebis Seqmnaze sxva xalxebis msgavsi moSurneo-biT finikielebs ar uzruniaT. maTi RmrTismsaxureba aerTianebda nawilobriv uzneobas, nawilobriv _ sisxlian sisastikes, da umal avxorcobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, vidre vnebebisa da sisastikis moTokvasTan. mdidari finikieli vaWrebi ukiduresad garyvnilebi iyvnen, mogebasa da simdidris dagrovebaze mimarTuli maTi cxovre-ba moklebuli iyo Rrma zneobriv safuZvels. libanSi mrewavi finikielebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen mebrZoli, yaCaRi tomebi _ iTurielebi, sikarielebi da sxv. baalisa da astartes Tayvanis-cemis wes-Cveuleba sruldeboda avxorcobiTa da garyvnilebiT. magram kidev ufro aRmaSfoTebeli iyo wes-Cveulebni, romlebic aerTianebda moloqis _ omis gamanadgurebeli Zalebisa da cecx-lis RmerTis, da Subosan qalwul astartes Tayvaniscemas. mZlavri da mrisxane moloqis gulis mosalbobad swiravdnen bavSvebsa da ymawvilebs, xelebs awyobinebdnen nakvercxlebze da maT gminvas fleitebisa da dafdafebis xmauriT axSobdnen; xolo qalwul astartes swiravdnen qalwulebs da zeimis gniasSi misi qurumebi TavgamodebiT iSoltavdnen da imaxinjebdnen sakuTar sxeuls. ase-

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Ti iyo finikia ufro mogviano xanaSic. finikiis qveyana, ambobs amianus marcelinusi, xibliTa da mSven-

ebiTaa savse, morTuli didebuli da lamazi qalaqebiT. zRvispi-ra finikiis saeparqio olqebi, palestinis msgavsad, mcire zomisa unda yofiliyo. aq sul TerTmeti saepiskoposo qalaqi iyo. cota ufro didi iyo saepiskoposo olqebi meore, anu libanis finikiaSi, sadac mxolod cxra saepiskoposo qalaqi arsebobda gacilebiT did teritoriaze.

tvirosi iyo finikiis mTavari qalaqi. mas, aseve, uwodebdnen `surs,~ saidanac miiRo saxelwodeba mTelma qveyanam. `tvirosi~ niSnavs `napirs.~ sidonelebis mier uZveles xanaSi, qristemde me-13 saukuneSi (anu iesu naves dros), zRvis napirze aSenebuli qalaqi aRmosavleTiT meoTxedi saaTis savalze iyo gadaWimuli. 586 w-s. qristemde qalaqi daangria nabuqodonosorma da mosaxleoba ga-davida mopirdapire kunZulze. finikiuri sityva `suri~ niSnavs ~kldes~: is kunZuli, romelzec daarsda tvirosi, CaquCis formis SiSvel kldes warmoadgenda, romlis yeli aerTianebda xmeleTs kunZulTan. pliniusis gadmocemiT, kunZuli 25 km-is garSemoweri-lobisa iyo, yelis sigrZe 3 km-s aRwevda. Tavad kunZulze mdebare qalaqi 3,5 km-is wreze iyo gaSenebuli. napiris mxridan axali tvirosi da misi Sida navsadgurebi, romelTagan erTs egviptisa ewodeboda, mSvenivrad iyo daculi. yures orive mxridan kedeli da koSkebi sdarajobdnen, wyals rom gadmohyurebdnen zemodan, da omis SemTxvevaSi navsadguris Sesasvleli jaWvebiT ixerge-boda. qalaqi tvirosi Zvelad Zalian mdidari da gamagrebuli iyo, simdidris wyaro iyo vaWroba da tviroselTa mier yvelaze Soreul qveynebSi daarsebuli mravali kolonia. tviroseli vaW-rebi, winaswarmetyvel esaias TqmiT, iyvnen `sasaxelo warCinebul-ni qveynisa.~ maTi yvelaze SesaniSnavi kolonia iyo karTageni CrdiloeT afrikaSi. iesu nave tviross kerket qalaqs uwodeb-da. qalaqis simagreze metyvelebs is faqti, rom nabuqodonosors Tormeti wlis manZilze hqonda moqceuli alyaSi qalaqi, ale-qsandre makedoneli ki Svidi weli cdilobda mis aRebas. rac Seexeba zneobasa da religias, is tvirosSi ganviTarebis yvelaze dabal safexurze idga. iudeveli winaswarmetyvelebi am qalaqs xSirad uwodeben `mruSs.~ warmarToba tvirosSi erTob Zlieri

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iyo, Tayvaniscemis sagnebad aq umTavresad herkulesi da apoloni gvevlinebodnen. tvirosis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb me-2 s-Si qristes Semdgom straboni aRniSnavs: `sidonis Semdeg yvelaze didi da gamarTuli qalaqi finikiaSi aris tvirosi, erTica da meorec axlac da Zveladac erTnairad didebuli iyo, vinaidan erTica da meorec finikiis metropoliad iwodeboda~. filonis sityviT, metropoliis uflebebi tviross eboZa adrianes dros tviroseli oratoris, pavles SuamdgomlobiT.

ieso qriste miwieri cxovrebis dros ewvia tviross da iqauri xalxic midioda palestinaSi misi swavlebis mosasmenad. `saqme mociqulTas~ mowmobiT, pavle mociquli antioqiidan ierusalim-Si mgzavrobis dros gaCerda tvirosSi da iq Svidi dRe da-hyo. `xolo isini, suliT aRZrulni, uSlinen pavles ierusalimSi asvlas (moc. saq. 21.3,4)~. klimentinebSi Cawerili eklesiis gadmo-cemiT, kesariidan antioqiaSi mimavali petre mociquli tvirosSi SeCerda da iq yofnis ramdenime dReSi qristes sjulze didZali xalxi moaqcia, daaarsa eklesia da erT-erTi Tanmxlebi presvit-eri episkoposad daadgina. amitomaa, rom, naTqvamia klimentinebSi, tvirosi eklesiurad iyo ara mxolod antioqiis sapatriarqos mi-tropolia, aramed pirvelsaydaric. tvirosis saepiskiposos Tavad olqi sakmaod didi iyo da Seadgenda 35 km-s orive mimarTulebiT. devnis xanaSi tvirosis mkvidri mravali qristiani mowameobrivad aResrula. ase magaliTad, aq 306 wels evno axalgazrda ulano-si, diokletianes dros as ormocdaTeqvsmeti qristiani awames, xolo 313 w-s. moakvdines episkoposi meTodi tviroseli, cnobili saeklesio mwerali, adre q. olimpiadis episkoposi. tvirosSi gar-daicvala origene, romlis saflavs me-6 saukuneSic uCvenebdnen aq.

radganac tviroselebi movaWre xalxi iyo da bevrgan daedgaT fexi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom qristianobis gavrcelebaSic mieRoT monawileoba. sxvaTa Soris, abisiniaSi qristes moZRvreba tviroselebs SeutaniaT, ramdenadac qristiani filosofosi ma-roniusi da misi ori mowafe edesosi da frumentosi warmoSobiT tvirosidan iyvnen. kidev erT ramesac SevniSnavT: Zveli aRTqmis xanaSi tviroselebi mixmarebian iudevelebs solomonis taZris mSeneblobaSi. axali aRTqmis xanaSic pirveli SesaniSnavi taZari konstantine didis dros aaSena tvirosis episkoposma pavlinusma

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da 314 wels didi zeimiT akurTxa. evsevi kesarieli dawvrilebiT aRwers tvirosis meore, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi aRmarTul taZars, romelic man 335 w-s. akurTxa, da aq Sedga kreba aTanase aleqsandrielis saqmeze.7

sidoni. tvirosidan CrdiloeTiT, 35 km-Si, mdebareobda uZvele-si qalaqi sidoni. sidoni imdenad amaRlebuli iyo finikiaSi, rom, Cveulebriv, sityva `sidonuri~ `finikiurTan~ iyo gaigivebuli. Zveli aRTqmis wminda werilSi am gagebiT gvxvdeba gamoTqmebi: sidonis RmerTebi, sidonis ena, sidonis qsovilebi. mociqulTa dros sidoni tviross utoldeboda. srtaboni ase ambobs maTze: `orive qalaqi cnobilia da brwyinvale dResac; romeli unda iTvle-bodes finikiis mTavar qalaqad, sadavod rCeba~. sidonelebi re-ligiis WeSmarit sityvas iolad iTvisebdnen (maT. 15, 21 ; luk. 16, 17-19; maT. 11,21). macxovari stumrobda tvirossa da sidons, iq man gankurna qanaaneli qalis Sepyrobili gogona. WeSmaritebas dawa-febuli sidonelebi da tviroselebi Tavad midiodnen ufalTan moZRvrebis mosasmenad. unda vivaraudoT, rom qristianoba sidonSi Tavidanve gavrcelda. magram SemdgomSi sidonma dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba da me-9 s-mde misi mxolod rva episkoposis saxeli aris SemorCenili.8

beriTi, amJamad beiruTi. eklesiurad kidev ufro mniSvnelo-vani iyo finikiis sanapiro qalaqi beriTi, romelic sidonidan Crdi-loeTiT, 40 km-Si mdebareobs. strabonis gadmocemiT, es uZvelesi qalaqi odesRac (varaudiT 140 w-s. qristemde) trifon tiranis mier iqna dangreuli. SemdgomSi aRadgines romaelebma da maT iq ori legioni ganalages. albaT amitom pliniusi beriTs romis kolonias uwodebs (`bednier iulias~). es iyo finikiis erT-erTi umSvenieresi qalaqi brwyinvale SenobebiT, abanoebiT, amfiTeatre-biT... qalaqis gamSvenierebaSi didi Tanxebi gauRiaT TviT iudeis Tavadebsac herodes gvaridan. magram es qalaqi gansakuTrebiT

7 tvirosi _ Tanamedrove qalaqi suri libanis teritoriaze, 90 000 mcxovrebiT (red. Sen).

8 sidoni – libanis sididiT mesame qalaqi 200 000 mosaxliT, xmelTa-Sua zRvis sanapiroze, beiruTsa da surs Soris (red. Sen.).

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gamorCeuli gaxldaT Tavisi skoliT, sadac iswavleboda saero mecnierebebi da, gansakuTrebiT, _ romis iurisprudencia. iulius keisari werilSi ase urCevda herode dids: `moewyos sasamarTlo kreba beriTSi, sadac imyofebian romaelebi da gasamarTldnen misi Svilebi~. aq namdvilad Sedga sasamarTlo da gamoitanes sikvdil-iT dasjis ganaCeni. beriTis skolaSi iurisprudenciis swavlebis kursi xuT wels grZeldeboda. beriTis skolaSi aTenidan gadmov-ida saswavleblad grigol Tavmaturgi, aqve swavlobda eklesiis istorikosi sozomeni. warmoSobiT beriTidan iyo ganswavlulo-biT cnobili pamfile, palestinis kesariis presviteri, evsevi kes-arielis megobari. iurisprudenciis amgvari ayvavebis gamo beriTs iustiniane I-mde finikiis `Tvals~ uwodebdnen. magram iustinianes dros, 549 w-s, saSinelma miwisZvram qalaqi daangria da beriTis iuristebi qalaqis aRdgenamde sidonSi gadasaxldnen. Teodosius umcrosma Tavisi mefobis ukanasknel wlebSi isurva, beriTi gamx-dariyo pirveli finikiis metropolia da mas eqvsi qalaqi dau-qvemdebara, xolo beriTis episkoposebma moiwadines, eklesiuradac SeenarCunebinaT es ufleba.

beriTis mosaxleobaSi romidan gadmosaxlebuli elementi sWar-bobda, iudevelebi aq sZuldaT. romidan Camosulebi daundoblobiT gamoirCeodnen. flaviosis mtkicebiT, beriTis mosaxleoba siamovne-bas Rebulobda amfiTeatris arenaze jariskacTa ori 700-kaciani SenaerTis samagaliTo brZolis yurebiT, vidre ukanasknelic ar daiRupeboda. SeiZleba amitomaa, rom Cven araferi viciT am qa-laqSi mociqulebis qadagebis Sesaxeb. Tumca gadmocemiT, beriTis pirveli episkoposi iyo is kvartosi, romelic moxsenebuli hyavs pavle mociquls romaelTa mimarT epistoles bolo TavSi. beri-Tis momdevno episkoposebidan cnobilia evsevi, SemdgomSi niko-midiis episkoposi, romelic aqtiurad monawileobda arianelTa SfoTSi; da timoTe, laodikiis episkopos apolinaris, cnobili eretikosis, megobari, da mis mer xeldasmuli beriTis episkoposad, Tumca papma damasma da sxva episkoposebma igi ar cnes da apoli-naris sxva mimdevrebTan erTad gakicxes.

damasko. damasko libanis finikiis umTavresi da uZvelesi qa-laqi iyo. daviTis xanaSi es qalaqi damoukidebel saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelic SemdgomSi daviTma Tavis Zalauflebas

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dauqvemdebara. qalaqi male ganTavisuflda da Tavisi Zalaufle-ba TiTqmis mTel siriaze gaavrcela. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imxanad is iyo siriis saukeTeso qalaqi, vinaidan sxva SesaniSnavi qalaqebi _ antioqia, palmira, laodikea, apomea mxolod aleqsandre makedone-lis Semdeg gamoCndnen. aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg damaskos samefo garkveulwilad inarCunebda Tavisuflebas, magram siria makedoniisa da arabeTis Tavadebis mmarTvelobis qveS moqceuli-yo. 1-li saukunis dasawyisidan is gadavida romaelebis xelSi da gaxda romis gansakuTrebuli provincia, gansakuTrebuli nacval-iT. es qalaqi, strabonis sityviT, yvela qalaqze cnobili gaxda. mdebareobda mSvenier ayvavebul xeobaSi, mdinare qrizoroaze. uZvelesi droidan dRemde damaskos RvTiur samoTxes uwodeben. rodesac mociqulma pavlem fexi daadga damaskos velze, mis ukan aRmarTuliyo maradiuli TovliT dafaruli, didebuli ermonis mwvervali, marjvniv _ gavroni (ori mcire mTis jaWvi, romlebic zRudavdnen mdinare farfaris9 qveda dinebas) da tbis mxaris yor-Ranebi, marcxniv _ antilibanis ukanaskneli, ermonisaken mimarTu-li Sverilebi. am SesaniSnavad damuSavebuli velebis, mSvenieri, nayofsavse baRebis xilva did siamovnebas aniWebs kacs. Tu imasac davsZenT, rom gza xeebis CrdilSi miemarTeba, Savmiwa niadagze da alag-alag gadakveTilia arxebiTa da gzispira TxrilebiT, Semoz-Rudulia zeTisxilis xeebiT, TxiliT, qliaviT, WeramiTa da xeebze Semoxveuli vaziT, advilad warmovidgenT, rogori iyo is adgili, sadac aRsrulda pavle mociqulis saocari moqceva.

damaskos mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen warmarTebi da iudev-elebi. es ukanasknelni 1-li saukunis dasawyisSi metad mrav-lad iyvnen. im dros damaskos mTavroba efereboda iudevelebs, aZlevda maT religiur Tavisuflebasa da prozelitebis moZiebis uflebas. damaskos iudevelTa sinagogebi uSualod eqvemdebare-bodnen ierusalimis sinedrions. gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom gaemg-zavra pavle mociquli qristianebis dasarbevad damaskoSi ieru-salimis sinedrionis uflebamosilebiT. magram iudevelTa bedi damaskoSi metad savalalo aRmoCnda. iudevelTa omis dros, ioseb

9 qrizoroa da farfari - siriis ori didi mdinare, saTaves antili-banis mTebSi iReben. isini naxsenebia Zvel aRTqmaSi – 2 mf. 5,12. berZnulad `qrizoroa~ oqros nakaduls niSnavs, mdinaris Tanamedrove saxelwodebaa barada – damaskos mTavari mdinare (red. Sen.).

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flaviosis sityvebiT, warmarTma mosaxleobam erT saaTSi 10 000 iudeveli daarbia. aqedan SegviZlia vimsjeloT, Tu raoden mra-valricxovani iyo es qalaqi.

rogorc cnobilia, qristianoba damaskoSi gavrcelda uZvelesi droidan. aq pavle mociquli ananias xeliT moinaTla. eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, damasko yovelTvis iyo mitropolia da antioqiis arqiepiskopos ioanes sityviT, meore mitropolias warmoadgenda antioqiis sapatriarqoSi tvirosis Semdeg. magram qristianulma eklesiam mainc sustad moikida fexi aq da misi bedic sevdiani aR-moCnda. damaskoSi warmarToba metad Zlieri iyo TviT iulianes dromdec ki. aq iyo Zveli taZari saucxoo sakurTxevliT,10 sad-ac sisxliani msxverplSewirva aResruleboda. damaskos mcxovre-blebis amgvar Tavdadebas warmarTobisadmi iuliane did pativs miagebda da am qalaqs gansakuTrebiT aqebda, uwodebda mas `iupi-teris WeSmarit qalaqs, mTeli aRmosavleTis Tvalsa da wminda da didebul damaskos~. damaskos mosaxleoba midrekilebas avlen-da, agreTve, eresebisadmi. 518 w-dan damaskoSi damkvidrdnen iako-biteli episkoposebi. 632 w-dan _ nestorianelebi. me-7 saukunidan (613-635 ww.) qalaqi daipyres mahmadianebma da gadaaqcies is xal-ifebis rezidenciad. mravali dadgenileba iqna maT mier miRebuli eklesiis sazianod. ase magalid, xalifa validma 706 w-s. ioane winamorbedis saxelobis eklesia gadaakeTa meCeTad, Tumca qalaqis aRebis sigelSi miTiTebuli iyo qristianuli eklesiis xelSeuxe-bloba. 718 w-s. xalifa omarma akrZala Rvino da sasamarTloze qristianis Cveneba musulmanis winaaRmdeg. me-8 s-Si damaskos xal-ifebi gansakuTrebiT devnidnen qristianebs xatTa TayvaniscemisaT-vis. wm. ioane damaskelma, xatTa upirvelesma damcvelma, datova damasko da Tavi Seafara saba ganwmendilis monasters pales-tinaSi. damaskos episkopos petres ki miusajes enis mokveTa da gadaasaxles arabeTSi.

palmira. libanis finikiis meore SesaniSnav qalaqad iTvleboda

10 igulisxmeba hadadis saxelze agebuli uZvelesi arameuli taZari. ha-dadi iyo semituri qariSxlisa da wvimis RvTaeba, mas romaelebi iupiterTan aigivebdnen da taZari iupiteris saxelze ganaaxles. imperatorma Teodo-siusma is ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis eklesiad gadaakeTa, SemdegSi is meCeTad gadaiqca. dRes am taZris nangrevebis naxvaa SesaZlebeli (red.Sen.).

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palmira, an tadmori, orive dasaxeleba `palmebis qalaqs~ niSnavs. solomonis mier siriis udabnoSi daarsebuli es qalaqi cnobili iyo vaWrobis gziT SeZenili simdidriT. palmiras mmarTvelebi sargeblobdnen garkveuli damoukideblobiT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo misi mosazRvreobiT or did samefosTan _ romsa da spar-seTTan, da xan erTTan iyvnen vasalur damokidebulebaSi, xan _ meoresTan. strabonis sityviT, adrianes dros palmiras ewoda adriania da Zlier ayvavda. es qalaqi, ambobs pliniusi, SesaniSnavi niadagiTa da mSvenieri sarwyavebiT, oTxkuTxiv Sors gadaWimuli, dgas romisa da sparseTis sazRvrebze, selevkiidan daSorebulia 400 km-iT, damaskodan _ 200 km-iT. me-3 s-Si palmiras dedofali zinobia, sparseTis vasali, mTels sirias marTavda sparseTis saxel-mwifos saxeliT. es dedofali mfarvelobda cnobil eretikoss, antioqiis episkopos pavle samosatels. 273 w-s. palmira aiRo da daangria avreliusma. me-5 saukuneSi palmira iyo gadasaxlebis adgili da aq gadmoasaxles emesis episkoposi kvirike, wm. ioane oqropiris megobari. iustinianes dros palmira ukve nangrevebad iyo qceuli.11

emesa. libanis finikiis mesame SesaniSnavi qalaqi iyo emesa, mdebare mdinare orontesze. am qalaqSi iyo finikielTa mzis RmerTis, eliogabalis, cnobili warmarTuli taZari. aqedanve iyo warmoSobiT biwieri cxovrebiT cnobili romis imperatori elio-gabali, romelmac es saxeli miiRo am taZarSi qurumad yofnis dros. saerTod, emeselebi warmarTobis mtkice mimdevrebi iyvnen. diokletianes dros aq maT awames adgilobrivi episkoposi sil-viane. imperatori konstanci cdilobda, emesaSi daemkvidrebina arianeloba. man aq eliogabalis sakerpos adgilze aaSena sakmaod koxta qristianuli taZari da am taZris episkoposoba isurva yvelaze ganswavlulma arianelma evsevim, ris gamoc man uari ganacxada aleqsandriis kaTedraze. emesas mcxovreblebma arc is miiRes, rogorc gadmocema gveubneba, misi maTematikuri mecnier-ebebiT gatacebis gamo. mas ekuTvnis naSromebi rwmenis Sesaxeb da iudevelTa winaaRmdeg. imperatori iuliane aqebda emeselTa

11 amJamad palmiras adgilze aris siriuli sofeli da did terito-riaze gadaWimuli udides nagebobaTa nangrevebi, romlebic Zveli romauli arqitqturis saukeTeso nimuSebs miekuTvneba (red. Sen.).

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kerpTayvanismcemlobas da kicxavda antioqielebs, rom `uyvarT qriste da is airCies mfarvelad da qalaqis RmerTad, zevsis, apolonisa da kaliopes nacvlad.~ iuliane aqebs emeselebs, rom-lebmac `amoTxares da dawves galilevelTa Zvlebi da ar Sei-yvares qriste.~ iulianes dros aq ewama ramodenime qristiani _ medaviTne moni da eqimi iuliane. amis Semdeg ar aris gasakviri, rom emesa gadaiqca marTlmadidebel episkoposTa gadasaxlebis adgilad. nestorianuli mRelvarebis dros emesaSi iyo SesaniS-navi episkoposi pavle, romelic ioane antioqelis davalebiT mi-vlinebuli iyo kirile aleqsandrielTan, rogorc antioqiis sapa-triarqos warmomadgeneli, da didad iRvawa am ori sapatriarqos SerigebisaTvis da nestorianelTa cru swavlebis aRmosafxvre-lad. emesas episkoposebidan cnobilni arian mwerlebi: nemesiosi, grigol RmrTismetyvelis Tanamedrove, romelic adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb werda, da basili, Teodore edeselis naTesavi, romelmac misi cxovreba aRwera. 452 w-s. emesaSi meored moipoves wm. ioane wanamorbedis Tavi.12

siria

siria. romis provincia siria mdebareobda xmelTaSua zRvasa da evfrats Soris. is iyofoda CrdiloeT anu dablob siriad (ke-lesiria), mSvenieri grZeli xeviT libanisa da antilibanis qedebs Soris, da samxreT siriad, cxeli da mSrali klimatiT. rogorc xmelTaSua zRvis napirze mdebare qveyanas, sirias finikiis msgavsi fizikuri pirobebi gaaCnda, oRond kidev ufro noyier niadagze iyo da samxreTuli xilis siuxviT gamoirCeoda. mTels qveyanaze miedineboda sakmaod didi mdinare orontesi, romelic saTaves libanis mTebSi iRebda da xmelTaSua zRvaSi Caedineboda. es mdin-are xmelTaSua zRvis SesarTavamde 40 km-is manZilze sanaosno iyo, xolo antioqiasTan axlos misi gani daaxl. 60 m-s Seadgenda. aleqsandre makedonelis memkvidreebma aq ramodenime SesaniSnavi qalaqi aaSenes.

siria, rogorc romis provincia, iyofoda or nawilad _

12 istoriuli emesa aris Tanamedrove homsi, samrewvelo qalaqi dasav-leT siriaSi, milionamde mosaxliT (red. Sen.).

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pirvel da meore siriad. pirvel siriaSi iyo eqvsi saepiskoposo qalaqi, meoreSi _ Svidi. amasTan, saeparqio olqebi sakmaod mniS-vnelovani sididisa iyo da 25 km-ze mets Seadgenda.

antioqia daaarsa selevki nikatorma qristes dabadebamde 300 w-s. da es qalaqi Tavis brwyinvalebas selevkidebs unda umad-lodes. saerTod, selevkidebi romaelebze upiratesni iyvnen didi qalaqebis morTvis xelovnebaSi. taZrebi, wyalsadenebi, abanoebi, bazilikebi _ es yvelaferi brwyinvale iyo da antioqia siri-is udides qalqad warmogvidgeboda. antioqiis olqic udidesi iyo, ori dRis savalze qalaq kiramde. qalaqi Sedgeboda oTxi nawilisagan. kolonadebiT morTuli quCebi, gzajvaredinebze qa-ndakebebiT damSvenebuli, ise sworad da simetriulad iyo gan-lagebuli, rogorc sxvagan arsad. orontesis CrdiloeT nawilSi aRmarTuliyo samefo Senobebi, maTsa da mdinares Soris gadioda didi quCa leoforosi, romlis nimuSiTac Sendeboda quCebi si-riis sxva qalaqebSi: palmira, glereza, gadara, sebastia. es quCa morTuli iyo kolonadebis oTxi rigiT, rac qmnida or daxurul galereas SuaSi farTo gasasvlelebiT, qalaqis erT nawils meor-esTan akavSirebda da 6 km-ze manZilze gadaWimuliyo.

mTlianad antioqiis garSemoweriloba Seadgenda 18 km-s. antio-qiis irgvliv cicaboebze, borcvebze, maT mwvervalebsa da Txemebze miyolebiT aSenebuli cixe-simagreebis kedeli qmnida qongurebiani gvirgvinis STabeWdilebas. kedlebis amgvarad, gorakidan gorakam-de da maT qvemoT aRmarTva iyo makedoneli mefeebis sayvareli forma, razedac metyvelebs solunis,13 smirnas, efesosa da selevki-is uZvelesi kedlebi. magram antioqiaSi, garda sazogado miznebi-saTvis gankuTvnili uzarmazari nagebobisa, iyo isic, rac siriis sxva qalaqebis umetesobas ar gaaCnda: aq iyo Tavmoyrili berZnu-li xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi, brwyinvale qandakebebi, Zveli mxatvrobis klasikuri nimuSebi. romis batonobis dros antioqiis es didebuleba aramc Tu ar daRupula, aramed kidev metad gam-didrda.

antioqiis adgilmdebareoba msoflioSi yvelaze ufro warmta-cia. qalaqi mdebareobda mdinare orontesisa da silviis mTebis

13 soluni – Tanamedrove saloniki (red. Sen.).

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ferdobebs Soris, romelic kasiis nawilia. am mTebis dakbiluli mwvervalebi xeobis irgvliv Soridan qmnidnen daxlarTuli maq-manis STabeWdilebas. arsad iyo amdeni lamazi wyaro, rogorc aq. am nairgvar landSaftze qalaqi metad Tvalwarmtacad iyo gaSenebuli. kedlis SigniT, TviT antioqiaSi mTebis simaRle aR-wevda 700 nabijs, wawvetebuli kldeebi, CanCqerebi, ufskrulebi, nakadulebi, miuvali xeobebi da maT Soris _ mSvenieri baRebi. mir-tis xSiri tevrebi, ayvavebuli buCqebi, dafnebi, xasxasa mwvaned Semosili mindvrebi, zeTisxilis Walebi, sumbuliT xaliCasaviT dafaruli kldeebi _ yovelive es am velur simaRleebs cad atyorcnili yvavilnaris iers aZlevda. antioqiis am usasrulod mSvenieri bunebis WvretiT izrdebodnen iseTi Seudareblad mWev-rmetyveli, enamziani adamianebi, rogoric iyo wm. ioane oqropiri.

antioqiis mdebareoba, amasTanave, did gare sargebelsac ganap-irobebda. didi mdinare orontesis dineba, romelic dasavleTidan qobasaviT Semovleboda qalaqs, warmoadgenda dasakavSirebel Sida arxs xmelTaSua zRvasTan, anu mTel maSindel cnobil sam-yarosTan. ioane oqropiris mixedviT, antioqiis mosaxleobis ra-odenoba Seadgenda 20 000-s da es wminda mama Tvlis, rom petre mociqulma didi ndoba gamoucxada egnate RmerTSemosils esoden didi mrevlis CabarebiT.

antioqiis ZiriTad mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen berZnebi, ro-melTa ricxvi aq yvelaze didi iyo aleqsandriis Semdeg, magram sakmaod mravlad iyo ZirZveli mosaxleobac _ sirielebi. berZnebi cxovrobdnen qalaqis centralur nawilSi, sirielebi ki, rogorc dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi, qalaqis gareubnebSi da soflebSi, romlebic gars ertymodnen qalaqs sakmaod did sivrceze: qaran-dama, xizara, gandigura, apati. Tavad es saxelebi mowmobs, rom es sirielTa soflebi iyo. berZnebsa da sirielebs garda antioqiaSi kidev SexvdebodiT sxvadasxva tomis kolonistebsac, romlebic selevkidebis humanur gankargulebas moezida aq: yvela ucxoeli, romelic gamoTqvamda darCenis survils, aRiarebuli iyo am qvey-nis moqalaqed. antioqiaSi Sereuli qorwineba sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris sruliad Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda da samnax-evari saukunis arsebobis manZilze antioqia iseT qalaqad iqca, romlis rasac yvelaze Sereuli iyo.

amis Sedegad moxda mosaxleobis zneobrivi dacema, ramac aq

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ukiduresobas miaRwia. narkvevebs uzneobiT cnobili aRmosavluri qalaqebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, sadac batonobda intrigebi da sadac yvelaze wvrilmani angariSebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, ar SeuZlia Segviqmnas warmodgena im zneobrivi aRviraxsnilobis Sesaxeb, ra-sac adamianis modgmam antioqiaSi miaRwia. erTdroulad flide-bi da umadurebi, damcinavi da qedmaRlebi, antioqielebi iyvnen saukeTeso nimuSebi imperiuli droebis xalxis masisa, romelTaTvis ucxoa patriotizmi, yovelgvari erovnulobis grZnoba, ojaxis si-yvaruli, da araferi wminda ar gaaCnia; antioqia warmoadgenda aTasi juris misnebis, marCielebis, mimebis, jadosnebis, kudianebis, saswaulmoqmedTa Tavyrilobas. TamaSebi, sanaxaobebi, gasarTobebi, RmerTebis sadResaswaulo procesiebi da bakqanaliebi, aRmosav-leTis yovelgvari sigiJe, yvelaze boroti crurwmenebi, SeSli-lobamde misuli garyvnileba, _ yovelive es uyvarda antioqiels.

religiuri TvalsazrisiT, dRidan Tavisi daarsebisa, antioqia wminda elinuri qalaqi iyo. makedoniis mkvidrebma, antigonusma da selevkiosma, moitanes am qveyanaSi cocxali xsovna TavianTi kultisa da im saxelebisa, rac maTTvis samSoblis wminda mogone-bas niSnavda. berZnulma miTologiam aq, TiTqos, meore samSoblo hpova; iyo mcdeloba, aq moeZebnaT uamravi `wminda adgili,~ ber-Znuli miTologiis gadmocemebTan dakavSirebuli. mTels qalaqSi aResruleboda msaxureba apolonisa da nimfebisadmi.

rac Seexeba ganaTlebas, ciceronis mtkicebiT (pro Archia 3), aq yvaoda mecniereba, filostrates sityvebiT ki, apolonios tian-elis cxovrebaSi (III, 58), aq ZalaSi iyo mxolod ritorikuli sityviereba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, antioqia mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli berZnebiTa da ZirZveli mosaxleobiT, romlebic sir-iulad saubrobdnen. maT sxva ucxotomelebTan erTad, romelTac arc saxl-kari gaaCndaT, arc istoria, arc sagvareulo TviTda-faseba da warmoadgendnen brbos, gaevsoT antioqiis leoforosi. es brbo yovelTvis iyo qarafSuta, meryevi, meamboxe, damcinavi, abezari, utifari. maT hyavdaT mamiseuli RmerTebi _ patrwvoi qeoiv erTi uzenaesi RmerTis, kerZod mzis, Zmebi: baali, nergali, Tam-muzi, dagoni, nebo, astarofi da sxva. am RmerTebs gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT emsaxurebodnen sirieli qalebi, romlebic gamoirCeod-nen silamaziTa da tanadobiT, rogorebic arian dResac _ iSviaTi silamazisa, swori, TeTri saxis nazi da metyveli nakvTebiT.

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sxvadasxva kolonistebs Soris, romlebic miizida siriis dedaqa-laqSi selevkidebis humanurma gankargulebam, Zalze bevri iu-develi iyo. isini aq dasaxldnen selevkios nikatoris dros da sargeblobdnen imave uflebebiT, riTac berZnebi. `iudevelTa mra-valricxovani modgma, ambobs flaviosi, gafantulia adgilobriv-Ta Soris, magram misi umetesi nawili palestinis mezobel siria-Sia da gansakuTrebiT ki _ antioqiaSi. imitom, rom didi iyo es qalaqi da ufro imitom, rom mefe antioqosis modgmam maT aq dasaxlebis neba darTo~. am antioqosma, metsaxelad epifanem, ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg gaZarcva iqauri taZari, xolo misma TanaSemweebma mTeli iq Sewiruli spilenZi gadasces antioqiis iudevelebs, rogorc ZRveni sinagogisTvis da uboZes elinebTan Ta-nasworuflebani moqalaqeoba. raki momdevno mefeebic msgavsadve eqceodnen maT, iudevelebi gamravldnen da TavianTi sakurTxeveli mowyobilobiTa da mdidari SewirulobiT brwyinvaled aqcies. gansakuTrebuli eTnarqis yolis miuxedavad, antioqieli iudevele-bi mainc mWidrod urTierTobdnen adgilobriv warmarTebTan. re-ligiuri aristokratizmis gancda, riTac gamoirCeodnen ierusali-mis iudevelebi, imave sazomiT ar axasiaTebdaT sxva did qalaqebSi mcxovreb iudevelebs. maTi horizonti ufro farTe iyo, xolo iudaizmisadmi erTguleba _ nakleb fesvgadgmuli. warmarTebTan siaxlovesTan erTad antioqiis iudevelebi warmatebiT eweodnen religiur propagandas. prozelitebis raodenoba aq metad mniS-vnelovani iyo. moazrovne warmarTebi xedavdnen ra gamefebuli kultis sisustes, cdilobdnen TavianTi swrafvis dakmayofilebas filosofiasa da iudaizmSi. aq am mxriv iyo SesaniSnavi niada-gi qristianuli eklesiis dasafuZneblad. ltolvas WeSmaritebis Sesacnobad sWirdeboda mxolod madlis sxivi, rom gamJRavnebuli-yo da moetana uxvi mosavali.

antioqiis eklesia Tavis daarsebas unda umadlodes kvipro-sisa da afrikaSi mdebare kirenaikis zogierT mkvidrs. antioqi-aSi mosvlamde maT mraval qalaqSi eqadagaT da mxolod iude-velebs mimarTavdnen. magram antioqiaSi sxvagvari viTareba iyo _ aq erTad cxovrobdnen bunebiT iudevelni anu WeSmaritebis prozelitebi, RvTis moSiSi xalxi anu sicruis prozelitebi, dab-olos, warmarTebi, romelTac saerTod ar izidavda iudaizmi aq erTi garkveuli jgufisadmi mimarTululi qadageba SeuZlebeli

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iyo. amis gamo kviproseli da kirenaikeli misionerebi iZule-bulni iyvnen, daerRviaT saerTo wesi da eqadagaT warmarTebsa da iudevelTa Soris ganurCevlad. gansakuTrebulma mdgomareo-bam garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo antioqiaSi qristianobis swraf gavrcelebas. mosaxleobis mexsierebaSi jer kidev cocxali iyo is ubedureba, romelic 37 wlis 23 marts miwisZvram Tavs daa-texa qalaqs. mTeli qalaqi laparakobda vinme deborize, romelic dahpirda xalxs msgavsi ubedurebis acilebas ucnauri Tilismebis saSualebiT. ubedureba aRagznebda gonebas zebunebrivze fiqri-saken da yvelaze znedacemul moqalaqesac ki afxizlebda. moxda raRac reaqciis msgavsi, ramac SemdgomSi antioqia meudabnoeTa da mesveteTa samSoblod aqcia. ase iyo Tu ise, qristianuli qad-agebis warmateba antioqiaSi metad didi iyo. antioqiis eklesia dafuZnda umokles droSi da Sedgeboda sruliad gansxvavebuli elementebisagan: berZnebis, sirielebisa da iudevelebisgan. oron-tesis napirebze pirvelad moxda erebis is religiuri gaerTianeba, razec gvauwyebdnen ieso qriste da winaswarmetyvelebi eqvsi saukunis manZilze. suliwmindis madli moefina am eklesias da ioli warmosadgenia, rom is iqneboda meore akvani da dasabamiTi centri qristianobis misiisa warmarTTa Soris. antioqiis eklesiis mTavarma xelmZRvanelebma, pavle da barnaba mociqulebma, mis-ioneruli moRvaweoba daiwyes aqedan, petre mociquli miCneulia antioqiis pirvel episkoposad. antioqiis pirveli episkoposi, wm. egnate RmerTSemosili, pirveli saukunis damlevs, 114 w-s. antio-qiaSi yofnis dros piradad dahkiTxa imperatorma traianem da Zlieri dacvis TanxlebiT gadaagzavna romSi. zogierTis azriT, is moerida adgilze mis dasjas xalxis amboxebis SiSiT. qristianTa devnis dros antioqiis eklesiaSi didi iyo wamebulTa ricxvi.

marTlmadidebluri qristianuli swavlebis gverdiT antioqia-Si pirvel saukuneebSi gavrcelda siriuli gnosisi. me-3 saukunis meore naxevarSi antioqia daipyres sparselebma da maTi saxeliT qalaqs marTavda palmiras dedofali zinobia, romelic mfarve-lobda pavle samosatels (anu qalaq samosatis mkvidrs), pavle qadagebda cru swavlebas da iyo antitrinitarebis eresis war-momadgeneli. antioqiis krebis mamebma, romelTac amxiles is er-esSi, aseTnairadnairad aRweres am episkoposis saqcieli: `pavles, amboben krebis mamebi, ufro metad ducinaris saero Tanamdeboba

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uyvarda, romelic uboZa zinobiam, vidre episkoposis qristianuli wodeba. Cveulebriv, mdidrulad da priala samosiT imoseboda, SubosanTa didi amalis TanxlebiT dadioda saxalxo moednebze da xmamaRla ukiTxavda xalxs werilebsa da saxelmwifo gankargule-bebs. misi moqmedeba eklesiaSic ki gamoirCeoda dauSvebeli Te-atralobiTa da medidurobiT. eklesiis kaTedra da taxti iseTi maRali aiSena, rogoric ar ekadreboda qristes morCil mowafes, da iqidan moednis oratorebis da msaxiobebis msgavsad arigebda xalxs Wkuas. qadagebda Teatraluri JestebiT, menjebze irtyam-da xelebs, kaTedraze abakunebda fexebs. xalxisagan moiTxovda mowonebis garegnul gamoxatulebas, rogorc sazogado sanaxaobis dros _ fexze wamoxtomiT, yviriliT, cxvirsaxocis frialiT. lanZRavda da kicxavda yvelas, vinc ar aqebda mas. imdenad gakad-nierda, rom Seexo ieso qristes RvTaebriv pirovnebas. man akrZala RvTismsaxurebis dros uflis sadidebeli galoba da aRdgomis udides dResaswaulze brZana, SeesrulebinaT misdami miZRvnili galoba qalebis amazrzeni SesrulebiT. misi momxre TvalTmaq-ci episkoposebi da presviterebi adidebdnen xalxSi, uwodebdnen dedamiwaze ciT Camosul angelozs misive TandaswrebiT. am dros Tavad ara Tu uSlida maT amgvar mkrexelobas, aramed kmayofi-li ismenda yovelives. Raribi mSoblebis Svils, uadgilmamulos, araviTari saSualeba ar gaaCnda, Tavisi SromiT SeeZina qoneba, pavle samosateli episkoposis wodebaSi gaxda didi simdidris patroni, cxadia, ukanono gziT, mkrexelobiTa da devniT~. pavle samosatelis es daxasiaTeba, gadmocemiT, Sedgenili iyo antioqiis qristianuli skolis maswavleblis, malqionis mier. rodesac romis imperatorma kvlav daibruna siria, antioqiis qristianebma SeZles pavle samosatelis gandevna, romelic sparseTis saxeliT mmarTve-li zinobias erTguli msaxuri iyo.

ioane oqropiris mowmobiT, antioqiaSi me-4 saukuneSi mosaxle-obis saerTo raodenoba Sedgenda 200 000-s, aqedan 100 000 qris-tiani iyo. sxva adgilas imasac ambobs, rom antioqiaSi meti iyo qristiani, vidre konstantinopolSi. qristianobisadmi gansakuTre-buli erTgulebiT gamoirCeodnen antioqieli qalebi. iuliane brazmoreviT laparakobda antioqiis mcxovreblebze, romlebsac ar surdaT gaeRoT Sesawiri warmarT msaxurTaTvis, colebs ki ar

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ukrZalavdnen qrisrtianebis daxmarebas. libaniosi14 sayvedurebs gamoTqvams, rom isini `emorCilebian imaT, viszec unda batonobdnen da religiis sakiTxebSi ujereben colebsa da dedebs.~ iuliane werilSi aleqsandres mimarT (siriis mmarTveli) wers, rom antio-qielebs ZaldatanebiTa da motyuebiT saxlis gareT, Cumad miaqvT Sesawiri warmarTTa RmerTebTan, igiveni Semdeg TavianTi colebis rCeviTa da cremlebiT midian daTmobaze da ubrundebian qristia-nobas.

antioqieli qristianebi TavianTi episkoposebisadmi erTgulebas iCendnen. ioane oqropiris sityviT, meleti episkoposma imdenad miizida antioqielebis gulebi, rom marto misi saxelis xseneba aRafrTovanebda maT da yvela mis saxels arqmevda axalSobilebs. am saxeliT wmindani Semodioda maT ojaxSi. metic, misi saxis ga-mosaxulebas aRbeWdavdnen beWdebze, fialebsa da saxlis kedleb-zec ki. wminda meletisadmi siyvaruli gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gamomJRavnda imperator konstancis ediqtis gamocemis Semdeg, romlis safuZvelze mas miesaja antioqiidan gaZeveba da rodesac mihyavdaT is, xalxma mmarTvels dauSina qvebi da wminda meletim gadaafara mas Tavisi mantia.

moZRvarsa da mrevls Soris mtkice siaxlovis faqts antioqia-Si Cven vawydebiT wm. ioane oqropiris msaxurebis drosac. romisa da sparseTis omis periodSi romis jarebi Tavs iyrida antioqiaSi, ase iyo traianes, avreliusisa da iulianes dros, rac did tvir-Tad awveboda mosaxleobas da iwvevda mis aRSfoTebas. antioqiis amboxis istoria, episkopos flavianes cremliani Suamdgomloba imperatorTan damnaSave qalaqis gamosaxsnelad, am Suamdgomlobis warmateba, oqropiris niWierad agebuli qadagebebis praqtikuli mimarTuleba, _ sakmaod cnobili ambebia.

antioqiis mosaxleobis mravalferovnebam ganapiroba eklesiis gayofa, berZnebma mxari dauWires romaelebs da mtkiced inaxavdnen marTlmadideblobas, xolo sirielebma _ sparselebs da gadaix-arnen monoTelitebis eresSi, Semdgom damkvidrdnen libansa da antilibanis mTebSi da amJamadac maronitebis seqtaSi arian gaer-

14 libaniosi iyo sofistTa skolis berZnulenovani maswavlebeli me-4 s-Si, misi mowafeebi iyvnen ioane oqropiri da Teodore mopsueteli (momp-sueteli _ Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis mixedviT), Tumca Tavad mounaTlavi darCa (red. Sen.).

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Tianebulni, romelTaTvis siriuli ena wmindad iTvleba. qalaqis garegnuli istoria aseTi iyo: miuxedavad xSiri da

damangreveli miwisZvrebisa, romelic Tavs atydeboda antioqias sxvadasxva dros, misi mniSvneloba ar dacemula meeqvse saukunis Suaxanebamde. am dros sparseTis mefe xosrom daipyro is da mi-wasTan gaaswora. xosros laSqrobis Semdeg iustinianem aRadina qalaqi da gars Semoavlo magari, 4 m. sisqisa da 15 m. simaRlis galavani, romlis narCenebi amJamadac arsebobs da 6 km-zea gad-aWimuli.

antioqias me-7 saukuneSi Tavs esxmian sarkinozebi. 637 wels is aiRo omarma. 996 w-s. nikifore fokam waarTva is arabebs, magram 4 wlis Semdeg is kvlav daibrunes arabebma. 1098 w-s. jvarosneb-ma aiRes is da gadaaqcies qristianul sahercogod, magram 1264 w-s. egviptis sulTanma waarTva is qristianebs da yvela eklesia daangria. Semdgom ukve TurqeTis batonobis xanaSi antioqiam ve-Rar SeZlo aRedgina verc savaWro da verc _ politikuri mniS-vneloba.15

dafna warmoadgens antioqiis mSvenier gareubans da dacilebu-lia misgan ori saaTis saval manZilze. aq iyo SesaniSnavi dafnis, kviparosisa da sxva saxis didebuli xeebis Walebi. foTlebisa da totebis sixSire erTgvar TaRs qmnis da ar atarebs mzis sxivs. berZnuli legendiT, aq imaleboda mdinare ladonas qaliSvili dafna, apolonis satrfo, da Tavad apolonic didxans cxovrobda aq. am gadmocemis gamo dafnas did pativs miagebdnen aqauri warm-arTebi. amis Sedegad, TiTqosda aq siriis mefe selevkosma aaSena apolonis didi da brwyinvale taZari, sadac daidga apolonisa da dafnas skulpturuli figurebi. warmarTebs isic sjerodaT, rom iq arsebul erTaderT momdinare wyaros winaswarmetyvelebis Zala gaaCnda da masTan mimsvlelebs momavals agebinebda. amitom dafnaSi Zvelad ganTqmuli iyo apolonis orakuli. ambobdnen, rom imperator adrianes, jer kidev ubralo eriskacs, wyarom uwinaswarmetyvela momavali gamefeba, da SeSinebulma, sxvisTvisac igive ar euwyebina, brZana wyaros qviSiT amovseba. iulianes tax-

15 antioqia _ Tanamedrove anTaqia TurqeTis samxreTiT, haTais pro-vinciis administraciuli centri, 145 000 mcxovrebiT (red. Sen.).

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tze asvlamde dafnaSi aSenda brwyinvale sastumroebi, abanoebi da sxva didmSvenieri nagebobani. nawilobriv Zveli, erotiuli Sinaarsis mqone gadmocemis, ufro ki sasiamovno da lamazi gare-mos gamo, dafna axalgazrdebis TavSeyrisa da seirnobis, aseve _ saidumlo Sexvedrebisa da erotiuli Tavgadasavlebis adgilad iqca. rodesac galusi, iulianes Zma, gaxda siriis nacvali kon-stancis dros, man dafnaSi gamefebuli sxvadasxva aRviraxsnilobis aRsakveTad aaSena qristianuli taZari da gadmoasvenebina wminda babilas nawilebi. rogorc adgilobrivi wamebuli, babila didi mokrZalebiTa da TayvaniscemiT sargeblobda antioqiaSi. magram iulianem daufiqreblad Seuracxyo misi wminda xsovna da amiT sab-olood aimxedra antioqiis qristianebi. es ambavi ase moxda: gaxsna dafnaSi didi xnis winaT gauqmebuli apolonis taZari da didi pativi miago am salocavs, gars Semoartya brwyinvale kolonebis axali rigi, daasxa zeTi da akmia nelsurneleba; brZana, aRedginaT winaswarmetyveluri Zalis mqone dafnas wyaro. sparseTTan omis mzadebis win sxva misnebTan erTad gadawyvita dafnas orakulis azris gagebac. am mizniT didi Sesawiri da saCuqrebi uZRvna samsx-verplos, magram orakuli dumda. maSin iulianem dumilis mizezi gamoiZia qurumebTan, romlebmac mizezad miiCnies orakulTan micvalebulis siaxlove da qristianTa xSiri locvebi wmindanis samarxTan. amitom iulianem brZana, gaetanaT wmindanis neSti daf-nadan. maSin antioqiis qristianebma araCveulebrivi zeimiT, fsal-munTa galobiT waasvenes wminda babilas neSti antioqiaSi. kacebi, qalebi, axalgazrdebi, moxucebi da yrmebic ki erTxmad gmobdnen kerpTayvanismcemlebs. ganrisxebulma iulianem brZana, SeepyroT yvelaze Tavgamodebuli qristianebi, magram male Tavisive brZane-ba gaauqma. vinaidan amiT qristianebs eZleodaT SesaZlebloba, gamoexataT TavianTi rwmenis simtkice da damokidebuleba warm-arTobisadmi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, iuliane imedovnebda, rom apol-onis dResaswauli miizidavda antioqiis mcxovreblebs, msxverplis Sewirvis survils aRuZravda maT, magram misive aRiarebiT, aravis araferi miutania garda erTi batisa da qurumma esRa Seswira baginSi. iulianesa da mis Tanamoazreebs kidev erTi marcxi elo-daT: wminda babilas neStis gadasvenebis Semdeg dafnas taZris saxuravi da qandakebebi gaanadgura cecxlma. warmarTebma didi gulistkiviliTa da aRSfoTebiT miiRes es ambavi da eWvi miitanes

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qristianebze. magram mkacri gamoZiebis miuxedavad damnaSave ver aRmoaCines. qristianebs ki sjerodaT, rom cecxli cidan gadmovida da es iyo RmrTis risxva gandgomilebze. wminda ioane oqropiri aRniSnavda, rom TviT xanZris nakvalevi miuTiTebda imaze, rom cecxli zemodan Camoagdo uxilavma xelma, romelmac gansazRvra, ra unda ganadgurebuliyo sakerpoSi da ra dazogiliyo. xanZris Semdeg darCa mxolod kedlebi da svetebi, rogorc niSani wamebu-lis eSmakze gamarjvebisa, darCenili imisaTvis, rom auwyos dafna-Si Semomsvlel Tanamedrovesa Tu momdevno Taobebs qristianobis zeimi warmarTebze.

me-6 saukuneSi aq arsebobda mTavarangeloz miqaelis saxelobis taZari.

selevkia pieria. es qalaqi sami mxridan miuval pieriis kl-

deze, TiTqmis orontesis SesarTavTan, mdebareobs, antioqiidan 5 km-Si. Zvelad mas `mdinaris wylebi~ erqva. strabonis sityvebiT, qalaqi iyo uZleveli da metismetad mdidari monumenturi nage-bobebiT. pompeusma is gamoacxada Tavisufal qalaqad. selevkios nikatorma aRadgina, gaamagra qalaqi da amis Semdgom ewoda mas selevkia. mociqulTa saqmis mixedviT pavle da barnaba mociquleb-ma upirvelsad selevkia moinaxules. egnate RmerTSemosilic ro-misaken mogzaurobis dros am qalaqSi SeCerebula.16

laodikea. am saxels siriaSi eqvsi qalaqi atarebda, yvela maTgani selevkios nikatorma aaSena da saxeli Tavisi dedis, la-odikeas sapativcemulod daarqva. erTi-erTi am qalaqTagani, ro-melzedac aq aris laparaki, nikatorma antioqiasTan, selevkia pieriasa da apameasTan erTad daaarsa. es oTxi qalaqi megobrobda erTmaneTTan, amitom maT debad moixsenebdnen da isini tetrarqias Seadgendnen. laodikea mdebareobda zRvasTan, mTis ZirSi, mSvenier adgilze da hqonda Tavisi navsadguri. laodikeas olqSi buneba ufro mrisxane iyo, magram vaziT mdidari. aqauri Rvinis umete-si nawili gahqondaT aleqsandriaSi. iulius keisris dros lao-dikeam miiRo Tavisufali qalaqis statusi da amitom mas iuliac

16 selevkia pieria – dRes am qalaqis nangrevebi aris TurqeTSi, zR-vispira sofel Cevlikis teritoriaze, qalaq samandaRis maxloblad, hatais provinciaSi (red. Sen.).

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uwodes. septimus severusis dros man kidev ufro meti uflebebi moipova da qalaqs septimia ewoda. iustinianes dros, malalas sityvebiT, laodikea gaxda metropolia Teodoras provinciisa, romelic iustinianem daafuZna Tavisi meuRlis, Teodaras sapa-tivcemulod. Tumca, saeklesio TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrobT, amiT qalaqs ar miuRia meti uflebebi.

eklesiis istoriaSi cnobili pirebidan gansakuTrebiT unda ga-vixsenoT presviteri apolinari da misi Svili apolinari umcrosi, jer mkiTxveli, Semdeg ki ieropolisis episkoposi, cnobili Tavisi cruswavlebiT. apolinari umcrosi, iseve rogorc misi mama apo-linari ufrosi, warmoSobiT aleqsandrieli, gamoirCeoda RvTismo-savi cxovrebiT, klasikuri ganaTlebiT, mecnieruli apologeturi moRvaweobiT qristianobis dasacavad porfirisa da imperator iulianes Tavdasxmebisgan, nikeis swavlebis erTgulebiTa da ekle-siaSi gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen mas. misi cTomis dasawyiss Semdegnairad aRwers wm. epifane: `zogierTebma, romelTac uka-viaT maRali adgili da sargebloben marTlamadidebelTa Soris udidesi pativiscemiT, SesaZleblad miiCnies daSveba, TiTqos xor-cielad gamocxadebul ieso qristes ar hqonda adamianis suli; mtkiceba imisa, rom miiRo ki adamianis sxeuli da samSvinveli, magram ar miuRia adamianis suli, da maSasadame, ar hqonia srul-qmnili adamianoba. uxucesma apolinari laodikielma, didad pa-tivcemulma TviT netari aTanasesa da yvela marTlmadideblisa-gan, pirvelma SeTzxa da gaavrcela es swavleba. Cven ar gvindoda dagvejerebina, rom aseTma adamianma daiwyo amis qadageba. Cven miviCnevdiT, rom misma moswavleebma ver gaiges aseTi ganswavlu-li da seriozuli adamianis Rrma azrovneba da daamates raRac Tavisi, rasac is ar aswavlida da ase Semdeg. orive laodikiis apolinarim, rodesac iulianem aukrZala qristianebs klasikuri ganaTlebis miReba, Seadgina mravali Txzuleba qristianebisaT-vis, romlebic Seucvlida maT klasikur Txzulebebs. apolinari ufrosma homerosis mibaZviT, egreT wodebul heroikuli leqsis formaSi gadaitana moses wignebi, xolo sozomenis mixedviT, amave leqsis formiT gadaitana mTeli uZvelesi ebrauli istoria sau-lamde da mTeli naSromi dayo 24 nawilad. TiToeuli aRniSna berZnuli anbanis asoTi. saerTod, iRebda Temebs wminda weril-idan, cdilobda, warmoesaxa sxvadasxva saxe uZveles avtorTa qm-

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nilebaTa msgavsad; werda saRmrTo komediebs menandres mibaZviT, tragediebs _ evripides magaliTiT, lirikul leqsebs _ pindares mibaZviT. xolo apolinari umcrosma mociqulTa saqmeebi da epis-toleebi platonis msgavsad gadmogvca saubris formiT. mizani, risTvisac am mwerlebma gamoiyenes leqswyobisa da Txrobis amdeni forma, rogorc ambobs sokrate, iyo is, rom berZnuli enis aranairi saxe qristianebisTvis ucnobi ar yofiliyo.17

meore siria

meore siriis provinciaSi iricxeboda rva eparqia, TiToeuli

eparqiis diocezis manZili udrida 25 km-s. am provinciis gamoyofa pirveli siriidan moxda imperator Teodosius umcrosis dros.

apamea. meore siriis mTavar qalaqad iTvleboda mdinareebis orontessa da marsiis SesarTavTan mdebare apamea. qalaqi daaarsa selevkios nikatorma da apamea uwoda Tavisi meuRlis sapativce-mulod. borcvze ganlagebuli qalaqi kargad iyo bunebrivad daculi. apamea megobrobda, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, antioqi-asTan, laodikeasTan, selevkiasTan; straboni maT `debs~ uwodeb-da. saepiskoposo kaTedra aq mociqulTa droidan daarsebula. qalaqis pirveli episkoposi, gadmocemis mixdviT, swored is aris-tarqe yofila, romelsac pavle mociquli epistoleSi kolasel-Ta mimarT (4, 10) Tavis mokavSires uwodebda. qalaqs amSvenebda mravali mdidrulad mowyobili warmarTuli taZari da amitom warmarTobam aq TviT Teodosius didis mmarTvelobis dromdec ki gastana. qristianebma ver SeZles, warmarTebis Tavdasxmisagan daecvaT TavianTi episkoposi markeli, romelmac wamebiT sikvdi-li iwvnia warmarTuli taZris dangrevisaTvis. qalaqis mimdebare teritoriaze mravlad iyo monasteri. me-5 saukuneSi aq cnobili iyo episkoposi poliqroniosi, Zveli aRTqmis ganmmartebeli, Te-odore mopsuetelis umcrosi Zma.18

17 istoriuli laodikea aris dRevandeli latakea, siriis mTavari por-ti xmelTaSua zRvaze, naxevari milioni mosaxleobiT (red. Sen.). 18 dRes apameadan mxolod grandiozuli kolonada aris darCenili

(red. Sen.).

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antioqiis sapatriarqos miekuTvneboda mcire aziis provinciebi _ kilikia da isavria, romlebic mdebareobdnen mcire aziis samx-reT-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi, xmelTaSua zRvis napirze.

siria.

wm. svimeon mesvetis saxelobis uZvelesi monasteri.

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kilikia

kilikiis provincia mdebareobda siriasa da isavrias Soris,

CrdiloeTiT mas esazRvreboda tavris mTebis jaWvi, xolo samxre-TiT _ xmelTaSua zRva. Teodosius II-is droidan kilikia iyofoda or provinciad: kilikia I da kilikia II. kilikia I dasavleTiT, isavriasTan iyo, kilikia II _ aRmosavleTiT, siriasTan. pirvelSi rva saepiskoposo qalaqi iricxeboda, xolo meoreSi _ aTi. kiliki-is buneba mTagoriani gaxldaT, mosaxleoba umetesad mwyemsobiT iyo dakavebuli. kilikielTa nacionalur xelobas warmoadgenda karvebis gadasafarebeli Salis qsova, ramdenadac iqauri Txis be-wvi gansakuTrebuli xarisxiT gamoirCeoda.19

tarsi. pirveli kilikiis mTavari qalaqi iyo tarsi. tarsele-bi qalaqis damaarseblad Tvlidnen Rormucela sardanapals. qa-laqTan axlos mdgari misi qandakeba imgvarad gamoeZerwaT, TiTqos viRacas wkipurti uTavazao. qandakebis warwerac mis damaxasiaT-ebel sentencias gadmoscemda: `Wame, svi da iybede. sxva danarCens ra fasi aqvs~. es sentencia pavle mociquls moyvanili aqvs korin-TelTa mimarT epistoleSi.

tarsis, anu kilikiis karebis mdebareoba savaWro gzaze, mdinare kidnusis saTaveSi, xmelTaSua zRvis yuresTan, metad momgebiani iyo. tavris mTebis jaWvidan da mis gadaRma olqebidan modinebuli tvirTi Tavs iyrida tarsSi da isic bunebrivad gadaiqca satran-zito savaWro sawyobad. amaze mowmobs tarsis fuli. erTze ga-mosaxulia hermesi qisiT xelSi, sxvaze _ qali, mdinare kidnusis20 simbolo, irgvliv Semowyobili saqonlis sapalneebiT. avgustu-sma gaiTvaliswina qalaqis olqis sidide, udidesi savaWro mniS-vneloba, misTvis kanoniT naboZebi TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba da gaaTavisufla qalaqi xarkisagan da uboZa mas metropoliis sapa-tio wodeba _ amis Semdeg tarsi gamocxadda Tavisufal qalaqad. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas axorcielebda sami saxelmwifo instan-

19 istoriuli kilikiis teritoria mTlianad Seesabameba Tanamedrove TurqeTis raion Cukurovas, ramodenime provinciiT (red. Sen.).20 mdinare kidnusi anu tarsis mdinare – Tanamedrove saxelwodeba:

berdani (red. Sen.).

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cia: heruzia, romlis wevrebi irCeodnen samudamod; sabWo, rome-lic Tavs iyrida weliwadSi orjer, wevrTa cvalebadi Semadgen-lobiT; dabolos, xalxi, romelic monawileobas iRebda eklesiis marTvaSi _ saxalxo krebis formiT. monetebica da werilobiTi wyaroebic mowmoben, rom tarsis samive instanciaSi sakmao erT-sulovneba sufevda, uTanxmoebis sagnad mxolod fulis moWris sakiTxi xdeboda xolme, ris gamoc aq iseve, rogorc sxva patara olqebSi, adgili hqonda intrigebs.

tarsSi ganaTleba maRal safexurze idga. tarseli filoso-fosebi gamoirCeodnen xalasi niWiT, improvizaciis unariTa da az-ris simsubuqiT. magram aqauri sofistebis zneobrivi mxare zustad aleqsandrieli sofistebis zneobisnairi iyo. maTi wvrilmani ka-maTi da ganxeTqileba gamudmebiT aRelvebda qalaqs, strabonis wyalobiT viciT, ra uazrobamde midioda zogjer maTi kinklaoba. `isini javrs epigramebiT iyridnen, da Tu gonebamaxviloba aRar hy-ofnidaT, RamiT sasacilod Txipnidnen mowinaaRmdegeebis saxlebs. akademiuri disputebi xandaxan sisxliani cema-tyepiT sruldebo-da.~ ra Tqma unda, aseTi mdare dapirispireba gasaqans ver misce-mda mecnieruli azrovnebis ganviTarebas da CvenTvis nawilobriv gasagebia, Tu ratom aiTvalwuna pavle mociqulma agrerigad yovelgvari saxis sofistika. da saerTodac, tarselTa zneoba er-Tob dabal safexurze idga. tarselebi sxvebze metad eltvodnen fufunebas, uyvardaT ybedoba, mxiaruleba, brwyinvale samoseli, da garegnul moxdenilobas ufro metad afasebdnen, vidre aTe-nelebi _ sibrZnes. isini Camosxdebodnen xolme mdinare kidnusis napirebze da ase elodnen tkbobas. wyalSi mainc CadiT, aqi-likebda maT apolonios tianeli, egeba, wyalma dagaTroTo.

tarsis maxloblad gardaicvala imperatori konstanci.qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi qalaq tarss metad SesaniS-

navi faqti ukavSirdeba. aq daibada da gaatara bavSvoba wminda pavle mociqulma. tarsSi qristianuli sarwmunoeba dasawyisSive gavrcelebula. ukve ierusalimis samociqulo krebis dadgenilebiT iyvnen mivlinebulni sagangebo pirebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, da maT Soris, tarsSic, raTa iqauri qristianuli TemebisaTvis euwyebinaT krebis gadawyvetilebebi. tarsis pirveli episkoposi, iasoni, iyo pavle mociqulis TanaSemwe (rom. 6, 21). meore episkoposi urbanic, aseve, pavle mociqulma daadgina. devnis dros tarsSi mravali

135


adamiani awames. aq me-3-4 ss-Si wamebiT aResrulnen: episkoposi aTanase (xseneba 22 agvistos); qalwuli pelagia (xseneba 4 maiss); provosi da andronike (xseneba 12 oqtombers); kvirike da ivlita (xseneba 15 ivliss); iuliane, cnobili ioane oqropiris mier war-moTqmuli qebis wyalobiT (xseneba 21 ivniss); da lukiane (xseneba 3 ivniss). momdevno periodis tarsis episkoposTa Soris gansa-kuTrebiT gamoirCeoda diodore tarseli. arianuli SfoTis dros diodore iyo presviteri da maswavlebeli antioqiaSi. rodesac ariozis uwminduri moSurne valenti Camovida antioqiaSi, daiwyo marTlmadidebelTa devna da man Sors, gadasaxlebaSi gaaZeva an-tioqiis episkoposi meleti. antioqiis eklesiis is nawili, romelic meletis aRiarebda episkoposad, presviterebis xelmZRvanelobis amarad darCa. maT Soris RvawliT gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli iyo diodore. is, rogorc mociqulTa sadari cxovrebis kaci, saRmrTo saqmis mxurvale moSurne, saxarebis WeSmaritebis mtkice damcveli, farTo Tvalsawieris mqone, miT ufro _ RmrTismetyvelebaSi, gan-sakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da pativiT sargeblobda antioqiel qristianTa wreSi. Raribsa da uqonels mudmivi Weric ara hqonia, meletis gaZevebis Semdeg dadioda kardakar, yvelas amxnevebda, anugeSebda da Seagonebda. marTlmadidebelTa devnis dros is erTi dadga yvelas damcvelad, rogorc maRali da uZleveli klde, amsxvrevda, musravda eretikosTa yovelgvar xlarTebs da icavda eklesiis simSvides. aranaklebad cnobili iyo diodore, ro-gorc qristiani axalgazrdobis maswavlebeli da ganmanaTlebeli. sulier ganaTlebasa da saTno cxovrebas mowyurebuli mravali qristiani iyrida masTan Tavs da misi xelmZRvenelobiT ewafeboda wminda werils. diodorem 600-mde wigni SeTxza, romlebSic wmin-da werilis arsia gaxsnili. ieronimes SefasebiT, diodore evsevi emeselis meTodiT aswavlida da masve utoldeboda seriozulo-biT, Tumca, CamorCeboda mWevrmetyvelebiT, raki cota mogvianebiT daeufla saero mecnierebas. basili didi axsenebs diodores or wigns da aqebs misi sityvis sicxades, sisadavesa da ubraloebas, rogoric Seefereba wesier qristians, raki wers ara Tavis war-mosaCenad, aramed _ saerTo sargeblobisaTvis. aseTive ganwyobiT esaubreboda diodore mowafeebs da maTTan erTad kiTxulobda saRmrTo werilis wignebs. erideboda RmrTis sityvis ganmarteba-Si ukiduresobebs, radgan aseTi xerxiT wminda werilSi gadmocemu-

136


li naTqvamebi da ambebi xSirad namdvilis saxeebad da aCrdilad gadaqceula da maTTvis ucxo da miuRebeli mniSvneloba SeuZenia, Tavad ganmmarteblis gamogoneba romaa. sxvaTa Soris, diodores mowafeebi iyvnen wm. ioane oqropiri, Teodore _ SemdgomSi mop-suestiis episkoposi, da flavianosi _ SemdgomSi antioqiis epis-koposi. wm. ioane oqropiri yovelTvis RmrTis madlieri iyo da sxvebsac amisken mouwodebda, radgan im areulobis Jams ufalma uboZa maT aseTi brZeni mama da maswavlebeli. 379 w-s. meleti antioqielma daasxna xelni diodores tarsis episkoposad. epis-koposad yofnisas diodore aqtiur monawileobas iRebda mTels saeklesio saqmeSi da antioqiis sapatriarqos yvelaze gamoCeni-li warmomadgeneli iyo. konstantinopolis msoflio krebam, ro-melsac diodore eswreboda, daavala mas moexsenebina antioqiis eklesiisaTvis msoflio krebis saqmianoba, gaemZlavrebina marTl-madidebloba da daemxo mwvalebloba. momdevno wels imave kre-bis mamebma, axlad rom Seikribnen konstantinopolSi, diodores rekomendaciiT akurTxes warmoSobiT kilikieli neqtariosi kon-stantinopolis arqiepiskoposad. dabolos, meleti antioqielis gardacvalebis Semdeg, TviT diodorem akurTxa mis nacvlad fla-viane. am faqtebidan kargad Cans, raoden mniSvnelovan figuras warmoadgenda eklesiaSi diodore. Tumca mogvianebiT diodore gakicxes misi swavlebis gamo: raki misdia apolinaris cTomas da Seiqna nestorianelTa winamorbedi. amitom mexuTe msoflio saeklesio krebam damsaxurebulad gakicxa is Tavis mowafe Te-odore mopsuetis episkoposTan da iba edeselTan erTad.21

anazarbi. meore kilikiis mTavar qalaqad da metropoliad iTvleboda qalaqi anazarbi, romelic amave saxelwodebis mTasTan axlos mdebareobda da 100 km-iT iyo dacilebuli zRvidan. mas agreTve uwodebdnen kesarias. prokofi anazarbs kilikiis yvelaze gamoCenil qalaqad Tvlida. misive mowmobiT, iustiniane ufrosis dros qalaqi meoTxed daingra sastiki miwisZvris Sedegad, magram aRdgenili iqna da ewoda iustinopolisi. anazarbel episkoposTa rigi iwyeba ariozis eresis droidan da grZeldeba me-11 saukunem-

21 tarsi – dRevandeli TurqeTis qalaqi Tarsusi mersinis provinciaSi, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze (red. Sen.).

137


de. anazarbis pirveli episkoposi, morisi, iyo lukiane aRmsareb-lis mowafe da ariozis yvelaze mxurvale mimdevari.22

mopsuestia. meore kilikiis meore SesaniSnav qalaqad iTvle-boda mopsuestia. prokofis mowmobiT, is daaarsa qurumma mopsma. qalaqi mdebareobda mdinare piramusze,23 romelic gars ertymoda mas da iyo misi mSvenieri samkauli. qristianobis pirvel sauku-neSi mopsuestelebis ajanyebis gamo qalaqi nangrevebSi aRmoCnda. magram SemdgomSi aRdga, ayvavda da Tavisufal qalaqad iqca. rogorc Cans, qalaqs imperatori adriane gansakuTrebiT mfarve-lobda, amaze miuTiTebs monetebze amotvifruli saxelwodeba: adriano-mopsuestia. am qalaqis episkoposTa Soris eklesiis isto-riaSi gansakuTrebiT cnobilia Teodore mopsuesteli, nestorian-uli Sexedulebis erT-erTi pirveli mqadagebeli. Teodore war-moSobiT antioqieli iyo da episkoposad kurTxevamde antioqiaSi presviterad msaxurobda. ioane oqropirTan erTad swavlobda di-odores xelmZRvanelobiT. adre Teodore, wm. ioanes msgavsad or-ator libaniosTan dadioda gakveTilebze, mondomebiT swavlobda Zvel berZnul literaturas da emzadeboda saero samsaxurisaT-vis. magram Semdeg, ioane oqropiris magaliTiT, manac monazvnuri, ganmartoebuli cxovreba arCia. mgznebare Teodore dasawyisSi araCveulebrivi TavgamodebiT Seudga mkacr monazvnur cxovrebas, yvelas aocebda sikeTisadmi swrafviT. mTeli misi moSurneoba garegani sibrZnisadmi axla RmrTis sityvis Seswavlisaken miiq-ca. mTels dReebs kiTxvaSi atarebda, mTels Rameebs _ locvaSi. magram es wminda mimarTuleba didxans ver SeinarCuna. mis gul-Si RmrTisadmi mijnurobis adgili am qveynisadmi sevdam daikava, da iCqara, dabruneboda Zvel, amao cxovrebas, axalgazrdisaTvis macdunebels garTobiTa da maRal wreSi trialiT. erTi qal-wulis silamaziT moxiblulma daqorwineba gadawyvita. am gad-awyvetilebam metad atkina guli mis megobrebs da, gansakuTrebiT _ ioanes, romelic mis mimarT mxurvale siaxloves grZnobda. am

22 anazarbi sabolood egviptis mamluqTa imperiam gaanadgura 1374 w-s. cixe-qalaqis nangrevebi dRes TurqTis Cukurovas raionis adanas provincia-Sia, mis maxloblad aris patara sofeli dilekkaia (red. Sen.). 23 mdinare piramusi, Tanamedrove saxelwodeba _ jeihani, mdebareobs

samxreT TurqeTSi, Caedineba xmelTaSua zRvaSi (red. Sen).

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erTgulebam aiZula ioane oqropiri, misTvis ori baraTi gaegzavna, romlebSic emudareboda Teodores, mietovebina abneuli cxovreba erSi da dabruneboda mSvidobian ganmartoebas megobrebis wreSi. am werilebis wakiTxvis Semdeg Teodorem naTlad gaiazra Tavisi mdgomareobis saSiSroeba, igrZno amqveyniur siamovnebaTa amaoeba da daubrunda Zvel, mosagre cxovrebas. am ambiT damSvidebuli da gaxarebli Teodores megobrebi masTan erTad Seudgnen axal moR-vaweobas. cxovrobdnen erTsulovnad, icavdnen da mxarSi udgnen erTmaneTs siyvaruliT, dros Aatarebdnen RamisTevaSi, locvebSi, saTno fiqrebsa da saubrebSi, da gulmodgined agrZelebdnen Rm-rTis sityvis Seswavlas. rodesac saxeli gaiTqva ganswavlulo-biT, Teodore akurTxes mopsuestis episkoposad. aq man 36 weli (391-427 ww.) dahyo da agrZelebda mecnierul Sromas. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze man 600 Txzuleba dawera. magram vinaidan misi azrebi axlos iyo im dros eklesiaSi warmoSobil nestori-anelTa cTomasTan, mexuTe msoflio saeklesio krebam gakicxa is, rogorc eretikosi da misi saxeli amoSales mopsuestis eklesiis diptixebidan.24

24 mopsuestia – Sua saukuneebSi qalaqs erqva mamistra. me-15 s-dan, Turqebis batonobis qveS, is aris sofeli misisi, 1960 wels kvlav gadaerqva saxeli da gaxda iakapinari, mdebareobs TurqeTis samxreTiT, adanas provin-ciaSi (red. Sen.).

139


kilikia.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, aq iqadaga pirvelad

wm. petre mociqulma

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isavria

provincia isavria mdebareobda kilikiasa da pamfilias Soris. es saxelwodeba provinciam miiRo aq mdebare Zveli qalaqis, isav-riisagan an amave saxelis matarebeli ori soflisgan. SemdgomSi isavriis mTavar qalaqad iqca selevkia, romelic odesRac emi-jneboda mas. amis gamo mTlianad isavria, romelic uwin lika-onias, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos provincias, miekuTvneboda, kilikiasTan erTad miuerTda antioqiis sapatriarqos. es moxda nikeis krebis Semdeg da gagrZelda mxolod imperator leon isavrielamde, romelic warmoSobiT iyo isavriidan. imperatorma gaiTvaliswina antioqiis olqis mZime mdgomareoba sarkinozebis Tavdasxmebis gamo da isavriis provincia kvlav dauqvemdebara konstantinopolis sapatriarqos. isavriis qveynis buneba mTiani iyo, mis SuagulSi miedineboda mdinare celidoniumi. mosaxleo-bis umetes nawils zRvaosnoba SeeZlo da mekobreobas misdevda. saepiskoposo qalaqebi isavriaSi ise cota iyo, rogorc arsad sxvagan, saxeldobr, ocdaaTi, da isavriis episkoposebi eklesiis cxovrebis aqtiuri monawileni iyvnen. nestorianuli SfoTis dros isini marTlmadideblebTan dadgnen.25

selevkia. isavriis mTavari qalaqi selevkia mdebareobda zR-vasTan axlos, mdinare celidonze da mravalmxriv iyo cnobili, ise rom, didebiT tarss ar Camouvardeboda. qristianoba selevkiaSi Seitana wm. mowame Teklam, romelic, gadmocemiT, pavle mociqu-lis mowafe yofila. selevkiis pirveli episkoposic, aseve, pavle mociqulis mowafe artemoni iyo. magram selevkiis episkoposTa uwyveti rigi iwyeba I msoflio saeklesio krebis Semdeg da gr-Zeldeba VI msoflio saeklesio krebamde.

isavriaSi, ise rogorc ierusalimis sapatriarqos iordanes gadaRma olqSi, iyo aTi qalaqis kavSiri _ dekapolisi. aq saxeli gaiTqves prokofi aRmsarebelma leon somexis dros da grigol dekapolelma me-9 saukuneSi.26

25 isavriis provinciis sazRvrebi daaxloebiT emTxveva dRevandeli bozkiris raions TurqeTis konias provinciaSi, qveynis samxreTiT (red.Sen.).26 antikuri selevkiis adgili dRes daaxl. 1 kilometrzea Turqul

sofel bukaqSeihleridan, antaliis provinciaSi. is gorakze mdebareobs da

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antioqiis sapatriarqos

aRmosavleTis provinciebi

a) evfratis provincia. evfratis provincias miekuTvneboda ori olqi, romelTac odesRac sxva saxelwodebiT icnobdnen: kom-agene da kirosi. komagenes olqi mdebareobda evfratis marjvena napirze, sadac ganlagebuli iyo mravali SesaniSnavi qalaqi, gan-sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani uZveles xanaSi. magram romis batonobis dros maTi dideba cotaoden gafermkrTalda. imperatori iustin-iane sparseTTan omis gamo iZulebuli Seiqna, evfratis napirze mdebare qalaqebi gaemagrebina. evfrtis provinciis meore olqi kirosi, romelsac saxeli aq mdebare qalaq kirosis gamo ewoda, siriasTan ufro axlos iyo; romis batonobis dros am olqis qa-laqebi ufro yvaodnen, vidre komagenes olqisa, rac gamowveuli iyo maTi siaxloviT antioqiasTan.

samosati. komagenes mTavari qalaqi samosati mdebareobda ev-fratis napirze, mTebis maxloblad. strabonis mixedviT, is Tavad bunebas gaemagrebina. es raioni patara iyo, magram sakmaod nayof-ieri. flaviosi am qalaqs uwodebs dids. magram flaviosis droi-dan mokidebli qalaqi Zlierebas kargavs. manamde samosati koma-genes samefos dedaqalaqi iyo, es mefeebi selevkidebis dinastiidan momdinareobdnen. romis gabatonebiT aRmosavleTSi maT dakarges qveyanaze Zalaufleba, Tumca mefis tituls kvlav atarebdnen. misi ukanaskneli mefis, antioqos IV-is beds aRgviwers ioseb fla-viosi. romis iudeasTan omis dros antioqosis jari unda SeerTe-boda romis jars. omis damTavrebis Semdeg romis mTavarsardalma brali dasdo komagenes mefes romis Zalauflebis sawinaaRmdego zraxvebSi. antioqosi iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceuliyo samosatidan, magram gzaSi daiWires da borkildadebuli romSi gagzavnes. es moxda 72 wels. romis mTavrobis mier Serisxulsa da gadasaxle-bul samosatis mkvidrTa Soris iyo vinme mariusi, romlis `wer-ilSi Tavisi vaJis, serafionisadmi~, vkiTxulobT: `rodesac qa-laqi didebiT sufevda, mravalTa siyvaruls imsaxurebda.… axla

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis miuxedavad misi umetesi nawili kvlav FfiWvis tyes uWiravs (red. Sen.).

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ki, agrZelebs avtori, roca zogierTebi ZalmomreobiT gvdevnian, amisTvis isini daisjebian. Cven vuCveneT maT erTguleba, da isic, rom borotganzraxviT ara varT imperiasTan. magram Tu romaelebi samSobloSi dabrunebis nebas dagvrTaven, maSin isini daimsaxure-ben samarTlianis saxels, maTi qveyanac isiamovnebs mSvidobiT. dae, gagvaTavisuflon da Cven mzada varT, davemorCiloT maT Zalas.~ am amonarididan cxadia, rom samosatis olqi Serisxuli iyo romis mTavrobis mier.

cnobili ar aris, rodis gavrcelda samosatSi qristianuli sarwmunoeba. meore saukuneSi aq cxovrobda qristianuli religi-is didi mteri _ filosofosi lukiane samosateli, romelmac Tavis nawarmoebSi peregrinus proteosze27 ganusjelad dascina qriatianTa Zmur siyvarulsa da ltolvas mowameobrivi aRsas-rulisadmi. mesame saukuneSi samosatSi warmoiSva meore mteri WeSmariti qristianuli swavlebisa _ pavle samosateli. man ar ikmara iseT ubralo, patara qalaqSi moRvaweoba, rogoric iyo maSin samosati, da met didebas daewafa. pavle, rogorc viciT, gadasaxlda antioqiaSi, gaxda episkoposi da am wodebaSi myofma gaavrcela aq antitrinitarebis eretikuli swavleba.

27 laparakia lukiane samosatelis nawarmoebze `peregrinusis sikvdi-li.~ lukiane samosateli (daaxl. 125-180 ww.) iyo berZnulenovani oratori da

satirikosi, warmoSobiT sirieli. mis kalams 80-ze meti nawarmoebi miew-ereba: filosofiuri dialogebi, biografiuli da saTavgadasavlo romanebi. amasTan, yvela misi naweri aris parodia da daundobeli satira. miiCneva erT-erT pirvel romanistad dasavlur civilizaciaSi, samecniero fantas-tikis pirvel avtorad. misi yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebebia: `namdvili am-bavi~, sadac moTxrobilia mTvaresa da veneraze gafrenasa da varskvlavur omebze, `RmerTebis dialogi~ da `mkvdrebis dialogi~. peregrinus proteusi realurad arsebuli berZeni kinikosi filosofosi

iyo q.parionidan. adreul asakSi palestinel qristianTa TemSi cxovrobda, iqidan gaaZeves mamis mkvlelobaSi braldebiT, Semdeg damkvidrda saberZneT-Si. sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula 165 wlis olimpiuri TamaSebisas, jer sityva warmoTqva sakuTar sikvdilze da Semdeg samsxverplo koconSi gadaeSva. mis satirul biografias warmoadgens lukianes `peregrinusis sik-vdili~. avtori gansakuTrebiT qristianobas aqilikebs. ai, Tavad lukianes Sesaxeb ras wers svidas leqsikoni: `lukiane samosateli RmrTismgmobad da borotsityvad iwodeba, radganac Tavis dialogebSi dascinis RvTaebas. cxovrobda imperator traianes da mis memkvidreTa dros. Tavidan advokati iyo. bevrs werda. amboben, rom ZaRlebs dauglejiaT, radgan WeSmaritebas ebrZoda. da marTlac, `peregrinusis cxovrebaSi~ is Tavs esxmis qristianebs da es uwminduri Tavad qrites Seuracxyofs. am cofiani TavdasxmebisTvis iwvnia Sesaferi sasjeli amqveynad, da momavalSic maradiul cecxls moim-kis.~ (red. Sen.).

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me-3 saukuneSive samosatSi daibada da moRvaweobda cnobili antioqiuri qristianuli mecnierebis damaarsebeli lukiane, Sem-dgomSi antioqiis presviteri. samosatis episkoposebi cnobilni xdebian mxolod konstantine didis droidan. magram am drosac samosatis episkoposebi (garda evsevisa, romelic amxelda arian-elebs valentis dros), ufro TanaugrZnobdnen eklesiaSi war-moSobil mwvaleblobebs, vidre marTal swavlebas. maT Soris gansakuTrebulia andria samosateli, romelic Teodorite kvire-lTan erTad TanaugrZnobda nestors, Tumca Teodorites CamorCe-boda ganaTlebiT. sxvaTa Soris, simxdalis gamo man uari ganacxada efesoSi wasvlaze nestoris saqmis dasacavad.

mwvalebloba samosatSi gavrcelebuli iyo efrem asuris dro-sac. erTxel, rodesac efremi kesariidan edesaSi midioda samosa-tis gavliT, qalaqis SesasvlelSi erTma mwvalebelma SeniSna. Tavxedurad aigdo masxrad Raribi beri da saxeSic ki gaartya. ma-gram samosatSi iyvnen RvTismoSiSi keTilmsaxurnic. aseTebi iyvnen wminda daniel mesvete Trakieli († 489 w-s.) da Rirsi rabbula me-6 saukuneSi. me-9 saukuneSi mahmadianTa darbevebisa da sxva ubedurebebis gamo qalaqi samosati qalaq amidasTan erTad erTi episkoposis mmarTvelobis qveS moeqca. am dros (810 w.) samosati gaxda pavlikianelTa centri, romlsac konstantine somexi uZRve-boda.28

hierapolisi. mTeli evfratis provinciis metropolia da kireis olqis mTavari qalaqi iyo hierapolisi. am qalaqSi gansa-kuTrebulad eTayvanebodnen siriis qalRmerTs, amitomac daarqva selevkosma mas wminda qalaqi, anu hierapolisi. mosaxerxebeli mdebareobis gamo es qalaqi, marcelinusis gadmocemiT, romis mTav-robam mTeli evfratis provinciis metropoliad aqcia da amiT is Zvel qalaq samosatze ufro mniSvnelovani Seiqna. prokofic hierapoliss uwodebs mTavarsa da qveynis umniSvnelovanes qa-laqs. hierapolisis mitropolitTagan aRsaniSnavia aleqsandre,

28 uZvelesi qalaqi samosati md. evfratis zemo welze mdebareobda. Cvens dromde patara dabis saxiT moaRwia. Tumca antikuri samosati mTeli misi ZeglebiT aTaTurqis saxelobis udidesi kaSxalis mSeneblobas Seewira, rac 1983-dan 1990 wlamde grZeldeboda. samosati mTlianad dafara wyalma 1989 w-s, xolo misi mcxovreblebi iqve axlos, axladaSenebul dasaxleba samsatSi gadaiyvanes (red. Sen.).

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nestoris mxurvale damcveli. mitropolit aleqsandres ar sur-da kirile aleqsandrielTan urTierToba, vinaidan eWvobda, rom is apolinaris swavlebis mimdevari iyo. amis gamo is swerda Tavisi mitropoliis episkoposebs, rom umal kidurebs moikveTda, vidre uars ityoda Tavis Sexedulebebze: Tu undaT, movidnen da sxva dasvan Cems adgilzeo. netari Teodorites Txovnaze, mieRo wm. kiriles swavleba, man ase miswera: `gTxov, nu iwuxeb Tavs. me ar vuyureb, ras akeTeben kilikielebi da isavrielebi. Tund aRsdges yvela, vinc ki sicocxlis dasawyisidan dabadebula da egviptel-Ta swavlebas uwodos keTilmsaxureba, CemTvis mainc RmrTisagan naboZebi Cemi codna ufro utyuaria~.

hierapolisis me-8 episkoposi filoqsene an qsenaia, warmoSobiT sparsi, xeldasmuli petre fulonis mier, iyo monoTelitobisa da xatmbrZolobis pirveli mqadagebeli. cnobilia ramodenime wmin-dani, romlebic ierapolisis olqSi me-4 s-Si gandiddnen.29

kirosi. saeklesio istoriis TvalsazrisiT kirosis olqis meo-re mniSvnelovan qalaqad iTvleboda kirosi. Teodorites mow-mobiT, is dacilebuli iyo antioqiidan CrdiloeTiT ori dRis savalze, anu 70 romis miliT (100 km.). amboben, es ori qalaqi aaSenes babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebulma iudevelebma da qa-laqsac uwodes maTi ganmanTavisuflebelis, kirosis saxeli. mTavar gzebs dacilebuli qalaqi mcirericxovani da Raribi iyo. mosax-leobas ar SeeZlo xarkis gadaxda da amitom isini tovebdnen iqaurobas. qalaqis keTildReoba daiwyo am qalaqis episkoposis, netari Teodorites dros. uangaro moZRvari kmayofildeboda mxolod aucilebeliT. Teodorites sityviT, eklesiis msaxurebi arasodes sZalavdnen ucxos pursa Tu kvercxs. piriqiT, Teodorite eklesiis xarjiTa da sakuTari saxsrebiT qvelmoqmedebas eweoda qalaqSi, aaSena ori xidi, daxuruli talanebi, aRadgina sazogado abanoebi, uwylo ubnebSi gaiyvana wyalsadeni, wyaldidobisgan dam-cavi arxebi, sxvadasxva qveynidan moiwvia eqimebi (magaliTad, ale-qsandriidan Camoiyvana saeqimo saqmeSi daxelovnebuli mRvdeli),

29 antikuri ierapolisis Tanamedrove saxelwodebaa famuq-qale. qalaq-is nangrevebi samxreT-dasavleT TurqeTSi, q.denizlidan 17 kilometrSia. ierapolisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi da famuq-qales Termuli wyaroebi da travertinebi iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSia (red. Sen.).

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mxatvrebi, xelosnebi. qalaqis uflebebisa da privilegiebis gaz-rdis Taobaze Suamdgomlobda imperatorTan, dedofal pulxe-riasTan da sxva didebulebTan. dabolos, man Tavis mrevlSi iseTi simSvide da siyvaruli daamyara, rom misi episkoposobis dros ar wamoWrila arc erTi sadavo sakiTxi. piriqiT, yvela cdilobda, erTmaneTs gajibreboda qvalmoqmedebaSi.

kidev ufro gandidda qalaqi iustinianes dros. am xelmwifem scno qalaq kirosis mniSvneloba imperiisaTvis, albaT, ufro im-itom, rom aq iyo kozmasa da damianes neStebi, amitomac gaamagra es qalaqi kedlebiT da gaamSveniera taZrebiT. kirosis taZarTa Soris gamoirCeoda kozmasa da damianes taZari, aRwerili Te-odorites mier. kirosSi iyo kidev erTi taZari, wm. dionises saxelobisa, Rvawlmosili iulianes aSenebuli. netari Teodor-ites mzrunvelobiT kirosSi Tavmoyrili iqna mravali siwminde _ patriarqTa, winaswarmetyvelTa, mociqulTa nawilebi siriis, pal-estinis, finikiis sxvadasxva adgilidan, rac pativiT iyo dasven-ebuli axlad aSenebul taZrebSi. kvirosis eparqia mdidari iyo eklesiebiT, aq 800-mde samrevlo arsebobda. qalaqs hyavda Tavisi wamebulebic. imperator iulianes dros aq ewama wminda dometio-si ori mowafiTurT. rodesac imperatori laSqriT wavida antio-qiidan sparseTis winaaRmdeg, gzad kirosis olqSi ixila wminda dometiosi mowafeebTan erTad, romlebic mRvimeSi damkvidrebu-liyvnen. gaRizienebulma imiT, rom yoveli mxridan moedineboda moRvawesTan uamravi xalxi daxmarebis saTxovnelad, brZana, qvebiT amoeqolaT mRvime da amgvarad gamoasalma sicocxles keTilmsax-uri beri da misi mowafeebi.

qalaq kirosis midamoebSi kidev mravali sxva moRvawe mos-agreobda, ganTqmulni siwmindiTa da saswaulebiT. zog maTgans cocxals veRar miuswro netarma Teodoritem, sxvebs piradad ic-nobda. rogorc gardacvlilebze, ise Tavis TanamedroveTa Ses-axeb mogviTxro man Tavis `RmrTismoyvareTa istoriaSi~. swored kirosis maxloblad moRvaweobdnen: mavsima, mari, maroni, zevini, poliqroniosi (SemdgomSi apameas episkoposi), akepsimosi, domnine, iakob gandegili da abraami (SemdgomSi karis30 episkoposi). magram kirosis samwysoSi mravlad iyvnen eretikosebic. aq SemorCeni-

30 qalaqi kari _ uZvelesi qarani, sadac cxovrobda abraami, mdebareob-da osrohenas provinciaSi, kirosidan aRmosavleTiT, 80 km-ze.

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li iyo zogierTi gnostikuri seqta. netari Teodorite yovel Rones mimarTavda maT aRmosafxvrelad. man amoiRo tatianosis mier damaxinjebuli 200-mde oTxTavi da Secvala isini axali da Seuryvneli saxarebebiT. rva sofelSi gabatonebuli iyo markio-nis mwvalebloba. netarma Teodoritem maTgan 10 000 markioniti moaqcia. kirosis eparqiaSi sxva mwvaleblebic cxovrobdnen. mag-aliTad, ori sofeli savse iyo arianelebiTa da evnomianelebiT, romelTa marTlmadideblebad moqcevac, aseve, RmrTis wyalobiT, moaswro kirosis netarma mRvdelmTavarma. eretikosebTan brZola did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda da metad saxifaTo iyo: `mravaljer, wers is, damiRvria sisxli, mravaljer usvriaT CemTvis qvebi~ ere-tikosTa moqcevaSi warmatebas netari Teodorite gandegilebisa da wmindanebis meoxebas miawers, romelTa wminda nawilebs pa-tivs miagebdnen mis qalaqSi. am adgilobriv saqmianobasTan erTad netarma Teodoritem dagvitova SesaniSnavi naSromebi eklesi-is istoriisa da RvTismetyvelebis Sesaxeb. Tumca es gamoCenili eklesiis moRvawe nestorianelTa da monofizitTa areulobis Jams, Tavdapirvelad nestoris mxurvale damcvelad gvevlineboda. nestorisadmi siyvaruli kirosis eklesiaSi Teodorites Semdegac didxans gagrZelda. ase magaliTad, kirosis me-7 episkoposma sergim nestori wmindanad Seracxa da mis saxseneblad sagangebo dResas-wauli daafuZna. kirosis ukanaskneli, me-8 episkoposi, saxelad aseve sergi, romelic iustines dros cxovrobda, 518 wels gadaasaxles.31

germanicia. amave kirosis olqSi, siriisa da kapadokiis sazR-varze, mTa amanis maxloblad, mdebareobda qalaqi germanicia. ari-anelTa areulobis dros am qalaqis episkoposi evdoqsi am crus-wavlebas TavgamodebiT icavda. SemdgomSi is antioqiis, dabolos _ konstantinopolis episkoposi gaxda. misi mcdelobis Sedegad am cruswavlebas qalaqSi bevri mimdeveri gauCnda; da momdevno epis-koposs, stefanes, didi Sroma dasWirda, raTa moqalaqeni marTlma-dideblebad moeqcia. sxvaTa Soris, germaniciidan iyo warmoSobiT Tavad nestori, magram am qalaqis episkoposebi ufro naklebad TanaugrZnobdnen mis moZRvrebas, vidre am olqis sxva episkoposebi

31 antikuri kirosis nangrevebi dRes mdebareobs CrdiloeT siriaSi, TurqeTis sazRvarTan, alepodan daaxl. 70 km-is daSorebiT (red. Sen.).

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da am ukanasknelebze adre daubrundnen marTlmadideblobas.32

mesopotamia. mdinare evfratsa da tigross Soris mdebareob-da mesopotamia (SuamdinareTi). mesopotamia uxvmosavlian msxmoi-are baRs mogagonebdaT. mdinare evfrati da tigrosi saTaves aR-mosavleT TurqeTSi, tavris mTebSi, iReben, kveTen mas da sakmaod maRal tramalebze miedinebian, rasac erTferovnad, morigeobiT enacvleba qviani borcvebi da tbebi. mdinareTa napirebi ki kvipa-rosebiTa da sxva xeebiTaa dafaruli. rac ufro dabldeba mxare, miT ganze ifanteba msxmoiare baRebi, xolo mdinareTa Sua sivrce xrioki da ukacrieli xdeba. aq mxolod momTabare mwyemsebi cxov-roben, da kidev _ virebis veluri jogebi, siraqlemisa da savaTis33

gundebi. egviptis msgavsad, es uwvimo qveyanac yovelwliurad am orive mdinaris gadmosvliT irwyveba. magram es wyaldidoba ni-losis msgavsad zomieri rodia! tigrosi xSirad didi xniT faravs bars wyliT da Tvaluwvdenel, boboqar zRvad gadaiqceva.

qristes sjuli aq pirvelsave saukuneSi uqadagiaT, xolo sab-olood qristes eklesia me-4 saukuneSi, episkopos wm. maruTa tagritelis dros damkvidrda. mesopotamiis olqi iyofoda or provinciad: osrohena, romelic evfratis marcxena napirze mde-bareobda da sakuTriv mesopotamia, tigrosis marjvena napirze mdebare. orTave provincia erTad Teqvsmet eparqias moicavda.

osrohena. osrohenas provincia evfratis marcxena napirze mdebareobda da ase misi erT-erTi pirveli mTavris, ozros saxelis mixedviT ewoda. es provincia didi xani iyo arabTa mmarTvelobis qveS da mas arabeTadac ixseniebdnen. osrohenas Tavadebs iqaur enaze avgarosebs eZaxdnen.

edesa. osrohenas provinciis mTavari qalaqi iyo edesa. es qa-laqi nebroTs dauarsebia. uwin mas uwodebdnen araxs, Semdgom _ antioqias, edesa ki makedonelebma daarqves, rodesac is aleqsan-dre makedonelma daipyro, mSobliuri makedonuri qalaqis, edesis mosagoneblad. bolos imperatorma iustinianem uboZa mas axali

32 antikuri germaniciis adgilze dRes aris naxevarmilioniani Turqu-li qalaqi qahramanmaraSi, qveynis samxreTiT (red. Sen.).33 savaTi – didi zomis frinveli, werosnairTa rigisa (red. Sen.).

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saxeli _ iustinopolisi, rodesac wyaldidobis Semdeg axlad aRadgina. 612 w-s. edesa daipyres sparselebma da Semdeg, maleve _ mahmadianebma.

qristianobis matianeSi qalaqi edesa cnobilia misi mTavris, anu avgarosis qristes sjulisadmi moSurneobiT. aq inaxeboda avga-rosisadmi ieso qristes sapasuxo werili. aqedan gaiTqva saxeli xelTuqmnelma qristes gamosaxulebam. aq iyo damarxuli Tavad maxarebeli mociquli Tadeozi, romelmac rwmeniT gananaTla av-garosi. efrem asuri edesas RmerTis mier kurTxeul qalaqs, moci-qulTa bages uwodebs. Tadeoz mociquls, gadmocemiT, ori mowafe hyolia _ morisi da agisi; isini moRvaweobdnen am mxareSi Tadeoz-Tan erTad da mis Semdegac. meore saukunis dasawyisSi am qalaqis episkoposad iyo wminda barsuma (xsenebis dRe 30 ianvars), romel-mac mosaxleobis didi nawili moaqcia, moamzada isini wamebisaTvis da TviTonac wamebiT aResrula traianes dros. am imperatorma sparsTa winaaRmdeg laSqrobisas antioqiaSi msjavri dasdo wm. egnates da, ueWvelia, edesaSic gaaCaRa qristianTa devna. barsumas garda traianis Jams edesaSi awames sarbilosi da bibeosi (orives xseneba 15 oqtombers). meore saukuneSi edesaSi, avgaros bar manus sasaxleSi cxovrobda gnostikosi bardesani, kaci ganswavluli da niWieri poeti. mas didi gavlena hqonda avgarosze da am ukanask-nelma misi CagonebiT akrZala cibelasadmi miZRvnili usircxvilo zeimebi, monetebzec mis dros baalis kultis amsaxveli sagnebis nacvlad jvari iWreboda. deciosis dros aq ewamnen galaktioni da epistimia (xsenebis dRe 5 noembers), diokletianes dros _ guri, samoni da abibo (xseneba 15 noembers). saerTod, qristianul sarw-munoebas edesaSi, oqropiris mowmobiT, gacilebiT meti mimdevari hyavda, vidre imperiis sxva qalaqebSi. diokletianes devnis xanaSi edesaSi eZebdnen TavSesafars imperiis sxva kuTxeebidan devnili qristianebi. am dros edesis episkoposma kononosma qalaqSi didi akldama moawyo. edesa iyo erTi im qalaqTagani, sadac ar Sery-eula keTilmsaxureba iulianes drosac ki. sparseTSi laSqro-bis dros, rodesac mesopotamiaze gadadioda, iulianem marcxniv Camoitova es keTilmsaxuri qalaqi, Tumca Tavi ver Seikava, rom ar gamoexata siZulvili edeselebis mimarT, rodesac amis Sesa-Zlebloba mieca. valentinis mimdevrebma, savaraudod, bardesanis skolidan, saCivriT mimarTes mas edesis taZrebis SeuracxyofisaT-

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vis. iulianem isargebla am SemTxveviT da edesis eklesias Camoar-Tva saganZuri da eklesiis kuTvnili uZravi qonebac miiTvisa. am dros ar daviwyebia, Cveuli sarkazmiT daecina `saxarebiseuli siglaxakis~ netarebaze. iulianes dros edesaSi evno gemelius paflagoneli (xseneba 10 dekembers). me-2 saukunis dasasrulidan edesaSi gavrcelda gnostikuri mcTaroba, upiratesad, swavlu-li bardesanis meSveobiT, romelsac efrem asuri maxvilgoniers uwodebda. bardesani cnobili iyo Tavisi brZoliT astrologiis swavlebis winaaRmdeg adamianis bedze planetebis zegavlenasTan dakavSirebiT, magram TviTon qadagebda gnostikur swavlebas ori sawyisis Sesaxeb. Tavis swavlebas is gadmoscemda poeturi formiT, werda momxiblavi eniT, Tavissave gamogonili saleqso sazomebiT. man 150 simRera dawera fsalmunTa raodenobis mixedviT. misi Svi-li harmoniac, asve, werda simRerebs, mas ganaTleba aTenSi hqonda miRebuli. mama-Svilis simRerebma xangrZlivi droiT ganamtkices bardesanis mcTari moZRvreba. imdenad, rom am simRerebis gavlenis gamo ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda Teodoritec ki, romelic me-5 saukuneSi cxovrobda.

me-4-5 saukuneebSi edesis eklesia mtkiced icavda marTlma-dideblobas imJamad gavrcelebul eresebTan brZolaSi. rodesac valentim edesadan gaaZeva marTlmadidebeli episkoposi barsusi, aRmsarebeli (373 w-s.), marTlmadideblebma qalaqgareT moawyves krebebi. male TviTon valentic Camovida edesaSi da ubrZana pre-toriis prefeqt modestis, daeSala xalxi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iaraRis ZaliTac. magram rodesac modesti brZanebis Sesasruleb-lad gaemarTa, mas gza gadauWra erTma qalma Cvili bavSviT xe-lSi. _ saiT migeCqareba? _ SeekiTxa prefeqti. _ Cems Tanamorw-muneebTan, raTa maTTan erTad miviRo Tqvengan sikvdili, _ upasuxa qalma. prefeqti saswrafod gamobrunda da es ambavi valentis Seatyobina, da brZanebac gauqmda. samagierod, valentim edesis eklesiis 88 wevri gagzavna satusaRoSi.

arianuli SfoTis Semdeg qalaqSi damkvidrebuli simSvidis pe-riodSi qalaqis mosaxleoba da episkoposebi Seudgnen taZre-bis mSeneblobas. episkoposma kiros I-ma didebuli gumbaTi daad-ga Toma mociqulis saxelobis brwyinvale taZars. nestorianul mwvaleblobasac, arianobis msgavsad, edeselebi sruli gulgri-lobiT Sexvdnen. es miT ufro ucnaurad gamoiyureboda, raki la-

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mis mTeli antioqiis sapatriarqo pirvel xanebSi nestors metad TanaugrZnobda. amasobaSi edesis me-15 episkoposma rabbulam efesos msoflio saeklesio krebaze mxari dauWira kirile aleqsandriels, risTvisac is sastikad gakicxa samosatis episkoposma andriam. ma-gram rabbula ganTqmuli iyo ganswavlulobiT, swored mas miaw-eren edesis saswavleblis daarsebas. efesodan dabrunebis Semdeg rabbulam megobruli mimowera gaaCaRa kirile aleqsandrielTan, da gamosca epistole, romliTac krZalavda Teodore mopsuete-lis Txzulebebis kiTxvas. `Cveni qalaqis tirani, werda SemdgomSi rabbulas am saqcielze misi memkvidre saepiskoposo kaTedraze, iba, edesis episkoposi, romelic TanaugrZnobda nestoris mwvaleblo-bas, _ rwmenis sababiT sjis ara marto cocxlebs, aramed didi xnis aRsrulebulebasc. erTi maTgani aris netari Teodore, WeS-maritebis mqadagebeli da eklesiis maswavlebeli, romelic ara marto sicocxleSi moaqcevda eretikosebs WeSmarit sarwmunoe-baze, aramed gardacvalebis Semdegac eklesiis Svilebs dautova sulieri iaraRi. ai, vin gadasca kadnierad, Riad anaTemas rabbu-lam, _ is, vinac RvTiT ara marto Tavisi qalaqi gaanaTla, ar-amed Soreul eklesiebsac uqadaga WeSmariteba~… am nawyvetidan naTelia, rom rabbulas memkvidre iba nestoris mimdevari iyo. da marTlac, werilSi mari sparsisadmi iba acxadebs, rom nestori usamarTlod gakicxa kirilem, urCevs mas, ikiTxos Teodore mop-suetelis naSromebi da xSirad gamoTqvams aramarTlmadideblur Sexedulebebs. magram edesis mrevlma ar TanaugrZno ibas imis miuxedavad, rom ganswavluli kaci iyo da mzrunvelobda edesis eklesias. man edesaSi taZaric aaSena mociqulTa saxelze. ibas mamxileblad misive eklesiis samRvdeloni gamovidnen. imperator-ma Teodosim CamoarTva mas kaTedra da edesis episkoposad daniSna nonosi, romelic Tavisi mzrunvelobiT qalaqis keTildReobaze netari Teodores msgavsi iyo. man edesaSi aago monasteri, taZari ioane naTlismcemlis saxelze, avadmyofTa, RatakTa da obolTa TavSesafari kozmasa da damianes eklesiasTan, aaSena simagreebi, xidebi, SeakeTa gzebi.

mesopotamiis qalaqTa Soris edesa ganaTlebiTac gamoirCeo-da. edesis erT-erTi maswavlebeli, makari, iyo mowame lukianes moZRvari, romelic cnobili iyo ganswavlulobiT. edesaSi miiRo ganaTleba codniT ganTqmulma evsevimac, romelic SemdgomSi eme-

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sias episkoposi gaxda. is edesis erTi keTilSobili ojaxidan iyo. siymawvilis wlebSi iqauri wesisamebr, rogorc sozomeni gvatyo-binebs, Seuswavlia saRmrTo werili, xolo Semdgom _ elinuri mecnierebani adgilobrivi maswavleblebis xelmZRvanelobiT.

magram edesis mniSvneloba, rogorc saRmrTismetyvelo centri-sa, gansakuTrebiT amaRlda me-4 saukuneSi, rodesac aq Camovida efrem asuri. wm. iakob nizibielis gardacvalebis Semdeg wm. efrem asuri edesaSi gaemgzavra. rogorc grigol noseli mogviTxrobs, efrems amoZravebda iqauri siwmindeebis Tayvaniscemis survili, ufro metad ki iseT ganaTlebul kacs eZebda, visganac codnis nayofs miiRebda. edesaSi Camosulma efremma ixila mosaxleobis gataceba bardesanis himnebiTa da misi gnostikuri swavlebiT. maSin wminda efremma am himnebs sakuTari daupirispira, marTlma-didebluri swavlebiT gajerebuli. mdidari bunebrivi niWi, sulis gamudmebuli amaRleba, daulevneli mgrZnobeloba, azrebis naT-lad da gamomsaxvelad gadmocemis unari, iseTive sufTa kilo, ro-goriTac werda bardesani (anu edesis kilo, romelic saukeTesod iTvleboda siriuli enis sam cnobil kiloTa Soris) _ yovelive aman ganapiroba efremis sagaloblebis warmateba. am warmatebebi-saTvis efremma garkveuli garegani saSualebac ixmia. ufro metad rom ganewyo edeselebi eklesiaSi siarulisaTvis, wminda efremma moiwvia qalwulebi, romelTac RmrTis msaxurebas uZRvnes Tavi, da TviTon aswavla maT galoba. es wamowyeba warmatebiT dag-virgvinda. mwvalebluri cTomiT gatacebuli edeselebi tovebd-nen TavianT Tavyrilobebs da ubrundebodnen eklesias.

udides poetur niWTan erTad wminda efremi Rrma mecnierul codnasac flobda. icoda berZnuli enac. is Tavisuflad kiTxu-lobda wm. irineos lionelis Txzulebebs, aTanase aleqsandrielis mier aRweril antoni didis cxovrebas da a.S. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ramdenadme berZen folosofosebs _ sokrates, platons, ar-istotelesac icnobda, romelTac mokled axasiaTebs. wminda wer-ilis ganmartebisaTvis is xSirad xelmZRvanelobda samocdaaTTa TargmaniT, da, amasTan, flobda ebraul enasac, rac aucilebelia Zveli aRTqmis ganmartebisaTvis. wm. efrems mowafeebic hyavda, romlebsac moZRvravda magaliTiTa da sityviT. isini dakavebulni iyvnen wminda werilis ganmartebiT da baZavdnen TavianT moZRvars leqsebis TxzvaSi. wminda efremma maT uanderZa, gaevrcelebinaT

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qristianuli sinaTlis codna da marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba. `simeon, mimarTavda is Tavis sando mowafeTagan erTs, gisminos ufalma RmerTma; yovel qalaqSi, sadac ki mixval, aRavseb eklesias, viTarca barZims.~ sxva mowafes ase eubneboda: ̀ de, iyos sityva Seni cecxlisa msgavsi, romelic mwvaleblobaTa ekals daferflavs. dae, Semusros Senma sityvam cru swavlebani, rogorc xanZari gad-awvavs jagnars da gaimarjveb daviTis msgavsad, xolo nacvlad goliaTisa Sen daamarcxeb cTomisa Zeebs~. da marTlac, efremis mier daarsebuli edesis saswavlebeli misi gardacvalebis Sem-degac anaTlebda ara mxolod misi qveynis, aramed sparseTisa da somxeTis qristianebsac. edesis skola daixura episkopos kiros II–is dros, 488 wels da mis adgilze yovladwminda RmrTismSoblis taZari gamarTes (albaT imitom, rom edesis saswavlebelSi maSin gavrcelda nestoris cToma, romelic uaryofda wminda qalwu-lis RmrTismSoblad saxeldebas).

edesis mogviano swavlulTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Teodore ede-seli, romelic edesis mahmadiani mmarTvelis dros cxovrobda. man qristianobisadmi ganawyo mahmadiani mmarTveli moabi da VII saukuneSi momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad dangreuli edesis eklesie-bi aRadgenina.

edesis SemogarenSi didad yvaoda gandegiluri cxovreba. ma-gram edesaSive IV saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli mesalianelTa anu evtixianelTa mwvaleblobas. am eretikosTa pirveli saxelwodeba siriulia, meore _ berZnuli, da orive maTgani niSnavs mlocvelebs, ramdenadac sarwmunoebis arss es eretikosebi mxolod locvaSi xedavdnen. wminda epifane mowmobs, rom mesalianelTa cToma meso-potamiaSi daiwyo. fotiosis saeklesio saqmeTa mixedviT Cans, rom antioqiis patriarq flavianes TavisTan daubarebia mesalianobaSi eWvmitanili osrohenas olqis episkoposebi: adelfiosi, evstaTi da sxvebi. xolo Teodorite ki pirdapir wers, rom edesadan adel-fioss gamouZaxeso. Rirsi nilosic edesel adelfioss asaxelebs. uTuod, uaRresad saxifaTo iyo mesalianelTa cToma, radganac 426 wlis konstantinopolis krebam daadgina, rom yvela mesalianeli, es episkoposi iyo Tu sxva sasuliero piri, gadayenebuli da ekle-siidan gankveTili iqneboda, sanam cTomas ar Seinanebda.

edesis momdevno movlenebidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aqedan macxovris xelTuqmneli xatis gadatana konstantinopol-

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Si konstantine porfirogenetis dros. 612 wels edesa aiRes sparselebma, Semdeg ki _ mahmadianebma.34

mesopotamia. mdinare tigrosis maxloblad mdebare romis pro-vincia mesopotamia imperator traianes dros gamoeyo osrohenas provincias. odesRac es olqi meoTxe somxeTis saxels atarebda.

amida. mesopotamiis provinciis mTavar qalaqad traianem qa-laqi amida airCia. magram am qalaqis eklesiuri damoukidebloba imperator konstancis dromde ar dawyebula. man mmarTvelobis meoTxe wels qalaqi mtkice kedlebiT gaamagra. amida mdebareob-da mdinare tigrosisa da tavris mTis Stos maxloblad. amidis wmindanTa Soris cnobilni arian: fengonosi da evkarpiosi, 310 wlis maxloblad wamebulebi (maTi xseneba 23 ianvars). amidis episkoposebis rigi iwyeba nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebidan. am qalaqis episkoposTagan gansakuTrebiT cnobilni arian: akaki, me-4 saukunis moRvawe, romelmac saeklesio nivTebi gayida sparse-bisagan datyvevebuli qristianebis gamosasyidad da me-6 sauku-nis moRvawe, ganswavlulobiT cnobili episkoposi mara III. me-6 saukunis dasawyisSi amida daipyres sparselebma da romaelebma is xelmeored gamoisyides. SemdgomSi, 1176 w-mde, amidaSi iyo iakobiti patriarqebis kaTedra.35

nizibia. mesopotamiis meore SesaniSnav qalaqad iTvleboda nizibia, romelic mdinare Cax-Caxze, mTebis ZirSi mdebareobda. es iyo gamagrebuli qalaqi, razec misi saxlwodebac metyvelebs. gadmocemiT, edesas msgavsad, isic nebroTs dauarsebia da war-moadgenda somexi mefeebis rezidencias vagarSakidan ervandamde. makedonelebma dapyrobis Semdeg qalaqs uwodes migdonis antio-qia, es saxelwodeba qalaqma ver daimkvidra. qristes sjuli, gad-mocemiT, nizibiaSi mociqulma Tadeozma iqadaga. diokletianes devnis dros nizibiaSi ewama wm. Tebrone (xseneba 25 ivniss). magram

34 zeda mesopotamiis antikuri qalaqi edesa dRes aris TurqeTis samx-reT-aRmosavleTiT, osroenas provinciis qalaqi Sanliurfa (red. Sen.).35 md. tigrosze mdebare uZveles qalaq amidas adgilze axla aris Tur-

qeTis erT-erTi udidesi qalaqi diiarbaqiri, qveynis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT (red. Sen.).

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nizibiis eklesiam saxeli gansakuTrebiT me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi gaiTqva, misi episkoposis, wm. iakob nizibielisa da misi mowafis, efrem asuris didi damsaxurebiT. nizibiis qveyanaSi gandegiluri cxovreba adreve gaxda cnobili. qalaqis Semogarenis mRvimeebi gandegilebs TavSesafrad eqcaT, xolo mcenareTa da nayofTa si-uxve _ sazrdod. swored am mosagreTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda wmin-da iakob nizibieli, romelic cnobili iyo rogorc dayudebuli cxovrebiTa da saswaulTa simravliT, ise _ moSurneobiT qristes rwmenis gavrcelebasa da marTlmadideblobis dacvaSi. nizibiis episkoposobis drosac, xalxmraval qalaqSi myofs ar daugdia mosagre cxovrebis wesi. mis did wadierebaze qristes sjulis gavrcelebis saqmeSi miuTiTebs is faqti, rom is sagangebod mog-zaurobda nizibiis mezobel sparseTSi. iakob nizibielis erT-er-Ti uaxloesi mowafe da gandegiluri cxovrebis wesis umkacresi damcveli iyo wm. efrem asuri. igi, savaraudod, me-4 saukunis pirvel wlebSi nizibiaSi an mis maxloblad unda dabadebuli-yo. rogorc TviTon mowmobs, misi Soreuli winaprebi Ratakebi yofilan, mowyalebiT rom cxovrobdnen. babuebi _ miwaTmoqmedni da ar uWirdaT, mSoblebic amave saqmianobas eweodnen; qalaqSi ki naTesavebi hyavdaT. raki sxvebze ukeT icoda Tavisi mowafis didi Rirsebebi, wm. iakobma Tan waiyvana efrem asuri nikeis kreba-ze. masTan erTadve didi samsaxuri gauwia qalaq nizibias sparsTa mefis, sapor II-is Semosevis dros, 337 wels. rodesac konstantine didis sikvdili da misi memkvidreebis sisuste Seityo am sparsTa mefem, gadawyvita, xelSi Caegdo nizibiis Semogareni da ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi alyaSi hyavda qalaqi moqceuli. am dros, rodesac nizibiis mcxovreblebs qalaqis SenarCunebis imedi ukve ewurebo-daT, wminda iakobi yvelas amxnevebda locvebiTa da saqmiT. Zveli Tqmulebebi nizibiis gadarCenas saswauls miaweren, wm. iakobisa da wm. efremis locvebiT rom aRsrulebula. `wminda efremma, naTq-vamia am TxzulebaSi, miiRo episkoposis kurTxeva, asuliyo qalaqis kedelze da locviT moevlinebina sparsTa jarze uamravi mweri. mtris banakSi areuloba daiwyo. Sewuxebulma adamianebma da cx-ovelebma aRar icodnen, rogor daefaraT Tavi am mravalricxovani mtrisagan. sapori iZulebuli gaxda, dauyovnebliv moexsna alya da warumateblad dabrunebuliyo Tavis qveyanaSi.~ erTi wlis Sem-deg, 338 wels, gardaicvala wm. iakobi. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg

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efremi dauyovnebliv miemgzavreba edesaSi; sul male nizibiac sparselebma daimorCiles. es moxda iulianes gardacvalebs Semdeg, romelic, rogorc cnobilia, sparseTze warumatebeli laSqrobis dros mokvda. amis Semdeg misi memkvidre iZulebuli iyo, arasax-arbielo zavi daedo sparseTTan. am samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT nizibia sparseTis mmarTvelobas daeTmo. nizibiis momdevno xanis istoriidan aRsaniSnavia mxolod is, rom 442 w-s. edesadan Camo-sulma maswavleblebma aq gaxsnes saswavlebeli, rac iqca nesto-ris mwvaleblobis gamavrceleblad, xolo saswavleblis moZRvari barsuma nizibiis pirveli nestorianeli episkoposi gaxda.36

36 antikuri nizibia aris Tanamedrove nusaibini, TurqeTis samxreT-aR-mosavleTiT, mardinis provinciaSi, siriis sazRvarTan. asi aTasamde mosax-lis eTnikuri umravlesoba qurTia, danarCenebi _ Turqebi da sirielebi (red. Sen.).

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kviprosi.

kanakarias RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari.

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kviprosis eklesia

antioqiis sapatriarqos mezobel qveyanaTa Soris, romlebic uZveles xanaSive eziarnen qristes naTels, iyo kunZuli kviprosi da sparseTi.

kunZuli kviprosi, romelic xmelTaSua zRvis Crdilo-aRmo-savleT nawilSi mdebareobs, siriasa da kilikiis mopirdapired, SesaniSnavia rogorc sididiT, ise _ nayofierebiT. aq uxvad modis xorbali, Rvino, zeTi, mdidaria tyiTa da spilenZisa da vercxlis sabadoebiT. kviprosi dasaxlebuli iyo finikiidan gadmosaxle-bulebiT, xolo troas dangrevis Semdeg aq berZeni kolonistebic gadmovidnen, romelTac gaavrceles afroditesadmi Tayvaniscema. afrodites mTavari da umdidresi taZari iyo qveynis uZvelessa da mTavar qalaqSi, pafosSi.1 magram kviprosze iudevlebic blo-mad saxlobdnen, maT ZiriTadad kunZulis ukidures Crdilo-aR-mosavleT nawilSi mdebare qalaqi salamini ekavaT.

qristianuli eklesia kviprosze daarsda sakmaod adre. gadmo-cemiT, qristes megobari lazare iyo kviprosis erT-erTi qalaq-is, kitionis,2 episkoposi. `kunZuli kviprosi, wers erTi mogzauri, Soridan didia da lamazi. Tvals gansakuTrebiT izidavs svetebiT damSvenebuli oTxkuTxa samrekelo, romelic dgas, rogorc gvarw-muneben, swored qristes megobris, lazares saflavze~.3

1 qalaqi pafosi (`saqme mociqulTas~ mixedviT: pafo) kunZulis samx-reT-dasavleT sanapiroze mdebareobs, dRes imave saxelis mqone raionis administraciuli centria. 50 000-iani mosaxleobis 80% berZnulenovania, danarCeni – Turqul enaze molaparake. qristemde 51 w-s. pafosSi cxovrobda ciceroni, romelic maSin mTeli kviprosis prokonsuli iyo (red. Sen).2 q.kitioni aris dRevandeli sanapiro q. larnaka, kunZulis samxreT-aR-

mosavleTiT, amave saxelwodebis raionis dedaqalaqi 50 000 mcxovrebiT. q.kitionSi Zv.w. me-4 s-Si daibada Zenoni, cnobili filosofosi, stoikosTa skolis warmomadgeneli. amJamad aq aris kviprosis upirvelesi, larnakas saerTaSoriso aeroporti (red. Sen.).3 gadmocemiT, arabebis batonobis dros, me-7 s-Si mociqul lazares

saflavi daikarga. 890 w-s. larnakaSi naxes saflavi warweriT: `oTxi dRis lazare, megobari qristesi.~ imperator leon VI-is brZanebiT, 898 w-s. wminda nawilebi konstantinopolSi, wm. lazares saxelobis taZarSi gadaasvenes. male lazares wminda nawilebis gadasvenebis dRe marTlmadideblur dRe-

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mociquli barnaba warmoSobiT kviprosidan iyo. `saqme moci-qulTas~ TxrobiT, kviproselebic yofilan ierusalimSi suliw-midis gardamoslvis dRes da mousmeniaT petre mociqulis qad-ageba. ierusalimis mociqulTa krebis Semdeg mravali qristiani ganerida devnas da kunZul kvipross Seafara Tavi. kviproselebma pirvelebma axares antioqiasa da sirias qristes moZRvreba. erT xans pavle mociquli qadagebda kviprosSi da moaqcia prokonsuli sergi-pavle.4 es imas niSnavs, rom pavle mociquls mTeli kunZuli gadauseravs qadagebiT, vinaidan iudeveli mogzaurebi kuZulze gemidan q. salaminSi gadmodiodnen xolme, romelic kunZulis aR-mosavleT nawilSi mdebareobda, xolo qalaqi pafosi, sadac ser-gi-pavles rezidencia idga, kunZulis dasavleT nawilSi, yvelaze dacilebul punqtSi, romis maxloblad iyo. SesaZlebelia, ambobs erTi mwerali, es prokonsuli pavle, swored is swavluli kvi-proseli sergi-pavlea, romlis Sromebs xSirad iSveliebs pliniusi kunZulis bunebis aRwerisas. rodesac mociquli barnaba gamoeTx-ova mociqul pavles, dabrunda kviprosze da aq gaatara sicocx-lis ukanaskneli wlebi, aqve ewama da daimarxa.

kviprosis eklesiaSi TxuTmetamde saepiskoposo kaTedra ar-sebobda, kunZulis sxvadasxva qalaqSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kunZuli kviprosi siriis nacvalis gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda, is yovelTvis inarCunebda avtokefaliasa da damoukideblobas an-tioqiis sapatriarqosagan, radganac kviprosis eklesia iyo samo-ciqulo eklesia. IV_VII ss-ebSi kviprosis eklesia simSvides inarCunebda, gaaCnda avtoritetuli xma msoflios saeklesio saqmeebSi, da mraval eretikosTagan devnil marTlmadidebels

saswaulad dawesda, romelic axali stiliT 30 oqtombers aRiniSneba. amis Semdeg, me-9 s-is bolos larnakaSi lazares saflavze aages misi saxelobis eklesia. momdevno saukuneebSi taZari gadavida jer romaeli kaTolikebis xelSi,Semdeg – osmalebisa. maT me-16 s-Si is meCeTad gadaakeTes, risTvisac moangries sami gumbaTi samrekloebiTurT. 1589 w-s. Turqebma taZari marTl-madideblebs mihyides. dRes es taZari moqmedia, aq darCenilia wminda laz-ares nawilebi. lazares SabaTs q.larnakaSi ewyoba saxalxo msvleloba wm. lazares xatiT (red. Sen.)4 lucius sergius paulusi iyo kunZul kviprosis prokonsuli 1-el

saukuneSi, imperator klavdiusis dros. mociqulma pavlem droebiT Tvalis sinaTle waarTva jadoqar elimas, igive bar-iisus, romelic sergi pavles gadabirebas cdilobda WeSmaritebis gzidan, ix. saqme mociqulTa 13:6-12. ar-sebobs am siuJetis amsaxveli rafaelis cnobili tilo, romlis dedani aris londonSi, viqtoriasa da albertis muzeumSi (red. Sen.).

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aZlevda TavSesafars. nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebas eswrebod-nen q. trimifuntis5 episkoposi wm. spiridoni _ aRmsarebeli, cno-bili TavmdablobiTa da saswaulqmedebiT, da agreTve, kviprosis mitropoliti gelasi. imave me-4 saukuneSi rwmenis sadarajoze idga kviprosis mitropoliti wm. epifane, romelsac did pativs miagebdnen. 370 wlis ivnisSi antioqiaSi Cavida ariozis mimdevari imperatori valenti, romelmac gaasamarTla da gaaZeva meleti, iqauri episkoposi. masTan erTad aRmosavleTis sxva marTlmadideb-el episkoposebsac CamoarTves kaTedrebi: pelagioss (laodikiis episkoposi) da barsenoss (edeseli episkoposi). magram wm. epifane kvipreli imgvari sayovelTao pativiT sargeblobda, rom arian-elebma ver gabedes misTvis xelis xleba.

kviprosis mitropolitma reginosma efesos krebaze amxila nestori. antioqiis sapatriarqom araerTgzis scada, daeqvemde-barebina kviprosis eklesia. pirveli aseTi mcdeloba moxda ef-esos mesame msoflio krebis wina xanebSi. magram am krebis meSvide sxdomaze aRiares kviprosis eklesiis avtokefalia. msgavsi pre-tenzia ganacxada imperator zenonis dros antioqiis kaTedris mflobelma monofizitma petre mkawrvalma an fulonma.6 magram swored maSin, RmrTis nebiT, gaxsnes wm. barnaba mociqulis neSti, damtkicda kviprosis eklesiis samociqulo warmoSoba da fulo-nis mcdeloba uSedegod darCa.

kviprosis arqiepiskoposebi TavianT maRal uflebebs ucxo qvey-anaSi SemTxveviTi an iZulebiTi gadasaxlebis drosac ki inarCu-nebdnen. swored me-7 s-Si imperatorma iustiniane II-m sarkinozebis Semosevis saSiSroebis gamo kviprosis mosaxleoba da episkoposebi helespontSi, qiziqis7 maxloblad, gadaasaxla. am gadasaxlebis

5 trimifunti dRes aris sofeli tremetusia, larnakas raionSi; moq-ceulia Turqebis mier kontrolirebul, kunZulis Crdilo nawilSi. dasax-lebis centrSi dgas wm.spiridonis taZari, romelic savse iyo uZvelesi xatebiTa da xelnawerebiT, aq yoveli mxridan moedinebodnen momlocvelebi. Turquli okupaciis Semdeg, 1974 w-s, xelnawerebi gaqra, daikarga mravali xati. amJamad taZari yazarmadaa qceuli (red. Sen.)6 petre fuloni – antioqiis patriarqi (471-488), monofiziti, cdilob-

da mrwamsSi cvlilebebis Setanas, amitomac qarTuli xelnaweruli tradi-cia mas `mkawrvalad~ ixseniebs (red. Sen.).7 dRes TurqeTSi ramodenime sofeli atarebs qiziqis saxels. aq, uTu-

od, laparakia bursas provinciaSi mdebare sofel jumaliqiziqze, marmari-los zRvasTan (red. Sen.).

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Taobaze trulis krebam 39-e kanoniT miiRo dadgenileba, roml-iTac kviprosis arqiepiskoposi axal sacxovrebel adgilzec Sei-narCunebda pirvelobis yvela uflebas, pativiT idgeboda qiziqis episkoposze maRla da akurTxebda mimdebare qveynebis episkoposebs. magram kviproselTa yofna helespontSi xanmokle iyo, isini samS-obloSi dabrundnen.

649 wlidan kviprosi aRmoCnda musulmanTa uRelqveS. 969 w-s. is kvlav daibrunes berZnebma. xolo jvarosanTa laSqrobebis dros aq damkvidrdnen laTinebi. laTinTa arqiepiskoposma Tavis rezidenciad airCia qalaqi levkosia anu niqozia.8 am dros ber-Znuli eklesiis mimarT, romelsac TxuTmeti episkoposi marTavda, miRebuli iqna dadgenileba, romliTac kunZulze berZen episko-posTa raodenoba oTxze meti ar unda yofiliyo.

salamini_konstancia. kunZul kviprosis mTavari qalaqi da metropolia salamini-konstancia mdebareobda kunZulis Crdi-lo-aRmosavleT nawilSi da hqonda SesaniSnavi navsadguri. aq iqa-daga da mowameobrivi sikvdili miiRo barnaba mociqulma. swored aq iyo arqiepiskoposad wm. epifane kvipreli. qalqi daaarses ber-Znebma troas dangrevis Semdeg da is didxans atarebda salaminis saxels. meoTxe saukunis dasawyisSi qalaqi miwisZvram daangria, Semdeg aRadgina imperatorma konstancim, saidanac gaCnda axali saxelwodeba `konstancia~; swored am saxeliT aris is cnobili eklesiis istoriaSi. konstancia iyo kviprosis metropolia me-7 saukunemde. me-7 saukuneSi is miwasTan gaaswores sarkinozebma da metropolia gadatanili iqna q. arsinoeSi.9

8 qalaq niqozias berZnulad levkosiac erqva. is yovelTvis iyo qvey-nis administraciuli da kulturuli centri. 1963 w-s. qalaqi orad gaiyo, misi Crdilo nawili Turqebis xelSi aRmoCnda (red. Sen.).9 antikuri salamini amJamad arqeologiuri gaTxrebis adgils war-

moadgens. xolo arsinoe iyo Zveli, dRes ararsebuli qalaqi kviprosis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, qalaq marionTan axlos (red. Sen.).

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sparseTis eklesia

sparseTi uSualod emijneboda atnioqiis sapatriarqos aR-mosavleT provinciebs: evfratsa da mesopotamias. saxelwodeba `sparseTSi~ igulisxmeba uzarmazari teritoria, sadac arsebod-nen Zveli samefoebi: asiria, babiloni, midia da sparseTi. am ukanask-nelma monarqiam STanTqa adrindelni da 536 w. qristemde, kirosis dros, warmoiqmna axali imperia. sparselebma TavianT imperiaSi SeinarCunes midielTa religia da zne-Cveulebani, Tayvans scemdnen cecxls da scnobdnen or sawyiss: yovelive sikeTis Semoqmeds _ ormuzds da yovelive borotebis mizezs _ arimans. qristemde 300 w. sparseTi daipyro aleqsandre makedonelma, xolo qristemde me-2 saukunis II naxevridan Cveni welTaRricxvis 226 wlamde sparseTs ganagebdnen parTelebi. me-3 saukunis Suidan sasanidebma daaarses sparseTis monarqia, romlis arsebobamac 400 weli gasta-na, me-7 saukunemde.

Zvelad am olqebSi cnobili iyo qalaqebi: babiloni, ninevia, persepolisi da ekbatana.

babiloni. nebroTis mier daarsebuli babiloni mdinare ev-fratze iyo gaSenebuli. es iyo Zveli drois yvelaze didi da mdidari qalaqi, savaWro centri da sasawyobe adgili. misi ke-dlebi aguriT iyo nagebi, vinaidan qveyanaSi saSeni qva ar moi-poveboda, da misi simaRle aRwevda daaxl. 22 m-s. babilonis nagebobaTa Soris SesaniSnavi iyo terasebze dakidebuli baRebi,10 da, aseve, maRali koSki, romlis Tavze iyo observatoria, sadac qaldevelebi astronomiul dakvirvebebs awarmoebdnen TiTqmis 19 saukunis manZilze, aleqsandre didis mier babilonis dapyrobamde. aleqsandres ganzraxuli hqonda, babiloni Tavisi imperiis dedaqa-laqad eqcia, magram 323 w-s. qristes dabadebamde is babilonSi

10 babilonis dakidebuli baRebi, msoflios Svid saocrebaTagan erTi, iyo oTxi terasisgan Semdgari nageboba, sadac msoflios yoveli kuTxis mcenare xarobda. flaviosis gadmocemiT, is auSenebia nabuqodonosor II-s Tavisi colis, dedofal amitisaTvis qristemde me-6 s-Si. dRes arqeologebi versad pouloben nagebobis naSTs. SesaZloa, evfratma dafara, romelmac saukuneTa manZilze dasavleTisken gadaiwia. aris meore versiac, rom baRebi mefe senaqeribs nineviaSi unda aeSenebina Zv.w. me-7 s-Si (red. Sen.).

162


sparseTi.

qalaqi ninevia, adadis karibWe.

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163

gardaicvala. SemdgomSi ki axali qalaqebis, selevkiisa da kte-sifonis, daarsebam da evfratis adidebam aiZules babilonelebi, daetovebinaT qalaqi.11

ninevia, asureTis dedaqalaqi, mdebareobda, zogierTis azriT, iq, sadac amJamad aris qalaqi mosuli. isic nebroTs dauarsebia. misi galavnis simaRle 35 m-s udrida da mas 1500 koSki amSvenebda, Tan iseTi ganieri iyo, rom zed sam etls SeeZlo gverdi-gverd gavla. ninevia daingra 795 w-s. qristes dabadebamde.12

ekbatana, midiis dedaqalaqi, aSenda 708 w-s. qristemde. qalaqs Svidi sxvadasxva feris galavani ertya. sparseTis mefeebi zafx-ulobiT yovelTvis ekbatanas stumrobdnen xolme, radgan iq sigrile idga.13

persepolisi mdinare araqsze mdebareobda. es iyo pirveli sparsi mefeebis rezidencia, SemdgomSi ki _ imperiis dedaqalaqi. sparseTis TiTqmis yvela mefe iqaa dakrZaluli.14

yvela es uZvelesi qalaqi qristianobis dros ukve nangrevebad iyo qceuli. SemdgomSi mniSvneloba SeiZines am olqebSi axla-

11 istoriuli babilonis gverdiT dRes aris erayis q. hila, baRdadi-dan daaxl. 100 km-Si, babilis muhafazis administraciuli centri 500 000-mde mcxovrebiT, romelTa umetesoba erayelebi arian. Tavad babilonis nangreve-bi warmoadgens Tixa-talaxiT dafarul yorRanismagvar borcvTa jgufs, romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi saxeli aqvs (red. Sen.).12 ninevia – uZvelesi asureTis saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi md. tigrosze,

Tanamedrove eraySi. md. tigrosis sapirispiro napirze dRes milioniani qalaqi mosulia. ninevia bolo dromde arqeologiuri kvlevis adgili iyo, 2015 w-s. martSi teroristebma aafeTqes nineviis kedlis narCenebi da sxva artefaqtebi (red. Sen.).13 midiis qalaqi ekbatana, varaudiT, Tanamedrove iranis qlaq hamadanis

maxloblad unda yofiliyo. uZvelesi ekbatanas, kirosis dedaqalaqis, ke-dlebis ferebi: TeTri, Savi, mewamuli, cisferi, wiTeli, vercxlisferi da oqrosferi simbolurad xuT planetas, mTvaresa da mzes Seesabameboda (red. Sen.).14 persepolisis nangrevebi dRes mTeli kompleqsis saxiTaa SemorCeni-

li iranis samxreTiT, q.Sirazidan 50 km-Si. persepolisis mravali artefaqti msoflios sxvadasxva muzeumSi inaxeba (red. Sen.).


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daSenebulma qalaqebma, esenia:Aerbili,15 tikriti,16 suza17 da, gan-sakuTrebiT _ selevkia-qtesifoni.

selevkia md. tigrosze idga. qalaqi daaarsa selevki nika-torma 293 w-s. qristes Sobamde im mizniT, rom babiloni daemcro. selevkia selevkidebis imperiis aRmosavleTis mTavari qalaqi gax-da, xolo siriis antioqia _ dasavleTis olqebisa. rodesac par-Telebma qristemde 200 wels aaSenes qtesifoni, selevkia gaud-aburda. qtesifoni18 iyo mefeebis sazamTro rezidencia. is ise axlos iyo selevkiasTan, rom amJamad am ori qalaqis _ qtesifoni-sa da selevkiis _ nangrevebs erTi saxeliT ixsenieben: al-mada’in. qtesifoni romaelebma oTxjer daipyres: 116, 163, 198, 283 wlebSi qristes Semdgom. qtesifonis selevkiidan antioqiis sapatriarqos uaxloes qalaq nizibiamde 18 dRis savali gza iyo. aqedan Segvi-Zlia davaskvnaT, Tu ra veeberTela sivrceze yofila gadaWimuli sparseTis olqebi. qristianoba sparseTSi barTlome, maTe da Toma mociqulebma gaavrceles.

me-2 saukunis damlevis qristiani mecnieri edesidan, vardezani, axsenebs qristianul Temebs parTiaSi, midiaSi, sparseTsa da baqtri-aSi. me-2 saukunis meore naxevarSi sparseTSi warmoiSva maniqeizmi. vinaidan manesi warmoSobiT babilonidan iyo, misi swavleba uka-vSirdeboda sparsul dualizms. 227 w-s. sparseTis mefem is sikvdiliT dasaja. me-5 s-is Sua wlebSi sparseTis eklesiam didi devna gadaitana mefe Sapurisagan,19 romelic ebrZoda romaelebs da eWvobda, rom sparseTis qristianebi romis imperias Tanau-grZnobdnen, raki qristianoba iq saxelmwifos mfarvelobis qveS iyo. am dros (343 w-dan) sparseTSi Zalze bevri qristiani awames.

15 erbili – igive havleri, erayis qurTistanis dedaqalaqi, mdebareobs erayis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, milion-naxevriani qalaqia (red. Sen.).16 tikriti – qalaqi eraySi, mdebareobs baRdadidan Crdilo-dasavle-

TiT 140 km-Si (red.Sen.).17 uZvelesi suza aris iranis xuzestanis teritoriaze mdebare Tana-

medrove q. SuSi, 65 000 mosaxliT. isini warmoadgenen musulman-Siitebsa da iranel ebraelebs, winaswarmetyveli danielis Tems. suzaSi, gadmocemiT, aris winaswarmetyvel danielis saflavi (red. Sen.). 18 qtesifoni - uZvelesi qalaqi md.tigrosze, sasanianTa iranis dedaqa-

laqi. daangries arabebma me-7 s-is dasawyisSi. misi nangrevebi Tanamedrove baRdadTan axlos, eraySia (red. Sen.).19 Sapur II – sasanidebis dinastiis me-10 mefe (309-379), urmizd II-is Svi-

li (red. Sen.).

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aseTive devna ganmeorda me-5 saukunis dasawyisSic. 418 w-s. q. suzas episkoposma abdam dawva warmarTTa bagini. sparseTis mefe iezdigerdma mas sakerpos aRdgena mosTxova da uaris miRebis gamo sikvdiliT dasaja Tavad episkoposic da Semdeg sxva qristianebic miayola.20 es devna 30 weliwads grZeldeboda. am dros sparse-Tis eklesia jer kidev erTobaSi iyo berZnulTan da qtesifonis episkoposma maruTam 415 wlis msoflio krebaze daadastura ni-keis krebis wesebi. magram mexuTe da meeqvse saukuneebSi sparseTi daikaves nestorianelebma da iakobitebma, romlebic idevnebodnen didi romis imperiaSi, xolo sparseTis saxelmwifo maT didi si-amovnebiT Rebulobda. qtesifonSi daarsda nestorianeli kaTo-likosis kaTedra sparseTis eklesiisaTvis. am dros sparseTSi ukve cxra mitropolia iyo, romelTagan oTxi nikeas krebis drosac arsebobda. me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi, sparseTis mefe xosros dros, sparselebma sagrZnoblad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo: 610 w-s. maT aiRes edesa da apamea da antioqias miadgnen. 611 w-s. daipyres kapadokiis kesaria, 612 w-s. _ damasko da 614 w. ivnisSi _ ierusalimi. magram me-7 saukuneSive sparseTi daimorCila ara-beTma da am droidan daiwyo misi TandaTanobiTi daknineba.

20 laparakia suzas episkopos abdas Sesaxeb. sokrate sqolastikosi mas `sparseTis episkoposad~ ixseniebs. cxovrobda me-4 s-Si. rodesac mRvdlad ekurTxa, mSobliur qalaq xaldorSi aago monasteri da skola, qadagebda qristes sjuls, risTvisac mogvebma Seipyres. mravali damcireba da tkivili iwvnia maTgan, Tumca qristes ar uRalata. SemdgomSi is episkoposi gaxda da mimdevrebi gaiCina. sarwmunoebaze kamaTisas adgilobrivma mogvma mas daswama ahura mazdas taZris dawva. maSin sparseTis mefe iezdigerd I-ma (399-420) abdas taZris aRdgena mosTxova. mis uarze iezdigerdma daangria qristianuli eklesiebi, xolo abda sikvdiliT dasaja. gadmocema gviambobs, rom is ketebis cemiT mokles. masTan erTad ewamnen mRvdlebi haSu da isaaki, efremi, mTavardiakoni papa, saeroni: dudaki, durdani da papa, es ukanaskneli Tavad abdas Zma iyo. siriis eklesia maT xsovnas aRniSnavs 31 marts, romis kaTolikuri eklsia – 16 maiss (red. Sen.).

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konstantinopoli.

wm. sofias sakaTedro taZari.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqo

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konstantinopolis daarseba

konstantine didis gamefebamde konstantinopolis adgilze iyo erTi patara qalaqi _ bizantioni, gadmocemiT, aSenebuli spartis mTavarsardlis, pavsanias mier; sxva wyaroebi qalaqis damaarse-blad megarelTa belad vizas asaxeleben. karakalam es qalaqi kargad gaamagra, magram orjer daangries, pirvelad imperatorma septimus severusma, xolo Semdeg _ galienosma. 330 w-s. konstan-tine didma bizantioni Tavis dedaqalaqad gamoacxada.

axali dedaqalaqis daarsebis garegnuli sababi iyo usiamovneba, romelic konstantine dids romSi SeemTxva Tavisi mmarTvelobis me-20 wels. `mmarTvelobis 20 wlisTavis zeimze, wers erTi is-torikosi, romaelebi moelodnen, exilaT warmarTuli msaxurebis wesi sruli brwyinvalebiT. magram konstantinem maTTvis mxolod TamaSebi gaimeta, kerpebs msxverpli ar Seswira da kapitoliumSi arc ki misula. warmarTobis aseTma cxadma upativcemulobam uaR-resad gaanawyena romaelebi, isini dasdevdnen imperators, dasci-nodnen da Seuracxyofdnen mas. Tavis mxriv, konstantinem Caifiqra, daearsebina axali qristianuli dedaqalaqi, sadac warmarTTa gad-mocemebi ar Seaviwrovebda sazogadoebriv cxovrebas~.

axali dedaqalaqis adgilis SerCeva, rogorc Zveli saeklesio istorikosebi gadmogvcemen, RvTis miTiTebiT momxdara. Tavdapir-velad konstantine biTviniaSi, mcire aziaSi, fiqrobda dedaqa-laqis mowyobas. `rodesac is am mizniT eleonis mindorze movida, vkiTxulobT sozomenTan, helespontis maxloblad, sadac aiaqsis saflavia da sadac aqavelebs troasTan omis dros, rogorc am-boben, hqoniaT navmisadgomi da banaki, moniSna iq qalaqis forma da zomebi, da SemaRlebul adgilze aRmarTa karibWe, romlis xilva axlac SeuZliaT zRvidan mezRvaurebs. rodesac am saqmiT iyo dakavebuli, erTxel, RamiT mas gamoecxada RmerTi da ubrZana, qalaqisTvis sxva adgili moeZebna da miuTiTa Trakiis bizantionze,

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biTviniis qalkedonis mopirdapire mxares: aq ebrZana mas qalaqis aSeneba da misTvis konstantines saxelis darqmeva~. kostantino-polis anu axali romis saswaulebriv aSenebaze laparakobs yve-la sxva berZeni istorikosi da qronografi. `Tavisi mefobis 28-e wlisTavze, vkiTxulobT filostorgiosTan, konstantinem bizantia konstantinopolad gadaakeTa da misi garSemowerilobis mosani-Snad SubiT xelSi, fexiT gaemarTa. rodesac mis ukan midevnebul xalxs moeCvena, rom saWiroze did sivrceze midioda xelisufali, erT-erTi Tanmxlebi piri mieaxla mas da Sehbeda: `kidev Sorsaa, meufev?~ man ase upasuxa: `im adgilamde, sadac is Sedgeba, Cems win vinc midis.~ amiT aCvena, rom mas win uZRoda raRac ciuri Zala da aswavlida, ra moemoqmeda~.

imperatori iustiniane I SeniSnavs konstantinopolze: `is mowyale RmerTma daaarsa mravali miniSnebiT~.

konstantinem qalaqi Zveli romis mixedviT gaaSena: romis ms-gavsad dahyo 14 kvartlad, imis msgavsi Senobebi aago, rogoric romSi iyo da uflebebiT sruliad gauTanabra mas.

magram Zvel romTan garegnul msgavsebasTan erTad konstan-tinopoli mainc gansxvavdeboda, ase vTqvaT, qristianuli ieriT. es ieri, romelic mTels qalaqs edo, cxadad mowmobs imaze, rom dedaqalaqis daarsebis dros konstantines upirvelesad religi-uri motivebi hqonda mxedvelobaSi: qristianuli religiis gan-dideba. warmarTuli sakerpoebis nacvlad brwyinvale taZrebi aRmarTa mowameTa saxelze, wamarTuli miTologiis samyaros am-saxveli qandakebebis nacvlad sxvadasxva adgilas dadga figurebi, romlebic wminda bibliuri istoriis ambebs asaxavdnen.1

1 zemoT aRweril mizezebTan erTad sxvebzec uTiTeben, ris gamoc kon-stantine didma Tavisi dedaqalaqi aRmosavleTSi gadaitana. zogi fiqrobs, rom man es fufunebisadmi siyvaruliT gaakeTa. aRmosavleTi ufro gagebiT ekideboda saimperatoro sasaxlis fufunebas; amas saimperatoro didebis aucilebel nawiladac ki miiCnevda. konstantines winamorbedi imperatorebic cdilobdnen, drois umetesi nawili aRmosavleT provinciebSi gaetarebinaT. ase iqceoda, magaliTad, diokletiane. magram amis sapirispirod SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom konstantine didsac SeeZlo droebiTi rezidenciis mowyoba aRmosavleTis romelime qalaqSi, axali dedaqalaqis dafuZnebis gareSe. swored aseve, arc raime politikuri motivebis arseboba araa sagulvebeli am faqtis safuZvlad. 1867 wlis Православный Обзор-is erT-erT nomerSi dai-beWda statia Христианство на Востоке. avtori dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs Zvel msoflioSi dedaqalaqTa gadatanis SemTxvevebs, amis sxvadasxvagvar mizezs. gvixsnis, Tu raoden rTuli procesia, rogor siZneleebTanaa dakavSire-


169

am qalaqSi man ori taZari aago, romelTagan erTs mSvidobis taZari daarqva, meores – mociqulebisa. da ara mxolod aRa-maRlebda qristianul saqmeebs, aramed angrevda warmarTobis sa-didebel Zeglebs. ase magaliTad, kerpebis qandakebebi taZrebidan gamoatanina da xalxs gadasca qalaqis mosarTavad, xolo delfos samisnos samfexa ipodromis boloSi daadgmevina.

surda, gamorCeuli yofiliyo Tavisi saxelobis qalaqi, gviambobs evsevi, da uxvad daamSvena is salocavebiT, mowameTa brwyinvale taZrebiT da didebuli SenobebiT, romelTa nawili aRmarTa Se-mogarenSi, zogic _ cixe-simagreSi da amiT pativi miago wame-bulebs; yovelive es da TviT qalaqi miuZRvna RmerTs. RvTiu-ri sibrZniT aRvsilma konstantinem samarTlianad miiCnia, Tavisi saxelobis qalaqi gaewminda yovelive kerpTayvanismcemlobisagan, raTa iq Tvali ar gaocebuliyo cru RmerTebis gamosaxulebebiT, romelTac baginebSi miagebdnen pativs. aseve akrZala cxovelTa sisxliani sakerpoebi, raTa aRarsad Catarebuliyo samsxverplo dawva, demonuri dResaswaulebi da raime warmarTuli wesi. wya-roebTan Tu savaWro moedanze Sen xedav saRmrTo werilidan nacnob niSnebs keTili mwyemsisa, xedav, agreTve, spilenZisgan Ca-mosxmul, brwyinvale oqros mosasxamian daniels lomebTan erTad. RvTaebrivisadmi siyvarulma ise mZlavrad moicva mefis suli, rom man saukeTeso samefo darbazis mooqruli Weris SuaSi, brZana, moeTavsebiaT didebuli suraTi macxovris tanjvis amsaxveli niSne-biT, rac oqroTi mdidrulad mooWvili nairgvari Zvirfasi qvebiT iyo Sesrulebuli. es niSani2 miaCnda RmrTismoyvare mefes Tavisi samefos mcvelad. ai, aseTi gamosaxulebebiT gaamSvena konstanti-nem qalaqi. imperatoris portretebiT morTul sasaxleebsa da sazogado SenobebSi konstantinem isurva, imgvarad warmoedginaT igi, rom mlocvelad da xelSi jvariT yofiliyo gamosaxuli.

SenobaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli silamaziTa da sidiadiT brwyi navda konstantines mier agebuli wminda mociqulTa taZari: `rodesac nageboba eniT auwerel simaRlemde aizarda, misi ke-

buli TavisTavad es movlena; miT ufro, centralizebul romis saxelmwi-foSi, farTod ganviTarebuli samTavrobo organizaciiT. sabolood midis daskvnamde, rom konstantines mier dedaqalaqis gadatana ver ganixileba, rogorc sxva magaliTebis paraleli, da imperatoris motivi mxolod reli-giuri iyo.

2 iq saubaria jvris Sesaxeb (red. Sen.).

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dlebi mefem zemodan qvemoT sxvadasxva feris brwyinvale qvebiT mofina, xolo patara CaRrmavebebiT morTuli gumbaTi mTlianad oqroTi dafara. garedan kramitis nacvlad Senobas wvimisagan saimedod icavda spilenZi. es ukanaskneli ki sqlad iyo mooqruli, ise, rom misi brwyinva mzis sxivebis anareklisas Soridanac Tvals Wrida. gumbaTis irgvliv garSemortymuli iyo rikulis msgavsad oqrosa da spilenZisagan gakeTebuli bareliefebi. ase rom _ mefis didma siuxvem da mondomebam daamSvena es taZari. taZris irgvliv erTob vrceli ezo gadaWimuliyo, sufTa herisaTvis Ria. portike-bis ukana sivrce ekava samefo sasaxleebs, abanoebs, sastumroebsa da mraval sxva nagebobas. es yvelaferi mefem miuZRvna Cveni macx-ovris yvela mociqulis samaradiso xsovnas. amave taZarSi moimza-da TavisTvis saZvale. rwmenis siRrmiT ganWvrita, rom sikvdilis Semdgom misi neSti pativad mociqulTasworis saxels miiRebda da ewada, gardacvalebis Semdegac hqonoda monawileobis saSualeba locvebSi, rasac mociqulTa sadideblad aRavlendnen am taZarSi. amrigad, aq aago 12 kidobani, rogorc 12 wminda Zegli mociqulTa sadideblad, SuaSi TavisTvis dadga kubo, ise rom kubos orive mxares eqvs-eqvsi mociqulTa kidobani idga.~

amagvarad aSenebuli da morTuli axali romi 330 wlis 11 maiss sazeimod akurTxes, samuSaoebis dawyebidan xuTi wlis Tavze. amis Semdeg daiwyo qalaqis swrafi aRmavloba.

konstantine didis dedaqalqs qristianul iers gansakuTre-biT hmatebda mravali monasteri. Zvel bizantionSi manamde mx-olod erTi monasteri arsebobda _ wm. efTvimes saxelobisa, 240 wels agebuli. warmarTuli taZrebi wm. konstantinem salocav saxlebad gadaaqcia. ase magaliTad, iupiteris taZari gadakeT-da wminda mowameTa: mokis, akakis, agaTonikesa da minas saxelobis eklesia-monastrad. bosforis napirebze mTavarangeloz miqaelis gamocxadebis samaxsovrod imperatorma aq misi saxelobis monas-teri aaSena. axal oqros karibWesa da zRvas Sorisac imperator-ma daaarsa wm. diomides saxelobis monasteri. es orive monasteri konstantinopolis galavnis gareT moeqca. wm. elenemac aseve mravali monasteri aago konstantinopolsa da mis SemogarenSi: beTlemis, simdidriT gamorCeuli wm. karpesa da babilas saxelo-bisa, wm. Teodores, wm. romanozisa da sxv.

konstantinesa da elenes mibaZviT mravali warCinebuli _ kaci


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Tu qali, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebi, senatorebi, patriciebi da didgvarovani qalbatonebi keTilmsaxurebis, xolo zogjer pativmoyvareobis mizeziTac SemowirulobebiT aRavsebd-nen monastrebs, eklesiebsa da saavadmyofoebs. zogjer patric-iebis sikvdilis Semdeg maTi saxlebi monastrebad iqceoda, ro-gorc magaliTad, kalistrates da florentiosisa. imdroindel aSenebul monastrebs miekuTvneba `yovelTa wmindaTa.~ mravali saukunis manZilze keTilmsaxurebiTa da simdidriT gamoirCeoda qalaqis SemogarenSi, oqros karibWesTan mdebare abraamitebis mon-asteri.3 saerTod, qalaqis daarsebidan konstantines gardacvale-bamde 337 wels, Svidi wlis manZilze, konstantinopolSi aSenda TxuTmeti monasteri, romelTa saxelebma Cvenamdec moaRwia.

gulmodginebas monastrebis daarsebisadmi mTels momdevno pe-riodSic vxvdebiT. dedofalma evdokiam, imperator valentiniane umcrosis meuRlem, konstantinopolSi daiwyo wm. efTvimes saxe-lobis monastris mSenebloba, rac misi gardacvalebis Semdeg das-rulda. orma RvTismoSiSma qalma, domninem da mavram, romlebic marTlmadidebelma eklesiam wmindanebad Seracxa, cal-calke daaarsa TavianTi saxelobis monastrebi qalaqgareT, imperator Teodosis mier naboZeb, dausaxlebel adgilze. imperator Teo-dosis dros wm. grigol nazianzelma saimperatoro qalaqSi, rome-lic ukve mTlianad arianelebs ekavaT, aaSena marTlmadidebluri eklesia da monasteri aRdgomis saxelze _ anastasi. daaxloebiT amave dros Tavis saxelze aaSena monasteri diosmac. Teodore studieli mas brwyinvale varskvlavs uwodebs, romelic amovida aRmosavleTSi da Suqs afrqvevs bizantias.

imperator arkadis dros erTma maRali rangis moxelem, kes-

3 abraamitebis monasteri _ (Abramitow`n) gadmocemiT, konstantinop-olSi iyo daarsebuli konstantine didis mier vinme beri abramisaTvis. imperator markianes dros (450-457) gandidebuli wm.matronas `cxovrebaSi~ naxsenebia am monastris iRumeni akaki, Tumca, es wyaroc gviandelia. ioane mosxis mtkicebiT (`sulieri mdelo,~ T. 97), monastris damfuZneblad unda miviCnioT Rirsi abraami, efesos episkoposi (me-5-6 saukuneebis mijna). monas-tris umTavres siwminded iTvleboda RmrTismSoblis xelTuqmneli xati ( jAce i ropoivgto~ ). xatmbrZoli imperatoris, Teofiles dros (829-842) abraami-ti berebi icavdnen xatebs da amxeldnen xelisufals eresSi, ris gamoc isini garozges da konstantinopolidan gaaZeves. Zmebma Tavi Seafares naT-lismcemlis monasters, foveronTan, bosforis napiras, sadac maT mowame-brivi aRsasruli hpoves. kaTolikuri eklesia mowame-abraamitebis xsovnas 8 ivliss aRniSnavs (red. Sen.).

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ariosma, daaarsa wminda tirsis eklesia da monasteri, romelic manamde ekavaT makedonel mwvaleblebs, sadac mogvianebiT, patri-arq prokles dros, ormoci mowamis neSti aRmoaCines. maSin kon-stantinopolis saepiskoposo kaTedra ekava wm. ioane oqropirs. oqropirma Tavisi auwereli enamzeobiT, udavod, didad Seuwyo xeli morwmuneTa gulmodginebas eklesiebisa da monastrebis daarsebis saqmeSi. `gaamravleT Cveni eklesiebi, _ mimarTavda qad-agebaSi qristianebs, _ raTa aravis miwa ar darCes ueklesiod. nu ityviT, rom mezobel qalaqSia eklesia, saWiroa, is Tqvens sakuTar miwazec iyos. imperatorma rom TavisTvis sacxovreblis ageba gTx-ovoT, gana im dResve ar daiwyebdiT misi nebis aRsrulebas? Rmer-TisTvis naklebs nu gaakeTebT. mere aRmoaCenT, rom es gacilebiT did xarjebs saWiroebs? Tqvenc mokrZalebuli nagebobiT daiwyeT, Tqveni memkvidreebi gaadideben mas.~ aseT rCeva-darigebas aZle-vdnen monastrebis damaarseblebs episkoposebi da imperatorebi mogvianebiTac.

imperator Teodosi umcrosis dros misma erT-erTma dam, ark-adiam, aaSena wm. andrias saxelobis monasteri. mas daxmarebas qa-laqis warCinebuli patriciebi uwevdnen. maTive mondomebiT kidev sxva mravali monasteri aSenda, magaliTad, wm. Teodore tironisa. im dros sasaxlis mcvelma dalmatim datova col-Svili da Tavis vaJTan, favstosTan erTad daaarsa Tavisi saxelobis monasteri. Tavis siqveleTa da sibrZnis wyalobiT 431 wlis efesos krebaze igi yvelaze cnobili iyo dedaqalaqis berebs Soris.

imperatori markiane da, gansakuTrebiT, dedofali pulxeria, Teodosis da, agrZelebdnen saeklesio mSeneblobebs. markianes brZanebiT aSenda wm. zoias da wm. irines saxelobis monastre-bi. pulxeriam ki vlaqernis kvartalSi aRmarTa RmrTismSoblis brwyinvale taZari, romelic mravaljer aRadgines da amJamadac arsebobs. qalaqis meore boloSi, akropolisis ZirSi, misi zrunviT kidev erTi RmrTismSoblis saxelobis eklesia-monasteri aSenda _ `qristianTa megzuri,~ odigitria. es iyo mamaTa monasteri, sadac luka maxareblis mier Sesrulebuli RmrTismSoblis gamosaxuleba iyo daculi.

leon didis mefobis dros (457-474 ww.) igeba wm. kviriakes mon-asteri oqros karibWis miRma, wm. efTvimes monasteri da bizantiis istoriaSi yvelaze saxlganTqmuli _ wm. ioane naTlismcemlis


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monasteri, ufro cnobili studielTa monastris saxeliT, rogorc konsul studiosis mier aSenebuli.

magram monasterTa mSeneblobis oqros xanad iTvleba iustini-anes mefobis dro (527-563 ww.). konstantinopolis mravali monas-teri unda umadlodes Tavis arsebobas iustinianes, isini sxvadasxva wmindanis saxelze igeboda: mowameebis anTimozis, Teodores, miqa-elis, lavrentis, mociqulebis _ petresa da pavles saxelze da sxv. petresa da pavles monastris maxloblad iustinianem kidev aaSena wm. sergisa da baxusis monasteri, sadac imperatori yovel wels didi zeimiT aRniSnavda `ganaxlebis~ samSabaTs, wm. paseqis kviraSi. SesaZloa, imave iustinianes wyalobiT arsebobs RmrTism-Soblis monasteri RmrTismSoblis mSvenier wyarosTan, romlis wyliTac avadmyofebi ikurnebodnen. dedofalma Teodoram, Tavis mxriv, aaSena sinanulis monasteri. axali monastrebis SenebasTan erTad iustinianem Zvelebic aRadgina: wm. mokis, wm. miqaelisa, jer kidev konstantine didis mier daarsebulni.

536 wlis krebas, romelic patriarqma minam moiwvia anTimozis, severusisa da sxva monofizitebis winaaRmdeg, dedaqalaqis Zvel ubanSi arsebuli samocdarva monastris winamZRvari eswreboda.4

konstantinopolis

sapatriarqos daarseba

me-4 saukunis 25-dan 81 wlamde, pirvel da meore msoflio krebebs Soris, konstantinopolis, rogorc religiuri da poli-tikuri qalaqis, mniSvneloba metad gaizarda da misi episkoposi

4 istoriuli konstantinopoli mdebareobs bosforis sruteze, bune-briv navsayudelTan `oqros rqa,~ da camet milioniani mosaxleobiT evropis udides qalaqs warmoadgens. qemal aTaTurqis meTaurobiT 1923 w-s. daarsebu-li TurqeTis respublikis dedaqalaqis funqcia amave wlidan q.ankaraSi ga-dadis da axali mTavroba konstantinopols saxels stambulad gadaarqmevs. 1930 wlidan yvela qveynis mTavrobebi iTvaliswineben axalgazrda TurqeTis respublikis Txovnas da am uZvelesi qalaqis oficialur saxelwodebad stambuls iyeneben. saxeli konstantinopoli ucvlelad mxolod marTlma-didebeli eklesiis wiaRSi ixmareba (red. Sen.).

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sxva episkoposebze metad amaRlda. man memkvidreobiT miiRo ara mxolod Zveli bizantiis mitropolitebis uflebebi, romlebic mxolod TavianT eparqias marTavdnen da imyofebodnen Trakiis olqis mTavari mitropolitis, irakli Trakielis gamgeblobis qveS; aramed saimperatoro Zalauflebis gavleniTac da kidev imis gamo, rom imperiis episkoposebi xSirad Cadiodnen dedaqa-laqSi da sargeblobdnen konstantinopolis episkoposis stumarT-moyvareobiTa da mfarvelobiT, ramodenime aTwleulSi is mniSvn-elobiT pirvel episkoposad iqca aRmosavleTSi da Zveli romis episkoposebis yvelaze Zlier metoqed.

konstantinopolis mitropolits gansakuTrebuli sapatri-arqo uflebebi daumtkicda konstantinopolis meore msoflio krebaze. ̀ konstantinopolis episkoposs aqvs Rirsebis upiratesoba romis episkoposis Semdeg, vinaidan konstantinopoli aris axali romi~. amgvarad, konstantinopolis episkoposs eboZa meore adg-ili patriarqTa Soris, uSualod romis episkoposis Semdeg da amas safuZvlad daedo wmindad politikuri mosazreba: `vinaidan konstantinopoli aris axali romi.~ axal patriarqs mmarTvelo-baSi gadaeca konstantinopoli da mTeli Trakia. berZnebma es dadgenileba gaiges imgvarad, rom konstantinopolis patriarqi uflebiT savsebiT gautolda romisas da meore adgili mxolod imitom daikava, rom axali romi Zvel romze gvian daarsda.

konstantinopolis krebis Semdeg konstantinopolis episkopo-sis mniSvneloba ufro da ufro izrdeboda. is ereoda efeso-sa da kapadokiis kesariis, mcire aziis mitropolitebis saqmeeb-Si, romelnic manamde gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, agreTve sxva patriarqebis saqmeebSic Rebulobda monawileobas. konstantinopolis patriarqis uflebebis esoden gafarToeba imis Sedegi iyo, rom konstantinopolSi yoveli mxridan Camodiodnen episkoposebi xelisufalTan TavianTi saqmeebis gasarCevad. imper-atori ki am saqmeebs umeteswilad gansaxilvelad gadascemda konstantinopolis patriarqsa da mis krebas, romelic Sedgeboda mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi episkoposebisagan. yvela episkoposi amgvarad aRmoCnda konstantinopolis patriarqis gamgebloba-Si. ukve konstantinopolis patriarqi neqtariosi sinodis erT-erT krebaze 394 wels naklebad aZlevda sityvas aq damswre


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aleqsandriisa da antioqiis episkoposebs da sakiTxebs TiTqmis erTpirovnulad wyvetda. imis Sesaxeb, Tu raoden gafarTov-da konstantinopolis kaTedraze misi memkvidris, ioane oqropiris, uflebebi, Teodorite ase ambobs: ̀ eklesiis mesaWe rom Seiqna, didi ioane gabedulad Seudga usamarTlobis mxilebas, zogierTni rom sCadiodnen, uSiSrad Caagonebda mefesa da dedofals yovelive sasikeTos, samRvdeloebs kanonisadmi morCilebisken ganawyobda. Tu vinme gabedavda maT darRvevas, aseTebs sakurTxevelSi Sesvlas ukrZalavda da ambobda, mRvdels ar SeSvenis samRvdelo pativ-iT siamovneba, Tu is WeSmariti samRvdelo cxovrebis moSurneobas moklebuliao. aseT zrunvas iCenda is ara marto Tavis qalaqze, aramed mTels Trakiaze, romelic dayofili iyo eqvs eparqiad, da mTels aziazec ki, romelsac TerTmeti gamgebeli marTavda. da mTels pontos olqsac imave kanonebiT amSvenebda, Tumca ep-arqiebis raodenoba iqac TerTmeti iyo~. 400 wels oqropirma efesoSi imogzaura, radgan efesos episkoposis xeldasasxmelad iyo miwveuli. Tumca efesos mitropolias erTob gamorCeuli adgili ekava, oqropiris erT-erTma memkvidrem konstantinopolis kaTe-draze, atikusma, Caagona imperator Teodosi umcross 421 wels, gamoeca brZaneba, romlis mixedviTac mezobeli mitropoliis arc erTi episkoposi ar SeiZleboda xeldasxmuliyo konstantinopo-lis episkoposis Tanxmobis gareSe.

magram am uflebebs, romlebiTac sinamdvileSi ukve sargeblob-da konstantinopolis patriarqi, sWirdeboda msoflio krebis mier sazeimod dakanoneba, rac ganxorcielda IV msoflio saeklesio krebaze qalkedonSi 451 wels da romelmac 28-e kanoniT gaafar-Tova konstantinopolis episkoposis uflebebi: `mivyvebiT ra yve-laferSi wminda mamaTa ganmartebebsa da vcnobT as ormocdaaTi RvTismosavi episkoposis mier cota xniT adre miRebul kanons, ne-tarxsenebuli Teodosi didis, yofili imperatoris sataxto qalaq konstantinopolSi _ axal romSi rom iqna miRebuli, Cvenc vad-genT da vadasturebT imaves konstantinopolis wminda eklesiis, axali romis, upiratesobis Sesaxeb. rameTu Zveli romis taxtsac wminda mamebma samarTlianad uboZes upiratesoba, radgan is iyo samefo qalaqi. imave mosazrebiT as ormocdaaTma RvTismosavma episkoposmac uboZa Tanaswori upiratesoba axali romis taxts samarTliani gansjiT, rom qalaqi, sadac imyofeba samefo mTavro-

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ba da sinkleti,5 da romelsac aqvs Tanaswori upiratesoba Zvel samefo romTan, mis msgavsad amaRldes saeklesio saqmeebSic, amasTan, [pativis mixedviT] darCes meore adgilze mis Semdeg. mxolod amitom pontos, aziis, Trakiis mxareebis, da, amas garda, zemoxsen-ebuli mxareebis ucxo tomebis episkoposebi dae, xeldasxmul iqnen konstantinopolis uwmindesi eklesis uwmindesi taxtis mier. e.i. zemoxsenebuli mxareebis TiToeulma mitropolitma Tavis episko-posebTan erTad daasxas xelni eparqiis episkoposebs, rogoradac amas saRmrTo kanonebi iTvaliswinebs. xolo Tavad zemoxsenebuli olqebis mitropolitebi xeldasxmulni iqnebian, rogorc iTqva, konstantinopolis arqiepiskoposis mier mas Semdeg, rac, Cveulebi-samebr, daasaxeleben maT da warudgenen arqiepiskoposs.~

es dadgenileba, cxadia, iyofa or nawilad, romelTa Sinaarsi gansxvavebulia. dadgenilebis pirveli nawili amtkicebs imaves, rac konstantinopolis krebaze iyo dadgenili, anu konstantino-polis episkoposs aniWebs meore adgils romis episkoposis Semdeg. meore nawiliT sanqcia eZleva oqropiris droidan ukve praqti-kaSi arsebul konstantinopolis episkoposis umaRles zedamxedv-elobas ara marto Trakiis diocezze, aramed aziisa da pontos diocezebzec, da mas eZleva gamonaklisi ufleba, xeli daasxas am diocezebis mitropolitebs, iseve, rogorc barbarosi erebis episkoposebs. am saxiT konstantinopolis patriarqi Tavis gamge-blobaSi iRebda gacilebiT meti raodenobis eklesias, vidre aR-mosavleTis danarCen or patriarqs hqonda erTad. mogvianebiT iulianes ediqtiT mas, agreTve, eboZa sxva patriarqebze saCivris miRebis ufleba. amgvarad, mas mTels aRmosavleTze daudginda zedamxedveloba. konstantinopolis eklesiis samociqulo warmo-Sobas adasturebs is, rom wm. andria pirvelwodebulma gadasera qadagebiT bizantia.

5 sinkleti _ (berZnuli `suvgklhto~~ – mowveuli.) Zvel saberZneTSi sinkleti erqva umaRles moxeleTa krebas, areopags. bizantiaSi sinklets konstantinopolis senats uwodebdnen (red. Sen.).


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* * *qalkedonis krebis 28-e kanoniT konstantinopolis patriarqs

eqvemdebareboda Semdegi diocezebi: ponto, azia (kilikiisa da isavriis gamoklebiT) da miwebis nawili balkaneTis naxevarkunZu-lze.

mcire azias gaaCnda udidesi msoflio-istoriuli mniSvnelo-ba rogorc samoqalaqo, ise saeklesio TvalsazrisiT. is gaxldaT Suamavali Sua aziisa da evropis xalxebs Soris, maTi cxovre-biseuli gamocdilebis, e.w. kulturis gacvlis gzas. es gacv-la-gamocvla aziasa da evropas Soris gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda istoriis Zveli periodis bolos da qristianobis gaCenis dasawy-isSi, aleqsandre makedonelidan dawyebuli Sua saukuneebamde. es navmisadgomebiTa da koncxebiT arSiaSemovlebuli, mdinareebiT daserili qveyana gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebeli iyo vaWrobisa da naosnobisaTvis. amasTan, aq iyo rbili klimati da adgilobrivi produqtebis simravle. Txisa da cxvris farebi, puri, zeTi, Rvino, samxreTis xili, bewveuli, Sali, marmarilo da metalebi aq uxvad ipoveboda. qveyanas TiTqmis Suaze kveTs tavris mTebi, romlis ferdebic dafarulia simwvaniT, mSvenieri muxis, fiWvisa da nekerCxlis tyeebiT. es qedi mravali mdinaris mSobelia da qveynis Suagulidan myudro gzas ukafavs maT zRvebisaken.

Zveli mwerlebis sityviT, mcire azias dasavleTidan aRmosav-leTisken 700 km-mde teritoria eWira, CrdiloeTidan samxreTisak-en _ 250 km. cxadia, es maCvenebeli mTlad zusti araa.

mcire aziis naxevarkunZulis mTels am sivrces romaelebi or, TiTqmis Tanatol, nawilad hyofdnen. Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, Sav zRvasTan mdebare mxares uwodebdnen pontos; meores, samx-reT-dasavleTisas uwodebdnen sakuTriv azias. orive maTgani, Tavis mxriv, ramodenime provinciad iyofoda, romelTa ricxvic sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvari iyo, daaxloebiT aTamde. Teodorite aziaSi iTvlis TerTmet arqonts _ mmarTvels, da amdenives _ pontoSi. mcire azia kidev ufro wvril erTeulebad iyofoda eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, ramdenadac yovel provinciaSi ramodenime saepis-koposo kaTedra arsebobda. mTels mcire aziaSi 450 saepiskoposo kaTedras iTvlidnen.GTu am cifrs daaxloebiT zustad miviCnevT da mcire aziis mTels teritorias SevusabamebT, aRmoCndeba, rom

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TiToeul eparqias saSualod 10 km. eWira. magram TavisTavad ig-ulisxmeba, rom eparqiebi zustad erTmaneTis toli ar iyo: zogi ufro didi gaxldaT, zogic _ momcro. detalebs aRar ganvixilavT, mxolod SevniSnavT, rom saepiskoposo eparqiebs pontos olqSi gacilebiT vrceli sivrce ekavaT, vidre aziis olqSi, Tumca aq isini gacilebiT mWidrod iyvnen dasaxlebulni.

pontos diocezi

qristianobis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis istoriasTan dakav-SirebiT xSirad axseneben pontosa da pontos provincias. gavixse-noT, rom aq iqadages mociqulebma petrem da andriam; gavixsenoT, rom aq iyo pirveli qristianebis sastiki devna maqsimianes dros, rodesac saSineli miwisZvra moxda, 235 wels. pontos provinciis ganxilvisas Cven SevxvdebiT mraval metad nacnobi adgilis saxels eklesiis istoriidan.

kapadokia da mcire somxeTi iyo pontos mxaris ukiduresi aRmosavleTi provinciebi.

es iyo pirquSi qveyana, mTagoriani, uxvi kinovariTa6 da cxenebiT, da dasaxlebuli siriuli warmoSobis tomebiT. aq pirvelad ro-maelebma daiwyes qalaqebis mSenebloba uwindeli dabebis adg-ilze. maT daaarses kesaria, tiana, nazianzi da sxva qalaqebi. es Zalze didi raionebi iyo. kerZod, kapadokias ekava 75 000 km, erTi mtkicebiT; sxva Cvenebebi am cifrs aormageben. kesaria da tiana 150 km-iT iyo erTmaneTs daSorebuli, maT Soris iyo patara qa-laqi sasima. patara somxeTsac sakmaod didi teritoria eWira. am or provinciaSi erTad 24 saepiskoposo moqmedebda. Sesabamisad, es saepiskoposoebi metad farTo moculobisa gamodioda. aseT vrcel teritoriaze ase mcire raodenobis saepiskoposoebis arse-

6 kinovari _ berZn: kinnavbari, laT: cinnabari –vercxliswylis sulfidi HgS. vercxliswylis yvelaze gavrcelebuli minerali mowiTalo Seferil-obisa. kinovari ewodeba, aseve, am mineralisagan miRebul saRebav pigmentsa da Sesabamis fers. kinovari, rogorc Seucvleli kaSkaSa wiTeli feris pigmenti, farTod gamoiyeneboda Zvel egvipteSi, romSi, adreul bizantiaSi. naturalur kinovars dResac iyeneben kanonikur xatweraSi (red. Sen).


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boba imiT aixsneba, rom am provinciebis mosaxleoba mcirericxovani iyo, Sesabamisad, qalaqebic patara gaxldaT. magram teritoriis sididis gamo aqaur episkoposebs xSirad qorepiskoposebic hyavdaT. basili didis dros erT kesariis episkoposs 50-mde qorepiskoposi exmareboda.7

kesaria. kesaria, kapadokiis mTavari qalaqi, yvelaze mouxerx-ebel adgilze gaeSenebinaT. straboni ambobs, rom es uwylo da unayofo qveyana iyo, sruliad gamousadegari miwaTmoqmedebisaT-vis. garSemo, Soreul sivrceze, moCanda qviSa da qviani adgilebi. yovelgvari mcenareuloba, TiTqos, cecxls gadaewva. adgilobrivi nawarmiT mkvidri mosaxleoba Tavs ver irCenda, aRarafers vityviT vaWrobaze. da mainc, romis keisrebs surdaT, am adgilze patara dasaxleba mazakis nacvlad aeSenebinaT didi qalaqi da TavianT sapativcemulod kesaria ewodebinaT. zogis azriT, qalaqi daars-da tiberiusis dros, zogic klavdiuss ambobs. rogorc unda yo-filiyo, kesaria sul male did qalaqad iqca da 260 wels misma mosaxleobam 400 000 Seadgina. kesariaSi qristes eklesia moci-qulTa dros daarsda petre mociqulis mier. da vinaidan qalaqs ar hqonda mtkice warmarTuli gadmocemebi, is sul male TiTqmis mTlianad qristianul qalaqad iqca. origenes dros aq mravali qristiani iyo, da manac devnisas aq Seafara Tavi. swored maSin dauarsebia origenes kesariaSi qristianuli skola. diokletianes periodSi kesariis qristianebi mravaljer idevnen, magram miuxeda-vad amisa, konstantines mefobis Jams kesariaSi TiTqmis aRar iyvnen warmarTebi. sozomenis sityviT, iuliane gandgomili Zalian gaRi-zianebuli iyo kesariis mosaxleobaze. `mefem amoricxa qalaqebis siidan kesaria, romelic argeusis mTasTan8 aris, qalaqi vrceli da mdidari, mTeli kapadokiis metropolia, da TviT saxelic ki

7 istoriuli kapadokiis teritoriaze dRes aris TurqeTis provin-ciebi: nevSehiri, kaiseri, aqsarai da nigde. kapadokiaSi q. goremis erovnuli parki da kapadokiis kldeSi nakveTi dasaxleba Setanilia iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi (red. Sen.).8 argeusis mTa (Tanamedrove saxelwodeba – erjiasi) mdebareobs ana-

toliis zeganis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, qalaq kaiseridan (kesariis Tanamedrove saxelwodeba) 25 km-Si. centraluri anatoliis umaRlesi werti-li, 3916 m-is mwvervali myinvariTaa dafaruli, mTis ZirSi da ferdebze aris mindvrebi, baRebi da venaxebi (red. Sen.).

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waarTva, romelic klavdiusis mefobis dros mieniWa mas. mefe mana-mdec mtrulad iyo ganwyobili kesariis mosaxleobisadmi, radga-nac qriste iwames da didi xniT adre daangries qalaqis mfarveli zevsisa da mSobliuri apolonis taZrebi. magram rodesac kesari-is qristianebma gaanadgures ukanaskneli warmarTuli, bednierebis saxelobis taZari, Tanac misi mefobis dros, is ukiduresad ganrisx-da. qalaqSi mcire raodenobiT darCenil warmarTebs usayvedura, ratom daagvianes da Tavis droze ar mimarTes dasaxmareblad an Tavi rad ar Seswires taZars. mefem brZana, kesariisa da misi olqis eklesiebis qoneba da fuli moeZebnaT Tundac wamebis gam-oyenebiT, gamoetanaT moedanze da 300 litri oqro CaebarebinaT xazinaSi. brZana, yvela sasuliero piri SeeyvanaT olqis jaris siaSi, e.i. garnizonSi, sadac samsaxuri iyo sazareli da samarcxvi-no. xolo yvela danarCeni, ubralo fenis qristianebi, ojaxebTan erTad, gautoldnen xiznebs da maT daado xarki~.

iulianes esoden mkacri kanonebi kesariis mimarT gasagebia. aq, argeusis mTasTan, makelumis cixe-simagreSi, imperatoris sasaxli-dan Sors, izrdebodnen iuliane da misi Zma galusi. da aq iuliane asrulebda medaviTnis movaleobas.

kesaria SesaniSnavia imiTac, rom mis maxloblad daibada wm. saba ganwmendili. aq iyo is udabnoc, sadac mosagreobda wm. am-filoqe, SemdgomSi _ ikoniis episkoposi. arianuli SfoTis dros kesaria mudam marTlmadideblobas icavda da SeiZleba amitomac evnomiosi kapadokiis olqSi gadaasaxles.

kesariis episkoposTa Soris TavianTi RvawliT cnobilni arian: rigiT I _ longinoz asisTavi; III _ firmiliane († 269), cnobili Tavisi ganaTlebiT, da dacemulTa Sesaxeb kamaTis monawile; V _ leonti, romelmac somxeTSi dasva grigoli9; X _ wm. basili, romelic cxovrobda me-4 saukuneSi da romelmac samarTlianad daimsaxura `didis~ wodeba da XVII _ andria, apokalifsis ganm-martebeli (†565 w). Tavad kesariis mitropolias konstantinopo-lis sapatriarqoSi damsaxurebulad ekava pirveli adgili.

9 laparakia grigol somxeTis ganmanaTlebelze. is mcirewlovani iyo, rodesac ZiZam daoblebuli bavSvi mtrebisagan gadasarCenad kapadokiis ke-sariaSi gaxizna. aq miuRia mas ganaTleba. 302 w-s. leonti kapadokielma is akurTxa episkoposad. amis Semdeg brundeba samSobloSi da aSenebs taZars, saxelad `eCmiaZins~ (rac niSnavs `adgili, sadac mxolodSobili gardamovi-da~) somxeTis uZveles dedaqalaq vaRarSapatSi (red. Sen.).


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611 wels, imperator herakles xanaSi, romisa da sparseTis omis dros, sparselebma daangries kesaria.10

nisa. kesariasTan axlos, kesariasa da ankiras SuaSi, mdinare meleze, romelic gamoedineba argeusis mTidan, mdebareobda pa-tara qalaqi nisa. es qalaqi SesaniSnavia imiT, rom aq me-4 sauku-neSi episkoposi iyo wm. grigol noseli, 11 basili didis RviZli Zma.12

nazianzi. kesariis olqSi iyo kidev erTi, SesaniSnavi patara qalaqi nazianzi. sokrates mowmobiT, nazianzi iyo patara qalaqi, svida ki sulac sadgurs uwodebs mas _ `staqmovn.~ saero is-torikosebi am qalaqs saerTod ar axseneben, da rodesac vkiTxu-lobT wm. grigolis Suamdgomlobis epistoles q. diokesariaze, mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom nazianzs ufro xSirad diokesarias uwodebdnen. wm. grigoli diokesarias aRwers, rogorc sakmaod mniSvnelovan qalaqs. `pativi eciT Cems siberes, mimarTavs wm. grigoli diokesariis mmarTvels, romlisTvisac Zalian mZime iqneba, Tu es didebuli qalaqi, romelsac odesRac me ganvagebdi, metad aRar iarsebebs; taZari, romelic RmerTisTvis avageT da sadac gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiT vloculobdiT, mxecebis TavSesafari gaxdeba. samwuxaroa, rodesac erTi adamiani kvdeba, romelic dRes CvenTan aris da xval aRar iqneba da arc dagvibrundeba. ma-gram ufro saSinelia mTeli qalaqis sikvdili, romelic mefes dauarsebia, dros mouwyvia da wlebis rigs Semounaxavs.~… es wer-ili dawera grigol RmrTismetyvelma, romelic warmoSobiT iyo nazianzidan da aqve gaizarda. aq Cven gakvriT aRvniSnavT, rom tianas mitropolitma kesariis mitropolits dasZlia da SeZlo

10 istoriuli kapadokiis kesariis teritoriaze dRes aris TurqeTis qalaqi kaiseri, kaiseris provinciis administraciuli centri; mosaxleoba 1 milions aWarbebs, qalaqSi oTxi universitetia (red. Sen.).11 qalaq `nisas“ saxelwodebas Tu klasikuri berZnulis warmoTqmis

wesiT wavikiTxavT, unda vTqvaT: nusa, xolo Tu bizantiuri warmoTqmiT _ nisa. Sesabamisad, am cnobili saeklesio moRvawis saxelic nuseli an niseli gamodis. magram Zvel qarTul xelnawerTa tradiciis mixedviT, ra Tqma unda, is noselad unda movixsenioT (red. Sen.).12 istoriuli nisa dRes warmoadgens arqeologiur RirsSesaniSnaobas;

is mdebareobs Tanamedrove q. harmandalis maxloblad, ortakois raionis aksarais provinciaSi (red. Sen.).

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kesariis maxloblad mdebare nazianzis dasakuTreba. `Cven viRu-pebiT, Cven RalatiT migvitaces da meore kapadokiaze migvaweres, rodesac odesRac pirvel kapadokias veqvemdebarebodiT,~ werda amis Taobaze wm. grigoli.13

gadavideT tianasa da kesariis mitropolitebis brZolis Sede-gad kapadokiis or nawilad gayofis istoriaze.

tiana. kargad gamagrebuli qalaqi tiana, gadmocemiT, aSenebu-li iyo semiramidas mier. qalaqi mdebareobda sakmaod moxerxebul

13 istoriuli nazianzidan dRes TiTqmis aRaraferia darCenili. is mdebareobs Tanamedrove Turqul sof. bekarlaridan 4 kilometrSi Crdi-lo-dasavleTiT; adre am sofels nenizi erqva (red.Sen.).

kapadokia.

wm. grigol nazianzelis saxelobis taZari.


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adgilze, didi mdinaris napiras, romelic Tavisi kalapotidan arasodes gadmodioda. magram rac yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo qalaqis keTildReobisa da misi aRmavlobisaTvis, es gaxldaT misi siaxlove kilikiis karebTan, tavris mTis maxloblad, sadac iyo mosaxerxebeli gadasasvleli kilikiidan kapadokiaze. tianaSi me-tad mZlavri iyo warmarToba, swored aq qristianobis pirvel saukuneSi cxovrobda cnobili filosofosi da cru saswaulTa Semoqmedi apolonios tianeli.14 Tumca Semdgom aq qristaianoba gavrcelda da diokletianes devnis dros mravali ewama qriste-saTvis. da mainc, tianelebi ar yofilan qristes WeSmariti swav-lebis Rrmad erTgulni. arianeli imperatoris, valentis dros aq Sedga kreba ariozis swavlebis sasargeblod. imperatorma valentim kapadokia or nawilad gahyo da qalaqi tiana meore kapadokiis mitropoliad aqcia.15

sasima. daba sasima kesariidan _ 40 km-iT, xolo tianadan 9 km-iT iyo dacilebuli. am metad ubadruk adgils wm. grigol nazianzeli arqmevs did gzaze mdebare patara sadgurs Tavisi SenobebiT, rac aq mimavali mxedrebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. es adgi-li xrioki da yovelgvar simwvanes moklebulia, da wm. grigoli am dasaxlebas zogjer sasimas Waobsac uwodebs. ai, aq kesariis episkoposi wm. basili didi xsnis saepiskoposos, raTa win aRudges tianas arianeli mitropolitis Zalauflebis gavrcelebas, da episkoposad niSnavs msoflio eklesiis saukeTeso moZRvars, wm. grigol nazianzels. Cven saTanadod maSin gavigebT wm. basili didis gadawyvetilebas, Tu vaRiarebT, rom is am qmedebisas xe-lmZRvanelobda marTlmadideblobis siyvaruliT da surviliT, araferi daeTmo arianeli episkoposis gavlenisaTvis. wm. grigols aSinebda Tavisi daniSvnis adgili sasima. ̀ kapadokiaze mimaval did gzaze, ambobs is, aris Cveulebrivi gaCerebis adgili mogzaurTaT-

14 apolonios tianli _ berZeni neopiTagoreli filosofosi, warmo-SobiT q. tianadan, saswaulTmoqmedi, ieso qristes Tanamedrove. zogjer maT erTmaneTs adarebdnen. mis Sesaxeb vgebulobT me-3 s-Si moRvawe sofistis, flavius filostrate II ufrosis Txzulebidan `apolonios tianelis bi-ografia.~ (red. Sen.).15 istoriuli tiana dRes centralur TurqeTSi, niRdes provinciaSi

mdebare patara qalaqi kemerhisaria; misi mosaxleoba soflis meurneobiTaa dakavebuli (red. Sen.).

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vis, sadac es gza iyofa samad; adgili uwylo, sadac ar izrdeba balaxis Reric, yovelgvar sikeTes moklebuli, saocrad mosawyeni da viwro sofeli. aq yovelTvis mtveria, oTxTvalas borblebis raxraxi, cremlebi, qviTini, gadasaxadebis Semkrebni, wamebis iaraRe-bi, jaWvebi, ucxotomeli mcxovreblebi da mawanwalebi. aseTi iyo Cemi eklesia sasimaSi. aq me ar mqonda puri, rom mewiladebina momsvlelTaTvis; aq me, Rataki, Sevifarebdi CemsaviT Ratakebs da ar mqonda araviTari saSualeba, davxmarebodi maT. aq me unda mekrifa mxolod ekali da ara _ vardi ekalTa Soris, momemko mx-olod ubedureba yovelive sargeblis gareSe~. rogorc cnobilia, es saepiskoposo wm. grigolma male datova, vinaidan konstantino-polis arqiepiskoposad miiwvies. xolo sasima, tianasTan ase axlos mdebare, tianas mitropolitis daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda. sasimas momdevno episkoposebidan cnobilni arian eretikosebi: elevsinio-si _ qalkedonis krebis mowinaaRmdege, da klimenti (me-12 s.) _ bogomilobaSi16 braldebuli.17

mcire somxeTi. Cven mtkiced unda ganvasxvavoT mcire somxeTi didi somxeTisagan, romelic mdebareobs kavkasiaSi. mcire somxeTi iyo, ubralod, mcire aziaSi mdebare romis provincia. eklesiuri

16 bogomiloba _ Mme-10 saukuneSi bulgareTis samxreTiT warmoSobili antiklerikaluri moZraoba, rac SemdgomSi eresSi gadaizarda. eresiarqi iyo mRvdeli bogomili, saidanac miiRo kidec saxelwodeba am swavlebam. maTi swavleba Seicavda maniqeizmis, pavlikianelTa da mesalianelTa Sexed-ulebaTa elementebs. isini qadagebdnen srul upovarebas, ar scnobdnen qristes, eklesias, saRmrTo saidumloebebs, jvars, xatebs, RmrTisSobels, locvebidan mxolod `mamao Cvenos~ aRiarebdnen. scnobdnen axal aRTqmas, Zvels uaryofdnen. maTi SexedulebiT, samyaros Semoqmedi iyo mama RmerTi da misi Ze satanaili. am ukanasknelma Seqmna adamisa da evas sxeulebi, magram suli veRar STabera maT. Sesabamisad, bogomilebi adamianis sxeuls borote-bad aRiqvamdnen. bogomiloba bulgareTidan gavrcelda mTels balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, Semdeg ki _ bizantiis imperiis danarCen mxareebSic. am eresma me-15 saukunemde iarseba. Tumca, didi gavlena iqonia Semdgomi drois sxvadasxva seqtantur mimdinareobaze rogorc dasavleT evropaSi, ise – aR-mosavleTiT: safrangeTSi _ albigoicebi, valdensebi, germaniaSi _ katarebi, italiaSi _ patarenebi, ruseTSi _ xlistebi, strigolnikovebi, tolstovce-bi. bogomilebis Tema sainteresoa Tanamedrove kulturisaTvis. makedoniaSi gadaiRes filmi `saidulmo wigni,~ deteqtivisa da trileris elementebiT, siuJeti efuZneba bogomilebis dawerili `saidumlo wignis~ Ziebas. amave Temazea bulgareli mwerlis emilian stanevis romani da umberto ekos ro-mani `fukos qanqara~ (red. Sen.).17 mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom sasima SeiZleba yofiliyo Tanamedrove

Turquli soflis zamzamas an hasakois adgilze (red. Sen).


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TvalsazrisiT is mniSvnelovania, rogorc, konstantinopolis cno-bili episkoposebis, wm. pavlesa da wm. ioane oqropiris gadasax-lebis adgili.

sebastia. mcire somxeTis mTavari qalaqi iyo sebastia. plin-iusi am qalaqs uwodebs pataras, magram, rogorc Cans, SemdgomSi is gaizarda. iustinianem qalaqs axali galavani Semoartya. mosax-leobis ricxvi Temur lengis Tavdasxmis dros aq 12 aTass Sead-genda. Tuki mTavari qalaqis mosaxleoba aseTi mcire iyo, raRa unda iTqvas am provinciis sxva adgilebze. eklesiurad es adgili SesaniSnavia imiT, rom diokletianes mmarTvelobis dros aq did-Zali qristiani ewama, sxvaTa Soris, ormoci sebastieli mowamec. me-4 saukuneSi qalaqis episkoposma evstaTim gaavrcela mcdari Sexeduleba monazvnuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. misi Sexedulebis gamo, romelic qorwinebis saidumloebas amcirebda, 376 wels Sedga gangris kreba.18

kukuza. mcire somxeTis es patara qalaqi sadgurs ufro waaga-vda, vidre qalaqs. Teodorites sityviT, is mdebareobda bunebiT uRaribes adgilze. eklesiis istoriaSi kukuza mniSvnelovania imiT, rom imperatorma konstancim aq gadaasaxla konstantino-polis episkoposi pavle, xolo imperatorma arkadiusma _ io-ane oqropiri, romelmac sakmaod didi dro dahyo aq. gakvriT SevniSnavT, rom oqropiris mTavari mowinaaRmdege, mefis kariskaci evtropi, warmoSobiT didi somxeTidan iyo.19

ponto polemaikosi. es provincia mdebareobda uSualod Savi zRvis napirze. am olqis mmarTvelTaA umetesoba atareb-da polemaikosebis saxels, aqedan miiRo olqmac es saxelwodeba. saerTod, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis zoli, da maT Soris es provinciac, dasaxlebuli iyo mebrZoli barbarosi tomebiT. qveyana sakmaod mdidari iyo xiliT, TafliT, matyliT, miner-alebiT. aseTnairad aRwers am mxares wm. grigol noseli `wm.

18 mcire aziis sebastiis Tanamedrove saxelia sivasi. is aris sivasis provinciaSi mdebare naxevarmilioniani qalaqi (red. Sen.). 19 istoriuli kukuza dRes warmoadgens TurqeTis patara qalaq

gioksuns, 20 000 mosaxliT, kahramanmaraSis provinciaSi (red. Sen.).

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grigol Tavmaturgis cxovrebaSi~ da iqaur mcxovreblebs didi qebiT ixseniebs. `vin ar icis ponto? am mxareSi mcxovrebi xalxis siqveleni ZvelTaganve cnobilia. mTels dedamiwaze mxolod es zRva, mxolod es ponto aris evqseinos, anu stumarTmoyvare, al-ersiani yvela mogzaurisadmi. mas ase uwodeben an imitom, rom aq mcxovrebni gamoirCevian stumarTmoyvareobiTa da siyvaruliT Camosulebis mimarT, an imitom, rom es mxare aris nayofieri da ara mxolod qveynis mkvidrebs, aramed Soridan mosulebsac yvelafers aZlevs, rac saWiroa cxovrebisaTvis~. magram samarTliania is az-ric, rom es qveyana kulturis dabal safexurze idga da mcired dasaxlebuli iyo. zRvis piras idga met-naklebad mniSvnelovani sami qalaqi, meoTxe didi qalaqi ki _ qveynis SuagulSi. Crdi-lo-aRmosavleTiT, barbarosebis sazRvarTan, iyo kidev ori qalaqi _ pitiunti da sebastia. es saepiskopo olqi Zalian didi iyo, ise rogorc kapadokiasa da somxeTSi, mosaxleobis raodenoba ki _ metad mcire.

neokesaria. ponto polemaikusis mTavari qalaqi neokesaria mdebareobda zRvidan 12 km-ze, mdinare likeze. odesRac am adg-ilze iyo patara sofeli. savaraudod, am adgilis silamaziTa da moxerxebuli mdebareobiT moxiblulma imperatorma tiberiusma daaarsa qalaqi da uwoda mas kesaria. Tumca, pliniusis mowmobiT, es qalaqi ar yofila didi. eklesiis istoriisaTvis neokesaria imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom misi episkoposi me-3 saukuneSi iyo wm. grigol sakvirvelmoqmedi, romelic warmoSobiT amave qalaqidan iyo. wm. grigolma TiTqmis mTlianad warmarTuli neokesaria is-eTi warmatebiT gaaqristiana, rom misi episkoposobis dasasruls qalaqSi mxolod 17 warmarTiRa darCa. me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi neokesariis episkoposi iyo pavle aRmsarebeli, romelic devnis dros daatyveves, xolo Semdgom eswreboda nikeis msoflio krebas. me-9 s-Si neokesariis episkoposi iyo Toma, romelic mokles pav-likianelebma.20

komana. qalaqi komana mdebareobda mdinare irisze, neokesriis maxloblad. warmarTobis xanaSi aq iyo mcire aziis mTvaris Rmer-

20 Zveli neokesariis mdebareoba Seesabameba Tanamedrove TurqeTis to-katis provinciis qalaq niksars, 30 000-iani mosaxleobiT (red. Sen.).


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Tis, cibelas, sakerpo, romelsac mosaxleoba didi mokrZalebiT eTayvaneboda. aq gansakuTrebiT scemdnen pativs orakulebs, misneb-sa da qalRmerTis samsaxurisTvis ganwirul qalwulebs. eklesiis istoriisaTvis komana mniSivnelovania imiT, rom aq wm. grigol neokesarielis winadadebiT episkoposad airCies vinme aleqsandre, ubralo menaxSire, xolo warsulSi filosofosi. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania komana imiT, rom mis maxloblad, kukuzadan axali gadasaxlebis adgilis, pitiuntisaken mimaval gzaze, aResrula io-ane oqropiri. kukuzadan komanamde misvlas wm. ioane sam Tves mounda, komanadan pitiuntamde, sadac iyo misi saboloo gadasax-lebis adgili, orjer meti dro iyo saWiro. pitiunti mdebare-obda Savi zRvis CrdiloeT napirze, lazebis qveyanaSi. odesRac, pliniusis dros, pitiunti umdidresi qalaqi iyo. magram SemdgomSi, albaT, romis batonobis wyalobiT, is dakninda da, Teodorites sityvebiT, dasaxlebuli iyo uxeSi barbarosebiT. ar aris gasakviri, rom es adgili SeurCies wm. ioanes gadasaxlebisaTvis. iustinianes Tanamedrove, mwerali prokofi gadmogvcems, rom odesRac udidesi qalaqi da savaWro centri pitiunti romaelebma daangries, rode-sac gavrcelda xma xosros mier aq jarebis Seyvanis Taobaze. ius-tiniane Tavis `novelebSi~ pitiunts xSirad moixseniebs, rogorc banaks da ara, rogorc qalaqs. wm. ioanes neSti komanaSi ocdaaTi weli darCa, Semdeg, 438 w-s gadaasvenes konstantinopolSi.

komanaSi mesamed iqna mopovebuli wm. ioane winamorbedis Tavi.21

trapizoni. pontos olqSi, Savi zRvis napirze, neokesariasTan axlos, uZvelesi droidan arsebobda qalaqi trapizoni. aq Zir-iTadad sinopidan gadmosaxlebulebi saxlobdnen. uZveles xanaSi is arafriT yofila gamorCeuli. magram me-13 saukunidan is xdeba komnenosebis dinastiis bizantiis imperatorebis dedaqlaqi. isini

21 komanas toponimiT ramodenime adgilia cnobili, romelTagan sami anatoliaSi, aziur TurqeTSia: kapadokiis komana, ponto polemaikusis koma-na – Tanamedrove gomeneki, da antaliis provinciis komana. kidev sami komana aris rumineTSi. dabolos, saqarTveloSi, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respub-likis sofeli komani, soxumis raionSi. teqstSi aRniSnulia, rom komana md. irisze iyo. md. irisis Turquli saxelwodebaa ieSil-irmaqi, misi saTave ana-toliis mTebSia, q.sivasTan axlos, Caedineba Sav zRvaSi, q. samsunTan. es imas niSnavs, rom oqropiris gardacvalebis adgilad teqstis avtorebi pontos komanas miiCneven. Tumca, saeklesio gadmocemiT, ioane oqropiri afxazeTis komanSi aResrula (red. Sen.).

188


aq cxovrobdnen 1461 wlamde, rodesac qalaqi daipyres Turqebma.22

helenoponti. ponto polemaikusis dasavleTiT mdebareobda ponto galateis saxeliT cnobili qveyana, radganac samxreT-dasav-leTiT mas emijneboda galatea. es qveyana, arsebiTad, arafriT gansxvavdeboda ponto polemaikusisagan: iseTive mosaxleoba, ise-Tive adgilmdebareoba da iseTive gzebi; aqedan gamomdinare, saqmi-anobisa da cxovrebis erTnairi Cvevebi. amasTan erTad, am or olqs Soris arc bunebrivi sazRvari yofila. qalaqebis raodeno-ba am or provinciaSi erTad sul cameti iyo. konstantine didma arabunebrivad da ukanonod CaTvala am ori provinciis dayofa, gaaerTiana isini samoqalaqo administraciis TvalsazrisiT, da Ta-visi dedis sapativcemulod uwoda mas helenoponti. `mas miaCnda umarTebulod, ambobs iustiniane, rom es qristianuli olqi at-arebs tiranisa da warmarTis, polemaikusis saxels, vinaidan sityva `polemon~ berZnulad niSnavs oms. miuxedavad politikuri gaer-Tianebisa, eklesiurad is or olqad gayofili darCa. Zvel pon-to polemaikuss hqonda Tavisi mitropolia da saepiskoposoebi da ponto galateasac _ Tavisi mitropolia da saepiskoposoebi. helenopontSi iyo eqvsi saepiskoposo qalaqi, romelTaganac ori zRvis piras idga, danarCenebi _ qveynis siRrmeSi. saepiskoposo olqebi sakmarisad vrceli iyo. mTavar qalaq amasias miwerili hqonda ramdenime sofeli.

amasia. qalaqi amasia iyo helenopontis mTavari qalaqi, mde-

bare provinciis siRrmeSi, mdinare irisze, romelsac axla uwodeben emi-irmiks, an iSil-irmaqs anu mwvane mdinares. amasia gamoCenili geografis, strabonis, samSobloa. man dawvrilebiT aRwera Tavisi qalaqi, misi nagebobani, adgilmdebareoba. mis dros aq iyo pon-tos mefeebis sasaxle da akldama. im dros qalaqi Sefenili iyo mdinaris orive napirze, kldovani mTidan gamoyvanili wyali ori miwisqveSa wyalsadeniT miewodeboda mosaxleobas. amJamad qalaqs gars ertymis xilis baRebi da venaxebi, saidanac Rebuloben xer-esis msgavs Rvinos. vaWrobis ZiriTad sagnebad iTvleba abreSumi, puri da, agreTve, bewveuli. me-3 saukuneSi amasiis episkoposi iyo Tedimosi, swored man daiTanxma grigol neokesarieli, gamxdari-

22 Tanamedrove Turquli milioniani qalaqi trabzoni Savi zRvis sana-piroze (red. Sen.).


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yo episkoposi da xelnic manve daasxna. me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi amasiaSi ewama Teodore tironi (306 w.) da daikrZala. aqve iyo dakrZaluli wm. Teodore stratilati, warmoSobiT qalaq evx-aitidan, am qalaqis meaTe episkoposma ioanem pirvelad daakanona sami wmindanis dResaswauli (30 ianvari). amasiis episkoposi asteri, oqropiris Tanamedrove, cnobili iyo, rogorc saukeTeso mqadage-beli.23

sinopi. qalaqi sinopi daarsebuli iyo miletidan gamosuli berZnebis mier. is mdebareobda naxevarkunZulze da hqonda ori SesaniSnavi navsadguri. qalaqs gars ertya mtkice kedeli. sinopi Signidanac kargad iyo mowyobili da ganTqmuli iyo vaWrobiTa da simdidriT. aq iyo gimnazia, agora da kolonadebiT morTu-li ramodenime quCa. SesaniSnavi iyo sinopis Semogarenic. erTi sityviT, sinopi iyo erT-erTi saukeTeso, umdidresi kolonia Sav zRvaze. aq yvaoda berZnuli ganaTleba, aq cxovrobda cinikosi diogene. metad SesaniSnavi iyo sinopi eklesiis istoriisTvisac. aq iqadga andria pirvelwodebulma da mravaljer evno warmarTebi-sagan. erTi gadmocemis mixedviT, am qalaqidan Savi zRvis gavliT misula is skviTebis qveyanamde. garkveuli drois manZilze sinopSi cxovrobda cnobili akvila, romelmac jer iudaizmi miiRo, Semdeg kvlav qristianobas daubrunda. man Targmna ebrauli biblia ber-Znul enaze. sinopis pirveli episkoposi, filologosi, iyo erTi 70 mociqulTagani. traianes dros aq iyvnen wamebulebi. sinopidan iyo warmoSobiT gnostikosi markione, romlis mamam, sinopis episko-posma, gankveTa is eklesiidan uRmrTo swavlebisaTvis da gaaZeva qalaqidan.24

paflagonia. helenopontis dasavleTiT, Sav zRvasTan mdebare-obda paflagoniis olqi, amgvarad wodebuli mis Zvel mkvidrTa, paflagonelTa gamo. paflagonias helenopontisgan hyofda mdin-are halisi, xolo biTviniisagan _ mdinare parTenomi. paflagoni-

23 Tanamedrove qalaqi amasia, 82 000 mcxovrebiT, mdebareobs CrdiloeT TurqeTSi, Savi zRvis regionSi, warmoadgens amasiis provinciis adminis-traciul centrs (red. Sen.).24 Tanamedrove qalaqi sinopi CrdiloeT TurqeTSi,Savi zRvis sinopis

yuris napirze mdebareobs, mosaxleobis raodenoba - 47 000 (red. Sen.).

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is mcxovreblebi royio, uxeSni da metismetad gulubryviloni iyvnen. amitomac maTi saxeli berZnebisTvis salanZRavad qceuliyo. Tumca isini iyvnen SesaniSnavi cxenosnebi. maT ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda madnis damuSaveba. paflagoniaSi xuTi saepiskoposo kaTedra arsebobda. gansakuTrebiT didi mRelvareba moxda aq no-vacianelTa eresis gamo.

gangra. paflagoniis Zveli mefeebis dedaqalaqi gangra, Sem-dgom romis provinciis mitropolia, mdebareobda zRvidan mo-SorebiT da cixe-simagres warmoadgenda. basili didis mowmobiT, gangris mitropolitis gamgeblobaSi iyo ramdenime sakurTxeveli, rac migvaniSnebs imaze, rom mis olqze miwerili iyo ramdenime sofeli. ankiriis episkoposis, evsevis, mowmobiT, gangris mitropo-litebs zogjer irCevden da akurTxevdnen ankiriis mitropolite-bi. me-4 saukunis meore naxevarSi (340-376 ww.) gangraSi Sedga adgilobrivi kreba sebastiis episkoposis, evstaTis, swavlebis gamo. evstaTi ganaqiqebda qorwinebaSi cxovrebas.

me-5 saukuneSi qalkedonis msoflio krebam gangraSi gadaasaxla patriarqi dioskore. monofiziti mwerali, romelic am ambavze mogviTxrobs, gangras kunZuls uwodebs. gangra ki sinamdvileSi mdebareobda naxevarkunZulze, rasac qmnida ori mdinaris Serwyma: Sirin-su (tkbili wyali) da aji-su (mware wyali), da romlebic Semdgom uerTdebian kizil-irmiks (wiTeli mdinare). raki Cven viciT, rom gangras kunZulad mxolod monofizitebi moixsenebdnen, SegviZlia maTi dafaruli azri gamovitanoT _ isini cdilobd-nen, dioskores mdgomareoba, rac SeiZleba, savalalod warmoeCi-naT: gadasaxlebuli mowyvetili iyo sazogadoebas ara mxolod xmeleTidan, aramed wylis stiqiiTac! ratom SeCerda imperato-ris arCevani gangraze, ucnobia. monofizitebi am gadawyvetilebas aZleven or axsnas: a) mTels qveyanaSi gangris garda sxvagan arsad iyo kunZuli, sadac cxovrobdnen ebraelebi; b) am qveynis episko-posi iyo nestorianeli (an marTlmadidebeli), romelic saSineli eWviT epyroboda dioskores. pirveli ganmarteba, ra Tqma unda, arasworia. meore ganmartebis meore nawili, SeiZleba, namdvil faqts asaxavdes. rasakvirvelia, mTavrobas ar SeeZlo, ar gaeTval-iswinebina, ramdenad mtkice marTlmadidebeli iyo adgilobrivi


191

episkoposi _ vinaidan mis winaSe idga, erTi mxriv, msoflio krebis mier Rirsebaayrili episkoposi da, meore mxriv, didi dioskore _ rwmenis aTleti.25

amastrida. paflagoniaSi simdidriTa da moxdenilobiT yvelaze SesaniSnavi iyo qalaqi amastrida, romelic Sav zRvasTan, naxevarkunZulze idga. es qalaqic mileteli berZnebis daarsebu-li iyo. arsebobs qalaqis warmoSobis sxva versiac, TiTqos, is dar-ius kadamonis diswulma amastrisam aaSena. SesaZlebelia, qalaqs amastrida daerqva qalaq herakleas tiranis, dionises meuRlis sapativcemulodac, romelic amave saxels atarebda. qalaqi herak-lea amastridasTan axlos (70 km-Si) mdebareobda. naxevarkunZuls orive mxridan hqonda SesaniSnavi navsadgurebi. pliniusis mixedviT, qalaqis Semogareni kargad iyo damuSavebuli da metismetad la-mazad moCanda. aq gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen RmrTismSo-bels. amastridaSi mravali adamiani ewama xatmebrZolobis dros.26

25 gangra – Tanamedrove Cankiri TurqeTSi (red. Sen.).26 Zveli amastrida - Tanamedrove qalaqi amasra TurqeTis Savi zRvis

sanapiroze, 7000 mosaxliT (red.ASen.).

erT-erTi taZris interieri

kapadokiaSi.

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galatea. mcire aziis centrSi mdebareobda galateas provin-cia frigias, biTvinias, kapadokiasa da likonias Soris. mociqulTa xanaSi galateas mosaxleoba warmoadgenda dasavluri warmoSobis xalxs. Tavad saxeli galatea momdinareobs keltebis saxelidan, isini qristes dabadebamde oTxi saukuniT adre SemoWrilan mcire aziaSi. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi keltebi erT adgilas ar dam-kvidrebulan, maT Zalian uyvardaT omi. cdilobdnen, daepyroT, daengriaT da cecxlisTvis miecaT yvelaferi. axovanebi da mamacebi SesaniSnav daqiravebul jars Seadgendnen. magram qristemde ora-si wliT adre isini daipyres romaelebma. marTalia, SeinarCunes damoukidebloba, magram sazavo xelSekrulebiT maT aekrZalaT Tavdasxmebi mezobel olqebze. xolo qristes dabadebamde oc-daeqvsi wliT adre maT CamoerTvaT damoukidebeli mmarTveloba da galatea iqca romis provinciad, sadac mmarTveloba daekisra romis moxeles, romelic dasaxlda q. ankiraSi27.

politikurad romis es provincia iyofoda sam olqad. romis mmarTvelobis qveS myof sam mTavar keltur toms hqonda Tavi-anTi saerTo saxalxo krebebi, romelic qveynis yvela samoqalaqo, religiursa da safinanso sakiTxebs wyvetda. provinciis samive mTavar qalaqSi _ ankira, pesina (pesinunti) da tabiumi _ imarTe-boda senatis sxdoma da iwvevdnen saxalxo krebas, romlis erTxmad miRebul gadawyvetilebas hqonda kanonis Zala.

galateaSi iqadaga pavle mociqulma. man moinaxula galatea meore samaxareblo mogzaurobis drosac. aq is avad gaxda da avadmyofma iqadaga jvarze gakrul qristeze (gal. 4,13-14; 3,1) da xalxmac is RvTis angelozad miiRo (gal. 4,14-15). axali sarwmu-noeba ayvavda galatelTa Soris (gal. 3,2-3). magram galatelTa gadaxram iudaizmisaken iZulebuli gaxada pavle mociquli, gae-gzavna maTTvis gansakuTrebuli epistole. Tumca arsebobs azri, rom pavle mociquli sakuTriv galateaSi, sadac qalaqi ankiraa, ar yofila. aramed galateasa da mis eklesiebis qveS gulisxmobda likoniisa da pisidiis (derbia da listra) eklesiebs, romlebic imJamad galateas provinciaSi Sediodnen. Tumca am mosazrebas ara aqvs myari safuZveli.

27 Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi es qalaqi naxsenebia, rogorc ankÂria (red. Sen.).


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SemdgomSi galatea eklesiuradac iyofoda sam olqad, pirvel galateaSi moqmedebda Svidi saepiskoposi kaTedra, meoreSi _ jer oTxi, xolo Semdgom _ rva. saepiskoposoebi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod vrceli iyo, radganac ankiradan uaxloes qalaqamde manZili 25 km-s Seadgenda.

galatelebi crumorwmuneni iyvnen, gatacebulni jadoqrobi-Ta da marCielobiT. isini gamoirCeodnen qedmaRlobiT, uyvardaT kamaTi da erTmaneTSi ar megobrobdnen. amasTan, iyvnen TavSeu-kaveblebi, eZleodnen Rormucelobas, loTobasa da usircxvilo mxiarulebebs. yvela am dasaZrax Tvisebas maT xasiaTSi aRniSnavs pavle mociquli epistoleSi galatelTa mimarT. rogorc amave epistoledan Cans, galatelebs hqondaT zogierTi keTili Tvise-bac: iyvnen stumarTmoyvareni, mkvircxlebi, guliTadebi, uyvardaT Tavisufleba, Tumca xandaxan borotad iyenebdnen mas.

galatelTa daudgromeli xasiaTi da aramyari rwmena Zlierad aisaxa maT religiur Sexedulebebze. isini Tayvans scemdnen Tav-ianT Zvel RmerTebsac, romaul RmerTebsac, berZnul RmerTebsac da, aseve, aRmerTebdnen imperatorebs. qalaq ankiraSi sazogado xarjiT aRmarTes didebuli taZari RvTaebrivi avgustusis sapa-tivcemulod, misdami madlierebis niSnad, radgan am imperatorma ankira keTilmoawyo. am taZarSi galatelTa keTilSobili fena aRasrulebda qurumis movaleobebs. galatelTa yvela am warm-arTul warmodgenebs daemata iudaizmic. ankiraSi sakmaod iyvnen iudevelebi da galatelTa Soris, albaT, iyvnen iudauri sjulis prozelitebi. galatelebma qristianobis qadagebac male Seiwyn-ares, magram zedapirulad ganewyvnen qristianuli moZRvrebisadmi. da qristianobis miRebis Semdegac cvalebadi xasiaTis gamo iude-velTa cruswavlebaSi fiqrobdnen kidev ukeTesis povnas.

rac Seexeba galatelebis yofas, Zveli kelturi Cveulebebi da mTeli Zveli kelturi kultura ucvleli rCeboda im dromde, sanam galatelebi berZnebisa da romaelebis zegavlenis gareSe rCebodnen. politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg upir-velesad Seicvala Zveli kelturi ena. SemorCenili warwerebi udavod mowmoben, rom qristianobis periodSi galateis qalaqebSi kelturma enam adgili dauTmo berZnuls. udavoa isic, rom Tav-dapirvelad berZnuli ena miiRo galatelTa aristokratiam. da maTgan Semdgom gavrcelda xalxSi. netari ieronime ambobs, rom

194


misi Tanamedrove mcire aziis galatelebi ar iyvnen berZnuli enis zegavlenis qveS da metyvelebdnen, marTalia, naxevrad damax-injebul, magram nacionalur keltur enaze. es mowmoba SeiZleba samarTlianad vcnoT mxolod galateis mosaxleobis dabali, mi-wadmoqmedTa fenis mimarT.

ankira. galateis mTavari qalaqi iyo ankira. qalaqs es saxeli hqvia imitom, rom aq odesRac Ruzebi upoviaT (`ankira~ _ ber-Znulad Ruzas niSnavs, red.Sen). strabonis mixedviT, tiberiusis dros ankira jer isev patara qalaqi yofila; ptolemeusi mas uwodebs metropolias; pliniusi galateis mTavar qalaqad miiC-nevs; libaniosi ki ambobs, rom es iyo saxelovani, mdidari qalaqi. konstantine didma galatea orad gahyo da ankira scno pirveli galateis dedaqalaqad. qalaqis simdidris mTavari wyaro iyo masze gamavali saqaravno-savaWro gza.

metad mniSvnelovania ankira eklesiis istoriisaTvis. eklesia aq daarsda mociqulTa dros da devnis Jams mravali adamiani ewama rwmenisaTvis. aq, mcire aziis centralur nawilSi, orjer iyo mowveuli didi saeklesio kreba, 317 da 358 wlebSi. gan-sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 317 wels gamarTuli adgilobrivi kreba mitropolit markelosis TavmjdomareobiT, romelsac es-wreboda 17 episkoposi. Sedga 25 metad mniSvnelovani kanonikuri wesi, maT Soris 10 exeba eklesiaSi dacemulTa miRebas, danarCeni ki _ saeklesio keTilmoweseobas. es kreba iyo pirveli im cxra adgilobriv krebaTa Soris, romelTa kanonebi sayovelTaod miRe-bulia eklesiis mier. saerTod, ankiras mitropolias pontos rigSi kesariis Semdeg RirsebiT meore adgili eWira. momdevno xanebSi ankiras mitropoliis mniSvneloba daeca. aq mravali areuloba moxda ariozis mwvaleblobis gamo, mravali vneba miiRo qris-tianulma eklesiam iulianes dros. balsamonis gadmocemiT, kon-stantinopolis erT-erT krebaze ankiras mitropolia gadaiyvanes q. nazianzis episkoposis gamgeblobaSi. ankiras maxloblad daibada netari antioqe, romelmac ankirasTan axlos mdebare ataliis monastris iRumenisTvis dawera Tavisi pandeqti.28

28 istoriul ankiras dRes ankara ewodeba. esaa TurqeTis dedaqalaqi 1923 wlidan, sididiT qveynis meore qalaqi stambolis Semdeg, xuT milion-amde mosaxliT (red. Sen.).


195

biTvinia. pontos provinciebidan ukidures dasavleTiT, Sav zRvaze, bosforisa da konstantinopolis sruteebis sanapiroze, mdebareobda biTvinia. biTvinia nayofsavse da pirutyviT mdidar qveyanas warmoadgenda. zRvis sanapiro nawilSi mravali Sesani-Snavi berZnuli qalaqi iyo, romlebic mraval sikeTes iRebdnen zRvaze, or Rrma srutes Soris mdebareobiT. qsenofonte, rogorc Cans, araerTxel yofila am mxareSi, igi qveynis sanapiro zols aR-wers, rogorc xexiliT savses, sadac yvelafers naxavdiT qliavis garda. dionise periogetac gveubneba, rom biTvinielebi nayofiT metad uxv qveyanaSi saxlobdnen. Tanamedrove mogzaurebi savsebiT eTanxmebian am Sefasebas da aRtacebulni arian biTviniis lamazi mdebareobiT, venaxebiTa da tyeebiT. aq ZiriTadad muxis tyeebia, SigadaSig wifeli da kakali rom ereva.

biTviniis samxreT naxevris umetesi nawili ukavia maRal olim-pos,29 romlis mwvervalica da fuZec granitisaa, xolo ferdebi marmarilosi. biTviniis CrdiloeTi nawili umetesad dafarulia

29 es aris TurqeTis da ara saberZneTis mTa: biTviniis olimpo, uluda-gis qedis, da mTeli mcire aziis udidesi mwvervali - 2 543 m. zRvis donidan (red. Sen.).

wm. klimentis saxelobis taZari ankiraSi,

XX s-is dasawyisis foto

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nayari siliT. aq iyo qalaqi pruza,30 dedaqalaqi biTviniis mefee-bisa, romelTagan zogierTi atarebda saxels `pruzia.~

biTviniis saxelwodeba momdinareobs Trakiidan gadmosaxlebuli `Tinebis~ da `biTinebisagan.~ biTvinia, rogorc romis provincia, naklebad ixsenieba traianes dromde, rodesac plinius umcrosi gaxda misi mmarTveli. pliniusis gubernatorad daniSvna moxda im-peratorTan misi megobrobis gamo. pliniusi xSirad swerda imper-ators provinciis problemebze da biTviniisaTvis mravali sikeTis motanas cdilobda. ase magaliTad, pliniusma SeniSna nikomidiis maxloblad Txrili, romlis keTebac jer kidev sparsTa batono-bis dros daewyoT, albaT, adgilobrivi miwebis sarwyavad. plin-iusi Seecada, daerwmunebina imperatori, rom es Txrili arxad gadaeqciaT da misi saSualebiT nikomidia zRvasTan daekavSire-binaT. 46-e werilSi is iTxovs nikomidielebis dawyebuli wyalgay-vanilobis mSeneblobis damTavrebis nebarTvas. pliniusis droidan biTvinia qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSic sakmaod cnobili xde-ba. traianesadmi werilSi pliniusi mouTxrobs mas qristianebis devnis ambavs da dawvrilebiT aRwers qristianTa mdgomareobas biTviniaSi. biTvinia samoqalaqo da eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT gan-sakuTrebiT saintereso me-3 saukunis damlevidan gaxda, radganac aq, nikomidiaSi daaarsa Tavisi rezidencia diokletianem. me-4-5 ss-ebSi aq mravali saeklesio kreba Catarda eklesiaSi gaba-tonebuli mwvaleblobebis gamo.

momdevno saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT me-9 s-Si, biTviniaSi mrava-li savane aRmocenda. aseTebia: avqsentis savane, romelic daaarsa wm. avqsentim (†470 w.), sadac me-8 s-Si mosagreobda wm. stefane saswaulTmoqmedi (†767 w.); olimpos savane, sadac me-7 s-Si mo-sagreobda wm. giorgi limneoti; olimpos maxloblad simbolis udbnoSi me-9 s-Si mosagreobdnen: Rirsi timoTe, platoni, Semd-gomSi studielTa monastris iRumeni, da Teosterikte; medikiis savane, sadac wm. nikitasa da wm. aTanases sdevnidnen xatmebrZole-bi; trigliis monasteri, sadac leon somexis dros iRumenad iyo wm. stefane, aRmsarebeli da saswaulTmoqmedi; da poliqronis monasteri, sadac Tavdapirvelad Seudga monazvnur cxovrebas wm.

30 dRevandeli qalaqi bursa, TurqeTis sididiT meoTxe qalaqi – or milionamde mosaxliT (red.Sen.).


197

meTode, slavebis ganmanaTlebeli.

nikomidia. biTviniis mTavari qalaqi iyo nikomidia. is daaarsa biTviniis mefe nikomidos II-m 263 w-s qristes Sobamde. nikomid-ia iyo flavius arianes samSoblo. traianes dros pliniusi ni-komidias saxelganTqmul qalaqad ixseniebs. qalaqis mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda diokletianes dros, rodesac nikomidia-Si man Tavisi rezidencia gadaitana, da laktanciusis sityvebiT, didi mondomebiT zrunavda, rom nikomidia didebulebiT meore romi gamxdariyo. diokletianes garda aq rezidencia hqondaT sxva imperatorebsac: elagabaluss, galeriuss, konstantine dids, iulianes, valentianes, valentis. am ukanasknelma biTvinia or naw-ilad gayo da nikomidias mianiWa pirveli biTviniis mTavari qa-laqis statusi. magram 358 da 362 wlebis miwisZvrebma daangria nikomidiis didmSvenieri nagebobani.

qristianuli eklesia nikomidiaSi, gadmocemiT, petre mociquls dauarsebia, misi pirveli episkoposi gaxda proxori, samociqulo eklesiis Svid diakonTagan erTi. korinTos episkoposma dionisem, romelic cxovrobda me-2 saukuneSi, aq sagangebo epistole gagza-vna. diokletianes dros qristianTa raodenoba nikomidiaSi gan-sakuTrebiT didi iyo da zogierT maTgans mefis karze erTob sapatio Tanamdebobac ki ekava. am periodSi nikomidiaSi arsebobda SesaniSnavi qristianuli taZari, romelic 2000 kacs itevda. mis moculobaze is faqtic metyvelebs, rom rodesac imperatoris brZanebiT mas cecxli waukides, taZari sami dRe-Ramis ganmav-lobaSi iwvoda. qristianTa devnis periodSi, gansakuTrebiT dio-kletianes dros, aq Zalian bevri adamiani awames. arianuli areu-lobis Jams nikomidiis meeqvse mitropoliti evsevi TavgamodebiT icavda am cruswavlebas da valentis imperatorobisas nikomidiis maxloblad 70-mde marTlmadidebeli sasuliero piri daaxrCves wyalSi. me-9 saukuneSi nikomidiaSi cnobilni arian nikomidiis 29-e episkoposi Teofilaqte, xatebis dacvisTvis wamebuli, da giorgi, saeklesio galobebis Semdgeneli, fotiosis Tanamedrove.31

31 nikomidia Turqebma daipyres 1337 w-s. da saxelad izmiTi daarqves. dRes es marmarilos zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroze mdebare qalaqi 300 000 mosaxliT Sedis qojaelis provinciis marmarisis regionSi (red.Sen.).

198


helenopolisi (drepana). nikomidiidan dasavleTiT, 10 km-Si mdebareobda qalaqi helenopolisi. aq 312 wels gardaicvala wm. lukiane antioqieli da male, 326 w. mis saflavze wm. elenem aago taZari. helenopolisSi episkoposi iyo wm. paladi, lavsaikonis Semdgeneli.32

qalkedoni. qalaqi qalkedoni mdebareobda bosforis meore na-pirze, konstantinopolis mopirdapired. misi gareubani qrizopoli im adgilze iyo, sadac amJamad aris skutari. aq mosagreobda wm. maqsime aRmsarebeli (†641 w.). dedaqalaqTan siaxlovis miuxedavad qalkedoni sakmaod did qalaqad iTvleboda iustinianes dromde da uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo eklesiis istoriisaTvis. arianuli areulobis dros aq episkoposi iyo vinme evnomiosi, naxevradar-ianelobis mxurvale warmomadgeneli. ioane oqropiris dros, 403 w-s. aq Sedga 36 olqis episkoposTa ukanono kreba, romlis gadawyvetilebiT ioane oqropirs miesaja gandevna. SeTqmulebs SeeSindaT, konstantinopolSi moewviaT kreba, raTa xalxis aRSfo-Teba ar gamoewviaT. am Sekrebas uwodeben `muxisqveSas~, radganac is Caatares qalkedonis gareubanSi, patara eklesiis gverdiT mde-loze, muxis qveS. aq, ̀ muxranis~ raionSi me-4 saukuneSi prefeqtma rufinusma aaSena taZari petresa da pavles saxelze. SesaZlebe-lia, swored es aris `rufianas~ saxeliT cnobili savane, sadac me-5 s-Si iRumeni iyo ipatiosi († 446 w.). gasamarTlebis Semdeg ioane oqropirma erT xans biTviniis erT patara sofels Seafara Tavi.

eklesiis istoriisaTvis kidev ufro metad mniSvnelovania qalkedonSi Catarebuli sxva kreba _ 451 wlis IV msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelic Sedga evtixianelTa mwvaleblobis gamo. qalkedonis krebis sxdomebi tardeboda wm. mowame efemias bazilikaSi (†304 w.). istorikosi evsevi sakmaod zustad aRwers taZris mdebareobasa da TviT taZars. misi aRwerilobiT, taZari bosforidan daSorebuli iyo ori stadioniT da aRmarTuli iyo umSvenieres SemaRlebaze. taZrisken mimavali qveiTi verc ki amCne-vda gorakze asvlis siZneles. taZridan iSleboda ulamazesi xedi: mwvane velebi, mobibine yanebi, mSvenieri wylebi, Sors _ mTebi da

32 dRes helenopoli mkvlevarTa mier identificirebulia rogorc Tur-qeTis sof. herseki, ialovis provinciaSi. tradiciulad, mas wminda elenes dabadebis adgilad miiCneven (red. Sen.).


199

tyeebi. Tvals atkbobda zRvis xedic, karg amindSi mzis sxivebiT mooqrouli, qarian dros ki mRelvare da aboboqrebuli. am sa-ocar silamazes agvirgvinebda konstantinopolis xilva. TviTon taZari warmoadgenda SesaniSnav nagebobas, Sedgeboda ramodenime Senobisagan, morTuli iyo svetebiT, Tavze adga didebuli gum-baTi. taZarSi, mdidrulad morTul saZvaleSi, dasvenebuli iyo wm. efemias nawilebi, mravali saswauliT ganTqmuli.33 imperatoris ediqtis Tanaxmad, episkoposebma jer Tavi moiyares nikeaSi, kon-stantinopolidan 145 km-Si, magram iq amtydari mRelvarebis gamo krebam gadainacvla qalkedonSi _ konstantinopolis pirdapir mdebare qalaqSi, raTa imperatoris sasaxlesa da senats Tvalyuri edevnebina krebis msvlelobisTvis da droze aRekveTa religiu-ri fanatizmis yovelgvari gamovlineba dapirispirebul partiebs Soris. qalkedonis kreba gaixsna 451 w-s. 8 oqtombers brwyinvale ceremoniiT da gagrZelda 1 noembramde.

qalkedonis Semdgomi droebis episkoposTa Soris cnobilni ar-ian nikita da kozma, romlebic ewamnen leon somexis dros xatebis mfarvelobisaTvis. me-10 s-Si qalkedonSi mosagreobda luka, ax-ali mesvete. qalkedonis SemogarenSi iyo kidev erTi, Rirsi avqsen-

33 aq sagangebod aris aRniSnuli, Tu sad tardeboda kreba, radgan cnobilia wm. didmowamis mier krebaze aRsrulebuli saswauli. wm.didmowame efemia yovladqebuli dabadebula qalkedonSi, warCinebul, qristianuli aRmsareblobis ojaxSi. 304 w-s qalaqis mmarTvelis, priskusis, brZanebiT, msxverpli Seswires aress, omis RmerTs. warmarTul msaxurebaSi qristianeb-ma ar miiRes monawileoba, maT saidumlod Caatares wirva. isini Seipyres, tanjes da saboloo ganaCenisaTvis imperator diokletianesTan gagzavnes. maT Soris yvelaze patara ki, efemia, datoves qalaqSi im imediT, rom ad-vilad SesZlebdnen mis dayoliebas warmarTul msxverplSewirvaze. RmerTis SewevniT, efemiam mraval gansacdels, maT Soris borbalze wamebasac gauZlo. sabolood is velur mxecebTan erTad gaiyvanes cirkis arenaze. didmowame evedreboda ufals, male mieRo misi suli, lomebi da daTvebi ki iCoqebdnen mis winaSe da fexebs ulokavdnen. bolos erTma Zu daTvma gakawra is da man umal suli ufals miabara. mSoblebma misi sxeuli dakrZales. Semdeg mis wminda, uxrwnel nawilebze aigo taZari. qalkedonis krebis msvlelobisas, rodesac mosazreba gaiyo qristes bunebis Sesaxeb, cal-calke furcelze daweres mrwamsi marTlmadidebluri da monifizituri formulirebiT da wm. efemias gulze daades. Semdeg sarkofags imperatorma daado beWedi da sami dRe locvasa da marxvaSi gaatares krebis monawile episkoposebma. meoTxe dRes sazeimod gaixsna beWedi. monofizituri mrwamsi didmowamis fexqveS iyo, marTlmadidebluri ki marjvena xelSi eWira qalwuls da patriarqsa da imperators gauwoda. wm. efemias xseneba weliwadSi orjeraa, 11 ivlissa da 16 seqtembers (iuliusis kalendriT). 1907 wels aRmoCenil asteroids ewoda wm. efemias saxeli (red. Sen.).

200


tis savane.34

nikea. eklesiisaTvis metad mniSvnelovan qalaq nikeas gasacno-bad Cven moviyvanT nawyvetebs leqciidan aRmosavleTis eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb, romelsac kiTxulobda profesori stanlei,35 igi Tavad iyo namyofi nikeaSi. `1853 w-s, maisis damlevs, diliT adre, mTvaris Suqze, me daveSvi biTviniis erTi maRali mTis tyiani fer-dobidan qalaq nikeasken. qvemoT, Cems Tvalwin gadaiSala grZeli askanis tba, romelic viwro srutiT uerTdeba marmarilos zRvas. aseTi tbebi damaxasiaTebelia mcire aziis am nawilisTvis. tbis aRmosavleTiT Canda qalaqis oTxkuTxedi moxazuloba, rogoriTac gamoirCeva aRmosavleTis yvela qalaqi, aSenebuli aleqsandre makedonelis memkvidreebisa da maTi mimbaZvelebis mier. antioqia, damasko, filadelfia, sebastia, palmira _ yvela es qalaqi aSen-ebulia swori kvadratis formiT, rasac kveTs oTxi swori, orive mxridan kolonebis rigiT morTuli quCa. aseTive iyo lisimaqes mier daarsebuli nikeac, xolo saxeli qalaqs misi colis, nikeas sapativcemulod ewoda. qalaqis garSemoweriloba 60 stadions (10 kilometramde) Seadgenda, da ise sworad iyo dagegmili, rom centraluri punqtidan moCanda qalaqis oTxive karibWe. traianes dros qalaqs Semoavles galavani, romelic amJamadac arsebobs. Tumca Sida mxare axla mitovebuli da gaveranebulia. mogzauri Zlivs gaaRwevs damsxvreuli kolonebisa da gadaxlarTuli buC-qebidan gapartaxebul Turqul sofel izniqamde, romelic mde-bareobs udaburi sivrcis centrSi. soflis SuagulSi SemorCe-nilia ganmartoebuli RmrTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis eklesia. eklesiis kedlebi moxatulia uxeSi ferweriT, romelzec asaxulia is movlenebi, ramac ukvdavyo es qalaqi: pirveli msoflio krebis amsaxveli siuJetebi. gadavinacvloT azriT warsulSi: maSinac wlis es dro idga, wablis tyeebi xasxasa mwvaned iyo Semosili, igive wynari tba, igive TovliT dafaruli, midamoze mbrZaneblu-rad gadmomdgari olimpo. magram rogori gansxvavebulia sxva

34 dReisaTvis istoriuli qalkedonis midamoebi q. stambulis terito-riaSi aris moqceuli. is warmoadgens uZveles, did, kosmopolitur raions marmarilos zRvaze, qalaqis aziur nawilSi, saxelwodebiT qadiqioi (red.Sen.).35 artur penrin stanlei (Arthur Penrhyn Stanley) (1815-1881) – mRvdeli,

vestminsteris dekani, avtori Sromebisa eklesiis istoriaSi (red. Sen.).


201

mxriv Zveli nikea axlisagan ...…… ram aiZula imperatori, aerCia nikea krebis adgilad? msoflio krebis adgilis SerCevis sakiTxi yovelTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo. mravali mizezi arsebob-da imisTvis, rom imperators aerCia nikea episkoposTa TavSeyris adgilad. erTis Sesaxeb Tavadve mkveTrad gamoTqva: es midamo keTilSezavebuli iyo haeriT. konstantinopoli jer kidev ar iyo daarsebuli. aRmosavleTis imperiis dedaqalaqi arCeuli iqneba meore msoflio saeklesio krebis adgilad. Tumca ki dedaqalaqis adgili sabolood ar iyo daniSnuli, magram dedaqalaqis atmos-fero sufevda marmarilos zRvis napirebze da iq ukve Cadiodnen aRmosavleTis keisrebi. nikomidia, biTviniis uZvelesi dedaqalaqi, romelic nikeadan 32 km-iT aris daSorebuli, jer kidev dio-kletianes dros iTvleboda aRmosavleTis dedaqalaqad. is ar aurCeviaT krebis adgilad ori mizezis gamo: jer erTi, nikomidia, rogorc xelisuflebis adgilsamyofeli, arc ise mosaxerxebeli iyo wminda krebisaTvis; meorec, misma episkoposma evsevim aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo eretikosis dasacavad da am qalaqis Semoga-renSi moiwvia arianel episkoposTagan Semdgari sinodi. amitomac, bunebrivia, nikeas, meore mTavar qalaqs nikomidiis Semdeg, mianiWa upiratesoba imperatorma konstantinem. tbis saSualebiT qalaqi uerTdeboda marmarilos zRvas. is axlos iyo imperatoris rezi-denciasTanac. `rodesac aq Camovlen epikoposebi italiidan da imperiis sxva qveynebidan, (es sityvebi Tavad imperators ekuT-vnis) me sakmaod axlos viqnebi, raTa Tvalyuri vadevno krebas da monawileoba miviRo masSi~. dabolos, nikeas saxelic mniSvnelo-van rols asrulebda. `nikea~ niSnavs gamarjvebas. konstantines monetebze warwerili iyo `viqtoria.~ es saxeli Seesabameboda konstantines sayvarel tituls. man sul axlo warsulSi sZlia Tavis meore mowinaaRmdeges, risTvisac miiRo metsaxeli nikita _ `gamarjvebuli.~ am gamarjvebas win uZRoda cxovelmyofeli jvris gamocxadeba sityvebiT: ̀ ejn tou`tw/ nivka~ _ amiT sZlev. evsevi gansakuTrebiT dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs konstantines gamarjve-bebis simravleze, xolo I msoflio krebis adgilis SerCevas aRiq-vams, rogorc konstantines madlierebis niSans mtrebze gamarjve-baTa gamo. `es qalaqi, ambobs is, Sesaferia am krebisTvis, rogorc Tanamosaxele gamarjvebisa _ nikea.~

qristianoba nikeaSi gavrcelda II saukunidan, sakmaod bevri

202


ewama aq aleqsandre severusis, deciusisa da diokletianes dros. saepiskoposo ki daarsda nikeis krebis droidan. xatmbrZolo-bis dros nikeaSi gansakuTrebiT bevri iyo wminda xatebis Tav-gamodebuli damcveli: Teofane pirdawerili - cnobili saga-loblebis avtori,36 petre da pavle da sxv. meSvide msoflio saeklesio krebam, romlic am qalaqSi Catarda 787 wlis 27 maiss, 367 episkoposis TandaswrebiT wm. sofias taZarSi, daamtkica xatTa Tayvaniscema. Tumca am krebis ukanaskneli sxdoma Catarda konstantinopolSi 23 oqtombers.

1329 w-s nikea sabolood daipyres Turqebma da TiTqmis mTelma mosaxleobam miiRo mahmadianoba.37

36 Teofane pirdawerili (grapto~) – (778-847) aRmsarebeli, himnografi, nikeis mitropoliti. warmoSobiT sirieli, dabadebula ierusalimSi, qris-tianul ojaxSi. Teofane da misi ufrosi Zma Teodore ierusalimis sabaw-mindis monasterSi aRizardnen, aqve aRikvecnen berebad. xatmebrZoli impera-toris, leon somexis dros Zmebi ierusalimis patriarqma konstantinopolSi gaagzavna marTlmadideblobis dasacavad. maT sityvier paeqrobaSi daamarcx-es imperatori, risTvisac leonma sastikad hgvema isini da sapatimroSi Ca-yara. Semdgomi xatmbrZoli imperatorebis, mixeilisa da Teofiles, drosac Zmebma mravali tanjva iwvnies. erTxel gavarvarebuli nemsebiT maT saxeze amoakawres 12 taepiani marTlmadidebluri Sinaarsis sagalobeli, riTac `Searcxvines~ aRmsarebeli moRvaweni. aqedan momdinareobs maTi metsaxelic. Teodore sapatimroSi 840 w-s. gardaicvala, Teofane ki moeswro marTlma-dideblobis zeims, is nikeis mitropoliti gaxda. gardaicvala daaxl. 847 w-s. Teofane 145 sagalobeli kanonis avtoria, masve ekuTvnis oTxi wigni iu-develTa winaaRdeg da epistole wminda xatebis Sesaxeb. Teofanes xsenebis dRea 11 oqtomberi, xolo Teodoresi - 27 dekemberi (red. Sen.).37 istoriuli nikea iyo Tanamedrove Turqul qalaq izniqis adgilze,

bursas provinciaSi, 15 000 mosaxliT (red. Sen.)


203

aziis diocezi

aziis diocezSi Sedioda mcire aziis mTeli samxreTi naxevari. mcire aziis es nawili mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda pontos olqebi-sagan. mis ZiriTad mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen berZnebi. aq qa-laqebic kidev ufro SesaniSnavi iyo, vidre pontoSi. Sesabamis-ad, saeklesio TvalsazrisiTac, aq meti saepiskoposo da mravali RirsSesaniSnavi adgili arsebobda.

helesponti. biTviniasTan yvelaze axlosmdebare raioni, rome-lic, aseve, propontidas sanapiros mihyveboda, iyo helesponti38 _ Zvelad mizia. `mizia, ambobs erTi mwerali, iyo nayofieri, ux-vwyliani adgili, vrceli velebiT, mTebis ZirSi gaSlili tyee-biTa da saZovrebiT~. gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavia is samoqalaqo istoriisaTvis. misi mTavari qalaqi iyo dardaneli (cxadia, aqedan warmoiSva `dardanelis srutis~ saxelwodeba), romelic troas Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. aq iyo troas olqi da qa-laqi ilioni. SemdgomSi, makedonelTa batonobis dros, ilioni kvlav aRorZinda da dasaxlda. aq mdebare mniSvnelovani qalaqe-bi berZnuli warmoSobisa gaxldaT da miekuTvnebodnen eoliur kavSirs.39 helespontSi iyo 19 saepiskoposo kaTedra sakmaod um-niSvnelo olqebiT. yvelaze didi manZili saepiskoposo qalaqebs Soris Seadgenda 25 km-s.

qiziqi. propontidaSi, ambobs straboni, aris kunZuli qiziqi, romelic ori xidiTaa dakavSirebuli kontinentTan. is gamoirCeva umkacresi bunebiT da 50 stadionis garSemowerilobisaa. erT-erT xidTan mdebareobs imave saxelis mqone qalaqi. qalaqis nawili Sefenili iyo ursis mTaze, nawilic _ velze. mis maxloblad aris Caketili navsadguri, romelic orasze met gems itevda. qiziqi silamaziTa da brwyinvalebiT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aziis

38 helesponti, axlandeli dardaneli, aris viwro srute TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, romelic egeosis zRvas marmarilos zRvasTan aerTebs. amasTan, is hyofs evropas aziisagan. da mTels raions saxeli am srutis saxelis mixedviT ewoda (red. Sen.).39 eoliuri kavSiri - igulisxmeba Tormeti polisisagan Semdgari er-

Toba (red. Sen.).

204


saukeTeso qalaqebs. pliniusi ambobs, rom xidi, romelsac moixse-niebs straboni, agebuli iyo aleqsandre makedonelis mier qveynis ganaxlebis dros. qiziqi iyo helespontis mTavari qalaqi rogorc samoqalaqo, ise saeklesio TvalsazrisiT.

eklesia qiziqSi pirvel saukuneebSive daarsebula. cnobilia mowameTa saxelebi, romlebic evnen deciosisa da diokletianes dros, rogorc qiziqSi, ise mis mezoblad mdebare qalaqebSi _ pariumsa da lampsakusSi.40 arianuli areulobis dros qiziqis kaTedras erTmaneTs ecilebodnen naxevrad arianeli elevsiosi da arianeli evnomiosi, evnomianelTa cnobili warmomadgeneli. qiziqis mosaxleoba mxars uWerda elevsioss, magram evnomiosma SeZlo kaTedraze damkvidreba imperator valentis daxmarebiT. is iyo qiziqis rigiT mecxre episkoposi. 426 w-s qiziqis episkoposi gaxda prokle, romelmac 434 w-s daikava konstantinopolis sa-patriarqo kaTedra. iustinianes dros, rodesac kunZul kvipross sarkinozebi daemuqrnen, qalaq konstancas mosaxleoba da mitro-politi imperatorma gaxizna qiziqSi da es mitropoliti gaxda qiziqis de facto episkoposi, Tumca atarebda konstancas episkoposis wodebas, iseve _ rogorc misi memkvidre. me-5 saukunis meore nax-evarSi qiziqSi cxovrobda mwerali gelasi,41 romelmac Seadgina dawvrilebiTi gadmocema nikeis krebis Sesaxeb, Tumca alag-alag legendebiT savse.42

troada. qalaqi troada lisimaqes augia, troadan Crdiloe-TiT sami km-is daSorebiT, xolo zRvidan _ ori km-isa. qalaqi qristemde 1270 w-s daingra. lisimaqem qalaqs troas pativsacemad troada daarqva, Semdeg ki aleqsandre makedonelis pativsacemad troa-aleqsandre uwoda. qalaqi zRvis piras mdebareobda da wyliT moxerxebulad ukavSirdeboda evropas. troadaSi namyofi

40 Tanamedrove lampseki TurqeTSi (red. Sen.).41 gelasi qiziqeli – V saukunis saeklesio mwerali, qiziqeli mRvd-

lis Svili. misi `sintagma~ anu pirveli nikeis saeklesio krebis aqtebi, Sedgeba sami wignisgan. I wigni exeba konstantine didis cxovrebas 323 wlam-de, 36 Tavisagan Semdgari II wigni exeba uSualod krebas, III wignis mxolod fragmentebia SemorCenili (red. Sen.). 42 qiziqi mdebareobs dRevandeli TurqeTis balikesiris provinciaSi.

rogorc kulturul Zegls, mas icavs TurqeTis kulturis saministro. unda aRiniSnos, rom erT dros qiziqis episkoposi yofila wm. germane konstan-tinopolelic (red. Sen.).


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iyo mociquli pavle, aqedan is zRviT gadavida makedoniaSi, rode-sac suliwmidam aukrZala mas aziaSi wasvla. aqedanve SeuTvala timoTes, gamoegzavna tyavi, romlis waReba Tavad daviwyeboda. aq man aRadgina mkvdari evtÂqosi. troadidan gadascura makdeo-niaSi wm. egnate RmerTSemosilmac romisaken mimaval gzad, raTa iq wameba daeTmina. troadidan gaugzavna man Tavisi ukanaskneli epistole filadelfielebsa da wm. polikarpe smirnels. cxadia, troada asrulebda oficialuri safosto gadanawilebis punqtis rols. SeiZleba es imitom, rom aq, berZenTa qalaqebs Soris, avgus-tusma daaarsa romis kolonia. me-5 saukuneSi troadas episkopo-si iyo wm. silvani, romelic gulwrfelad TanaugrZnobda ioane oqropirs da didad izarala am TanagrZnobisaTvis.43

azia. romis provincia `azia~ romaelebs memkvidreobiT ergoT pergamosis samefosgan qristes dabadebamde 130 wliT adre. is mo-icavda wina aziis yvela olqs: mizias, sadac mTavari qalaqi iyo pergamosi; lidias, mTavari qalaqebiT: Tiatira, sardi, filadelfia, tralesi; ionias zRvispira olqs SesaniSnavi qalaqebiT: smirna, efeso da magnesia. odesRac efesos adgilze idga qalaqi azia, saidanac, savaraudod, warmoiSva mTeli qveynis saxelwodeba. qvey-nis fizikuri mdebareoba metad kargi iyo. azia iyo mTiani, vaziT mdidari da msxmoiare mxare. zRvis siaxlove dasavleT sanapiroze awonasworebda zafxulis sicxesac da zamTris susxsac. zRvisa daA mTebis SeerTeba, mTis haeris Sezaveba zRvis qarebTan, mdinare iri-sisa da meandros kavSiri aRmosavleTiT moSorebul mxareebTan, dasavleTiT wynari da Cumi zRviT mravalricxovan mezobel kun-ZulebTan urTierToba _ yovelive es erTad egeosis zRvis sana-piros am monakveTs aqcevda Zalian mosaxerxebel sacxovrebel adgilad mcire aziis qveynebis xalxebisTvis. zRvis cicabo napiri SeWrili yureebiT qmnida myudro navmisadgomebs, kunZulebi ki _ RuziT sadgomebs da reidebs. magram aqauri mTebi vulkanuri war-moSobisa iyo da qveyana zaraldeboda xSiri miwisZvrebiT, ramac

43 dRes istoriuli troada aris TurqeTSi, Canakales provinciis ez-ines raionis sof. dalianis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da warmoadgens arqeolo-giur RirsSesaniSnaobas. arqeologiuri samuSaoebi aq 1911 w-dan daiwyo, ma-namde teritoria muxis tyiT iyo dafaruli. kargadaa SemorCnili qalaqis kedlebis, koSkebis, Teatris, odeonis, gimnaziumis, stadionis, abanoebis, akvedukis narCenebi (red. Sen.).

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SemdgomSi ganapiroba kidec am adgilebis dacarieleba. tiberiu-sis zeobis dros Zlierma miwisZvram daangria am qveynis umetesi qalaqebi. odesRac meomari aziis mosaxleoba kirosis dros vaW-robisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebis Sedegad ukidures fufune-basa da uzneobaSi gadavarda. umetes dros uTmobda fleitaze dakvrasa da Wadrakis TamaSs. azielebma pirvelebma daaarses sas-tumroebi.

eklesiis istoriaSi aziis provinciam…gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-vani roli Seasrula. aq sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cx-ovrobdnen pavle mociquli da ioane RmrTismetyveli. aq iyo mcire aziis is eklesiebi, romelTac angelozi ugzavnis epistoles apokalifsis teqstis mixedviT. aq iyo is eklesiebi, romlebsac ugzavnida epistoleebs wm. egnate antioqieli. aq cxovrobda da moRvaweobda polikarpe smirnelic. aq gansakuTrebuli simZafriT gaimarTa kamaTi paseqis dResaswaulis irgvliv. aq ganviTarda montanis mwvalebloba44. dabolos, aq Catarda mniSvnelovani krebebi nestorianuli da monofizituri areulobebis dros: ef-esos mesame msoflio saeklesio kreba 431 w-s da 449 w-s efesos `avazakTa kreba.~ aziis mitropoliaSi iricxeboda 50 saepiskopo-so, Tumca misi sivrce ar aRemateboda ponto polemaikusisa da helenopontis provinciebs, sadac mxolod 11 saepiskoposo kaTedra arsebobda.

pergamosi. miziis mTavari qalaqi pergamosi (an pergamoni) mde-bareobda smirnadan CrdiloeTiT 20 km-Si da zRvis napiridan 7 km-Si. mizielebi warmoiSvnen lidielTa koloniebisagan. mizielTa mefeebi pirvelad naxsenebni arian argonavtTa eqspediciis dros.

44 montanizmi – me-2 saukuneSi mcire aziaSi, frigiaSi warmoSobili eresi. eresiarqi iyo montanusi, qristianad monaTluli yofili warmarTi qurumi. hyavda ori mowafe qali: priscila da maqsimila. montanistebi trans-Si vardebodnen da, TiTqosda, winaswarmetyvelebdnen antikuri sibilebis msgavsad. amas isini miiCnevdnen uSualo sulier kavSirad suliwmidasTan. es mimdinareoba qadagebda ukidures asketizms da wamebisadmi swrafvas, uary-ofda yovelgvar saeklesio ierarqiasa da dadgenili wesebis dacvas. I-ma msoflo saeklesio krebam dagmo es eresi. montanistebis moZRvrebis ZiriT-ad specifikas istoriis manZilze sxvadsxva variantiT imeorebdnen araerT religiur mimdinareobaSi: priscilianelebi, ioakim florelis xiliazmi, franciskaneli spiritualistebi, adreuli kvakerebi da meTodistebi, frangi hugenotebi, bevri Zvelmestile, Tanamedrove ormocdaaTianelebi, qarizmate-bi da sxv. (red. Sen.).


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troasa da pergamoss erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSiri hqondaT. amas adasturebs troas citadelisTvis pergamosis saxelwodebis mini-Weba.45 mizielebi Tavdapirvelad cnobilni iyvnen meomar xalxad, troelebTan erTad maT gadalaxes bosfori da daipyres mTeli Trakia. troas dacemis Semdeg mizielebma miiTvises troas olqebi, magram Semdeg TviTon aRmoCndnen lidiis mefis, krezes uRelqveS. andazad iqca am drois mizielTa nebierobis ambavi. miziis, ufro sworad, pergamosis samefo kvlav naxsenebia istoriis matianeebSi mxolod 284 w-s qristemde. es axali samefo daaarsa saWurisma fileterma, romelic aleqsandre makedonelis erT-erTi mxedarT-mTavris, antigonis, qveSevrdomi iyo, da romelmac xelT igdo Za-laufleba da lisimaqes saganZuri pergamosSi. marTalia, am axal-ma samefom iarseba mxolod 132 weli, magram am periodSi, ori evmenosisa da sami atalidis mefobis dros, pergamosi simdidriT mcire aziis did qalaqebs gautolda. rogorc romaelebis mokav-Sireebi, evmenosebi da atalidebi TavgamodebiT ebrZodnen antio-qos dids, Semdgom ki _ Tavad romaelebs. sabolood romaelebma daamarcxes pergamosi da mis samefos TavianTi provincia uwodes. Tumca pergamosi romaelTa batonobis drosac hyvaoda. `misma fufunebam, erTi mwerlis sityvebiT, garyvna im saukunis zneoba da romaelebi binZur ufskrulSi Cayara, sakuTari mwikvliT rom iyo amoTxrili.~

pergamosSi idga RmerTebis dedis SesaniSnavi skulptura46 da eskulapes47 bagini. warmarTebi iseve didad eTayvanebodnen perga-mosel eskulapes, rogorc efesel dianas. Cvenamde SemorCenilia II saukunis berZeni oratoris, elios aristides,48 warmoTqmuli

45 am adgilas TxrobaSi anaqronizmi Cndeba. sinamdvileSi piriqiT iyo: troa pergamosze gacilebiT adre arsebobda, da mis citadels erqva saxe-lad pergamosi. troas dangrevis Semdeg, miTis Tanaxmad, daqvrivebuli an-dromaqe, heqtoris coli, aqilevsis Svils, neoptolemoss ergo monad. ne-optolemosis sikvdilis Semdeg is xdeba elenusis, heqtoris umcrosi Zmis, coli. am qorwinebis Sedegad Cndeba vaJi, romelsac troas mosagoneblad pergamoss arqmeven. elenusis gardacvalebis Semdeg deda-Svili mcire azia-Si midis, sadac pergamosi Tavisi saxelobis qalaqs daaarsebs (red. Sen.).46 rogorc Cans, teqstSi meqanikuri Secdoma gaipara, vinaidan pergamos-

Si iyo ara dedis, aramed RmerTebis mamis _zevsis cnobili sakurTxeveli (Zv.w. me-2 s.). dRes misi xilva SesaZlebelia berlinis pergamonis muzeumSi (red. Sen.).47 eskulape – ZvelberZnuli asklepiosis romauli analogi, samedicino

xelovnebis RvTaeba (red. Sen.).48 publius elius aristide – Cv.w. me-2 s-is (117-181) gamoCenili ber-

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sityvidan erTi adgili, sadac is didi aRtacebiT uwodebs per-gamosel eskulapes Tavis mxsnels, pergamons ki msoflios yvela qalaqze maRla ayenebs, rogorc sacxovrebels WeSmariti sinaTli-sa, eskulapeSi rom gamobrwyinda. pergamosis mmarTvelebi gansa-kuTrebuli mondomebiT zrunavdnen ganaTlebaze da friad mniS-vnelovan biblioTekas mouyares Tavi.

or mTaze, Crdilian baRebs Soris, selinusis wyarosa da mdin-are kaikosis49 maxloblad gaSenebuli qalaqis mdebareoba uaR-resad Tvalwarmtaci iyo. `pergamoni Tavisi akropolisiT, ambobs aristide, aRmarTulia, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis Tavi da gadmoscqeris Sors mokiafe qalaqebs, soflebiT mofenil ayvave-bul dablobebs. gana SeiZleba, ar vaxsenoT is adgili, romelic airCia miwaze gadmosaxlebulma mxsnelma RmerTma (e.i. eskulapem), rom gaevrcelebina Tavisi niWni mravalricxovan Tayvanismcemlebs Soris.~ medicinis RmerTis uZvelesi da cnobili taZari Tavisi TavSesafariT mTeli aziis xalxebs izidavda. eskulapes taZarTan qurumebs raRac samedicino akademiis magvari ram hqondaT, sadac mkurnalobdnen avadmyofebs da uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen momavals sizmrebis saSualebiT, rasac maT, TiTqos, eskulape ucxadebda. apo-kalifsis daweris epoqaSi, e.i. I saukuneSi, pergamosi warmoad-genda romis imperiis administraciulsa da samarTlebriv centrs. aq Tavs iyrida mTeli olqis gadasaxadebi, aq iyo romis umaRlesi samsajavro, sadac unda gamocxadebuliyvnen mimdebare qalaqebis mcxovreblebi. aq iWreboda monetebi. garda amisa, pergamosi iyo warmarTobis centri. pergamosze gadioda, agreTve, dasavleT aziis savaWro gza. meore saukuneSi pergamosis mosaxleobis ra-odenoba aRwevda 120 000-s.

`gamocxadebaSi~ uflis angelozi mimarTavs pergamosis ekle-sias da uwodebs pergamons satanis taxts (SesaZlebelia, imitomac,

Zeni oratori, meore sofistikis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. warmoSobiT mdidari ojaxis Svils saukeTeso ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. imogzaura aziis qveynebSi, saberZneTSi, italiaSi, egvipteSi, miaRwia eTiopias. rodesac qalaqi smirna miwisZvriT daingra, man mWevrmetyvelebiT daarwmuna markus avreliusi, qalaqisaTvis didZali Sewiruloba gaeRo. madlierma smirnis mo-qalaqeebma mas brinjaos Zegli daudges warweriT: `misi sikeTisa da sityve-bisaTvis~ da qalaqis damfuZnebeli uwodes. mZimed daavadebulma aristidem pergamosSi asklepioss mimarTa dasaxmareblad. sicocxlis bolo wlebi Tavis samSobloSi, miziaSi, ganmartoebiT gaatara (red. Sen.).49 dRevandeli mdinare bakirCai TurqeTSi (red. Sen.).


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rom eskulapes taZars `kaTedra~ erqva), adidebs mowame antipas da sayvedurobs pergamosis qristianebs nikolaelTa moZRvrebis50

mimdevrobaSi. pergamosis pirveli episkoposi iyo gaiusi, romelsac ioane RmrTismetyvelma gaugzavna mesame epistole. me-2 saukuneSi, imperator avreliusis dros da me-3 s-Si, deciusisa da domicianes dros, pergamosSi iyvnen wamebulebi. me-4 saukuneSi pergamosSi cxovrobda gamoCenili filosofosi edesiusi,51 romelmac didi zegavlena iqonia iulianes aRzrdaze.52

Tiatira. qalaqi Tiatira lidiis qalaq mizias esazRvrebo-da. ptolemeusis sityviT, Tiatira mdebareobda pergamosidan samx-reT-aRmosavleTiT 15 km-Si, xolo sardedan Crdilo-dasavle-TiT _ 10 km-Si. Tiatira iyo makedoniis kolonia. kviparosebis WalebiT garSemortymuli qalaqi velze iyo gaSenebuli, romlis miRmac Tvalwarmtaci qedebi moCanda. amJamad qalaqs uwode-ben ak-xisars, anu TeTr cixe-simagres, mimdebare mTebSi arsebu-li TeTri marmarilos karierebis gamo. yvela Zvel warweraSi Tiatiras uwodeben `udidess~, xolo mis mmarTvelT ki `xelm-wifeebad~ ixsenieben, rac ar Seesabameba qalaqis namdvil saxes da ufro mis mkvidrTa mkvexara patriotizms waagavs. pliniusi Tiatiras pergamosis raionis umniSvnelo qalaqebis ricxvs miakuT-vnebs. qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi Tiatiras vecnobiT moci-qulTa saqmeebidan da apokalifsidan. apokalifsSi angelozi gan-sakuTrebuli epistoleTi mimarTavs Tiatiras eklesias, aqebs mis siyvaruls, RvTismsaxurebas, rwmenas, moTminebasa da saqmeebs. xolo vinme qals, iezabels, amxels, radgan uwmindurebaSi acTunebda

50 `saqmeni nikolaelTani~ (gamocx.2-6,15) _ irineos lioneli, ipolite romaeli, epifane kvipreli, Teodorite kvireli miiCneven, rom nikolozi iyo erTi Svid diakonTagani, romlebic mociqulebma datoves ierusalimSi taZris samsaxurisaTvis. is iyo yofili warmarTi. misi eresi antinomianel-Ta moZRvrebas hgavda. seqtantebi Wamdnen kerpebisadmi Sewiruli ZRvenis nawilebs da dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen poligamiasa da saerTo colebis yolas. evsevi kesarieli ambobs, rom seqtas didxans ar uarsebia (red. Sen.).51 edesiusi – me-4 s-is neoplatonisti filosofosi da mistikosi,

Teurgi. warCinebuli kapadokiuri ojaxidan. pergamosis mistikuri skolis damaarsebeli. didi gavlena iqonia iuliane gandgomilis warmarTuli mso-flmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze (red. Sen). 52 istoriuli pergamosi an pergamoni mdebareobs dRevandeli TurqeTis

teritoriaze, Tanamedrove qalaq bergamas CrdiloeTiT, egeosis zRvidan 26 kilometrSi (red. Sen.).

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qristianebs. rodesac pavle mociquli qadagebda RvTis sityvas makedoniis qalaq filipeSi, erTma Tiatirelma porfiriT movaWre qalma, saxelad lidiam, Seismina misi swavleba. es garemoebac amt-kicebs strabonis rwmunebas, rom Tiatiras ZiriTad mosaxleobas makedonelebi Seadgendnen. metad sainteresoa isic, rom porfiriT vaWroba, razec miTiTebulia `mociqulTa saqmeebSi~, dRemde Ti-atiras ZiriTad samrewvelo saqmianobas warmoadgens. me-3 sauku-neSi Tiatiras mosaxleoba Sepyrobili iyo montanuri eresiT, rac xels uSlida aq eklesiis myarad dafuZnebas. aman misca sababi eretikosebs, romelTa winaaRmdegac werda epifane53 _ alogebs, uareyoT apokalifsi, radganac aq laparakia Tiatiras eklesiaze, romelic TiTqosda imJamad saerTod ar arsebobda. sinamdvileSi ki Tiatiras eklesia damkvidrda 120 wliT adre, vidre epifane mwvaleblobebze gailaSqrebda. Tiatiras episkoposi karposi ewa-ma pergamonSi deciosis dros.54

sarde. sardes nangrevebi, 100 km-iT dacilebuli efesodan, xolo Tiatiradan _ 10-iT, sam erTmaneTTan mijriT mdgom tmolu-sis mTas ebjineboda. qalaqis kedlebi flateebiani mTebidan, romelTagan erTze akropolisi anu citadeli aRmarTuliyo, sam rigad eSveboda vrcel velze; velis gaswvriv oqroTi mdidari mdinare paktoli miedineboda. am velis CrdiloeTiT, horizon-tze, aRmarTulia sardes mefeebis veeberTela saflavis yorRane-bi. aseTia erTi SexedviT is adgili, sadac odesRac idga qalaqi sarde, brwyinvalebiTY adgils mxolod roms rom uTmobda, uZ-veles xanaSi ki _ babilons. swored sardes forumze gadioda mdinare paktoli, amJamad nakaduli, romelic mxolod zamTar-Si Rebulobs mdinaris saxes. odesRac is savse iyo oqros siliT, razec metyvelebs misi moyviTalo-wiTeli kalapoti. Turqebi mas dResac mdidrebis mdinares uwodeben. mis napirebze eZeben da pouloben mowiTalo qvas, sakmaod faseuls, romelsac sardes

53 aq saubaria wm. epifane kviprelis Sesaxeb. sxva mraval TxzulebaTa Soris mas ekuTvnis cnobili `ormeocTa wvalebaTaTvis,~ sadac ganaqiqebs ormoc sxvadasxva eress. qarTulad es Txzuleba adreve uTargmniaT, xolo misi akademiuri gamocema ekuTvnis udrood gardacvlil mecniers, soso max-araSvils (red. Sen.).54 Tiatiras nangrevebi dRes TurqeTis qalaq akxisaris teritoriaSi

Sedis (red. Sen.).


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saxelis mixedviT sardions eZaxian. magram lidiis samefos Zir-iTadi simdidre tmolusis mTebis oqros sabadoebia. tmolusis mwvervalidan qalaqs citadeli gadmohyurebda, romelic sammag kedelTan erTad gadaulaxav dabrkolebas uqmnida momxdurebs. tmolusis Sua mTasTan aRmarTuli iyo sardes brwyinvale nage-boba _ RmerTebis dedis, cibelas taZari. cibelas, `oqromdinare paktolis napirebze binadari yoveli arsebis mkvebavi miwis,~ Tay-vaniscema iyo frigiisa da lidiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulti. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom didebuli iyo lidiis dedaqalaqis sazogado nagebobani, isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom herodotes mowmobiT, sardes SenobaTa umravlesoba lerwmiT iyo naSeni, aguris nagebobebsac lerwami faravda. amitomac ionielTa Tavdasxmis Sedegad mTeli qalaqi xanZarma daferfla. `ionielTa Semosevis dros, mogviTx-robs herodote, cibelas, am mxaris qalRmerTis, taZari daiwva qalaqTan erTad~.

aseTia sardes istoria. lidiis mefeebis mmarTvelobis dros sarde gadaiqca savaWro centrad aziasa da saberZneTs Soris, xolo oqros qviSis recxvam mefis xazinas auracxeli simdidre SesZina. es Cven viciT krezes istoriidan. qristes Sobamde 545 w-s sparselebma daamarcxes kreze da lidiis samefo TavianT satra-pad gadaaqcies da satrapTa Soris mas umdidresad miiCnevdnen. magram ganqarda sparsTa monarqia da sarde daipyro aleqsan-dre makedonelma. mere misi batonobac dasrulda da scipionebma sarde mcire aziasTan erTad romis keisris kverTxs daumorCiles. tiberiusis zeobisas, daaxloebiT 20 w-s, sardes umetesi nawili saSinelma miwisZvram daangria. magram keisarma ganaaxla qalaqi xazinis xarjiT.

qristianuli eklesia sardeSi Tavidanve daarsda. apokalifsSi angelozi sagangebod mimarTavs sardes eklesias. me-2 s-Si (170 w.) sardes episkoposma melitonma imperator markus avreliuss mi-arTva apologia qristianTa devnisagan dasacavad. manve Seadgina Zveli aRTqmis yvela wignis katalogi, risTvisac sagangebod imog-zaura palestinaSi. me-4 s-Si iuliane gandgomili Seecada, aRed-gina sardeSi warmarTuli taZrebi, magram kerpebi Tayvanismcem-lebis gareSe aRmoCndnen, taZrebi ki miwisZvriT daingra. amis Semdeg maleve, arkadiusis mmarTvelobis dros, guTebma sabolood daangries sarde da daasrules kidec am qalaqis keTildReoba.

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Tumca me-9 s-Si sardeSi arsebobda saepiskoposo, xolo efTvime, sardes episkoposi, xatTa Tayvaniscemis gulmxurvale damcveli iyo.55

filadelfia. qalaqi filadelfia sardes samxreT-aRmosavle-TiT mdebareobda da 50 km-iT iyo misgan dacilebuli, midiisa da lidiis sazRvarze, umSvenieresi tmolusis mTebis CrdiloeT mxa-reSi. qalaqi ganlagebuli iyo terasebad kldovan safexurebze da gars ertya mSvenieri velebi. mas mdinare hermosi da misi Senakadi kogamusi56 rwyavda da xSiri buCqebiTa da xeebiT iyo gam-wvanebuli. filadelfia daaarsa pergamosis mefe atalusma. fil-adelfia lidiis meore qalaqad miiCneoda. aRmoCenili warwerebi gvamcnoben, rom saerTo zeimze aq mTeli aziis xalxebi iyridnen Tavs. pliniusis dros filadelfia iyo sardes gamgeblobaSi, ma-gram me-9 s-Si, rodesac sarde Temur lengma daangria, filadel-fia lidiis mTavari qalaqi gaxda.

qristianuli eklesia filadelfiaSi daarsda sakmaod adre. filadelfiis pirvel episkoposad miiCneven dimitrioss, romelic naxsenebia wm. ioanes kaTolike epistoleSi. `gamocxadebaSi~ an-gelozi sagangebod mimarTavs filadelfiis eklesias. wm. egnate RmerTSemosili filadelfiis eklesiisadmi mimarTvaSi keTilad moixsenebs am eklesiis qristianTa cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT aqebs maT gulRiaobasa da stumarTmoyvareobas. magram gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens filadelfiis eklesia me-9 saukuneSi, rodesac aq daarsda mitropolia, romelic amJamadac arsebobs. mTeli mcire aziidan mxolod smirnaSia meti qristiani, vidre aq, am-bobs norovi. magram smirneli berZnebi umetesad Camosulebi arian savaWrod, filadelfielebi ki ZirZvel mosaxleobas warmoadgenen da maTi ZiriTadi sazrunavi am uZveles qalaqSi marTlmadide-beliLsarwmunoebis dacvaa. dRemde filadelfielebi gamoirCevi-an sikeTiTa da stumarTmoyvareobiT, ris gamoc Tavad Turqebma daarqves maT `keTili da Tavaziani xalxi~.57

55 uZveles qalaq sardes nangrevebi TurqeTSi, dRevandeli izmiris Se-mogarenSia (red. Sen.).56 hermosi - dRevandeli md. gedizi, sididiT TurqeTis meore mdinare;

kogamusi - dRevandeli md. kuzuCai (red. Sen.).57 antikuri filadelfia _ dRevandeli TurqeTis egeosis regionSi

mdebare qalaqi alaSehiria, asi aTasamde mosaxliT (red. Sen.).


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smirna. smirna mdebareobs egeosis zRvaze, vrceli izmiris yuris sanapiroze. misi umetesi nawili ganlagebulia TiTqmis mTlianad moSiSvlebul flateebian mTa pagosze. magram am mTis siaxloves iyo mSvenieri xeoba, romelsac rwyavda Cqari, ankara mdinare melesi. `rodesac mivuaxlovdi smirnas, yveboda erTi mogzauri, Cem win gadaiSala kviparosis, zeTisxilis, Wadris Walebi, mwvaned moxasxase mdeloebi, ialRunis buCqebi.~ …Zveli smirnis ganTqmul nagebobebad straboni miiCnevs gimnazias, biblioTekasa da homer-osis sadideblad agebul taZars. magram ufro SesaniSnavi iyo amfiTeatri da citadeli. amfiTeatri mdebareobda pagosis mTis ferdze da naxevarwred iyo zRvisaken mimarTuli. misi safexurebi marmarilosgan gamoekveTaT. iqve mowyobili iyo gansakuTrebu-li sadgomebi, sadac cxovelebi hyavdaT damwyvdeuli. swored am amfiTeatrSi ewama wm. polikarpe smirneli. pagosis mwvervalze citadeli aRmarTuliyo. Zveli qalaqis moculobaze miuTiTebs kedlebis narCenebi, romlebic pagosidan zRvamde eSveba.

pliniusis gadmocemiT, smirna aaSenes amorZalebma. homerosis dros smirna warmoadgenda did cixe-simagres, smirnelebi amt-kicebdnen, rom homerosi maT qalaqSi iyo dabadebuli da aq Txzavda ukvdav simRerebs. magram ufro sarwmunoa gadmocema, rom smirna Tavis arsebobas unda umadlodes efesos, romlisga-nac 60 km-iT iyo daSorebuli. efesoSi arsebobda qalaqis gansa-kuTrebuli ubani, saxelad smirna. sruliad dasaSvebia, rom pago-sis mTasTan dasaxlebulma efesoelma kolonistebma axal qalaqs smirna uwodes. es axali, lidielebis mier gaZarculi dasaxleba, oTxasi wlis manZilze umniSvnelo sofels warmoadgenda. ale-qsandre makedonelis sardlebma, antigonma da lisimaqem, aRadgines da daamSvenes qalaqi. da amis Semdeg, strabonis mixedviT, is ioni-is saukeTeso qalaqad iqca. mas aziis `meore Tvals~ uwodebd-nen, miiCnevdnen ra efesos pirvelad. axali ubedureba daatyda smirnas 180 wels, rodesac Zlierma miwisZvram daangria qalaqi. markus avreliusma dauyovnebliv aRadgina is. smirneli warmarTe-bi Tayvans scemdnen dionises anu baxuss – Rvinis, drostarebisa da Rreobis RmerTs. Zvelad ganTqmuli iyo smirnelebis fufuneba da gapranWuloba da andazadac ki iqca es ambavi: mores smirnaei – smirnelTa zneo. smirnaSi, rogorc savaWro qalaqSi, Zalian Zlieri iyo iudauri elementi, iudevelebs aq hqondaT mravali

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da gavleniani sinagoga.qristianuli eklesia smirnaSi daarsda ara ugvinaes 64 wlisa,

varaudiT, ioane RmrTismetyvelis mier. wm. ioanes `gamocxadebaSi~ naxsenebia angelozis gansakuTrebuli mimarTva smirnis eklesiisad-mi. markus avreliusis mmarTvelobis xanaSi aq moxda qristianebis Zlieri devna. maSin ewama smirnis episkoposi polikarpe, romelic cnobilia rogorc Tavisi epistoleebiT, ise _ paseqis aRniSvnis drois sakiTxis gadawyvetaze zrunviT da kidev imiTac, rom misi mowafe iyo irineos lioneli. msgavsi devna iyo smirnaSi deciu-sis drosac; imJamad smirnaSi ewama presviteri pioniusi.58 Tavis sityvaSi is gvacnobs smirnis mosaxleobas da mezobeli qveynebis mdgomareobas. ̀ smirnis mkvidrno, romlebic amayobT Tqveni qalaqis silamaziTa da misi homerosiT, da Tqven, aq dabadebulo iudevele-bo, yvelani sixaruliT eZiebT Cvens sikvdils. magram Tqven, elinebo, gmarTebdaT mogesminaT Tqveni moZRvris, homerosisTvis, romelmac Tqva: `ukeTuria, gixarodes kacis sikvdili.~ Tqven ki, iudevelno, mose gibrZanebT: `Tqveni mtris viric rom dainaxoT, dacemuli tvirTis simZimiT, gverds nu auvliT, wamoayeneT.~

me-5 s-Si aq RmrTismSoblis taZari daaarsa kirosma, romelic maSin prefeqti iyo, Semdgom ki smirnis episkoposi Seiqna. me-6 s-Si smirnaSi mosagreobda romanoz melodosi.

smirna amJamadac arsebobs. miwisZvram eqvsjer daaqcia qalaqi, magram eqvsjerve aRadgines nangrevebidan. Zvel berZnebSi ar-sebobda rwmena, rom meSvide miwisZvra smirnisTvis ukanaskneli Seiqneboda.59

58 wm. mRvdelmowame pioniusi - xsenebis dRe 11 marti.59 istoriuli smirna dRevandeli izmiria, TurqeTis sididiT mesame

qalaqi (red. Sen.).


215

efeso. aziis provniciis mTavari qalaqi efeso mdebareobda egeosis zRvis piras, smirnadan 60 km-is dacilebiT. Semogareni qalaqsa da navsadgurs Soris gaSlilia dabal, Waobian adgilze,

efesos taZris rekonstruqcia

efesos taZris dRevandeli saxe

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mdore mdinare kaustrosTan,60 romelic amJamad wyalmcenareebiTa da lerwmiTaa dafaruli. TviTon qalaqi qvian korizusze, pionsa da sxva borcvebzea naSeni.

efeso aziis wminda qalaqi iyo. aq uxsovari droidan Tayvans scemdnen dianas, romlis vazisagan mownuli gamosaxulebac, gad-mocemiT, aq qalaqis damaarsebel amorZalebs moutaniaT. sxva gadmocemiT, qandakeba qvis iyo da, rogorc sxva RmerTebis kerpebi, isic cidan iyo gadmosuli.Defeseli diana arafriT hgavda romis dianas, apolonis das, gacilebiT dabla mdgom RvTaebas. Ddiana efeseli _ es aris aRmosavleTis astarte, bunebis keTilismyofel ZalTa gansaxiereba; diana efeselis qandakebac bunebis am kultis simbolos warmoadgenda. qalRmerTis muqi feris saxe (misi Tavi Savi xisgan iyo nakveTi), Semoxveuli grZeli mosasxami, mkerdis zeda nawilze mTvare, misi sakurTxevlis wyvdiadi, Tavad qalRmerTis xandaxan `mTvared~, `Ramis qalwulad~ saxeldeba _ yovelive es miuTiTebs, rom qalRmerTi ganasaxierebda wyvdiadis an Ramis aR-mosavlur ideas, am sityvis im aRmosavluri, klimaturi azriT, romliTac Rame warmoadgens dRis papanaqebiT moqanculi bunebis gamacocxlebels. Ramis sigrile da cvari aRmosavleTSi, Cveu-lebriv, Zalas hmatebs yovelive cocxals, dawyebuli bunebiT da damTavrebuli adamianiT. nayofierebis es idea kidev ufro re-liefuradaa gamoTqmuli qalRmerTis sxva atributebiT. Ddiana efeselis kerps sam rigad hqonda mkerdebi. am mravali gaSiS-vlebuli ZuZusken Tavebi gaewvdina uamrav cxovels, romlebic xelebSi hyavda dianas, es cxadad metyvelebs qalRmerTSi gan-xorcielebul nayofierebis ideaze. Ddiana _ yovelive cocxalis deda, Tavisi Svilebis masazrdoebeli, diana _ esaa buneba, deda, dampurebeli. aseTia diana efeselis sazogado da umTavresi idea. amas garda, futkrebis gamosaxuleba mis mosasxamze mogvagonebs adamianis pirvelyofil umwikvlo yofas oqros xanis samoTxiseul netarebaSi, rodesac RmerTs srulad mindobili adamiani ikvebe-boda TafliTa da im nayofebiT, razec futkrebi miuTiTebdnen.

60 mdinare kaustrosi an kaisteri, romlis Tanamedrove Turquli saxelwodebaa kuCukmenderesi, aris izmiris samxreTiT, Caedineba egeosis zRvaSi. misi SesarTavi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi wyliT Camotanili SlamiT ivseboda, ris gamoc efesos nangrevebi TiTqmis erTi kilometriT daSorda zRvas (red. Sen.).


217

ucodvelobis es idea iyo dianas predikati, romelic iyo marad deda da marad qalwuli, dedis ZuZuTi da qalwulis pirbadiT erTdroulad damSvenebuli.

dianas didebuli taZari, pliniusis sityviT, aSenebuli iyo qa-laqgareT, zRvis piras, Waobian adgilze. aq is iyo upiratesad imitom, rom gadmocemis Tanaxmad, amorZalebi pirvelad aq gad-mosulan da kidev imitomac, rom aq is daculi iqneboda mi-wisZvrisagan. oras oci wlis manZilze mTeli azia aSenebda am taZars. efesos taZris saZirkvlis Cayra lamis ufro Zviri dajda, vidre Tavad taZari. jer datborili adgili Seavses naxSiriTa da matyliT, da Semdeg Caiyara fundamenti. taZris sigrZe Sead-genda 150 m-s, gani ki _ 50 m-s. taZari umTavresad Sedgeboda svetebiani portikebisagan. aziis yvela maSindelma mefem, ricx-viT 127-ma, miiRo monawileoba mSeneblobis xarjebSi. portikebs iWerda ionuri stilis daxvewili 127 sveti, mSenebel mefeTa raodenobis Sesabamisad. portikis simaRle 8 m-s udrida. anfazis rigis 36 kolona sxvadasxvagvari iyo, ostaturad Sesrulebuli gamoCenili mxatvrebis mier. horaciusis gamoTqmiT, paraziusi `sve-li saRebavebiT gamosaxavda xan adamianebs, xan RmerTebs~, apelesma da praqsitelem61 saukeTeso qmnilebebiT gaamdidres taZris Sida

61 paraziusi, apelesi – antikuri saberZneTis gamoCenili fermwerebi. praqsitele - gamoCenili berZeni moqandake.paraziusi _ Zv.w. me-4 s-is moRvawe; daadgina adamianis sxeulis idealuri

proporciebi. misi Tezevsi amSvenebda romis kapitoliums. cnobilia misi tilo `demosi~ (xalxi), romelzec gamosaxulni iyvnen aTenis moqalaqeebi, da gadmoscemda Tormet sxvadasxvagvar adamianur xasiaTs. arsebobs cno-bili legenda, Tu rogor Seejibrnen erTmaneTs ostatobaSi paraziusi da Zevqsisi, aseve gamoCenili mxatvari. Zevqsisma ise daxata yurZnis mtevani, rom frinvelebi mofrindnen marcvlebis asakenkad. Semdeg paraziusTan wavidnen misi tilos sanaxavad. tilos farda hqonda Camofarebuli, Zevqsisma moin-doma, gadaewia farda da aRmoCnda, rom swored farda daexata paraziuss. ase gamovlinda gamarjvebuli, romlis ostatobamac TviT didi mxatvari Seacdina.apelesi – IV s-is didi berZeni mxatvari, aleqsandre makedonelis megobari.

misi yvelaze cnobili tiloebia `afrodite anadiomena~ – zRvis qafidan amomavali afrodite, artemide monadireTa amaliT. efesos taZarSi inaxebo-da mis mier Sesrulebuli makedonelis portreti, xelSi elviT. cnobilia makedonelis sityvebi: arsebobs ori aleqsandre: erTi – Ze filipesi, meore - apelesisa, pirveli daumarcxeblia, meore - Seudarebeli. praqsitele – me-4 s-is yvelaze cnobili skulptori aTenidan. pirvelad

man gamoaqandaka qalis SiSveli sxeuli naturaluri zomiT. SemorCenilia misi didebuli qandakebebi an maTi romauli aslebi: hermesi da yrma dionise; apoloni klavs xvliks; apoloni isvenebs (apolon likeios); satiris figura

218


nawili. karebi kviparosis xis iyo, marmarilosaviT gaprialebuli Weri _ kedarisa, xolo saxuravisken mimavali kibe _ giganturi zomis kviprosis vazisa. dianas es taZari ramdenjerme daiwva, sokrates micvalebis dRes da aleqsandre makedonelis dabadebis dRes, magram yovelTvis ufro ukeTesad aRadgendnen xolme, vidre xanZramde iyo.

efesos sxva RirsSesaniSnavi nagebobani borcvebze naSen qalaqSi iyo da gars ertymodnen pionis ferdobebs CrdiloeTidan, dasav-leTidan da samxreTidan. korezussa da pions Soris mdebareobda ori Teatri, romlebic Zalian uyvardaT efeselebs. pionis meore mxareze mesame, kidev ufro didi Teatri idga, is 56 000 mayureb-els itevda. am Teatris mopirdapired iyo navmaxia, Semdeg forumi. xolo pionis dasavleT nawilSi iyo triumfaluri TaRi da didi cirki. pionis mwvervalze, aRmosavleTiT, iyo efesos nekropolisi, da qvemoT _ gimnazia, anu egreT wodebuli aTeneumi. magram es ukanaskneli Senoba ukve gareubans miekuTvneboda. mecnierebis az-riT, swored am aRmosavleT gareubanSi cxovrobdnen efesos pirve-li qristianebi da aq Cerdebodnen mociqulebi pavle da ioane.

efesos istoria aseTia: gadmocemebiT, efesos pirveli damaarse-beli yofila androklosi, ionielTa winamZRvris, kadrosis Ze62. is maSin damkvidrda korizusis mTaze, rodesac dianas sakerpo ukve idga dablobze.

lidiis mefe kreze aziis barbarosebTan erTad moulodnelad daesxa Tavs qalaqs. mgram daindo efeso, radgan mosaxleoba qal-RmeT dianas mfarvelobas miendo da maT qalaqis mTiani nawil-idan taZramde gadaWimes Toki. efeselTa esoden didma rwmenam SeZra lidiis mefe, msubuqi gadasaxadi daakisra maT da darTo neba, Zveleburad TavianTi wes-CveulebiT ecxovraT. am droidan moyolebuli iwyeba qalaqis zrda dablobisaken, taZrisaken. krez-es monarqiis dacemis Semdeg sparselebis uReli mZimed daawva ef-eselebs, romlebic amaod eZebdnen Svelas eladis berZnebTan. ma-gram sparselebi gandevnes makedonelebma. aleqsandres sardalma

romis kapitoliumze; leto, apoloni da artemide; afrodite knidoseli da sxv. (red. Sen.).62 efesos miTiuri damaarsebeli, aTenis princi androklosi (an an-

drokle), iZulebuli gamxdara mamis, mefe kadrosis, sikvdilis Semdeg samS-oblo daetovebina (red. Sen.).


219

lisimaqem datbora dablobis nawili da amiT aiZula mosaxleoba, dabruneboda qalaqis mTian nawils, sadac ufro SesaZlebeli iyo qalaqis dacva da klimatic - ukeTesi.

makedonelTa Semdeg aziaSi damkvidrdnen msoflios axali mbrZaneblebi – romaelebi. maT efeso airCies aziis sataxto qa-laqad. miwisZvris Semdeg tiberiusma aRadgina qalaqi. qalaqis didebulebiT gancvifrebulebi iyvnen ciceroni da pliniusi. ma-gram arajansaRi klimatis gamo efeso TandaTan kargavda Tavis mniSvnelobas.

uZveles xanaSi efesoSi yvaoda mecniereba. am qalaqSi cxovrob-da cnobili berZeni filosofosi heraklite qristemde 500 wliT adre, aseve _ poeti hiponaqte,63 mxatvrebi paraziusi da apelesi, aleqsandre makedonelis megobari. ioane oqropiri ambobs, rom mis drosac efesoSi bevri filosofosi iyo. simdidresa da bunebis mravalferovnebas unda ganeviTarebina efeselTa gonebrivi mo-nacemebi; es kvebavda maT azrovnebasa da warmosaxvas. efesos savaWro mniSvneloba, rogorc mTeli civiluri samyaros centrisa, romelsac aRmosavleTiT xmelTaSua zRva ekra, gansakuTrebiT xe-lsayreli niadagi iyo sxvadasxvagvari saWiro gonebrivi simdidris SesaZenad rogorc adgilze, ise _ ucxo qveynebSi mogzaurobisas. mociqulTa xanaSic efesos hqonda gimnazia, Teatri, iq iyo vinme tiranis64 skola, sadac cxovrobda da werda Tavis werilebs fse-vdo-heraklite.65 rogorc Cans, efeso cxovrobda maRali sulieri interesebiT, …oRond es mxolod garegnulad.……

sinamdvileSi efeso iyo didvaWari, fufunebaze mzrunveli xalx-

is qalaqi. senekas SefasebiT, efeso yvelaze mdidruli qalaqi iyo, sadac ar zrunavdnen siqveleTaTvis. jer kidev sparsTa batonobis dros, rodesac efeso sparsi mefeebis rezidencia gaxda, qalaqi aivso sparsi samxedro aristokratiiTa da mdidari axalgazr-dobiT, rasac Tan mohyva aziuri fufuneba, qeifi da garToba. ra Tqma unda, efeselebma ar daayovnes da aiTvises sparseli aris-tokratebis gemovneba da sparsTa lmobieri mmarTvelobis qveS

63 hiponaqte - berZeni lirikosi, daamkvidra axali sazomi, e.w. qoliam-bi anu `koWli iambi~, SemoiRo parodiis Janri (red. Sen.).64 `tirani~ aq sakuTari saxelia (red.Sen.).65 fsevdo-heraklite efeseli – Zv.w. me-4 s-is berZeni filosofosi, cno-

bilia misi zneobrivi xasiaTis werilebi (red. Sen.).

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ukidures ganebivrebamde mividnen. es gancxroma simdidris mozR-vavebis Sesabamisad izrdeboda, am simdidris wyaro ki iyo efesos navsadguri _ panorma. Znelad naxavdiT savaWro qveyanas, an uZve-les savaWro centrs, sadac ar icnobdnen efesos panormas. romsa da aleqsandrias, makedoniasa da palestinas, sabeZneTs, finikiasa da sirias, qioss, samoss, kososs, rodossa da kvipross yovelTvis hyavdaT panormas navsadgurSi TavianTi komerciis warmomadgene-li. TviTon navsadguri ise iyo mowyobili, rom misadageboda did savaWro operaciebs.

da ai, efeselTa zneobis ori mamxilebeli, apolonios tiane-li da fsevdo heraklite. efeselTa sazogadoebis umTavres da arsebiT mankierebad mis metismet fufunebas miiCnevdnen, miwier sikeTeTa usazomo moxmarebas, maRali interesebisadmi gulgrilo-bas, aRviraxsnilobasa da loTobas. niSandoblivia, rom zogierTi es nakli mociqulma pavlem efesel qristianTa Sorisac SeniSna (I tim. 11,9; ef. 5,3, ef. 5,18) da gansakuTrebulad SeebrZola yvela mankis mTavar Zirs _ siZvas. `xolo siZvas da yovelgvar uwmindurebas da angarebas saxelic nu erqmeva Tqven Soris, ro-gorc SeSvenis wmidaT~ (ef. 5,3). ai, ra iyo efesos sasicocxlo kulti. efesos sazogadoeba mTlianad fufunebasa da grZnobiT siamovnebebs eZleoda. cxovrebis amgvari mimarTuleba Tavis Tav-Si verafers naxulobda, rac TavSkavebisken ubiZgebda maT, ar-amed, piriqiT, dianas kultiT sanqcia eZleoda da kidev ufro Zlierdeboda is. fsevdo heraklite aRSfoTebuli iyo efeselTa kultis umsgavsoebiT, romelic Sedgeboda xSiri Rameuli cere-moniebis, CiraRdnebiani svlebisa da gauTavebeli dResaswaulebi-sagan. gazafxulze es dResaswauli grZeldeboda mTeli Tve da maT artemidiebs uwodebdnen. taZris sakurTxevlis wyvdiadSi fse-vdo heraklite xedavs TviT kultis sazizRar zneobriv sibneles. Semdeg avtori gadadis qalRmerTisadmi miZRvnil sxvadasxva re-ligiur dResaswaulze da mTeli es Ramis CiraRdnebiani orgiebi, musikiTa da veluri cekvebiT, miaCnia religiur safarqveS amo-farebul yvelaze aRviraxsnil garyvnilebad.

uZveles xanaSi arsebobda wesi, rom RmerTebis taZarSi yvelas SeeZlo TavSesafris povna da iq misuli adamiani, ara mxolod usamarTlod devnili, aramed avazakic ki xelSeuxebeli xdeboda. efesoSi ki es wesi taZris gareTac, 200 metrze moqmedebda. aman


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efeso gadaaqcia damnaSaveTa Tavyrilobis centrad, rac, ra Tqma unda, did gavlenas axdenda efesos isedac dabal zneobriv doneze da strabonis gamoTqmiT, `xelSi Caugdo qalaqi avazakebs~.

dianas kulti meore borotebis wyaroc iyo, rac Zalian safuZ-vlianad damkvidrda efesoSi. es gaxldaT efeselTa crumorwmu-

diana efeselis gamosaxuleba

efeso, TurqeTis muzeumi

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neoba, romelmac uZveles xanaSi igavadac ki aqcia efeselebi. di-anas kvarcxlbekze amotvifrul saidumlo formulas jadosnuri mniSvneloba eZleoda. qalRmerTis erTi atributi iyo mTvaris gamosaxuleba, amitom mas Tayvans scemdnen rogorc Ramis qal-RmerTs, saidumlo Zalebis meufes, romelic avlens Zalas Ramis wyvdiadis safarqveS, rogorc mfarveli magiisa da jadosnobisa. dianas kultis am Taviseburebam efeso warmarTuli Teurgiisa da jadosnobis centrad aqcia. efesoSi iyo uamravi grZneuli da Sem-locveli, isini iyenebdnen Selocvis gansakuTrebul formulebs, rac istoriaSi cnobili gaxda `efesos nawerebis~ (`Efevsia gravm-mata~) saxeliT. es nawerebi warmoadgendnen grZneul formulebs, romelTac werdnen qaRaldze an pergamentze, an, ubralod, kiTxu-lobdnen, an amuletis saxiT atarebdnen xelze, kiserze an, sxeulis qvemoTa nawilebze. rogorc erTi mwerali aRniSnavs, qalaqi savse iyo magebiT, jadoqrebiT, msaxiobebiT, musikosebiT, momRerlebiT, saWurisebiT, iuvelirebiT, amuletebis gamyidvelebiT, romanebis mTxzvelebiT. momqancveli klimatis gamo mosaxleobaSi seriozu-li saqmianoba ar iyo pativSi. yvelas itacebda demonologia da Teurgia, aq sufevda ukontrolo crurwmena.

garda amisa, efesoSi mudam uamravi ucxoeli ireoda. zogs panormas bazrisken savaWro interesebi izidavda; sxvebi saxel-ganTqmuli dianas taZarSi, mcire aziis am religiur centrSi, miiC-qarodnen; mesameni samsaxureobrivi movaleobis gamo mosuliyvnen qalaqSi, sadac iyo aziis prokonsulis rezidencia da qveynis yve-la sasamarTlo da administraciuli dawesebuleba.

CvenTvis sainteresoa efesos religiuri mniSvneloba. `dianas taZarma, ambobs erTi mwerali, yoveli mxridan uamravi Tayvanismce-meli moizida, ase rom efeso iTvleboda warmarTuli samyaros wminda qalaqad. piligrimebis mozRvavebam qalaqs kidev erTi Se-mosavlis wyaro gauCina, gaCnda mrewvelobis gansakuTrebuli dargi - Zvirfasi masalisagan, ZiriTadad vercxlisagan, damza-debuli artemides cnobili gamosaxulebis miniaturuli aslebisa da taZris modelebis damzadeba. isini Tan mihqondaT piligrimebs, rogorc saxsovari an Tilisma. qalaqi gulmodgined icavda Tavisi qalRmerTis Rirsebas, vinaidan misma kultma daasaqma mravali adamiani, rac Cans dimitrisa da misi megobrebis saqcielidan pav-le mociqulis mimarT (Sdr. `saqme mociqulTa~, T. 19).


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efesoSi iudevelnic mravlad iyvnen, romlebic aq didi privi-legiebiT sargeblobdnen. ase magaliTad, isini Tavisuflad ata-rebdnen saRmrTo msaxurebasa da religiur wesebs sinagogaSi. iudeveli axalgazrdebi ganTavisuflebulebi iyvnen yvelasaTvis savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuridan. gzebis moxerxebuloba, manZi-lis SedarebiT siaxlove da simdidre saSualebas aZlevda efesel iudevelebs, mWidro urTierToba hqonodaT TavianT wminda reli-giur centrTan _ ierusalimTan.

qristianuli eklesia efesoSi daaarsa mociqulma pavlem, ro-melic didxans, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda aq. pavle mo-ciquli cdilobda, qadagebebis adgilad mTavari da didi qalaqe-bi SeerCia, romlebic ama Tu im qveynis centrs warmoadgendnen. ueWvelia, rom efesoc am mizeziT SearCia Tavisi xangrZlivi qad-agebisaTvis. cnobilia, rom man Tavdapirvelad sinagogaSi iqadaga, Semdeg ki _ orator tiranis skolaSi. saswaulebi aResruleboda pavles xeliT. magebma ki, romelTac moindomes eSmakebis gan-devna ieso qristesa da pavles saxeliT, marcxi iwvnies. amis Se-m deg bevrma jadosanma sazeimod dawva efesos TeatrSi 50 000 draqmis Rirebulebis magiuri wignebi. da sityva RmrTisa efesoSi im zomamde gaiTqva, rom adgilobriv xelosnebs, romlebic dianas qandakebis modelebs amzadebdnen, samuSaos dakargvis SeeSindaT da vinme dimitris TaosnobiT areuloba moawyves. am mRelvarebas Sedegi ar mohyolia erTi wesrigis damcvelis, aleqsandres, Wkvi-anuri gamosvlis gamo (saqm. 19, 1-40). pavle mociquli efesodan gamgzavrebis Semdgom agzavnis epistoles efeselebTan da, aseve, _ maT episkopos timoTesTan.

wm. ioane RmrTismetyveli sicocxlis bolomde efesoSi cx-ovrobda. gadmocemiT, aq Sexvda is eretikos kerinToss.66 meore saukunis dasawyisSi efeselebs gansakuTrebul werils ugzavnis wm. egnate antioqieli. am werilidan Cans, rom efesos eklesia yva-oda. me-2 s-is 80-ian wlebSi aq cxovrobda Teodotioni, tatiano-sis mowafe, romelmac Targmna biblia ebraulidan berZnul enaze. 196 w-s efesos episkoposi, cnobili polikrate, win aRudga romis

66 kerinTosi - gnostikosi, ioane RmrTismetyvelis Tanamedrove da misi mowinaaRmdge. RmrTismetyveli mas I da II epistoleebSi axsenebs. iri-neos lionelisa da ipolite romaelis cnobiT, mas egvipturi ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli (red. Sen.).

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papis survils, yvelgan daenerga paseqis dResaswaulis romauli Cveuleba da amis gamo efesoSi Sedga kreba, romelsac eswreboda 65 episkoposi. polikrates Semdgomi episkoposi iyo apoloniosi, romelic montanistebis anu katafrigebis eress ebrZoda. deciosis devnis xanaSi Svidi efeseli yrma, rogorc gadmocema gviambobs, SeSinebulebi daimalnen gamoqvabulSi da iq orasi weli eZinaT.

me-5 s-Si, eresebis dros, efesos eklesia Sinagani ganxeTqilebebiT dasustda da ioane oqropiri zamTris susxsa da yinvaSi, avadmy-ofi, TviTon Cavida iq, raTa sulierad daxmareboda efeselebs. `gevedrebiT Sen, Rirso meufeo, werdnen mas efeselebi, mobrZande CvenTan da SemozRudo Cveni eklesia RvTisaTvis saTno kanonebiT, radgan didi xania, daiTrguna ariozis eresis mimdevarTagan, da kidev vercxlismoyvare moZRvarTa mier, radgan bevrni mglebiviT daxarbdnen episkoposobas mxolod imitom, rom Cqara daeuflon didZal simdidres, arada Tavs marTlmorwmuned acxadeben.~

431 w-s efesoSi DSedga mesame msoflio saeklesio kreba nesto-ris eresis mizeziT. am krebaze qristianuli samyaros yoveli mxridan Tavi moiyara orasze metma episkoposma. efeso krebis adgi-lad imperatorma Teodosi umcrosma SearCia, rogorc yvelaze mosaxerxeblad misasvleli adgili zRviTac da xmeleTiTac, sadac cxovrebisaTvis saWiro yovelive saxmari uxvad ipoveboda. magram kidev ufro metad im mizeziT SeirCa, rom am adgils ukavSirde-boda mociqulTa xsovnis siwminde. kreba gaixsna 22 ivniss RmrTism-Soblis did taZarSi. ganaCenma, romelic krebam nestorianelebs gamoutana, efeselTa didi aRtaceba gamoiwvia. xalxi episkoposebs saxlebamde anTebuli CiraRdnebiT, sakmevlis kmeviT acilebda; am Rames mTeli qalaqi kandelebiT iyo ganaTebuli.

imave dros, imave qalaqSi, antioqiis episkoposma ioanem calke Caatara kreba, romelsac eswreboda ormoci episkoposi da saqme gadawyda nestoris sasargeblod.

efesos kreba Svidi sxdomis Semdeg dasrulda, 31 ivliss, da-bolos, efeselebi dawynardnen xuTkviriani vnebaTaRelvis Semdeg, rac samudamod aRibeWda maT mexsierebaSi.

449 wels efesoSi Sedga kidev erTi, aranakleb saintereso kreba, romelic `avazakTa krebis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. kreba Catar-da imave RmrTismSoblis taZarSi, sadac mesame msoflio kreba Sedga. krebam gaamarTla eretikosi evtixi, xolo keTil morwmune


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konstantinopolis episkoposi flaviane damnaSaved scno. krebis wevrebma is daasaxiCres da sul male episkoposi krebaze miyenebu-li Wrilobebisagan gardaicvala. flaviane aResrula smirnadan samxreT-dasavleTiT 40 km-Si.

imperatori iustiniane didad zrunavda efesos morTvaze eklesiebiT. efesos mopirdapire unayofo kldovan borcvze man Zveli xis eklesiis adgilze aaSena sakamod didi, ioane RmrTis-metyvelis saxelobis taZari. es imdenad brwyinvale taZari iyo, rom mxolod mis mierve manamde bizantiaSi yvela mociqulis saxelze aSenebul taZrisTvis SeiZleboda misi Sedareba. efesos maxloblad, latriis mTaze mdebareobda braxianis savane.

dabolos, me-15 saukuneSi aq moRvaweobda markoz efeseli, ro-melmac cnobil ferara-florenciis krebaze daicva marTlmadide-bloba.67

patmosi udaburi kunZulia, ioane RmrTismetyvelis gadasax-lebis adgili. qalaq efesodan SesaZlebelia misi danaxva. pat-mosi egeosis zRvis dodekanesis kunZulebis ricxvSi Sedis da is mcire aziis napirebidan 60 km-iTaa dacilebuli. kunZuli war-moadgens sam usicocxlo, muqi ruxi feris, erTmaneTTan yeliT dakavSirebul mwvervals, romlebic daRarulni arian xeobebiT, mRvimeebiTa da gamoqvabulebiT (Sdr. gamocx. 6,15). zafxulobiT kunZuli swored im `did, cecxliTa motyinare~ mTas warmoadgens, `gamocxadebaSi~ rom aris naxsenebi: `STavarda zRuad, da mesame-di zRÂsaÁ iqmna sisxl~ (gamocx. 8,8), da iq `mesamedi xeTaÁ daiwua da yovelive TivaÁ nedli daiwua~ (gamocx. 8,7). rusi mogzauri barski-grigoroviCi wers, rom kunZulze mdinare wyali TiTqmis araa. Takara zafxulis ganmalobaSi wvima saerTod ar modis. maSin, rodesac mezobeli tyiani kunZulebi: naqsosi, kososi, lerosi da sxvebi xSirad exvevian Sav RrublebSi, romelTa wiaRidan ismis saSineli gruxuni da damabrmavebeli elva gamokrTis, kunZuli patmosi mTeli zafxuli da Semodgomac mcxunvare mzis sxivebis qveS, wveTi wylisa da macocxlebeli cvaris gareSe rCeba. amitom iqca kunZuli patmosi damnaSaveTa gadasaxlebis adgilad. domi-cianes dros qristianTa devna 95 wels daiwyo, maSin gadaasaxles

67 istoriuli efeso dRes TurqeTis qalaq selCukis teritoriaSi Se-dis, qveynis dasavleTis mxares, izmiris provinciaSi (red. Sen.).

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kunZulze wm. ioane RmrTismetyveli. momdevno wlis 18 seqtembers imperatori domiciane mokles; Semdgomma imperatorma nervam yvela gadasaxlebuli gaaTavisufla da ioane RmrTismetyvelic dabrunda efesoSi 97 wlis Tebervalsa Tu martSi. aqedan gamom-dinareobs, rom misi gadasaxleba 18 Tve gagrZelebula. viqtorine, piktavieli episkoposi, da primiciusi, afrikis episkoposi, weren, rom ioane RmrTismetyveli patmosze gadasaxlebisas sabadoebze samuSaod iyo gamwesebuli. advili SesaZlebelia, rom im dros patmosze marTlac arseboboda raime metalis sabado, rac Semd-gomSi daicala. yovel SemTxvevaSi, patmosze iyo gorakze gaSen-ebuli qalaqi Cora, romelic mdebareobda navsadgomidan 9 km-Si. am qalaqsa da kunZulis mTavar navmisadgoms Soris, Sua gzaze, iyo mRvime, sadac, gadmocemis mixedviT, wm. ioane RmrTismetyvelma daw-era gamocxadeba. es mRvime sakmaod didi iyo: sigrZe 36 m, gani _ 28 da simaRle _ 20. Werze Cans napralebi, rogorc gadmogvcemen, im `ZrvaÁ didis~ Sedegi (Sdr. gamocx. 6,12), rac Tan axlda didi RmrTismetyvelis mier saRmrTo saidumloebaTa Wvretas. sakurTx-evlis maxloblad, marjvniv aris CaRrmaveba, sadac, gadmocemiT, davarda mociquli, `viTarcAmkudari~, raJams ixila igi, `romel ars pirveli da ukuanaÁskneli~ (Sdr. gamocx. 1,17). cota zemoT, am adgilis maxloblad, aris kldeSi gamokveTili bizantiuri jvari, romelic, imave gadmocemiT, wm. ioanes xeliTaa Seqmnili.

mociqulTa droidan dawyebuli me-11 saukunemde araferia cno-bili patmosis Sesaxeb. unda vivaraudoT, rom am periodSi is dausaxlebeli iyo _ patmosis sabadoebi gaizida, kunZuli daica-la da gadasaxlebis adgilic gaqra. xalxma qalaqi Corac datova.

me-11 saukuneSi latriis meudabnoe wm. qristodulem gadawyvi-ta, moenaxulebina yvela wminda adgili da maT Soris _ patmosic. rodesac wm. qristodulem gaukacrielebuli kunZuli ixila, dae-bada survili, aq monasteri aeSenebina da 1088 w-is. 11 ianvars imperator aleqsi komnenosisagan miiRo sigeli monastris asaSen-eblad. mSenebloba dasrulda 1117 wels. me-13 saukuneSi monas-tris maxloblad axali qalaqi wamoizarda. am didi monastris garda, sadac sul 50 beria, qalaqis axal, me-19 s-is dasawyisSi aSenebul zRvispira ubnebsa da kunZulis sxva nawilebSi amJamad 300-mde taZaria. maTgan mxolod zogierTSi tardeba yoveldRiu-ri msaxu reba, danarCenebi ki _ kerZo pirTa mier RvTis sadideblad


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Tu sasaflao adgilebTan agebuli eklesiebi _ TiTqmis mitovebu-lia da aq iSviaTad aRevlineba locva.

davubrundeT aziis provinciebs. aziis provniciis samxreTiT, mdin-are meandrosze68 mdebareobda eklesiurad saintereso qalaqebi magnesia da tralesi. es mdinare Zalian lamazia, poetebic adide-ben mis saxels. meandrosi iseTnairad daklaknila, rom, rogorc amboben, misi Semxedvare verc ki mixvdebi, saiT miedineba _ zRvisken Tu saTavisken. Tvals axarebs mdinaris velTa nayofiereba.

qalaqi magnezia. pliniusis mixedviT, qalaqi Tesalielebs au-SenebiaT da saxelic maT SeurCeviaT Tesaliis magneziis mixedviT. magnezia efesodan 20 km-iT aris daSorebuli. mis pirvel episko-posad iTvleba filipe, erTi Svid diakonTagani.69

qalaqi tralesi dauarsebia troel ataloss troas dan-

grevis Semdgom. is mdebareobda mdinare meandrosisgan moSorebiT, mTis mwvervalze. Zveli mwerlebis sityviT, es qalaqi yvelaze moxerxebuli adgili yofila mdidrebis sacxovreblad.70

frigia. lidiis sazRvarTan mdebareobda didi qveyana frigia. lidiis mefe krezem frigiisa da lidiis sazRvarze aago sagange-bo kolona sazRvris gamosakveTad. frigia warmoadgenda mTiansa da vulkanur mxares, magram, amasTan, nayofsavsesa da marmariloTi mdidar qveyanas. qristianuli eklesiis istoriaSi frigias gansa-

68 igive didi menderesi – mdinare TurqeTSi, mcire aziis dasavleT nawilSi (red. Sen.).69 ioniis antikuri qalaqi magnezia efesodan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, 19

km-Si mdebareobs, tralessa da prienesTan axlos. magneziis arqeologiuri Seswavla me-19 s-Si daiwyo, Tavdapirvelad frangma mecnierma Sarl-feliqs treskiem gaTxara is, Semdeg germanelma arqeologma karl humanma mohkida xeli mis Seswavlas. man 1891-1893 wlebSi aRmoaCina qalaqis agora, Teatris, zevsisa da artemides taZrebis naSTebi. TiTqmis asi wlis Semdeg magneziis gaTxrebi ganaaxla Turqma mkvlevarma orhan bingiolma TurqeTis kulturis saministros xelmZRvanelobiT. zevsis taZris fasadi dRes berlinis pergam-onis muzeumSi inaxeba, xolo artemides taZris frizis fragmentebi safran-geTSi, luvris muzeumSia (red. Sen.).70 istoriul qalaq traless dRes aidini ewodeba, is aris aidinis

provinciis administraciuli centri, mdebareobs md. didi menderesis velis centrSi; mosaxleobis raodenoba 200 000-s aRwevs. warmoSobiT tralesidan iyo me-5 s-is cnobili arqiteqtori anTemiosi, romelmac isidore miletelT-an erTad aago konstantinopolis hagia sofias taZari (red. Sen.).

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kuTrebuli adgili ukavia _ frigiis zogierT eklesias gaugzavna pavle mociqulma werilebi, zogic `gamocxadebaSia~ naxsenebi. aq cxovrobda da gardaicvala mociquli filipe, agreTve, aq cxov-robdnen mwerlebi papia71 da apolinari hieropoleli.

aq iyo montanisturi eresis mTavari centri. diokletianes devnis dros aq bevrma qristianma daidga mowamis gvirgvini. dabo-los, aq cxovrobda evsevi _ dorileumis episkoposi,72 evtixianelTa pirveli mteri.

frigiis olqi politikuri da eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT sam nawilad iyofoda: frigia salutarisi, anu mkurnali, rac mas sam-kurnalo wylebis siuxvis gamo daerqva; frigia pakatiana pirveli (anu mSvidobiani) da frigia pakatiana meore. frigiis yvela am raionSi 50-ze meti saepiskoposo iyo. magram raki frigias erTob vrceli teritoria eWira, es saepiskoposo raionebic metad mniS-vnelovani iyo, pontos provinciebis msgavsad, rac mas CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda. gamonakliss warmoad-genda sami ubani: hieropolisi, laodikea da kolosi, es qalaqebi erTmaneTTan axlos iyo.

71 wm. papia – (daaxl. 70-163 ww.) samociqulo mama, qalaq hierapolisis episkoposi. mis kalams ekuTvnis `uflis sityvaTa gardamocemis~ xuTi wigni, romlis mxolod fragmentebia SemorCenili. mas kaTolikuri eklesiac wmin-danad aRiarebs (red. Sen).72 evsevi dorileumeli _ me-5 s-Si moRvawe, q. dorileumis epskoposi.

dorileumi anatoliis antikuri qalaqia, dRes misi nangrevebi TurqeTSi, q. esqiSehiris maxloblad mdebareobs. evsevi ilaSqrebda nestorianelTa da evtixianelTa eresis winaaRmdeg, mas monawileoba miuRia mrwamsis qalkedo-nuri formulirebis monaxazSi. qalkedonis IV msoflio saeklesio krebis Semdeg masze cnobebi aRar moipoveba (red. Sen.).


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laodikea. frigia pakatianas mTavari qalaqi laodikea Zve-lad diospolisis anu zevsis qalaqis saxels atarebda. mas roasic ewodeboda, albaT imitom, rom is mdidari iyo broweulis xeebiT _ rJoav~ `roas~ bernulad broweuls niSnavs. saxeli `laodikea~ niSnavs `saxalxo sasamarTlos~ da qalaqs es saxeli mefe antio-qos meoris meuRlis sapativcemulod daerqva. Tumca straboni miiCnevs, rom saxeli `laodikea~ mdinare likusidan momdinareobs, romelzec aris qalaqi gaSenebuli. raki am saxels sxva qalaqebic atarebdnen, maTgan gansasxvaveblad mas frigiis laodikead ix-seniebdnen _ laodikead likusze an laodikea trimitriad. es ukanaskneli saxelwodeba aixsneba laodikeas mdebareobiT sami proviniciis _ frigiis, kariisa da lidiis sazRvarze.

laodikea msxmoiare gorakebze iyo gaSenebuli. likusis garda mas kidev ori mdinare rwyavda. likusi qalaqis axlos mdebare mTa kadmosidan moedineboda. straboni mogviTxrobs, rom odesRac patara qalaqi gaizarda, radganac `adgilis siZlierem da misi mcxovreblebis bednierebam aamaRla qalaqi~. laodikeas moqa-laqeebi Zalian mdidrebi iyvnen, tacitusi ambobs, rom rodesac

zevsis taZris nangrevebi laodikeaSi.

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62 wlis miwisZvram daangria qalaqi, mosaxleobam uari ganacxada romis mTavrobis daxmarebaze da Tavadve aRadgina is Zveleburi didebulebiT. magram sabolood laodikeas mTelma saganZurmac ver SeaCera zecis mrisxaneba _ me-4 s-is bolos didma miwisZvram STanTqa qalaqi da is ukve aRar aRdgenila.

moqalaqeTa simdidris da keTildReobis wyaro iyo: 1. miwis araCveulebrivi nayofiereba, 2. Salis qsovilis warmoeba. aqauri Salis nawarmi miletis Salze metad iyo ganTqmuli, 3. xelosno-ba, sabanko operaciebi da vaWroba. ar aris gasakviri, rom qalaqSi `oqros xbos~ kulti iyo upiratesi da aq bevri ebrauli ubani arsebobda.

eklesia laodikeaSi mociqulTa dros daarsebula, aq ekle-siis damaarseblad iTvleboda epafra (kol. 1,7), xolo episko-posad dainiSna arqiposi (kol. 4,17). mociquli pavle aq agzavni-da gansakuTrebul werilebs, romelTac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. magram dasavleTis eklesiaSi Semonaxulia apokrifi laodikielTa mimarT epistoles saxeliT, romelic Seicavs amonaridebs kola-selTa da filipelTa mimarT epistoleebidan. am Zeglis me-13 muxlSi laparakia laodikielTa Tvisebaze _ ampartavnebasa da ujero xerxebiT gamdidrebaze. `gamocxadebaSic~ imave naklzea miTiTebuli laodikeas eklesiis mimarT: `rameTu ityÂ: mdidar var da ganvmdidrdi da araraÁ meÃmarebis. da ara uwyi, rameTu Sen xar ubadruk da sawyalobel da glaxak da brma da SiSuel. gangazraxeb Sen, raÁTa iyido Cemgan oqroÁ gamoÃurvebuli cecx-liTa, raÁTa ganhmdidrde, da samoseli spetaki, raÁTa Seimoso, da ara gamocxadnes sircxÂli siSiSulisa SenisaÁ, da saolavi, raÁTa iolne Tualni Senni da hxedvide~ (gamocx. 3,17-18).

me-3 saukuneSi laodikeaSi gavrcelebula montanistebis mwvalebloba, romlis gamoc 325 w-s aq Catarda kreba. cota mogvi-anebiT ki, 367-sa da 374 wlebs Soris, laodikeaSi Sedga cnobili adgilobrivi kreba, romelmac gamosca 60 kanoni. es dadgenilebebi umTavresad Seexeboda saeklesio ritualebsa da sasulieroTa cx-ovrebas. sxvaTa Soris, aikrZala axlad monaTlulTaTvis xarisxis miniWeba, episkoposebis dadgena soflebSi, yvela sasuliero pirs aekrZala duqanSi siaruli, diakvnebs aekrZalaT msaxurebis dros mRvdlebis gverdiT dajdoma, nebadarTuli gaxda wm. werilis mxolod kanonikuri wignebis kiTxva, romlis CamonaTvalic dadge-


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nilebaSi mowodebuli iyo. krebis 28-e kanoni krZalavda aRapebis Catarebas, radganac amas mohqonda SfoTi da cTuneba.

laodikeaSi iyo sakmaod didi taZari, romlis nanagrevebi ax-lac arsebobs. am Senobis sigrZe _ 60, xolo sigane 50 metrs Seadgenda. aRmosavleTisken mimarTul sakurTxevelSi moCans ori didi niSa, albaT, samsxverplo. kankelis kedelSi ori kari iyo datanebuli, Tavad taZarSi ki sami karidan SeiZleboda Sesvla.73

hierapolisi. laodikeadan rom gamoxvalT, gadaivliT xids mdinare likusze da dainaxavT hierapolisis kldeebs, is aocebs mzeras siTeTriTa da ucnauri warmonaqmnebiT. rac ufro uax-lovdebiT, miT ufro saocrad geCvenebaT es TovliviT qaTqaTa lodebi, mzis sxivTa elvarebas TvalismomWrelad rom ireklavs, gaqvavebul CanCqerebs Tu miamsgavsebT maT. marTlac, mTis mwver-valze aris kamkama tba, saidanac sam nakadad moedineba sufTa da Tbili wyali. wylis dinebas fskerze Tovlisferi naleqi moaqvs.Arodesac naleqiT kalapoti amoivseba, wylis nakadi gverdiT inacvlebs. naleqi Zalian magaria da droTa ganmavlobaSi muq na-crisfers Rebulobs. es TeTri qanebi Sori manZilidan terasebad ganlagebul Tovlis gorakebsa da napralebs gvanan. am adgils Turqulad famuq-qale, anu ̀ bambis cixe~ hqvia. sadac daqaneba mkve-Tri araa, zemodan momdinare wylebi naxevrad mrgval, dakbilul kideebian amfiTeatrs qmnis. es bunebrivi avzebi wyliTaa savse da cisartyelas ferebiT aelvarebs garemos.74

am avzebis maxloblad iyo plutoniumi _ gvirabi, saidanac mo-makvdinebeli orTqli ifrqveva. strabonis sityviT, imdenad sqeli

73 romis imperiis daSlis Semdeg laodikea bizantiis imperiis Semad-genlobaSia, 1097 w-s qalaqi daipyres Turqebma. sabolood qalaqi Turqeb-sa da bizantias Soris gamarTuli uamravi omisa da miwisZvrebis Sedegad daingra. antikuri laodikeas didebulebaze naTlad metyvelebs dRes mis adglze SemorCenili nangrevebi: taZrebi, stadioni, Teatrebi abanoebi, bu-leuterioni (senatis saxli), akvedukebi. am arqeologiuri RirsSesaniSnao-bis uaxloesi dasaxlebuli punqtia naxevarmilioniani qalaqi denzili, sa-dac odesRac gadasulan sacxovreblad laodikielebi (red. Sen.).74 famuq-qale _ Termuli wylebis bunebrivi sacavi TurqeTis deni-

zlis provinciaSi, turistuli RirsSesaniSnaoba. qaTqaTa TeTri terase-bi mTis ferdobze warmoqmnilia kalciumiT gajerebuli Termuli wylebis marilebis nadebiT. 1988 wlidan es adgili hierapolisis nangrevebTan erTad iuneskos msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglTa siaSia Setanili (red. Sen.).

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yofila gamonabolqvi, rom fexqvS miwac ar Canda. strabons Ta-vad SeuSvia gamoqvabulSi frinvelebi da isini wamSi daxocilan, Tumca karg amindSi es orTqli naklebad sazianoa. apuleusmac75

moinaxula plutoniumi da strabonis monaTxrobs imeorebs masze. magram apuleusi, strabonisgan gansxvavebiT, didi mokrZalebiTa da SiSiTa iyo ganmsWvaluli, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom es adgili Zvelad warmarTul sakurTxevlad yofila miCneuli.

ai, aq, kldis ganier platoze iyo gaSenebuli qalaqi hierap-olisi, anu wminda qalaqi, ase mas bunebis saocari fenomenis gamo ewoda, aseve _ sxvadasxva RmerTis saxelze agebuli taZrebis sim-ravlis gamo. politikuri TvalsazrisiT ki es qalaqi naklebi mniSvnelobisa iyo da misi bedi laodikeas beds ukavSirdeboda.

qristianuli eklesia hierapolisSi daarsda I saukuneSi, mas pavle mociqulic axsenebs. polikrate efeselis sityviT pap viqtorisadmi miweril werilSi, aq iqadaga da aResrula moci-quli filipe. gadmocemis mixedviT, is jvarze gaakres. pirveli saukunis dasasruls hierapolisis episkoposi iyo papia, cnobili saelesio mwerali, polikarpe smirnelis megobari. me-2 saukunis meore naxevarSi aq episkoposad iyo klavdius apolinari. klavdi-usi didxans ebrZoda montanizms, magram is gansakuTrebiT cnobilia Tavisi qristianobis apologiiT, romelic man 177 wels gaugzavna imperator markus avreliuss. imave markus avreliusis dros hi-erapolisis episkoposi iyo wm. aberki, romelsac mociqulTa swors uwodeben didi Rvawlis gamo palestinidan romamde qristanobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. rodesac man hierapolisSi daangria kerpebi, gaveSebuli xalxi mis dasaglejad gamocvivda, magram rawams gai-gones misi xma, Sedgnen da saRamomde yurs ugdebdnen mis qadagebas. gadmocemis YTanaxmad, man markus avreliusis qaliSvili lucila gankurna. ar miiRo imperatorisgan mdidruli saCuqari, magram sanacvlod imperators qalaqisTvis sTxova mowyaleba _ yovel-

75 apuleusi – (daaxl.124-170 ww.) warmoSobiT numidieli berberi, Zveli romaeli laTinurenovani mwerali. mas ekuTvnis cnobili romani `metamor-fozebi anu oqros viri,~ sadac epiTeti ̀ oqro~ nawarmoebis mxatvrul Rirse-bas miemarTeba; agreTve - apologia, traqtatebi: floridebi, sokrates Rv-Taebriobaze, platonis swavlebaze, samyaros Sesaxeb. apuleusi karTagenSi umaRlesi qurumi iyo da mas orjer daudges Zegli, savaraudod, is isidas kultis mimdevari unda yofiliyo. apuleuss ramdenjerme axsenebs netari avgustine Tavs `RmerTis qalaqSi~ da mas magad miiCnevs (red. Sen.).


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wliurad hierapolisis qristianebisTvis daerigebinaT 3000 fuTi xorbali da maTTvis aegoT samkurnalo Tbili wylis abanoebi.

kolosa. qalaqi Sefenili iyo mTis ferdobze, mas sxvagvarad xonas (berZnuli warmoTqmiT) an konasac (laTinuri warmoTqmiT) uwodebdnen. mTis wveri TovlSi gaxveuliyo, mis ferdebs ki xSir-ad amSvenebda Rrublebi. herodote da pliniusi kolosas metad mniSvnelovan qalaqad miiCneven, magram strabonis dros qalaqi ukve patara dabad iyo qceuli, albaT, aseTadve darCa is moci-qulebis drosac. kolosaSi qristes eklesia daaarsa epafrasma, pavle mociqulis mimdevarma da megobarma, varaudiT, am qalaqis mkvidrma. romSi Sepyrobilma mociqulma pavlem epafrasisgan Se-ityo kolosaSi gavrcelebul eresebze da sagangebod miswera ko-loselebs. aseve gaugzavna werili filimons, kolosas mdidar mo-qalaqes. epistole koloselTa mimarT daiwera 62 wels qristes Sobidan76.

ori wlis Semdeg ki kolosa TiTqmis mTlianad daangria miwisZ-vram. kolosas adgilze aRmocenda patara dasaxleba _ xona, rac niSnavs `CaZirvas~ da am saxeliT arsebobs is amJamadac. Zvelad aq iyo wminda mTavarangeloz miqaelis saxelobis didi ekle-sia. swored am eklesiis gamo SeniSnavs Teodorite, rom frigia-Si gavrcelebuli iyo angelozTa Tayvaniscemao. mTavarangeloz miqaelis eklesia xonaSi imperator manuil komnenosis drosac arsebobda, imperatorma moiloca is mcire aziaSi omis dros da gaocebuli darCenila misi silamaziT. saeklesio literaturaSi moixsenieba nikita xoniati, xonas me-11 episkoposi, manuil komneno-sis Tanamedrove.77

76 am toponimis saxelwodeba Zvel qarTul xelnawerebSi dasturdeba, rogorc kolasa _ yvelasaTvis cnobilia `epistole kolaselTa mimarT~. Tumca, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamocemuli bibliis axal qarTul Targ-manSi (1989 w.) toponimi gadmodis, rogorc `kolosa~ (red. Sen.).77 arsebobs gadmocema mTavarangeloz miqaelis mier aRsrulebuli

saswaulis Sesaxeb xonas taZarSi. am taZarSi mravali wlis manZilze msax-urobda sikeTiTa da keTilmoweseobiT ganTqmuli mRvdeli arqipo. misdami borotebiT aRiZrnen warmarTebi da gadawyvites misi mokvla da taZris dan-greva. amisaTvis mTis ori mdinare saerTo kalapotSi moaqcies da taZrisaken mimarTes. maSin taZris gverdiT gaCnda mTavarangelozi, dahkra kverTxi mTas, gaapo is da mTeli wylis nakadi am napralSi Caikarga (aqedan saxeli `xona~ – CaZirva).swored am movlenis saxelze aris daarsebuli moskovis kremlSi mdebare `Cudis monasteri~, sadac momavali mefeebi inaTlebodnen (red.Sen.).

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pepuza. pepuza patara adgili iyo frigiaSi, mas montanistebi mTel msoflioSi wmidaTawmida adgilad miiCnevdnen. maTi azriT, es adgili gaxdeboda dedaqalaqi uflis meored mosvlis Semd-gom da aq gaCndeboda aTaswlovani samefo. es azri montanistebs uTuod imitom gauCndaT, rom pepuza iyo montanusis samSoblo.78

dorileumi. qalaqi dorileumi an dorilea mdebareobda frigiis CrdiloeTSi, biTviniis sazRvarze. is jer kidev demosTenes dros mniSvnelovan dasaxlebas warmoadgenda. mexuTe saukuneSi dorileumis meore episkoposi gaxda evsevi. man pirvelma amcno konstantinopolis patriarqs, rom evtixi arasworad aswavlida da moiTxova misi dagmoba.79

karia. aziis provinciis samxreT nawilSi, egeosis zRvis napiras, mdebareobda karias provincia, dasaxlebuli mrisxane, mebrZoli xalxiT. isini ganTqmulni iyvnen zRvaze yaCaRobiT, am xalxs samx-edro samsaxurSi sxva qveynebi xSirad qiraobdnen. karielebis ena iseTivea, rogoric lidielebisa da mizielebis, anu berZnuli war-moSobis. magram evropeli berZnebi maT enas barbarosulad miiC-nevdnen. karias provincias hqonda federaluri mowyoba. saxalxo kreba Tavs iyrida stratonikes taZris maxloblad. karielebs hyavdaT mcire mmarTvelebi, romlebic atarebdnen mefeebis saxels. maT Soris yvelaze Zlieri da Zlevamosili iyo mavsole. man ise-Ti didebuli samarxi aigo, rom mas Semdeg yvela didebul samarx nagebobas movzoleums uwodebdnen.

kariaSi bevri qalaqi da saepiskoposo iyo, zogi mwerali 25 saepiskoposos asaxelebs, zogic _ 31-s, Tumca maTi sivrce mcire iyo. lev somexis dros kariaSi gadaasaxles Teofile nikomidieli, romelic aq gardaicvala.

78 2001 wels daiwyo arqeologiuri gaTxrebi pepuzasa da mis axlom-debare, aseve montanistur, qalaq timionis zusti adgilmdebareobis dasad-genad (red. Sen.). 79 dorileumi Tanamedrove qalaqi esqiSehiria, ankaradan 250 km-ze

dasavleTiT. `esqiSehiri~ Turqulad `Zvel qalaqs~ niSnavs. ix., agreTve, 70-e Sen. (red. Sen.).


235

mileti. mileti, kariis provinciis mTavari qalaqi, Zvelad an-aqtorias saxels atarebda. kretelebis mier dapyrobis Semdeg qalaqs mileti - dampyrobeli beladis saxeli uwodes. milets hqonda oTxi mniSvnelovani navmisadgomi da Zlieri floti. mi-letis mcxovreblebi gamoirCeodnen samrewvelo saqmis ostato-biT. maTiY damzadebuli Salis qsovilebi didi mowonebiT sarge-blobda. magram miletis mosaxleoba gansakuTrebiT vaWrobaSi iyo daostatebuli. am mizniT, pliniusis mixedviT, maT sxvadasxva qvey-anaSi 80-mde kolonia daaarses, gansakuTrebiT _ Savi zRvis sana-piroze. miletelebi ganaTlebisadmi swrafviT iyvnen ganTqmulni. miletelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT cnobilni arian: Talesi _ Svid berZen brZenTagan erTi, anaqsimandre _ Talesis mowafe, romel-mac qristes Sobamde me-6 saukuneSi berZnebs geografiuli rukebi gaacno, anaqsimene _ mzis saaTis gamomgonebeli.

miletSi SeCerda romSi mimavali pavle mociquli da gamosamS-vidobeblad TavisTan ixmo efeseli mRvdlebi (saqm. moc. 20,17; 2 tim. 20). SevniSnavT, rom mileti da efeso erTmaneTisagan didi manZilT iyo daSorebuli, magram, rogorc Cans, maT Soris iyo savaWro urTierToba. 70 w-s miletSi moxda Zlieri miwisZvra, magram qalaqi maleve aRdga. liciniusis dros aq xalxi ewama, iulianes dros ki aq bevri qristiani iyo da bevri taZari qalaqis SemogarenSi. `iulianem, mogviTxrobs sozomeni, rodesac gaigo, rom miletSi, apolonis taZarTan, aSenebuli iyo salocavi saxlebi wamebulTa sadideblad, miswera kariis prefeqts, rom Tu am sax-lebs hqondaT saxuravi da wminda trapezi, daewva isini, xolo Tu es Senobebi naxevrad iyo aSenebuli, safuZvliTurT amoeTxara~.80

lukia. xmelTaSua zRvis samxreTiT, mTian mxareSi mdebareobda lukia. lukiis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba xasiaTiT Zalian hgavda karielebs, vinaidan isinic warmoSobiT kunZul kretadan iyvnen. Semdeg aq gadmosaxlda aTenis mefe panadionis Svili lukosi, saidanac miiRo am qveyanam saxelwodeba. aq bevri berZnuli kolo-nia iyo: patara, mura da sxv. lukia mravali qalaqisagan Semdgar

80 dRes saqveynod ganTqmul qalaq miletis adgilze aris erTi Raribi sofeli, palatia, romlis saxelwodebac bizantiur cixe-simagre balatidan momdinareobs. jerjerobiT miletis mxolod erTi mesamedi aris arqeolog-Ta mier aRmoCenili daSeswavlili (red. Sen.).

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federalur respublikas warmoadgenda. mas saerTo deputatTa kreba da yovelwliurad Semdgari, `lukarxad~ wodebuli magis-trati marTavda.

lukielebi Cinebuli moisrebi iyvnen. maT miwaze keTilsurnele-ba moipoveboda, rac uZveles droSi metad fasobda.……lukielebi Tayvans scemden sinaTlis RmerTs, mSvildosan lukeions,81 berZnebi imave RmerTs, adidebdnen, oRond apolonis saxeliT.

istorikosebi aqeben lukielebis samarTlianobas, mokrZalebul znesa da ganswavlulobas. lukielTa dasaxasiaTeblad sakmarisia iTqvas, rom isini gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen dedebs da Ta-vianT warmoSobas dedis da ara mamis xaziT iTvlidnen. lukielebi wmindad inaxavdnen winaparTa xsovnas. maT koxtad ganlagebul qalaqis simagreebs gars mWidrod ertymoda micvalebulTa sa-flavebi. micvalebulTa simSvidis dasacavad qalaqis axlomdebare mTebi samarx katakombebad iyo qceuli.

pliniusis mixedviT, lukiaSi adre 60 qalaqi yofila, mis dros ki _ 66. aq saepiskoposoTa raodenoba udrida 28-s, sxva wyaroebiT _ 36-s. radganac mTeli lukiis qveyana mcire zomisa iyo, saepis-koposo olqebic erTob mcire gamodioda. eklesiis istoriaSi lukia SesaniSnavia imiT, rom arianuli areulobis dros man mt-kiced SeinarCuna marTlmadidebloba.82

mira. qalaqi mira mTaze iyo Sefenili, sul 4 km-is daSorebiT zRvidan; zRvaze mas sakuTari navmisadgomic gaaCnda. me-11 s-Si qalaqi sarkinozebma gaanadgures. svida mas lukiis `patara adgi-lad~ ixseniebs. gadmocema gviambobs, rom miras navmisadgomSi gad-mosula pavle mociquli romSi gamgzavrebis win. me-4 saukuneSi, arianuli SfoTis dros miraSi episkoposi iyo wminda nikolozi, saswaulTmoqmedi. mRvdelmTavris wminda nawilebi miraSi 1087 wlamde imyofeboda, mahmadianebis mier qalaqis dangrevis Semdeg ki gadaabrZanes italiaSi, sazRvao qalaq bariSi. es qalaqi ber-ZnebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da isini didi xnis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen

81 `lukia~ bizantiuri gamoTqmiT `likiad~ JRers, iseve rogorc `lukeioni~ _ `likeionad~ (red. Sen.).82 istoriuli lukiis teritoriaze dRes aris Tanamedrove TurqeTis

antaliisa da muRlas provinciebi (red. Sen.).


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berZnul wes-Cveulebebs.83

patara. lukiis meore mSvenier qalaqs warmoadgenda patara. liviusis gadmocemiT, is didi qalaqi iyo, navmisadgomiTa da mravali taZriT. gansakuTrebiT SesanSnavi yofila aq apolonis sakurTxev-eli, romelic didebiT delfos orakuls utoldeboda. straboni gviambobs, rom qalaqi patara ptolemeus filadelfoss, egvip-tis mmarTvels, gauzrdia. man qalaqs arsenoa daarqva, magram es saxelwodeba ar damkvidrebula. pataras episkoposi meTode (†310 w.) evno avrelianes dros, man dawera neoplatonikos porfiris SromaTa ganqiqeba. patara iyo wm. nikolozis samSoblo, adgili, sadac man daiwyo msaxureba presviterisa da episkoposis rangSi.84

cikladis kunZulebi. kariasa da lukiis maxloblad mde-bareobda cikladis kunZulebi. sul kunZulTa raodenoba 19-s aRwevda. maT Soris mTavari iyo kunZuli rodosi, pliniusis SefasebiT, ulamazesi da Tavisufali. kunZulze bevri qalaqi iyo, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rogorc straboni gviambobs, yofi-la qalaqi rodosi, romelic mdebareobda kunZulis aRmosavleT nawilSi. rodoselebi gamoirCeodnen mRali zneobiT da gansa-kuTrebuli yuradRebiT sazogado saqmisadmi. maT kunZulze iyo mSvenieri navmisadgomebi da gzebi. rodoselebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze batonobdnen zRvaze, isini megobrobdnen berZen da ro-mael mefeebTan. kunZuli keTildReobiT cxovrobda qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi, magram 667 wels rodosi daipyres sarkino-zebma, maT miwasTan gaaswores kunZulis qalaqebi da daangries ro-dosis kolosi _ mzis RmerTisadmi miZRvnili uzarmazari qandakeba, msoflios Svid saocrebaTagan erTi. navmisadgomSi aRmarTuli es qandakeba imdenad bumberazi iyo, rom mis fexebs Soris did gemebs

83 uZvlesi qalaqi mira dRevandel TurqeTSi, antaliis provinciis teritoriazea. qalaqis nangrevebTan kilometr-naxevarSi aris Tanamedrove patara qalaqi demre. wminda nikolozi, tradiciisamebr, moixsenieba, ro-gorc `miron lukiis~ mTavarepiskoposi. es Secdoma araa, radganac `mira~ mravlobiTis formaa, romlis mxolobiTic aris `miron~ da mravlobiTis genetivSic `miron~ forma unda iyos (red. Sen.).84 uZvelesi qalaqi patara TurqeTis xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze, an-

taliis provinciaSi, dRes nangrevebis saxiT aris SemorCenili. mis max-loblad aris Tanamedrove patara qalaqi gelemiSi (red. Sen.).

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SeeZloT gavla. me-13 s-Si rodoss marTavdnen berZnebi, me-14 s-sa da me-15 s-is dasawyisSi _ maltis raindebi, 1522 w-dan ki kunZuli Turqebis xelSi gadavida.

eklesia rodosze wm. pavle mociqulma daaarsa (saqm. moc. 21,1). monofizituri eresis dros qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebaze romis papis warmomadgeneli iyo kunZul kosis episkoposi iuliane. xatmbrZolobis periodSi, leon isavrielis dros, cikla-dis kunZulebis mosaxleoba mtkiced icavda xatTa Tayvaniscemas. me-9 s-Si qalaqi rodosi saswaulebrivad gadarCa arabTagan wmin-da nikolozis locviT.85

pamfilia. lukiis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda pamfiliis qvey-ana. pamfilias, kerZod, uwodebdnen viwro sanapiro zols tavris mTebis samxreT ferdobebsa da xmelTaSua zRvas Soris. es iyo mTiani, Cqari mTis niaRvrebiT daserili qveyana, sadac cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva tomis xalxebi, mrisxane zRvis yaCaRebi. pamfiliis sazR-varze mdebare qalaq fazelisis mekobreebma gamoigones pirvelad msubuqi gemebi, rasac romaelebma am qalaqis saxeli daarqves. am yaCaRebs 1000 galera hyavdaT da maTi Zliereba imdenad didi iyo, rom romaelebi iZulebulni Seiqnen, floti gaegzavnaT maT-Tan SesabrZoleblad, da es omi sam wels gagrZelda. uZveles droSi pamfiliis yure Zalian saSiSi iyo. rodesac mezRvaurebi am adgils uaxlovdeboden, SiSiT zRvaSi raimes agdebden, raTa zRvis mrisxaneba daewynarebinaT. arsebobs legenda, rom ierusalimidan konstantinopolSi dabrunebisas dedofalma elenem uflis jvar-Tan erTad mopovebuli erTi wminda lursmani gadaagdo am mousve-nar zRvaSi. da mainc, pamfilias sakmaod didi savaWro da poli-tikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda. mdinare kestrusi86 da kataraqte iyo erTaderTi zRvis napirisken mimavali gza mTiani pisidiisa da

85 cikladis kunZulebi _ 200-ze meti kunZulisgan Sedgari arqipelagi egeosis zRvaSi. `kiklades~ garSemortymuls niSnavs, ase maT ewoda imitom, rom kunZulebi gars ertymis kunZul deloss, romelsac uZveles droSi didi kulturuli da politikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda (red. Sen.).86 md. kestrusis Tanamedrove Turquli saxelwodebaa aysu – `TeTri

mdinare~; is saTaves tavris mTebSi iRebs, sigrZiT 162 km-ia, siganiT _ 100 m, xolo siRrmiT _ 3 m. md. kataraktes (berZn.) Tanamedrove Turquli saxel-wodebaa diudeni, is cnobilia Tavisi CanCqerebiT, dinebis garkveul mon-akveTs mdinare miwis qveS gadis. am mdinarezea TurqeTis xmelTaSua zRvis udidesi qalaqi antalia (red. Sen).


239

likoniisaTvis. moxerxebul vaWrebs, sxvaTa Soris iudevelebs, am gziT gadahqondaT sxvadasxva saqoneli: xe, Zelebi, zeTi, tyavi, Sali da sxv. kestrusi Tavisi tbebiT Rrmad Sedioda pisidiaSi da mox-erxebul sanaosno gzas qmnida.

politikuri TvalsazrisiT pamfilia mniSvnelovani iyo ro-maelebisTvis, radganac isavrielebisgan Tavdasacav burjs war-moadgenda. qristianuli eklesia pamfiliaSi pavle mociqulma daaarsa. SemdgomSi aq 40 saepiskoposo iyo. saepiskoposoTa aseTi raodenoba Seufereblad didi aRmoCnda patara qveynisTvis, ami-tom maTi raodenoba nel-nela Semcirda, leon brZeni mxolod 36 saepiskoposos axsenebs. arianuli kamaTebis dros pamfiliis ekle-sia marTlmadideblobis mtkice damcvelad darCa.

atalia. qalaqi atalia mdebareobda xmelTaSua zRvis mSve-nier yureSi, mdinare kataraqtes SesarTavze. mdinare kataraqte gamoedineba veeberTela kldidan or nakadad, dinebis dros miwis qveS eSveba da xmelTaSua zRvaSi ramdenime CanCqeriT Cadis. qa-laqi atalia gaSenebulia daqanebul ferdobze, nayofier velebs Soris.

qristianuli eklesia ataliaSi pavle mociqulma da barnabam daaarses. aq me-2 saukuneSi mowameobrivad aResrulnen esperi, zoia da maTi Svilebi _ kiriake da Teodule, deciusis mmarTvelobis dros ki evnen papia, diodore, kononi da klavdiane.87…

perga. qalaqi perga iyo pamfiliis metropolia. mdebareobda mdinare kestrusze, zRvis SesarTavidan daaxloebiT 12 km-ze. perga ataliaze ufro xelsayreli iyo vaWrobis ganviTarebisaTvis mox-erxebuli samdinaro gzis gamo. amas garda, perga qalRmerT dianas winda qalaqi iyo, efesos msgavsad, da religiuri TvalsazrisiT _ mniSvnelovani. qristianuli eklesia pergaSi mociqulebma pavlem da barnabam daaarses. erTi mwerlis azriT, mociqulTa msaxurebi-

87 Tanamedrove antalia, didi sakurorto da saporto qalaqi TurqeTis

samxreTSi, antaliis provinciis administraciuli centri, milionamde mo-saxliT. gadmocemiT, qalaqi dauarsebia pergamonis mefe ataloss qristemde 150 w-s, mis sapativcemulod daerqva qalaqs saxeli. `antalia~ ki migviano Turquli gamoTqmaa. dRes antalia orad – Zvel da axal qalaqadaa gayofi-li (red. Sen.).

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saTvis gansakuTrebuli sirTulis gamo aq pavlesa da barnabas ga-moeyo maTi Tanamgzavri ioane markosi. imperator antonines dros pergaSi ewamnen Teodore da misi Tanmxlebni. aseve iyvnen mowa-meebi pamfiliis sxva qalaqebSi _ magudossa (daaxl. Tanamedrove lara _ red. Sen) da sideSi (dRes nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili, sof. selimiies axlos _ red. Sen). deciosis dros evno magudosis episkoposi nestori, avrelianesa da diokletianes dros ki iyvnen wamebulebi sideSi. ioane oqropiris dros zRvispira qalq sideSi cxovrobda filipe, saeklesio istorikosi.88

likonia. pamfiliis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda likoniis pro-vincia. likoniis mTiani nawili, rogorc straboni ambobs, iyo civi, SiSveli da mcirewylovani, magram am olqs hqonda didi iala-Rebi da uricxvi cxvris fara iyo am adgils Sefarebuli. amitom likonia mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli, xalxi mecxvareobas misdev-da da mdidrdeboda. likonia mamaci mTis xalxis samSoblo iyo. mcire aziis arc erT sxva adgilas buneba aseTi xeluxlebeli ar darCenila. aq ar iyo kulturis upirvelesi piroba _ berZnuli enis gavrceleba, vinaidan likoniaSi dasaxlebuli tomebi jiutad icavdnen nacionalur kuTxur metyvelebas. rodesac am qveynis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT ciceronTan da strabonTan, gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom dascilda ioane markozi pergaSi pavlesa da barnabas.

qristianuli eklesia likoniaSi mociqulebma pavlem da bar-nabam daaarses. aqve moRvaweobda mariamna, mociqul filipes da. saepiskoposoTa raodenoba 19-s aRwevda, magram me-8 s-Si leon brZeni 15 saepiskoposos iTvlis.89

ikonia. likoniis mTavari qalaqi ikonia, strabonis sityviT, mWidrod iyo dasaxlebuli, xolo misi Semogareni ufro nayofieri iyo, vidre qveynis sxva adgilebi. imperatorma klavdiusma ikonia romis koloniad scno da iq romauli garnizoni daayena, raTa qalaqi veluri isavrielebisagan daecva. amis paralelurad iko-

88 perga dRes nangrevebadaa qceuli, es raioni Sedis qalaq antaliis SemadgenlobaSi (red. Sen.).89 likonia iyo vrceli regioni mcire aziis SuagulSi, tavris mTebis

CrdiloeTiTa da kapdokiis dasavleTiT, CrdiloeTidan mas esazRvreboda galatea, dasavleTiT ki _ frigia da pisidia (red. Sen.).


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niaSi dasaxlda mravali iudeveli. aqaur iudevelebs, savaraudod, axlo urTierToba unda hqonodaT tarsel iudevelebTan. tar-si, pavle mociqulis samSoblo, tavris mTebis samxreTiT mdebare qalaqebs Soris yvelaze axlos iyo ikoniasTan. ciceronis dros ikonia da tarsi kilikiis mTavar qalaqebs warmoadgendnen da kilikiis prokonsulebs am or qalaqSi monacvleobiT hqondaT rezidencia. Semdgom periodSic ikonia xSirad iyo metropolia xan isavriisa da kapadokiis, da xan ki _ pisidiisa da pamfiliis.

ikoniaSi eklesia daaarses mociqulebma pavlem da barnabam. ikoniel qristianTa Soris cnobilni arian pavle mociqulis mowa-feebi sosipatre da Tekla pirvelmowame. Semdeg aq iyvnen wame-bulebi avreliusisa da diokletianes dros. ukanaskneli devnisas aq evno wminda didmowame paraskeva. ikoniis episkoposTa Soris iyo Teodore, romelmac aRwera kvirikesa da ivlitas wameba, da amfiloqe _ eresebTan mebrZoli. mas basili didma araerTi weri-li gaugzavna. ikonia mdebareobda kapadokiis kesariasTan axlos.90

listra. listra ikoniis samxreTiT, 8 saaTis savalze, isavriis sazRvarTan mdebareobda. aqac iqadaga pavle mociqulma da koW-li gankurna. rodesac iqaurma warmarTebma ixiles es saocreba, gadawyvites, pavlesa da barnabasTvis, rogorc RmerTebisTvis, msx-verpli SeewiraT. listra mTlianad warmarTuli qalaqi iyo, aq Zalian cota iudeveli cxovrobda da maT sinagogac ar hqoniaT. am qalaqSi iudevelTa patara jgufic ki ar iyo, romelic mxars dauWerda antioqiidan da ikoniidan mosul iudevelebs pavle mociqulisTvis xelis SesaSlelad. amitom maT im xalxs mimarTes, romlebics pavlesa da barnabasTvis msxverplis Sewirvas apirebd-nen. listradan iyo warmoSobiT pavle mociqulis Tanamgzavri timoTe, romlis mama warmarTi iyo, deda ki _ iudeveli. listras pirveli episkoposis pativi wm. artemioss xvda wilad.91

90 ikonia _ Tanamedrove konia, TurqeTis sididiT meSvide qalaqi cen-traluri anatoliis regionSi (red. Sen).91 listra mdebareobs TurqeTis meramis provinciaSi. istoriuli lis-

tra dRes nangrevebis saxiT aris SemorCenili, mis axlos aris sofeli, saxelwodebiT klistra, romlis muzeumSi SesaZlebelia listras arte-faqtebis naxva (red. Sen.).

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derbe. qalaqi derbe mdebareobda listrasTan, mTebis siRrme-Si, pisidiis antioqiasTan. es qalaqi erTxans kilitebis _ mTieli tomis dedaqalaqi iyo. isini didi xnis manZilze arbevdnen ̀ kiliki-is karibWes,~ anu did zians ayenebden tarsis vaWrobas. SemdgomSi derbes xan pisidias, xan likonias da xanac isavrias akuTvnebdnen.

eklesia aq pavle mociqulma daaarsa. derbeSi daimowafa mo-ciqulma pavlem gaiosi, romelsac `saqme mociqulTas~ mwerali derbels uwodebs (saq. moc. 20,4).92

pisidia. likoniis gverdiT, pamfiliis zemoT, mdebareobda pi-sidiis qveyana. pamfiliidan am qveyanaSi gza viwro da bneli gvirabiT Sedis. pisidia maRalmTiani qveyanaa, aq uamravi tbaa, romelTa Soris udidesia burduris tba. misi wyali mariliani da momwaroa, magram kamkama da wynari da sarkesaviT ireklavs gare-mos usicocxlo gorakebs. am qveynis aRwerisas norovTan xSrad vxvdebiT aseT striqonebs: `Cveni gza didxans miuyveboda tbis na-pirebs, Cven win mTebi aRmarTuliyo,…... rodesac iqidan gamovediT, Tvalwin axali tba gadagveSala, mis naprze erTi saaTi viareT….. mTidan marjvniv momcro zomis, mesame tba moCanda. meore dRes mivadeqiT mTebSi moqceul mSvenier tbas. am tbis wyali mtknaria, magram misi napiri mraval adgilas TeTri naleqiT elvarebs.~

pisidia dasaxlebuli iyo Tavisufali, mamaci, yaCaRobisadmi mid-rekili xalxiT. maT hqondaT mTavari qalaqi da ramdenime dasax-leba, romlebic makedoniurad aris miCneuli.

pisidiaSi eklesia daaarsa pavle mociqulma. me-7 saukuneSi (610-698) cnobili iyo giorgi pisida, konstantinopolis diakvani, romelmac dawera RmrTismSoblis daujdomeli.93

antioqia. pisidiis antioqia, strabonis aRweriT, mdebareobda nawilobriv mTebzec da nawilobriv _ dablobSic. aq iyo uZve-les droSi didi simdidriT cnobili, aziis mTvaris RmerTis, menis,

92 istoriuli derbes zusti adgilmdebareoba daadgines 1956 w-s, war-werebis safuZvelze: TurqeTis qalaq qaramanidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 22 km-ze (red. Sen.).93 istoriuli pisidiis qveyana Tanamedrove TurqeTis antaliis provin-

ciaSia moqceuli. rac Seexeba ̀ RmrTismSoblis daujdomels,~ mis avtorobas bevr bizantiel moRvawes miaweren, rogorebicaa: giorgi pisida, konstanti-nopolis patriarqebi sergi da germane, romanoz melodosi (red. Sen.).


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sakurTxeveli. rodesac antioqosi iZulebuli gaxda, mcire azia romaelebisTvis daeTmo tavriis mxridan, am axalma dampyrobleb-ma antioqia Tavisufal qalaqad aRiares. avgustusis droidan qalaqi romaelebis koloniad gadaiqca, saxelwodebiT _ kesaria. am droidan mokidebuli, antioqiis monetebze iyo warwera Col. Caes. Antiochiae. romaeli veteranebis mfarvelobiT antioqiaSi dasaxldnen iudevelebi, hqondaT TavianTi sinagoga da, ueWvelia, energiulad vaWrobdnen: saqonels samdinaro gzebiT pergasa da efesoSi agzavnidnen. eklesia antioqiaSi daaarsa pavle mociqul-ma. diokletianes dros aq ramdenime qristiani ewama.94

filomelia. qalaqi filomeliac pisidiaSi mdebareobda. ekle-siis istoriaSi is cnobilia imiT, rom aq, rogorc evsevi kesarieli mogviTxrobs, Seityves smirnelma qristianebma polikarpes gar-dacvalebisa da markus avreliusis mier qristianTa devnis ambavi.

Trakiis diocezi

Trakiis diocezi, qalkedonis krebis 28-e kanonis mixedviT, eqve-mdebareboda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos. teritoriulad es diocezi metad mcire iyo da eklesiis istoriaSi TiTqmis araf-riT yofila gamorCeuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli saberZne-Ti da balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli ar Sedioda konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi. Trakiis diocezi ki, romelic daqvemdebarebuli iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqos, mdebareobda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi da marmarilosa da Savi zRvis napirze. diocezSi Sedioda mxolod eqvsi patara provincia: evropa, Trakia, hemimonti, rodopi, skviTeTi da qveda mizia. eklesiis istoriaSi pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi arsad aris naxsenebi am provinciebis eklesiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb.

94 siriasa da mcire aziaSi Teqvsmetamde qalaqi atarebda antioqiis

saxels. pisidiis antioqia frigiis antioqiadacaa cnobili. es qalaqi dRes arqeologiur RirsSesaniSnaobas warmoadgens, mdebareobs TurqeTis tbebis raionSi, Tanamedrove qalaq ialvaCidan CrdiloeTiT, 1 km-Si (red. Sen.).

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mxolod me-4 saukunidan zogierTi mitropoliti da episkoposi Rebulobs monawileobas eklesiis cxovrebaSi.

evropa. provincia evropa moculobiT Zalian patara iyo, ma-gram masSi Sedioda qalaqi konstantinopoli da ori mitropo-lia herakleasa da vizaSi, da 19 saeposkoposo.

heraklea. qalaqi heraklea mdebareobda marmarilos zRvasTan, TiTqmis qiziqis pirdapir. varaudoben, rom pirveli episkoposi aq iyo apeliosi, romelsac moixseniebs pavle mociquli romael-Ta mimarT epistoleSi (rom.16,8 _ kiTxvaÁ arquT amplias). her-akleas meore episkoposi dometiosi me-2 s-is pirvel naxevarSi moRvaweobda, antonine piusis dros; xolo mesame, filipe, awames diokletianes dros. herakleis mitropolitebi Trakiis diocezs ganagebdnen konstantinopolis patriarqis amaRlebamde; bizantiis episkoposic maT eqvemdebareboda.

Trakia. Trakiis provincia mdebareobda evropis provinciis dasavleTiT, zRvisgan moSorebiT. mitropoliis garda mas sul cxra saepiskoposo gaaCnda.

filipopolisi, Trakiis mitropolia, sam mTaze iyo ganlagebuli, da amitom uwodebdnen trimontias. filipe makedonelma aRadgina es qalaqi da daasaxla aq fokielebi, romlebmac gaZarcves del-fos taZari da qalaqs uwoda poneropoli (borotebis qalaqi), magram mcxovreblebma qalaqs filipopolisi daarqves.

qalaqis pirveli episkoposi iyo ermi, romelic moxseniebulia romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi (16,14). Semdegi episkoposi ukve ar-ianuli areulobis dros aris naxsenebi. 343 w-s imperatorma kon-stancim, romelic marTavda aRmosavleTs, da konstantim, romel-ic marTavda dasavleTs, gadawyvites, moewviaT saerTo kreba da gaerCiaT wm. aTanase aleqsandrielisTvis wayenebuli braldeba. kreba Sedga sardikaSi (axlandeli q.sofia), orive Zmis mamulebis sazRvarze. episkoposTa raodenoba iyo 170, krebam gaamarTla aTa-nase, magram arianelma episkoposebma datoves kreba, filipopolis-Si moiwvies TavianTi kreba da dagmes aTanase. maT mxars uWerda konstanci, konstanti ki _ pirvelT. iulianes dros 39 adamiani awames. me-12 s-Si filipopolisSi dasaxldnen pavlikianelebi da


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bogomilebi, mogvianebiT isini gadavidnen dasavleTSi.

hemimonti. provincia hemimonti mdebareobs evropis provinci-is CrdiloeTiT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, mTian WiuxebSi, saidanac miiRo es saxeli: hemus – Wiuxi, mons – mTa. rogorc provinciam, raionma mogvianebiT SeiZina mniSvneloba Teodosi ufrosis dros. mitropoliis garda, aq kidev 11 saepiskoposo iyo.

adrianopolisi _ hemimontis metropolia. es savaWro qa-laqi zRvidan moSorebiT, TevziT mdidar mdinare gabrze mdebare-obda, romelic amJamad moricad aris cnobili. aq bevri iudeve-li cxovrobda. qalaqma saxelwodeba miiRo imperator adrianes sapativcemulod, romelmac is aRadgina. am qalaqis maxloblad konstantine didma daamarcxa likiniosi 323 w-s. adrianopolisis episkoposebi me-4 saukunidan gaxdnen cnobilni. pirveli maTgani iyo evtropi, romelsac qebiT moixseniebs aTanase aleqsandrieli. me-9 saukuneSi, 812 w-s, episkoposi manueli tyved Cauvarda bul-garelebs da man bulgareTSi iqadaga qristianoba. adrianopoli-sisa da hemimontis bevri sxva episkoposic igvemeboda bulgarelTa mier, magram isini cdilobdnen maT gaqristianebas.

rodopi. Trakiis diocezis ukiduresi samxreTis patara provin-cia iyo rodopi, romelic mdebareobda marmarilos zRvis samxreT-Si; saxelwodeba amave saxelis mqone mTis mixedviT miiRo. aq iyo mitropolia da 14 saepiskoposo.

traianopolisi. qalaqi traianopolisi iyo rodopis metropo-lia, romelic aago imperatorma traianem. mas mesame adgili ekava provinciis qalaqebs Soris. traianopolisis episkoposebi arianu-li kamaTebis droidan arian cnobilni. me-16 s-Si qalaqi daingra da mitropolia gadaitanes meringoSi.

mcire skviTia. skviTiis provincias Zalian patara teritoria eWira _ Sav zRvasa da mdinare dunais Sav zRvaSi SesarTavamde. iq iyo mxolod erTi saepiskoposo _ zRvis sanapiroze mdebare qalaq tomiSi. tomis episkoposebi cnobilni arian me-3 s-is dam-levidan, isini atarebdnen arqiepiskoposis tituls. maT Soris ga-

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morCeulni arian: bretaniosi, romelmac arianuli SfoTis dros gansakuTrebulad daicva marTlmadidebloba, da Teotime, romel-mac konstantinopolSi wm. epifane kviprelis winaSe gamoTqva azri origenes TxzulebaTa Sesaxeb. `origenes nawerebi baRia, sa-dac yvavilebicaa da ekalic. ekali unda amovZirkvo, magram maT gamo mTel baRs rodi gavanadgureb.~ saerTod, is ganswavluli episkoposi iyo da didi saxeliT sargeblobda ara mxolod Tavis mrevlSi, aramed _ warmarT hunebTa Sorisac, romlebic mas `ro-maelebis RmerTs~ uwodebdnen.

qalaq tomis ukanaskneli episkoposi eswreboda V msoflio krebas. es qalaqi axla aRar arsebobs da mTlianad miviwyebulia, zogierTi mkvlevari mas timiSoarasTan95 aigivebs, zogic _ kievTan.

provnicia qveda mizia mdebareobda dunaize, Sav zRvasTan axlos, hemimontsa da mcire skviTias Soris. es provincia Sesa-Zlebelia bulgareTad iqnes miCneuli. markianopolisis Zveli mi-tropoliis garda aq kidev 13 saepiskoposo iyo. maTgan SemdgomSi ternovos saepiskoposo iqca mitropoliad nacvlad markinopoli-sisa. Zvelad miziaSi cota saepiskoposo iyo.

markianopolisi anu preslava. qalaqma saxelwodeba imper-ator traianes dis, markianes, saxelidan miiRo. episkopTa rigi aq nikeis krebis droidan iwyeba.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mniSvneloba me-8 s-Si, leon isavrielis dros gaizarda. maSin mas miemata saberZneTi (makedonia, Tesalia, ori epiri _ axali da Zveli, aqaia da kunZuli kreta), aseve kunZuli sicilia da italiis kalabria, mecxre saukunidan ki _ italiis samxreT-aRmosavleTis umetesi nawili _ apulea (sadac aris q. bari), xolo CrdiloeTidan sapatriarqo gaizarda qristes rwmeniT ganaTlebuli slavuri mxaris wyalobiT.

95 timiSoara _ rumineTis sididiT mesame qalaqi (red. Sen.).

Tbilisis sasuliero akademiisa da seminariis

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2017

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Tbilisis sasuliero akademia

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRmosavleTis

sapatriarqoebi (IX saukunemde)

redaqciis misamarTi:

Tbilisi, sionis q. #13/40.

E-mail: [email protected]

Address of editorial Board:13/40, SIONI STR. TBILISI.

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