MARINE

SCIENCE

Monday

19 Sep 2016

Entry Task

Change of seating for some.

What is marine science?

Agenda

Housekeeping

History of Marine Science

Housekeeping

Guest Teacher on Thursday, 22 Sep.

History

When do you think people first started learning about

marine life?

• From the moment they saw the ocean.

History

Archeologists have discovered piles of shells, the remains

of ancient “clambakes”

They have also discovered harpoons & simple hooks of

bone & shell dating back to 5000 B.C.

Through experience people learned

Which food was good & which were bad.

History

Phoenicians:

• First to accomplish Western

navigation

• 2000 B.C. they were sailing the

Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea,

eastern Atlantic Ocean, &

Indian Ocean.

• 1938 - 1756 B.C. they built the

canal, the Isthmus of Suez, to

navigate ships across land.

History

Greeks:

• First used mathematical principles and sophisticated maps

for seafaring.

• Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) mathematically calculated the

circumference of the Earth at 40,000 km (actual 40,032 km).

• Aristotle (4th Century B.C.) considered by many to be the

first marine biologist (describe marine life).

• Pytheas (Geographer) noted that he could predict the tides in

the Atlantic based on the phases of the moon.

History

Vikings:

• Crossed the North Atlantic to

colonize Iceland, Greenland, &

Newfoundland in 900 A.D.

• Leif Eriksson (995 A.D.) discovered

Vinland, now called North America.

History

Arabs:

• Traders actively voyaged to eastern Africa, southeastern

Asia, & India during the middle ages (1000 A.D.).

• Learned about wind and current

patterns, including strong winds

that reverse direction with the

seasons.

• They are believed to have

invented the lateen sail

(triangular sail). http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/essay-arabian-peninsula.php

History

Chinese:

• Responsible for inventing the magnetic compass.

• Developed central rudders & watertight compartments.

More History

Individuals:

1492 A.D. - Christopher Columbus rediscovered New World.

1519 A.D. - Ferdinand Magellan

• Circumnavigated globe (accurate maps!)

• He actually died before the journey was

finished, but his crew returned in 1522.

More History

1728 A.D. - John Harrison

• Developed the first chronometer (spring run timepiece

allowing longitude to be known)..

1762 A.D. - Benjamin Franklin (American)

• Created chart of the Gulf Stream.

• The Gulf Stream gives the eastern

U.S. its warm climate, bringing

warm water north from the equator.

1786 A.D. - James Cook (British Royal Navy)

• Made numerous scientific observations.

• Considered the first marine scientist.

More History (cont.)

1831 A.D. - Charles Darwin

• Known for “natural selection,”

• Also described how atolls are formed!

1838 A.D. - Charles Wilkes

• charted 1500 miles of coastline & collected

10,000 specimens (2000 new).

• First effort sponsored by U. S. government!

1840 A.D. - Mathew Maury (U.S. Navy)

• Father of Oceanography, published “The Physical Geography

of the Sea.”

• Through sounding discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

More History (cont.)

1840 A.D. - Edward Forbes

• Sea floor dredging (discovered new organisms).

• Led the way for the Challenger expedition.

MARINE

SCIENCE

Tuesday

20 Sep 2016

Entry Task

Who was the researcher that led the way for the HMS

Challenger expedition?

Agenda

Housekeeping

Research Vessels

Marine Laboratories

Housekeeping

Guest Teacher on Thursday, 22 Sep.

Quiz 1 on Friday, 23 Sep.

• 1 handwritten 3x5 card for quiz.

HMS Challenger

1872-1876 Charles Wyville Thomson & John Murray

• HMS Challenger expedition.

• First pure oceanographic investigation that

stimulated the science of marine biology.

• Expedition lasted 1,000 days and covered

more than 68,000 nautical miles.

• Discovered 4,727 new species, tested water, made

soundings, 151 trawls, currents, meteorology, sediments, &

charted reefs.

• Compiled a 50 volume set of information still used today.

• Discovered the world’s deepest ocean trench, the Marianas

Trench, sometimes called the Challenger Deep.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_expedition

Challenger Map

Research Vessels

1895 - Fridtjof Nansen

• Studied the polar oceans aboard the

Fram (ship built to withstand crushing

ice).

1898 - John Holland

• Invented the 1st gas engine/battery

powered submarine.

Research Vessels

1925 - German Meteor Expedition

• Use of echo sounding (depth and contour) discovered the

ocean floor was rugged, not flat as previously thought.

• South Atlantic to the Antarctic.

1943 - Jacque Cousteau & Emil Gagnan

• Invented the “aqualung.”

http://otlibrary.com/invention-of-the-aqua-lung/

Research Vessels

1960 - Jacque Piccard & Don Walsch

• U.S. Trieste bathyscaphe (small submarine).

• Descended 35,801 ft. into the deepest

part of the ocean, the Marianas trench.

• NO ONE HAS BEEN BACK SINCE!

Research Vessels

1962 - The Alvin

• Designed by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute

• First deep sea submersible with mechanical arms

• In 1966 helped to locate an H-bomb that was lost in the

Mediterranean Sea.

• In 1979 discovered black smokers on the sea floor.

http://www.scienceinthenews.org.uk/contents/?article=69

http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/dfino/2006/3/alvinhistory_21887.jpg

Research Vessels

1968 - The Glomar Challenger

• Confirmed evidence of seafloor spreading & plate tectonics

from core drilling samples.

Research Vessels

1989 - Japan launched the Shinkai 6500

• Carried a crew without a tether (rope) up to 21,414 ft deep

into the ocean (a world record).

2006 - Chinese mineral company (COMRA) designed a craft to

reach 23,000 ft.

Marine Labs

Before the Challenger set off; biologists were excited about the

organisms brought back; however, …

• There was only a limited amount of room on oceanographic

vessels.

• Living specimens were essential to the study of biology, but

ships stayed in one place for short periods of time.

Where else were marine biologists able to study marine

organisms?

• Seashores

Marine Labs

Biologists began conducting studies along the seashore.

• Among the first of these were Frenchmen, Henri Milne

Edwards & Victor Andouin (1862).

Seashore excursions allowed for the study of live organisms, &

so permanent laboratory dedicated to marine life were

established.

Marine Labs

1872 - The first marine laboratory was the Stazione Zoological.

• Founded in Naples, Italy.

• The same year the HMS Challenger embarked.

1879 - The laboratory of the Marine Biological Society of the

United Kingdom.

• Founded at Plymouth, England.

1888 - Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.

• At Woods Hole, MA

• The first major American marine laboratory.

Marine Labs

After these early beginnings, other marine laboratories were

established.

Among the earliest in the U.S. were:

• Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, CA.

• Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA.

• Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories in Friday Harbor, WA.

Many marine laboratories appeared around the world & were

vital to the growth of marine biology.

Marine Technology

What type of human endeavor leads to technological

advancement?

• War

The onset of World War II had a major effect on the

development of marine biology. Why?

• Sonar or sound navigation ranging was developed in

response to submarine warfare.

• Marine animals use this same technique & marine biology

became a matter of national security.

Marine Technology

The years immediately after WWII saw refinement of the first

really practical SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing

Apparatus).

• Jacques Cousteau & Emil Gagnan modified the apparatus to

breathe compressed air underwater.

• For the first time marine biologists were able to descend

below the surface of the water to observe marine organisms

in their natural environment.

MARINE

SCIENCE

Wednesday

21 Sep 2016

Entry Task

What was the first marine research laboratory established in the

United States?

• Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole at Woods Hole,

MA.

What early marine research laboratory is located in our very own

Washington state?

• Friday Harbor Marine Laboratories in Friday Harbor, WA.

Agenda

Housekeeping

Marine Technology

Video (Ocean Exploration)

Housekeeping

Guest teacher on tomorrow, 22 Sep.

• Video w/ question worksheet.

Quiz 1 on Friday, 23 Sep.

• 1 handwritten 3x5 card for quiz.

Marine Technology

Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs).

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rov-remotely-operated-underwater-vehicle-esam-sayed

Marine Technology

Undersea Labs:

Ocean Exploration Video

“Bill Nye the Science Guy S05E09 Ocean Exploration”

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc6fx4aRgMw

MARINE

SCIENCE

Thursday

22 Sep 2016

Guest Teacher

“Deep Sea Exploration Documentary - World Documentary

HD”

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdLs1wlx4Bc

Question worksheet is to be completed as you watch the

video.

Note: The question worksheet will be located on my

webpage at Marine Science/Quarter 1/Assignments

MARINE

SCIENCE

Friday

23 Sep 2016

Entry Task

Take the next few minutes to review your notes or complete

your 3x5 card if necessary.

Quiz 1

Place everything on the floor or on counters along wall.

Remember…

• No talking.

• Keep your eyes on your own paper.

• NO electronics.

When you are finished…

• Check to make sure you thoroughly answered all questions.

• Staple your 3x5 Card to the back of your quiz.

• Place your paper on the front table & return to your seat.

• Read or complete an assignment from another class

Agenda

Housekeeping

Video

Housekeeping

Notebook check on Monday, 26 Sep.

Next week:

• Basic Oceanography

• Lab (seawater)

Oceanography

Ocean zonation introduction.

“Ocean Zones”:

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_ovIurOvZU