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MARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

ANNUAL REPORT2014

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Photos copyright: C V RojasDesign & Layout: Pavs Pillay

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Director’sSummary

Over the previous few years, Ma-Re had been picking up momentum in conjunction with its flagship project, Ma-Re BASICS, which came to an end in

2013. However, 2014 was a year of challenges for Ma-Re because of funding constraints that restricted unifying projects promoting joint collaborative research across UCT. Nonetheless, Ma-Re continues to provide an internationally-recognized, common identity for staff

and postgraduate students carrying out marine research at UCT. Ma-Re’s active research capacity is reflected in its outstanding publication record; in 2014 there were 78 publications in which Ma-Re was formally listed in authors’ affiliations, accounting for over half the marine-related publications emanating from UCT last year. Ma-Re is an important portal into Africa for international marine research collaboration. As in previous years, Ma-Re served as a point of contact for marine-related research matters, hosting and overseeing: visits by the French ambassador, the IRD/CNRS representative in South Africa and the EU Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries; research networks and consortia (Ma-Re continues to serve as an invited partner in EuroMarine+ and AfriCOG (African Centre for Ocean Governance); development of new Memoranda of Understanding/ Agree-ments (Montpellier-UCT co-badging MoU ; twinning with LEGOS, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology and Institute of Geology, University of Hamburg) to strengthen UCT’s research and educational capabilities; partnering with other interdisciplinary groups in collaborative project proposals, which in 2014 included the launch of the GULLS project under the Belmont Forum International Opportunities Fund, and the SCAMPI project under the SA-Norway Bilateral call, and a proposal submitted under the Horizon 2020 call H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015, namely the International Training Network, VOYaGE.

Ma-Re continues to receive and respond to requests and questions from potential postgraduate students (these include research students and also applicants for the Applied Marine Science Masters degree) and researchers and interested parties from professional bodies, governmental and non- governmental organisations, members of the public, schools, media outlets, etc. In 2014, Ma-Re hosted 10 schools (415 learners) in its outreach and education programmes, and an additional 15 scholars from a range of schools and grades for job shadows, during which time they were given the opportunity to join Ma-Re students on field trips and aboard the Ma-Re vessel. In collaboration with the Department of Film Studies at UCT and UCT TV, Ma-Re was awarded an opportunity to have a film documentary produced about the Institute, the Ma-Re networks, marine researchers and students. The film showcased marine science at UCT and has had well over 200 views on You Tube and over 50 off the Ma-Re website, indeed proving to be a highlight of our year.

As in past years, Ma-Re provided support for multi- and interdisciplinary marine science in academic programmes through the Applied Marine Science Masters degree: 10 students graduated in 2014 from previous cohorts, 11 students were enrolled in the 2014 cohort, 12 students registered in January for the 2015/16 programme and there are already 6 students (mostly international) who have expressed their intention to apply for 2016/17. Ma-Re supplied logistical and administrative support to postgraduates across departments, ensuring equity in financial support and access to funding opportunities, including for travel and workshop attendance. For the period 2009 – 2014, Ma-Re funded postgradu-ate marine science students (Honours, Masters and PhD level) to the tune of R12.5million, and provided travel support to 12 students in 2014 to attend meetings/conferences and to undertake collaborative research at international laboratories and institutions. We continue to be affiliated to numerous accomplished and active researchers in the field of marine science outside of UCT, and we value our formal association with 19 HRAs appointed via Ma-Re.

Thus, even in the face of challenges, Ma-Re has proven that it fulfils an important and unique role in the marine research community at UCT and as a portal into marine research in Africa. We plan to rise to the challenges facing the institute and look forward to strengthening the role and capacity of Ma-Re in the coming year, launching the institute along a bright new path, both locally and internationally.

Dr Lynne Shannon & A/Prof Coleen Moloney

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Contents

Ma-Re Vision ..........................................................................................6

Structure of Ma-Re ..............................................................................6

Governance Arrangements .............................................................7

Ma-Re BASICS Programme ..............................................................7

Ma-Re Affiliations ................................................................................8

Marine Research Groupings Associated with Ma-Re ..............9

Education and Training ................................................................... 12

Social Responsiveness ..................................................................... 14

Communication ................................................................................. 16

Networking to Promote Interdisciplinarity ............................. 16

Conferences and Business Meetings ......................................... 18

Partnerships and Strategic Collaborations .............................. 20

Ma-Re Finances ................................................................................. 23

Planned Future Activities ............................................................... 25

Publications ......................................................................................... 26

Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 33

Contact Information ........................................................................ 33

Appendices .......................................................................................... 34

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Ma-Re VisionThe Marine Research Institute strives to maintain and develop UCT’s posi-tion as the leading marine research organization in Africa, with a focus on marine global change research. Ma-Re seeks to foster inter-disciplinary/trans-disciplinary and inter-institutional collaboration and synergy in order to develop capacity for the benefit of the marine research community in southern Africa.

Ma-Re strives to significantly increase student recruitment into the marine sciences and seeks to transform curricula in terms of inter-disciplinary research and fostering a collaborative culture

Ma-Re is a UCT signature theme. It exists as a network linking staff and stu-dents at UCT involved in marine research. The institute has an office in the RW James Building on upper campus and has eight core staff members. The main functions of Ma-Re are to meet the objectives of UCT Signature Themes, which is done largely by actively engaging with UCT’s marine-associated staff (Table 1 & 2) and students, providing formal and informal opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in research and education, and carrying out marine global change research under its own research project(s). It also links with other marine research institutions and groups nationally and internationally, providing administrative and other support of collaborative research projects with these groups.

Ma-Re Structure

Table 1: UCT academic and research staff involved in marine research

A/Prof Isabelle Ansorge, A/Prof. Colin Attwood, Dr Bjorn Backeberg, Prof. John Bolton, Emeritus Prof. George Branch, Emeritus Prof. Geoff Brundrit, Prof. Doug Butterworth, A/Prof. John Compton, A/Prof. Vernon Coyne, Emeritus Prof. Derry Devine, Prof. Loretta Feris, Prof. Emeritus John Field, Prof. Jan Glazewski, A/Prof. Lesley Green, Emeritus Prof. Charles Griffiths, Prof. Michael Inggs, A/Prof. Astrid Jarre, A/Prof. Frans-Josef Kahlen, Prof. Tony Leiman, A/Prof. Mike Lucas, Dr Frank Matose, A/Prof. Coleen Moloney, Dr Deena Pillay, Dr Serge Raemaekers, Prof. Chris Reason, Dr Cecile Reed, A/Prof. Mathieu Rouault, Prof. Peter Ryan, Prof. Ed Rybicki, Prof. Judy Sealy, Dr Lynne Shannon, Prof. Frank Shillington, A/Prof. Merle Sowman, Emeritus Prof. Les Underhill, A/Prof. Lance Van Sittert, Dr Martine Visser,

L Atkinson, MSc PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences, SAEON)R Barlow, MSc Natal PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences)S Bernard, MSc PhD Cape Town (Oceanography, CSIR)J Huggett, MSc PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences, DEA)P B Hulley, PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences)L Hutchings, Hon Prof Cape Town (Biological Sciences)K Hutchings, BSc (Hons) PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences)B Paterson, BSc (Hons) Natal PhD Cape TownJ Hermes, BSc (Hons) PhD Cape Town (Oceanography) T Lamont, BSc (Hons) PhD Cape Town (Oceanography)

S Thomalla BSc (Hons) PhD Cape Town (Oceanography)O Maury France (Oceanography, IRD)F Marsac France (Oceanography, IRD)Y Shin France (Biological Sciences, IRD)G Pitcher BSc (Hons) Natal PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences, DAFF)T Samaai BSc (Hons) IC London PHD UWC (Biological Sciences, DEA)C Savage MSc Cape Town PhD Stockholm (Biological Sciences)C van der Lingen MSc Rhodes PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences, DAFF)S Swart BSc (Hons) PhD Cape Town (Oceanography)H Verheye MSc Ghent PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences, DEA)D Yemane MSc Asmara PhD Cape Town (Biological Sciences, DAFF)

Table 2: Honorary Research Associates nominated by Ma-Re and hosted by affiliated depts

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GovernanceThe Ma-Re Institute’s Board (Table 3) functions as an informed advisor to Ma-Re to assist it in successfully meeting its aims. The Board advises on strategy and direction and ensures sound management of Ma-Re in its financial and administrative activities. A Steering Committee (Table 3) provides input and advice on implement-ing strategic objectives of Ma-Re.

Ma-Re Advisory Board 2014Ex-officio members: Chair: Prof. Danie Visser (DVC Research), Deputy Chair: Prof. Anton le Roex (Dean of Science), Ma-Re Director: A/Prof. Coleen Moloney/ Dr Lynne Shannon. UCT Members: Prof. John Bolton (Biological Sciences), A/Prof. Lesley Green (Social Anthropology), Prof. Charles Griffiths (Biological Sciences), A/Prof. Astrid Jarre (SARChI Chair), Prof. Mark New (ACDI), Prof. Chris Reason (Oceanography), Prof. Frank Shillington (Nansen-Tutu Centre), Dr M Sienaert (Research Office), A/Prof. Merle Sowman (EGS), Emeritus Prof. J Field (Oceanography), Prof. Jan Glazewski (Law)External members: Prof. Geoff Brundrit, Dr Angus Paterson (SAIAB), Dr Neville Sweijd (ACCESS), Dr Linda Makuleni (SAWS), Dr Johann Augustyn (Independent), Dr Francis Marsac (ICEMASA).

Ma-Re Steering CommitteeA/Prof. Coleen Moloney (Chair), Mr Emlyn Balarin, A/Prof. John Compton, Emeritus Prof. John Field, Prof. Charles Griffiths, Dr Juliet Hermes, Hon. Prof. Larry Hutchings, A/Prof. Astrid Jarre, Dr Francis Marsac, Dr Frank Matose, Dr Deena Pillay, Prof. Tony Leiman, Ms Pavs Pillay, Prof. Chris Reason, Dr Mathieu Rouault, Dr Lynne Shannon, Prof. Frank Shillington, Dr Neville Sweijd.

Ma-Re BASICS Project overview: “Marine multi-scale data and models: the key to predicting climate variability in Africa and its biological and social consequence” The flagship project of Ma-Re over the past five years has been the Ma-Re BASICS project (Ma-Re BASICS (Ma-rine Research in the Benguela and Agulhas Systems for Interdisciplinary Climate Change Science). The project has come to an end, having been funded from a number of sources, in particular the Vice Chancellor’s strategic initiative fund, since the middle of 2010. BASICS acted as a network of research across multiple disciplines at UCT, providing an umbrella for diverse projects on marine social and ecological systems and extending across different departments and faculties. Interdisciplinary collaboration was central to achieving the goals of BASICS, providing deeper understanding across disciplines than would be achieved in its absence.

The project’s broad research goal was to understand marine climate variability off southern Africa and its bio-logical and social consequences. Research focussed on multi-disciplinary data collection, analysis and integra-tion into various models, aiming to understand and predict ocean conditions (both physical and biological). The research base successfully established across multiple disciplines through Ma-Re BASICS is forming the foundation of several new projects and international collaborative initiatives (see Partnership & Strategic Col-laborations section, p20). As the project has been completed and previously reported on, here we focus on the subsequent synthesis work that has been undertaken since formal completion of the project in 2013.

Blamey et al. (2015) published a comprehensive paper reviewing temporal and spatial shifts (ecosystem change) in the southern Benguela, and the oceanographic, climatic, ecological and anthropogenic processes that underlie these observed changes. Fishing is attributed a role in the observed declines of several stocks, with environmental change adding to these effects, for example in the case of west coast rock lobster. In most cases, changes in resource abundance or spatial distribution occurred in the 1980s/1990s.

There has been eastward expansion of cool-water species such as kelps, rock lobster and pelagic fish, whereas warm-water species such as the brown mussel have retracted their distributional range in line with suggested cooling of inshore waters along the south-west coast since the 1980s. Ocean temperature, wind and upwelling data for the Cape Peninsula and south-west coast region pointed to this cooling. Basic surveys and monitoring studies are required for continued tracking of ecosystem changes. The complex interactive effects of multiple drivers of ecosystem change in the southern Benguela, a system characterised by high variability, begs further modelling studies.

In the coastal oceans surrounding South Africa, the phytoplankton component of the oceanic food web is of in-terest for a number of reasons. The unique physical oceanography of the region creates contrasting phytoplank-ton dynamics around the coastline, which form the base of diverse and economically important ecosystems. Assessing this variability provides the scientific understanding necessary to underpin management of aquacul-

Table 3: Current membership of the Ma-Re Institute Board and Steering Committee

Ma-Re BASICS Programme

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in a changing climate. This paper reviews the scientific literature with regard to this variability, with a particular focus on the methods used for in situ and satellite based monitoring, and modelling techniques. Critical analysis of these methods is offered, with a particular focus on sources of uncertainty resulting from sampling techniques, measurement methods, data processing and model parameterisations and assumptions. It is hoped that this review will offer a starting point from which further advances can be made to improve these methods and an informative reference for inter-disciplinary research seeking to use such data.

This paper takes the techniques developed in Evers-King et al. (2014) and applies them to the MERIS satellite ocean colour archive for the southern Benguela. From the results, a number of case studies are selected to assess the utility of these methods for understanding Harmful Algal Bloom dy-namics in this economically important region. Chlorophyll a concentrations are resolved across a much wider range of bloom conditions than can be achieved through use of standard products, and are more consistent with in situ measurements. In addition, the results provide an estimate of cell size, aiding understanding of bloom formation and identification of type.

Previously unseen interannual variability is identified in both the chloro-phyll a concentration and cell size products. Further improvement to meth-ods are suggested to improve the accuracy of products, including suitable constraint of the numerical methods used.

Ma-Re, and the BASICS project in particular, provided a common identity for staff and postgraduate students in marine science at UCT. Ma-Re’s active research capacity is reflected in its outstanding publication record: in 2014 there were 78 publications in which Ma-Re was formally listed in authors’ affiliations, accounting for over half the marine-related publications emanating from UCT last year. Many of these publications arose out of or in association with activities encouraged under the BASICS programme.

1. Blamey, L.K., Shannon, L.J., Bolton, J.J., Crawford, R.J.M., Dufois, F., Evers-King, H., Griffiths, C.L., Hutchings, L., Jarre, A., Rouault, M., Watermeyer, K.E., Winker, H. 2015. Ecosystem change in the southern Benguela and the underlying processes. Journal of Marine Systems 144: 9-29.

2. Evers-King, H., Pitcher, G., Williamson, R., Lamont, T., Smith, M., Moloney, C., Bernard, S., Atkins, F. (in prep.) Assessing the spatial-temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass in South African waters.

African Climate and Development Initiative (ACDI)The ACDI represents the climate research portal to UCT, with Ma-Re covering many (but not all) of the parts related to the marine environment (as well as other aspects not related directly to climate research). There is a

positive and supportive relationship between the ACDI and Ma-Re, which nonetheless can be developed further.

The two groups have obvious synergies, and there is great potential to increase interac-tions among the Masters students. The Ma-Re director is a member of ACDI’s Steering Committee and the ACDI pro-Vice Chancellor is a member of Ma-Re’s Advisory Board.

Ma-Re Affiliations

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South African Research Chair in Marine Ecology and Fisheries The Chair in Marine Ecology and Fisheries (Associate Prof. Jarre) is hosted by the Department of Biological Sciences but operates under the Ma-Re umbrella. A number of research contracts developing from Chair activi-ties are administered by Ma-Re. Ma-Re provides limited management support to this chair, which is currently in its second five-year cycle (2014-2017), focusing on three research themes: (i) transdisciplinary research into marine social-ecological systems under global change, (ii) ecosystem modelling for Management Strategy Evaluation and (iii) decision support methodology, including indicators and mediated modelling.

The group, which is supported through the SARChI grant and additional funding from the CEC, the AW Mellon Foundation and the Belmont Forum, currently consists of five staff (two senior researchers, one project manager and two research assistants, one part-time), three postdoctoral researchers, six PhD candidates and three Masters students. Co-supervision is being carried out with UCT’s School of Economics, Wageningen University (Netherlands), Memorial University (Newfoundland, Canada), Vancouver Island University (British Columbia, Canada), as well as with scientists from DAFF: Fisheries. The group is very proud of progress achieved in transdisciplinary research, carried out in both the first and third research themes, which included the graduation of Dr Marieke Norton with a PhD thesis increasing our understanding around fisheries compliance in South Africa.

Similarly, two PhD projects contributing to the second theme were completed, which focussed on ecosystem modelling with relevance for management of the small pelagic and demersal trawl fisheries, respectively. Outstanding results were achieved in the third theme, with an additional PhD project finalised which includes an evaluation of social learning in the implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries in the SA small pelagics fishery, graduation of a MSc student, and, additionally, a number of major articles in very well-respect-ed international journals (Marine Ecology Progress Series, Journal of Marine Systems, Fisheries Oceanography). The group is also very proud of the critical input it provided to ascertain the continuation of the areas closure experiment (to purse seine fishing) around breeding colonies of African penguins. Members of the group also contributed to two regional and three high-profile international conferences, and provide leadership to a global working group.

ICEMASAThe 2nd phase of ICEMASA started in 2014 after a positive evaluation of the first 4-year phase in 2013. One important milestone in 2014 has been the strategic scientific workshop jointly organized by ICEMASA, Nansen-Tutu Centre (NTC) and Ma-Re, from 7 to 10 April 2014. It gathered over 80 participants, several of them from Europe. It was a very fruitful forum to plan long-term activities for the next five years, especially with respect to European funding opportunities in the Horizon 2020 framework. Another important activity was to promote the ICEMASA partnership at the European level, through the ESASTAP Plus program aiming to strengthen scientific cooperation between Europe and South Africa. The ICEMASA Director participated in two meetings in Brussels (14 Jan 2014) and Athens (1-2 Apr 2014) with DST of South Africa.

A proposal was submitted for the ESASTAP “twinning activities” call and funding was granted to organize a sem-inar in Cape Town at UCT (December 2014), which contributed to finalizing an H2020 proposal with European partners (SA, France and Germany). This proposal (Voyage, p24) falls under the Marie Curie ITN call (Internation-al Training Network). It is designed to support a student exchange program (with 14 PhD bursaries) between 9 institutions (including UCT and Ma-Re) of 6 countries (7 EU, SA and Chile) in the area of oxygen variability in ma-rine ecosystems and climate change. ICEMASA was also part of a consortium in another H2020 proposal (MUSE: Multidisciplinary Studies of Earth Ecosystems), gathering 13 partners of 9 countries (7 EU + SA + Morocco).

Decisions for these proposals are still pending. In terms of training, ICEMASA researchers delivered 130 hours of lectures and hands-on sessions for Honours and Masters students, and organized the 4th Winter School on End-to-end modelling (6-17 Oct 2014) with 13 students. The co-badging program was pursued and expanded with a new agreement signed in March 2014 between UCT and University of Montpellier, for ecology subjects.

Four PhD theses with ICEMASA co-supervision were submitted in 2014, and another 6 are expected for submis-sion in 2015. Ten staff were posted in Cape Town in 2014 (9 researchers, 1 computer engineer), however the staff will be reduced in 2015 (3 departing in August and 2 arriving in June and October) before new postings are set up in 2016. ICEMASA is also working closely with UCT/Ma-Re and NTC to establish an international institute of marine sciences for Africa that would ensure a long-term commitment of partner institutions way beyond the on-going ICEMASA and NTC ventures.

Marine Research Groupings

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Nansen-Tutu CentreTogether with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre(Bergen, Norway), Ma-Re played a central role in the formation of the Nansen Tutu Centre for Marine Environmental Research in 2010. The Centre is a joint venture agreement between signatory partners from South Africa, Norway and the United States, and is hosted by Ma-Re and the Depart-ment of Oceanography at the University of Cape Town. Signatory partners from South Africa include Ma -Re and the Department of Oceanography (University of Cape Town), the Applied Centre for Climate and Earth System Studies (ACCESS), the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) – Earth Observation research group, the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), and the International Centre for Education, Marine and Atmospheric Sciences over Africa (ICEMASA). Signatory part-ners from Norway include the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre (NERSC) and the Nansen Scientific Society of Bergen and, from the USA, the Geosciences Department at Princeton University.

The extension of the joint venture for 3 years (Phase II) was initiated in July 2013, with seed funding commitments from NERSC and the Nansen Scientific Society. Additional funding for projects is applied for externally, notably from South African and Norwegian funding bodies, bilateral fund-ing agreements, the European Union’s Framework Programmes, space agencies, industry and private sponsors. In 2014 the Centre’s total budget was ±3.4 million ZAR, of which ±2.5 million ZAR was raised through pro-ject proposals to the NRF, DST, the Water Research Commission, EU FP7 projects and the South Africa – Norway Research Cooperation (SANCOOP). The SANCOOP project is a joint project between Ma-Re, the Nansen-Tutu Centre and NERSC.

In 2014, the Nansen-Tutu Centre partially or fully funded 11 persons, in-cluding 3 MSc students, 3 PhD students, 2 Post-doctoral research fellows, as well as partially funding Prof Frank Shillington (co-director), Dr Björn Backeberg (co-director) and A/Prof Mathieu Rouault (Research director). With logistical support provided by Ma-Re, the Nansen-Tutu Centre co-hosted / organized 2 summer schools and 2 workshops. NTC staff and associates were involved in the co -supervision of Honours, MSc and PhD students registered at the University of Cape Town and the University of Bergen, as well as teaching in the Department of Oceanography’s under-graduate and post graduate programmes, the Applied Marine Science MSc programme and the African Climate and Development Initiative MSc Programme.

Finally, through the Nansen-Tutu Centre Exchange Scholarship programme, four international research exchanges were facilitated, three to the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre in Bergen, Norway, and one semester exchange to the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, made possible though the Memorandum of Understanding between UCT and the University of Sao Paulo.

Dr Issufo Halo, a postdoctoral fellow at the NTC, was awarded a POGO fellowship. The fellowship is designed to promote training and capacity building leading towards a global observation scheme for the oceans, and is aimed at scientists, technicians, graduate students (PhD) and post-doctoral fellows involved in oceanographic work at centres in developing countries and countries

with economies in transition. Priority is given to applicants in early stages of career development. The fellowship offers the opportunity to visit other oceanographic centres for a short period (1 to 3 months) for training on any aspect of oceanographic observations, analyses, and interpretation. Dr Halo will be travelling to Norway in 2015 to visit the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre.

Marine Research Groupings contd

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Environmental and Geographical Sciences (EGS) The Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU) is no longer operating as an independent Unit. Members of the EEU like Dr Rachel Wynberg (now a SARCHi chair) and Dr Serge Raemaekers (now a lecturer) have been integrated into the Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences as new appointments and are working under the banner of EGS. A group of researchers focuses mainly on coastal and small-scale fisheries management /governance, including 12 postgraduate students and 3 postdoctoral fellows.

Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO)SOCCO (www.socco.org.za) is an inter-disciplinary South African born ocean - atmosphere science programme, in support of the Global Change Grand Challenge and the Marine and Antarctic Research Strategy of the Department of Science and Technology. It uses the challenging problems in the role of the Southern Ocean in 21st century regional and global climate, particularly its role in the global carbon-climate links, to attract excellent young South Africans to acquire advanced numerical, technological and problem analysis skills in support of a transformed knowledge based economy. It also builds science through partnerships with local and international leaders to strengthen the visibility and contribution of South Africa’s science and impact as a leading global citizen with clear commitment to ocean and climate stewardship.

CSIR - Earth Observation (EO)The CSIR-Earth Observation research group seeks to provide world-class remote sensing for natural resources, providing comprehensive remote sensing and GIS support, specifically in terms of hyperspectral, structural, and multi-temporal sensing, as well as spatial modelling support, principally to the CSIR but also to its research partners and the general research community. The Earth Observation group conducts basic-towards-applied and core applied remote sensing research towards improved understanding, management, and monitoring of natural resources. The CSIR-EO has a long history of collaboration with the Ma-Re Institute, having worked on a number of European Commission (FP7) funded projects, including the flagship EAMNET project, which partially funded a Post Doctoral Fellow in 2014.

In 2014, the Ma-Re Institute, in conjunction, with the CSIR-EO, co-ordinated three international science meet-ings: i) the IOCCG-19 Committee Meeting held in Simons town, South Africa from 28 - 30 January 2014 (11 local and 28 international delegates); ii) the 15th Science Team Meeting (G-XV) of the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Science Team 2-6 June 2014 at the Two Oceans Aquarium and UCT Graduate School of Business (8 local and 53 international delegates); iii) the 3rd meeting of the CEOS SST Virtual Constel-lation (SST‐VC) on 6 June 2014 at the GSB.

Dr Mark Matthews, a University of Cape Town PhD graduate and Post Doctoral Fellow funded under the EAMNET Project, recently won the Copernicus Masters Ideas Challenge 2014, for his idea called “CyanoLakes”. This prize was awarded by the European Space Agency (ESA) on 24 October 2014 in Berlin. Mark’s busi-ness idea, Cyanolakes, is a public information and warning service for cyano-bacterial blooms using Earth observation. Cyanolakes is the first service able to distinguish harmful cyanobacteria from other algae and sets an example of how to take research findings to commercial services.

Institute of Marine and Environmental Law (IMEL) The Institute of Marine and Environmental Law is currently housed within the Department of Public Law (Facul-ty of Law) at the University of Cape Town. It is the oldest and largest dedicated grouping of marine and environ-mental law scholars in Africa. It has four permanent academic staff: Professors Glazewski, the current Director, Loretta Feris, and Alexander (“Sandy”) Paterson as well as lecturer Ms Michaela Young. The IMEL is affiliated to Ma-Re. Prof. Glazewski is a deputy director of Ma-Re and Emeritus Prof. Derry Devine, who is a former Director of IMEL, lectures in the Applied Marine Science Masters Course. Ma-Re and IMEL have jointly hosted and facilitated working groups on marine governance and policy issues.

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Postdoctoral fellows and Postgraduate studentsIn 2014, Ma-Re awarded full or partial bursaries to 23 postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows. The reduced number of students is due in part to the BASICS programme in 2013, which had been highly success-ful in attracting and funding students. The distribution of funded students across degrees indicates that most funded students are doing Masters degrees. In 2014, 40% of postgraduate bursary and post doctoral fellow-ship funding was through the Nansen-Tutu Centre, 30% from Ops Ocean, 12% each from ACEP (NRF) and EAMNET and 6% from the ICEMASA programme.The diversity of the postgraduate students funded through Ma-Re over the past five years is approximately 10% black South African, 42% white South African, 26% from the rest of Africa and 21% from the rest of the world. There have been equal numbers of male (49%) and female (51%) students on average (Figure 1).

Applied Marine Science Masters ProgrammeThe Applied Marine Science Masters degree (by coursework and disserta-tion) continues to be well subscribed, with an average of 30 applications per year. From 2012 the Masters degree has been located in the Department of Biological Sciences for university administrative purposes, but much of the academic planning, co-ordination and communication with potential, current and past students is carried out through Ma-Re. The degree continues to offer coursework that straddles departments and faculties. There were 12 students registered in 2014, selected from 37 applications. The degree attracts students from countries from around the world (Figure 1).

Education and Training

Figure 2: Map showing the countries of origin of Applied Marine Science Masters students (2002 - 2014)

Figure 1: Diversity of students funded from 2010 - 2014

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2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2009  2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  

South  African   African   Foreign  

White  

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Co-Badging Degrees Through the co-badging agreement between UCT and the University of Brest (UBO), a co-badged Masters de-gree was awarded to Katherine Hutchinson at the end of 2013. In 2014, UCT hosted a co-badged MSc student from UBO, Xavier Pivant. In February 2014, a similar co-badging agreement was signed by UCT with the University of Montpellier 2, Sciences Et Techniques and the Institut De Recherche Pour Le Developpement (IRD).

Visiting Postgraduate Students Ma-Re hosted a number of visiting postgraduate students from other universities during 2014. During their time in Cape Town, the students consulted with local experts, presented research seminars and interacted with other students. Among the group of visitors were Ricardo Oliveros (PhD, end-to-end-ecosystem modeller, Uni-versity of Montpellier, France, and IMARPE, Peru), Jessi Lehman (PhD, marine historian, University of Minnesota, USA), Xavier Pivant (MSc, University of Brest, France), and Prune le Merrer and Francois Gouffier (both interns from Agrocampus Ouest, European University of Brittany, France).

Student BursariesMa-Re is very grateful for donations received from named and anonymous donors. These have been awarded as bursaries to undergraduate students.

Ma-Re/Two Oceans Aquarium Undergraduate Bursary: There are currently three recipients of the Ma-Re / Two Oceans Undergraduate Bursary, which is being funded by an anonymous donor. Each bursary is worth R20 000 per year, renewable for a further two years subject to satisfactory progress. The first award was made in 2012 to Nikki Cathcart (3rd year in 2015). Subsequently Kirsten Barratt (2nd year in 2015) and Charne Mare (1st year in 2015) have received the award for study towards a marine-related undergraduate science degree.

Smit Amandla Marine Bursary: Smit Amandla Marine awarded a bursary to the value of R80 000 to a student registered in the Ocean Climate Dynamics Masters programme - Ms Peliwe Jubase. The recipient was selected in consultation with the Department of Environmental Affairs and Ma-Re.

Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) Bursary: POGO is a forum created in 1999 by directors and leaders of major oceanographic institutions around the world to promote global oceanography, particularly the implementation of an international and integrated global ocean observing system. Ma-Re is a member of POGO and Emeritus Prof. John Field is the outgoing Chair. Five Ma-Re postgraduate students from the rest of Africa have received POGO bursaries over the past 4 years (value of USD 5000). In 2014, the recipient was a Ghanian national, Mr Senam Kofi Tsei, who has just handed in his minor dissertation and should graduate in June 2015.

GULLS Bursary: This is a collaborative international project (see p22), with Ma-Re and Rhodes University sharing responsibilites for the South African aspects. There was one UCT Masters student funded: Chevon Griffiths (M. Phil., Dept of Environmental and Geographical Sciences) and one postdoctoral fellow (Dr James Howard, Dept of Biological Sciences).

Research Vessels The RV Sargasso, a 14m research vessel berthed in Simons Town, became operational in January 2014 and has been used for 14 day-trips in False Bay during the year. An electrical winch was installed to collect real-time data from towed underwater instruments. Thirty-five undergraduate and 20 postgraduate students were taken on various trips. One minor-MSc dissertation resulted from work done on Sargasso. The boat was also used by a collaborating team of German scientists on two occasions.

The Ma-Re 1, an 8m semi-rigid inflatable, has been used for various field trip for 3rd year, Honours and taught-Masters students. The students carried ouvari-ous oceanographic and biological research projects in local waters, obtaining an introduction to ocean sampling techniques. In addition to research, the Ma-Re 1 is used on a regular basis for the training of scientific divers. The Ma-Re was also used in the making of the Ma-Re documentary by UCT TV.

The Sargasso and the Ma-Re I used by staff and students for research projects.

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Short CoursesEnd to End Modelling Course From 2011 to 2014 Ma-Re and ICEMASA have jointly hosted a short course in End to End Ecosystem modelling, aimed at providing an overview of how marine ecosystems are represented in models, from the physics and the biogeochemistry of the oceans to the fish. Emphasis is placed on how different components of marine ecosystems interact and respond to fish-ing and climate forcing. Since its inception, the course has been oversub-scribed with a maximum of 30 participants selected per year, from various countries around the world. In 2014, 22 participants attended the course, including participants from Madagascar, Mozambique and Mauritius.

Multivariate Analysis Course This two-week short course used the PRIMER software to teach participants how to analyse multivariate data consisting of measurements of ecologi-cal communities and environmental factors. The short course is offered by Emeritus Prof. John Field and HRAs Drs Lara Atkinson and Dawit Yemane as part of the Applied Marine Science Masters coursework programme, but accepts participants from the wider marine science community. In 2014 there were 25 participants from various universities and government departments.

Biological Sampling - Tuna NationalsMa-Re staff and students have been actively involved in gathering biologi-cal data from fish catches during the Tuna National Fishing Championships as part of an ongoing research project on monitoring large pelagic species, particularly albacore (longfin) and yellowfin tuna for the past 3 years.

Students from Ma-Re sampled the catches once they were landed at the land-based competition site, dissecting the tuna and collecting morpho-metric data and biological samples for aging and sexing. The sampling ex-ercise is very intense because of the short time available to collect samples from the recreational fishers, and Ma-Re and IRD/ICEMASA coordinated the activities and logistics associated with the sampling site. In 2014 a Masters student (Stewart Norman) used the data as part of his minor dissertation and graduated in June of 2014.

Ma-Re Outreach ProgrammeIn 2014, the Ma-Re Institute together with the Department of Biological Sciences, the Department of Oceanography and the Department of Physics hosted10 schools (415 learners) in its outreach and education programmes. These programmes were interactive, hands-on presentations and activities were geared toward getting learners interested in science and marine science and considering careers in marine science.

An additional 15 scholars from a range of schools and grades were hosted by Ma-Re and the Department of Biological Sciences as job shadows, during which time they were given the opportunity to join Ma-Re students on field trips and aboard the Ma-Re 1 vessel.

Social Responsiveness

Learners from the Children for a Better Future Foundation handling live marine animals

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Sci-Fest Africa 2014Ma-Re staff and students took part in the Annual Sci-Fest Africa event in Grahams-town in 2014. The Ma-Re stand was visited by over 9000 learners during the week-long festival. The Ma-Re stand comprised a large walk-in DiscoverSea Tent, where learners could watch a 3D movie of footage taken by baited, remote underwater video cam-eras deployed in False Bay. The footage included close-up coverage of great white sharks in the bay. A record-breaking number of 68000 learners attended the festival.

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LearnOnLine - Ma-Re Students take honours! Ma-Re students Hayley Evers-King (right) and Marie Smith(left) from the Department of Oceanography were among the winners of the 2013/2014 LearnEO! Lesson writing competition and received their prizes at ESA in Frascati, Italy. Their lesson looked at the “Detection of harmful algal blooms in coastal waters: examples using ocean colour radi-ometry from the southern Benguela upwelling system. The jury said: “This is a great lesson with some good imagery and quite ambitious exercises. Probably more advanced than others in scope. As a result, the lesson takes a fair amount of time, but the results are well worth the effort”.

Ma-Re Movie and DEA Career DVDIn collaboration with the Department of Film Studies and UCT TV, Ma-Re was awarded an opportunity to have a film documentary made about the Institute, the Ma-Re networks, marine researchers and students. The 6-minute film, called “All things salty!”, showcased marine science at UCT. The YouTube video has been downloaded and used as a career resource at schools. To date, the video has had over 217 views on YouTube and over 50 off the Ma-Re website. This video was viewed by the Communications section of the Department of Environmental Affairs and, as a result, Ma-Re staff were invited to participate in the making of a career DVD on marine science, fisheries (in terms of food security) and careers in marine science. This DVD will be distributed nation-wide to all schools and will not only market marine science but also UCT. This DVD will be made available to careers offices at other universities. The video can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9nEiRdr44E

UCT - Open Day More than 1500 parents and young people attended the annual UCT Open Day, with Ma-Re assisting the Departments of Biological Sciences and Oceanography to provide information about careers in marine science and applying to UCT.

DEA Agulhas II RV - Open Day Ma-Re representatives and students participated in the Agulhas II RV open day. The day is dedicated to edu-cating people about marine research. The Ma-Re students were given the opportunity to talk to the public about how data are collected for their research projects.

Festo Biomimicry Competition In August 2014, students from UCT and CPUT entered a biomimicry competition sponsored by South African and Germany companies. The objective was to use biomimicry, a relatively new field of sustainable design and technology, to create a design and prototype to harvest water from air. Over 80 students entered and from the six teams in the finals, The Hydrators from UCT were the winners. This team consisted of Ma-Re postgraduates Andrea Plos and Saachi Sadchatheeswaran, industrial design student Mikael Wertheim Aymes, EGS postgraduate student Rene Schieritz, Biological Sciences student Allison Midgely and Chemical Engineering student Kevin Wu. Their design, named the Hydrator Toolkit, incorporated biomimetic principals that borrowed from the Venus fly trap, cheetah paw grip and strength-in-numbers behaviour exhibited by colonial insects like ants. The prototype was produced using 3D printing. It and the five other finalist proto-types have been flown to Germany and will be featured at various industrial design and water fairs over the coming year.

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Ma-Re WebsiteThe Ma-Re website is still the most effective tool for marketing and pro-moting Ma-Re, the Applied Marine Science Masters degree, Ma-Re facili-ties (such as the Ma-Re boats and sampling equipment) and other events and activities. Full use is being made of the website capabilities, such as online form functions and having a Google calendar linked to the events feature, as well as a Ma-Re doodle form and the Ma-Re blog. From January to December 2014, 78% of the visitors were new/unique visitors while the remaining 22% were returning visitors.

During 2014 the website had approximately 56 000 unique visitors, with each session lasting an average of 1min:58sec. The pages most frequented are the Applied Marine Science Masters Degree, the online forms systems and the blog page.

The website has been optimised for major search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Bing and the UCT main site, and it serves as an important portal to marine research at UCT. When using Google and common keywords and phrases (such as marine science, marine biology, applied marine science, ocean), the Ma-Re website ranks as the first and second hits on the search engine listing.

Ma-Re ForumMa-Re usually hosts two forums per year. In 2014, only one forum was hosted because the Southern African Marine Science Symposium was held in July 2014 in Stellenbosch. The Ma-Re Forums showcase topical ma-rine research being conducted at UCT and affiliated organisations. Ma-Re postgraduate students contributed to more than 50% of the presentations given at the forums. The November 2014 forum focussed on Ancient Mari-ners. The forum was attended by 64 students and staff from a number of affiliated institutions. Speaker Prof Marcello Vichi enthralled the audience with a talk on how density measurements were made in the Bosphorus (1679-1680) by Luigi Ferdinando Marsili. Marsili is known as the father of modern oceanography in the 19th century (Appendix I).

Prof Vere Shannon took the audience back in time via an historic photo-graphic slide show of the voyages of a research vessel (captained by his father) down to the Antarctic ice, including the old whaling stations in the Southern Ocean. Prof Michael Orren showed how marine chemistry and other marine disciplines are researchers attempts to unravel the intricate workings of the global oceans. He mentioned that earlier in his career “wet” chemistry was all that was available to researchers and computer modelling was not even a thought (Appendix II).

Communication

Networking to Promote Interdisciplinarity

L-R: Prof’s Michael Orren, Marcello Vichi and Vere Shannon

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Seminars, workshops and summer schoolsMa-Re Chatties: Chatties are held at lunchtime most Thursdays.These were presented by postgraduate students as a means of sharing information about their research and soliciting expert advice and guidance. Some of the pres-entations described research proposals at the beginning of a project, with the aim of avoiding costly or time-consuming errors by input at the planning stages. Others were “practice” presentations for conferences, using the opportunity for critical checking of the lengths of presentations, content, clarity and likely ques-tions (Appendix III).

Ma-Re/SANCOR Seminars: Ma-Re and SANCOR together hosted and co-organised weekly research seminars, usually in the seminar room of the Oceanography Department. The seminars were delivered by Ma-Re affiliated researchers, post-graduate students, honorary research associates and visiting researchers and fellows. The collaboration with SANCOR has been ongoing for 12 years. In 2014 there were 21 seminars, many of which were video-confer-enced to centres in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu Natal (Appendix IV).

Nansen Tutu Centre Summer School: The Nansen Tutu Summer School on Ocean, Climate and Marine Eco-systems was held at the University of Cape Town from 1- 8 December 2014 and was hosted by the Nansen-

Tutu Centre for Marine Environmental Research. Sponsors included the FP7 PREFACE project, the Norwegian RES-CLIM project, the German SACUS/SPACES project, CLIVAR, The Nansen Scientific Society and the Nansen-Tutu Centre. Among various topics, it focused on the Agulhas Current, the Benguela upwelling system, the tropical Atlantic. It dealt with field observations, satellite remote sensing, modelling and climatology.

Thirty-two students from Europe and Af-rica attended lectures given by 25 African and European scientists. Students came from Angola, Cameroon, China, Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo, France, Germany, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia, Norway, South Africa,

Spain and The Netherlands. Social activities facilitated interactions among students and scientists, who were all accommodated under the same roof at the All Africa House on campus.

Over the weekend, the group visited Robben Island and undertook a day trip around the Cape Peninsula all the way to the Cape of Good Hope. One of the highlights was observing 3 minutes of silence to commemo-rate the anniversary of the death of President Nelson Mandela in 2013. Lectures, the program and photos are available on the summer school web site at http://mathieurouault6.wix.com/nansentutusummer

Ma-Re Student Networks (FishNet, FaceBook, Blog and Twitter): FishNet, a transdiciplinary discussion group, was founded in 2012 to create a casual forum for Ma-Re postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellow’s to share their work and experience in fisheries research. FishNet has brought together students from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, including applied mathemat-ics, physical oceanography, marine biology, social anthropology, economics and environmental science. During 2014, FishNet continued to meet twice a month, covering various topics and offering support to the group’s postgrads heading to conferences and presenting project proposals during the year.

The Ma-Re FaceBook Group (Ma-Re_UCT_Students) currently has 259 members from 26 different countries, consisting of students and postdocs in varied marine-related fields and institutes. The Ma-Re Twitter and BLOG accounts have also been active and currently hold several trends regarding topical issues. These serve as forums for debate and discussion on controversial marine issues.

The Ma-Re Twitter (@MARE_UCT) account has 206 followers and 422 tweets. The students use this form of social media when attending conferences, meetings and seminars to keep people up to date and included in the discussions. Similarly, the Ma-Re Blog page (http://ma-re.uct.ac.za/blog/) is active, with discussion rooms and trends and is one of the most active social media communication forums.

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POGO Annual Meeting 2014 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) Annual Meeting 2014: The 15th Annual Meeting of POGO was held in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia from 21-24 January 2014. The hosts were the CSIRO Marine Division and the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) of the University of Tasmania. POGO consists of the directors of the main marine research institutes around the world, and includes an active news and information group. It was attended by John Field (chair of POGO) and Pavs Pillay from Ma-Re. Travel costs of attending the meeting were shared by Ma-Re, SAEON and ACCESS, with additional funding from UCT. The news and information group (NIG) meeting focussed on how best to market POGO to government agencies and research institutes. The meeting included the planning of the Magellan voyage anniversary which involves retracking Magellan’s journey.

International Ocean Colour Coordinating Grp.The Ma-Re Institute, in conjunction with the CSIR-EO, hosted the IOCCG-19 Committee Meeting, held in Simonstown, South Africa from 28 - 30 January 2014 (11 local and 28 international delegates).

Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature and CEOS SST Virtual ConstellationThe Ma-Re Institute, in conjunction with the CSIR-EO, co-ordinated the 15th Science Team Meeting (G-XV) of the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) from 2-6 June 2014 at the Two Oceans Aquarium and UCT Graduate School of Business (8 local and 53 interna-tional delegates) and the 3rd meeting of the CEOS SST Virtual Constellation (SST‐VC) on 6 June 2014 at the GSB.

Intergovernmental Ocean Commission (IOC) The Second International Research Conference was held in Barcelona in November 2014. Two Ma-Re representatives attended the wide-ranging conference and side workshops that focussed on international cooperation leading to the evolution of ocean science over the past two decades. The event provided a stimulating forum for scientific debate around conten-tious issues currently facing ocean science. Ma-Re co-convened a work-shop on advances in the use and understanding of ecosystem indicators, which highlighted the importance of developing a scientific community focused on indicators, assessments and environmental reporting. A com-munity such as this would establish best practices facilitate sharing of knowledge and methodology, and enable patterns and trends to be identi-fied by comparing different ecosystems. The conference was arranged and hosted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO), together with the Oceanography Society and the Fundació Navegació Oceànica Barcelona.

Strategic Planning Workshop The need for a common vision and focus for Ma-Re was identified given the increasing number of requests for collaboration by UCT scientists in various international marine research projects and programmes. In June 2014, representatives of the marine research community at UCT who serve on the Ma-Re Steering Committee held a brain storming session to assist with drafting a science plan for Ma-Re. This was further developed at a sub-

Conferences and Business Meetings

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The document serves as a point of reference from which marine researchers at UCT can channel their research collaboration. It is recognised that there are many research projects and programmes already happening at UCT and that the Ma-Re Science Plan should “add value” to these by providing links, coherence and a broader, synthetic framework. The emphasis is to build on existing strengths rather than focus on gaps, although some of these gaps were also discussed and could lead to new research directions. For linkages and partnerships out-side UCT, it is also recognised that we need to look outwards “zonally” (to the north) and also “meridionally” (to the east and west). Six broad themes emerged from these preliminary discussions, namely Theme 1. Biophysi-cal interactions at the mesoscale; Theme 2. Fisheries and food security; These 3. Human Dimensions of Fishing; Theme 4. Education and Training; Theme 5. Project management with partners; Theme 6. Social responsiveness. These key topics are serving as research foci as and when Ma-Re is approached to partner with or contribute to various new international initiatives.

Southern African Marine Science Symposium (SAMSS)Stellenbosch University hosted the 15th Southern African Marine Science Symposium. The symposium was attended by 484 participants of which 181 were students. 220 orals and 165 posters were presented. Over 402 abstract submissions were received, highlighting the popularity of the conference. The Ma-Re community was well represented with 5 staff members serving on the scientific committee and an additional 47 students and 19 UCT academic staff attending the conference. A well-attended public lecture evening was hosted on 16 July. Speakers were Prof George Branch (Ma-Re, UCT) and Dr Kerry Sink (SANBI). Lynne Shannon gave one of the four plenary lectures at the symposium, speaking on “Trophic level-based indicators to track fishing impacts across marine ecosystems”.

The following prestigious triennial medals and awards were presented at the symposium gala dinner to recog-nize top achievers in marine science:

The Gilchrist Medal is awarded to distinguished marine scientists. The Medal serves as recognition of the recipi-ents’ contributions to marine science, to further stimulate excellence in South African marine science, and to focus attention on South Africa’s marine and coastal environments. Winners of the 2014 medal were Associate Prof Coleen Moloney (Ma-Re Director) and Prof Mark Gibbons.

A new award has been added - the SANCOR Emerging Scientist Award. This award has been established to acknowledge a new generation of scientists and to encourage research excellence in science in the marine and coastal environment (SMCE). Three winners received this award: Dr Andrew Green, Dr Deena Pillay (Ma-Re, UCT) and Dr Lorien Pichegru (HRA, UCT). All three candidates have made a positive impact on science in the marine and coastal environment in South Africa in terms of the number of publications produced, students supervised, reviewing of papers and establishing an international profile.

Ma-Re Director becomes the first woman to win the prestigious Gilchrist

Memorial medal! Associate Professor Coleen Moloney, Ma-Re director is the first woman marine biologist to win the Gilchrist Medal. The medal is awarded to marine scientists who have made excellent contributions to marine science. A/Prof

Moloney’s research into the variability of marine food webs and ecosystems under global changes and the influ-ences of fishing and polluton on marine ecosystems was recognised by this award.

A/Prof Moloney is admired for her dedication and commitment to her research and her students and fellow col-leagues. She has supervised over 12 successful PhD’s and 23 MSc’s. She has published over 89 peer-reviewed publications, including 2 in Science and 1 in Nature. Her leadership as the Ma-Re director and her wise counsel has been invaluable. A/Prof Moloney’s citation laudes her as a “team player, dedicated to the promotion of ma-rine science and the transforamtion of its national composition.”

The Ma-Re community would like to congratulate A/Prof Moloney and thank her for always working tirelessly to keep marine science at UCT and the Ma-Re institute moving onwards and upwards.

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MoU: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, United Kingdom Ma-Re has an existing MOU with Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) and PML Applications Ltd (United Kingdom, 2011-2014).

MoU: University of Sao Paolo, Brazil In 2013 an MOU was signed with the Institute Oceanografico da Uni-versidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. This MOU seeks to promote academic cooperation between UCT and the University of Sao Paolo in the area of oceanography, including the development and application of observing technology, methods and science.

MoU: University of British Columbia, CanadaAn MOU has been signed with the University of British Columbia, Van-couver, Canada. This MOU, which extends for 7 years started in January 2014, seeks to build a network of ocean researchers and practitioners from academia, government, non-government organizations, First Nations and other communities and industry.

Informal Agreement: University of Victoria, CanadaDuring 2012 Ma-Re set up an informal agreement with the Geography Dept., University of Victoria, Canada, promoting joint funding applications, external examiners, student and post-doctoral exchange, and faculty staff exchange.

Informal Agreement: Korea Maritime Institute, South KoreaThe Ma-Re Institute has an informal agreement with the Department of Global Fisheries Research (DGF) of the Korea Maritime Institute, Republic of Korea. The purpose of this agreement is to promote joint research on marine and fisheries issues.

Multinational Agreements and Activities: AfriCOGMa-Re became a founding member in 2013 of AfriCOG. This is a pan-Afri-can networking centre, primarily hosted by academic/research institutes but with close affiliations to government organisations (at both the national and regional level) as well as other non-governmental organisa-tions and the private sector. In August 2014 a funding application was submitted by AfriCOG to the Global Environmental Facility Trust Fund. This application was supported by NEPAD. Ma-Re is one of 22 partner organi-sations listed in the five-year funding application (US$ 8.5 million), with proposed contributions taking the form of training activities.

Multinational Agreements and Activities: EuroMarine+EuroMarine is a European, marine science network that was launched in 2014. EuroMarine has 66 founding member organisations from 22 countries, 55 of which are ‘full voting’ members contributing to the yearly budget, and 11 invited members who can participate in meetings and activities. Ma-Re is the only signatory from Africa invited to join the consortium. It is a bottom-up organisation designed to give voice to the entire European marine scientific community.

Multinational Agreements and Activities: Global Ocean Commission (GOC)The GOC published its report: “From Decline to Recovery: A Rescue Pack-age for the Global Ocean” during June 2014. The Commission had been es-tablished in early 2013 and was an international independent body tasked with formulating politically and technically feasible recommendations to address key issues facing high seas. It was co-chaired by then Minister in the Office of the Presidency, Trevor Manuel. Ma-Re assisted the Commis-sion staff to make contact with relevant persons and organisations during their first meeting in Cape Town in 2013. Prof. Jan Glazewski was invited by Minister Trevor Manuel to be one of six reference persons to assist him in his position as co-Chair. He drew on a number of Ma-Re members to feed in recommendations to the Commission through the Minister.

Partnerships and Strategic Collaborations

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Multinational Research Projects: IndiSeasMa-Re continues to play an active role in the international IndiSeas Working Group through its co-chair, Lynne Shannon, who works closely with Yunne Shin from one of Ma-Re’s key inter-national partners, namely IRD in France. The working group assesses and communicates the status of fished marine ecosystems in a comparative context using ecosystem indicators. A highlight in 2014 was the publication of a collaborative, comparative paper examining the

usefulness of, and necessary context required for trophic-level based indicators (survey-based, catch-based and model-based) in capturing fishing effects (Shannon et al. 2014). In addition in 2014, South Africa contrib-uted extensive simulations on the southern Benguela, as part of a focussed, comparative ecosystem modelling study to assess the performance of ecological indicators in detecting and measuring fishing effects in exploited marine ecosystems. Following this modelling initiative, a collaborative paper has been submitted on specificity (robustness) of ecological indicators for assessing fishing effects (led by an Irish collaborator), and additional modelling papers are in preparation on sensitivity and responsiveness of ecological indicators. Multinational Research Projects: EMIBIOSFunded under FRB (Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité), this project aims to develop an innovative end-to-end modelling approach to simulate future trajectories of marine biodiversity and associated ecosystem services under a combination of IPCC, SRES and fisheries management scenarios in 6 marine ecosystems (Southern Benguela, Gulf of Lions, English Channel, Adriatic Sea, Gulf of Gabes and Northern Humboldt). The end-to-end models will ensure integration of the main components of the marine ecosystems from the physics, biogeochemistry and exploited fish species up to the fisheries and associated management and socio-economic contexts, while taking into account feedbacks within the environment-human system. The project relies on tight, multi-disciplinary collaboration, ensuring the challenging coupling between pre-existing and validated disciplinary models. The relevance of a set of biodiversity indicators for supporting decision-making will be evaluated under different scenarios of global change and fisheries management options.

Multinational Research Projects: ECOFISHECOFISH is a co-operative agreement between Ma-Re and the Benguela Current Commission (BCC). It involves co-ordination and provision of professional services in the “Development of Ecological Sustainable Fisheries in the BCLME, ECOFISH Project Work Package 3: Incorporation of Stakeholders’ Knowledge in Data Collection and

Analysis”. The project aimed to develop social and economic indicators and expert systems to integrate a multitude of indicators into coherent assessments. It also aimed to develop meth-odology to include stakeholders’ experience-based knowledge into such assessments and management, and to provide capacity building and training in the application and develop-ment of tools for an ecosystemapproach to fisheries management. In 2014, the stakeholder

workshops scheduled to be held in Benguela and Luanda were regrettably cancelled. This resulted in some proposed amendments to the contract between the BCC and UCT and the project is now almost completed.

Research Projects: Three Anchor Bay Project Ma-Re was contracted to provide bi-weekly monitoring of the rocky shore intertidal community structure at the site of a pilot chlorine treatment installation to manage contaminated stormwater in Three Anchor Bay. The project was carried out over a twelve month period in order to establish the effects of chlorine treated storm-water on the rocky intertidal community structure at the site. The work program provided by Jeffares & Green stipulated that sampling be conducted using a quadrat positioned at the high , mid and low-shore levels along a single transect at each site. To improve statistical rigour, the sampling program was amended to reduce sam-pling frequency to monthly in favour of an increased number of quadrats along multiple transects at each site. The final report was successfully completed and submitted.

Multinational Research Projects: SANCOOP - SCAMPIUnder the SCAMPI project, operating under the SA-Norway Bilateral, interdisciplinary marine research is underway to address different scales of variability in the oceans off southern Africa and to generate the necessary knowledge to predict and deal with future climate change. The project spans the “Environment” and “Climate System” thematic areas of the SANCOOP call. It builds on the already-established, strong relationships between the University of Cape Town’s Marine Research Institute (including the Nansen-Tutu Centre) and the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre in Bergen, and the University of Bergen, and is cementing previous South African-Norwegian ties with the Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis at the University of Oslo.

Three post doctoral researchers, two Phd students, three Masters students and one Honours student are affili-ated to the project via Ma-Re. Data assimilative ocean modelling and prediction systems have been evaluated and compared independent observations in the Agulhas Current system. In April 2014, a joint South African - Norwegian SCAMPI start-up meeting was held in Cape Town. Two symposia were highlights of the year; both were held in Bergen and attended by several Ma-Re staff and students: the IMBER Open Science Conference took place in June 2014, and the Hjort Symposium on recruitment dynamics and stock variability was held inOctober 2014. In addition, in October and November, three South Africans undertook travel to meet with SCAMPI colleagues in Europe to develop research collaboration.

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Multinational Research Projects: GreenSeasThis is an FP7 project, with UCT’s input under the direction of Dr Howard Waldron. The project aimed to provide new high-resolution, seasonal-scale

data of biomass and productivity of key planktonic groups with quantified uncertainties in the con-text of the appropriate physical and

biogeochemical information. In April 2014, the deliverables from the Greenseas project were presented at the EGU General Assembly. Raissa Philibert, an MSc student funded under this project presented her paper on the “Importance of nitrification for nitrogen cycling in the Southern Benguela Upwelling system”. There are very few studies showing nitrate uptake and nitrification rate together in surface waters, and this study presented the first such data for the Benguela upwelling system, which is one of the most productive marine ecosystems. The project was brought to a successful conclusion following a no-cost extension, with the project ending on 30 June 2014.

Multinational Research Projects: GULLS (2013 -2016)

GULLS (2013-2016): This project, funded by the NRF (with Rhodes Univer-sity as the leading partner) under the Belmont Forum Inter-national Opportuni-ties Fund, took shape during the first project meeting in April 2014 at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, where all the different country teams met, shared information and planned the way for-ward for 2014/15. Ma-Re is part of the South African team in this interna-tional consortium. The Belmont Forum is a high level group of the world’s major and emerging funders of global environmental change research and international science councils. The GULLS project is a legacy activity from BASICS, using the results of that research to contribute case studies for characterizing, assessing and predicting the future of coastal-marine food resources to improve community adaptation efforts. The GULLS project focuses on providing and sharing knowledge across regional “hotspots”, which have been defined as “fast-warming marine areas and areas expe-riencing social tensions as a result of change.” GULLS “hotspots” include Australia, Brazil, India, Madagascar and South Africa.

Ma-Re’s postdoctoral fellow, Dr James Howard, has been leading theco-ordination of all the social science teams of the GULLS project, who are primarily determining the social vulnerability of coastal communities in each “hotspot”. To date, the team has designed a novel vulnerability assessment survey that was common to all hotspots but allowed for con-textual differences. This was piloted in August, re-worked and then applied in multiple communities in each of the “hotspots” in the latter months of 2014. The different teams will complete the analysis of these vulnerability assessments in the early part of 2015, in time to present the combined findings at a conference in Brazil in March 2015. Team South Africa has applied the social vulnerability surveys in five coastal communities in the Southern Cape between Mossel Bay and Cape Agulhas. These social vulnerability assessments will be linked and integrated with both local and regional scale climate variability data and ecosystem models in 2015.

Chevon Griffiths, an EGS Masters student funded by GULLS is focussing her dissertation on a comparison of different methods to determine vulner-ability of South African coastal communities to environmental change. The results of this work will feed into and be synthesised with the broader GULLS work and aims.

Partnerships and Strategic Collaborations contd

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Operating Income

BUDGET 2014Income 2014

Budget ActualCarry Forward R301 631 R299 557

Ma-Re Start-Up Funding from URC R400 000 R400 000

Contract Research Running R300 000 R297 000

Contract Research Other R168 000 R1 013 741

TOTAL R1 169 631 R1 013 741Expenditure

HR costs R918 584 R931 189

Website maintenance R5 000 R682

Office Equipment and PC upgrades R15 000 R423

Telephone rental and other monthly charges

R11 000 R12 022

Stationery, Printing and Consumables R12 000 R1 890

Visiting Scientists, conference travel R30 000 R14 432

Other (Recruitment, Meeting Costs etc) R40 000 R2 147

POGO Membership R48 400 R51 339

TOTAL R1 079 984 R1 014 125

Ma-Re Finances

Table 4: Ma-Re budget for 2014

BUDGET 2015Income 2015Carry Forward -R384

Ma-Re Start-Up Funding from URC R400 000

Science Faculty R200 000

Contract Research Running R300 000

Contract Research Other R150 000

TOTAL R1 049 616Expenditure

HR costs R1 001 038

Website maintenance R10 000

Office Equipment and PC upgrades R20 000

Telephone rental and other monthly charges

R15 000

Stationery, Printing and Consumables R5000

Visiting Scientists, conference travel R20 000

Other (Recruitment, Meeting Costs etc) R10 000

POGO Membership R0

TOTAL R1 081 038

Table 5: Ma-Re budget for 2015

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Ma-Re Finances contd

URC Signature Theme R400 000

SCAMPI R97 000

EAMNET R100 000

Nansen Tutu R100 000

Other Research Contracts R17 184

Figure 3: Sources of Ma-Re Funds

Visiting Scientists R14 432

POGO Membership R51 339

Other (Recruitment, Meeting Costs)R2 147

Stationery Costs R1 890

Office Equipment & PC Upgrages R423

HR Costs R931 189

Figure 4: Main expenditure of Ma-Re for 2014

Telephone rental & Other Monthly Charges R12 022

Website Maintenance R682

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Ma-Re Finances contd

Figure 5: Gross research contract income (external sources): all revenue managed by Ma-Re from sources other than UCT

Nansen Tutu R1 294 651

NRF: ACEP R275 243

NRF: Global Change Workshop

R275 243

NRF: SCAMPIR212 384

POGOR52 314

SAEONR17 184

Smit AmandlaR80 000

URC R400 000

BoatR18 900

CSIRR104 322

Bursary Donations

R62 000

EAMNETR673 063

ECOFISHR398 402

ICEMASAR492 138

MEECER369 457

Planned Future ActivitiesJoint Assembly of IAPSO and IAMAS (Sept 2017) In August 2013 a vote of confidence for Ma-Re and DST, in conjunction with bidding partners, the South African Weather Service and DEA, was received for their bid to host the Joint Assembly for IAMAS, IAPSO and IAGA 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa, from all three association executive committees. The CTICC has been booked for 27 August 2017 to host this conference. A minimum of 1500 scientists from all countries is anticipated to attend these meetings. As part of the official marketing effort, the Joint Assembly will be advertised by Ma-Re and the other bidding partners at the Prague IUGG general assembly in June 2015.

Horizon 2020 (H2020)Ma-Re is a key partner in a French-led proposal developed and submitted under the Horizon 2020 call H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015, Topic MSCA-ITN-2015-ETN “Variability of OxYGen in Marine Ecosytems and Climate Change”,

namely VOYaGE. The VOYaGE ETN project was submitted as an Innovative Training Network for developing young researchers in the field of predictive, regional climate-related marine modelling. Environmental changes and their underlying causes will be detected, and future environmental change will be predicted in the following systems: the Benguela upwelling system, the Humboldt upwelling system and the Northwestern Shelf of the Black Sea.

South Africa will contribute expertise and training in the fields of Hypoxia and Harmful Algal Blooms, the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, Ecosystem Modelling (trophic and

spatial models, niche models), prediction of regional weather and climate and remote sensing, among other topics.

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Marine-Related PublicationsIn 2014, 144 marine related research papers were published in peer-reviewed journals. Seventy-nine (55%) of these articles cited Ma-Re as an institutional affiliation.

Publications using Marine Research Institute (Ma-Re) and UCT as affiliation address

1. Ansorge, I.J., Baringer, M.O., Campos, E.J.D., Dong, S., Fine, R.A., Garzoli, S.L., Goni, G., Meinen, C.S. et al. 2014. Basin-wide oceanographic array bridges the South Atlantic. Eos. 95(6): 53-54. 2. Ansorge, I.J., Durgadoo, J.V. & Treasure, A.M. 2014. Sentinels to climate change. The need for monitoring at South Africa’s Subantarctic laboratory. South African Journal of Science. 110(1-2): . 3. Ansorge, I.J., Jackson, J.M., Reid, K., Durgadoo, J.V., Swart, S. & Eberenz, S. 2014. Evidence of a southward eddy corridor in the south-west Indian ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 4. Backeberg, B.C., Counillon, F., Johannessen, J.A. & Pujol, M.-. 2014. Assimi lating along-track SLA data using the EnOI in an eddy resolving model of the Agulhas system. Ocean Dynamics. 5. Barlow, R., Lamont, T., Morris, T., Sessions, H. & van den Berg, M. 2014. Adaptation of phytoplankton communities to mesoscale eddies in the Mozambique Channel. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 100106-118. 6. Béhagle, N., Du Buisson, L., Josse, E., Lebourges-Dhaussy, A., Roudaut, G. & Ménard, F. 2014. Mesoscale features and micronekton in the Mozambique Channel: An acoustic approach. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 100164-173. 7. Blamey, L.K., Plagányi, T.E. & Branch, G.M. 2014. Was overfishing of predatory fish responsible for a lobster-induced regime shift in the Benguela? Ecological Modelling. 273140-150. 8. Brown, S., Nicholls, R.J., Hanson, S., Brundrit, G., Dearing, J.A., Dickson, M.E., Gallop, S.L., Gao, S. et al. 2014. Shifting perspectives on coastal impacts and adaptation. Nature Climate Change. 4(9): 752-755. 9. Camacho, O., Mattio, L., Draisma, S., Fredericq, S. & Diaz-Pulido, G. 2014. Morphological and molecular assessment of Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from Caribbean Colombia, including the proposal of Sargassum giganteum sp. nov., Sargassum schnetteri comb. nov. and Sargassum section Cladophyllum sect. nov. Systematics and Biodiversity. 10. Cooper, R., Leiman, A. & Jarre, A. 2014. An analysis of the structural changes in the offshore demersal hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus) trawl fishery in South Africa. Marine Policy. 50(PA): 270-279. 11. Cuif, M., Kaplan, D.M., Lefèvre, J., Faure, V.M., Caillaud, M., Verley, P., Vigliola, L. & Lett, C. 2014. Wind-induced variability in larval retention in a coral reef system: A biophysical modelling study in the South-West Lagoon of New Caledonia. Progress in Oceanography. 122105-115. 12. Davis, R.W., David, J.H.M., Meÿer, M.A., Sekiguchi, K., Best, P.B., Dassis, M. & Rodríguez, D.H. 2014. Home range and diving behaviour of Heaviside’s dolphins monitored by satellite off the west coast of South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science. 13. De Vos, L., Götz, A., Winker, H. & Attwood, C.G. 2014. Optimal BRUVs (baited remote underwater video system) survey design for reef fish monitoring in the Stilbaai Marine Protected Area. African Journal of Marine Science. 36(1): 1-10. 14. Dixon, R.R.M., Mattio, L., Huisman, J.M., Payri, C.E., Bolton, J.J. & Gurgel, C.F.D. 2014. North meets south - Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a phylogenetic assessment of Sargassum subgen era Arthrophycus and Bactrophycus (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Phycologia. 53(1): 15-22. 15. Domingues, R., Goni, G., Swart, S. & Dong, S. 2014. Wind forced variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Africa between 1993 and 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 119(2): 1123-1145.

Publications

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Publications contd

Publications using Marine Research Institute (Ma-Re) and UCT as affiliation address16. Duggan, G.L., Green, L.J.F. & Jarre, A. 2014. ‘Thinking like a fish’: Adaptive strategies for coping with vulnerability and variability emerging from a relational engagement with kob. Maritime Studies. 13(1): 1-21. 17. Duggan, G.L., Rogerson, J.J.M., Green, L.J.F. & Jarre, A. 2014. Opening dialogue and fostering collaboration: Different ways of knowing in fisheries research. South African Journal of Science. 110(7-8). 18. Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C.M., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C., Galgani, F., Ryan, P.G. et al. 2014. Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. Plos One. 9(12). 19. Götz, A., Kerwath, S.E., Samaai, T., Da Silva, C. & Wilke, C.G. 2014. An exploratory investigation of the fish communities associated with reefs on the central Agulhas Bank, South Africa. African Zoology. 49(2): 253-264. 20. Gray, M.M., Wegmann, D., Haasl, R.J., White, M.A., Gabriel, S.I., Searle, J.B., Cuthbert, R.J., Ryan, P.G. et al. 2014. Demographic history of a recent invasion of house mice on the isolated Island of Gough. Molecular Ecology. 23(8): 1923-1939. 21. Halo, I., Backeberg, B., Penven, P., Ansorge, I., Reason, C. & Ullgren, J.E. 2014. Eddy properties in the Mozambique Channel: A comparison between observations and two numerical ocean circulation models. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 10038-53. 22. Halo, I., Penven, P., Backeberg, B., Ansorge, I., Shillington, F. & Roman, R. 2014. Mesoscale eddy variability in the southern extension of the East Madagascar Current: Seasonal cycle, energy conversion terms, and eddy mean properties. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans. 119(10): 7324-7356. 23. Huggett, J.A. 2014. Mesoscale distribution and community composition of zooplankton in the Mozambique Channel. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 100119-135. 24. José, Y.S., Aumont, O., Machu, E., Penven, P., Moloney, C.L. & Maury, O. 2014. Influence of mesoscale eddies on biological production in the Mozambique Channel: Several contrasted examples from a coupled ocean-biogeochemistry model. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 10079-93. 25. Krug, M., Tournadre, J. & Dufois, F. 2014. Interactions between the Agulhas Current and the eastern margin of the Agulhas Bank. Continental Shelf Research. 8167-79. 26. Lamont, T., Barlow, R.G. & Kyewalyanga, M.S. 2014. Physical drivers of phytoplankton production in the southern Benguela upwelling system. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 90(1): 1-16. 27. Lamont, T., Barlow, R.G., Morris, T. & van den Berg, M.A. 2014. Characterisation of mesoscale features and phytoplankton variability in the Mozambique Channel. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 10094-105. 28. Lebourges-Dhaussy, A., Huggett, J., Ockhuis, S., Roudaut, G., Josse, E. & Verheye, H. 2014. Zooplankton size and distribution within mesoscale structures in the Mozambique Channel: A comparative approach using the TAPS acoustic profiler, a multiple net sampler and ZooScan image analysis. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 100136-152. 29. Lubbe, A., Underhill, L.G., Waller, L.J. & Veen, J. 2014. A condition index for African penguin Spheniscus demersus chicks. African Journal of Marine Science. 36(2): 143-154. 30. Lucas, A.J., Pitcher, G.C., Probyn, T.A. & Kudela, R.M. 2014. The influence of diurnal winds on phytoplankton dynamics in a coastal upwelling system off southwestern Africa. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 10150-62. 31. Ludynia, K., Waller, L.J., Sherley, R.B., Abadi, F., Galada, Y., Geldenhuys, D., Crawford, R.J.M., Shannon, L.J. et al. 2014. Processes influencing the population dynamics and conservation of African penguins on Dyer Island, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science. 36(2): 253-267. 32. Malauene, B.S., Shillington, F.A., Roberts, M.J. & Moloney, C.L. 2014. Cool, elevated chlorophyll-a waters off northern Mozambique. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 10068-78. 33. Marsac, F., Barlow, R., Ternon, J.F., Ménard, F. & Roberts, M. 2014. Ecosystem functioning in the Mozambique Channel: Synthesis and future research. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 100212-220. 34. Martins, R.S., Roberts, M.J., Lett, C., Chang, N., Moloney, C.L., Camargo, M.G. & Vidal, E.A.G. 2014. Modelling transport of chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) paralarvae off South Africa: Reviewing, testing and extending the ‘Westward Transport Hypothesis’. Fisheries Oceanography. 23(2): 116-131. 35.Mont eiro, M., Reino, L., Beja, P., Mills, M.S.L., Bastos-Silveira, C., Ramos, M., Rodrigues, D., Neves, I.Q. et al. 2014. The collection and data base of Birds of Angola hosted at IICT (Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical), Lisboa, Portugal. Zookeys. 38789-99. 36. Neira, S., Moloney, C., Christensen, V., Cury, P., Shannon, L. & Arancibia, H. 2014. Analysing changes in the southern Humboldt ecosystem for the period 1970-2004 by means of dynamic food web modelling. Ecological Modelling. 27441-49. 37. Neira, S., Moloney, C., Shannon, L.J., Christensen, V., Arancibia, H. & Jarre, A. 2014. Assessing changes in the southern Humboldt in the 20th century using food web models. Ecological Modelling. 27852-66. 38. Nel, P. & Branch, G.M. 2014. The effect of bait collectors on stocks of Callichirus kraussi and Upogebia species in Langebaan Lagoon. African Zoology. 49(1): 30-43.

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Publications using Marine Research Institute (Ma-Re) and UCT as affiliation address39. Ommer, R.E. & Paterson, B. 2014. Conclusions: Reframing the possibilities for natural and social science dialogue on the economic history of natural resources. Ecology and Society. 19(1):. 40. Paterson, B. 2014. Tracks, trawls and lines-Knowledge practices of skippers in the Namibian hake fisheries. Marine Policy. 41. Paterson, B. & Kainge, P. 2014. Rebuilding the Namibian hake fishery: A case for collaboration between scientists and fishermen. Ecology and Society. 19(2): . 42. Patrick, S.C., Bearhop, S., Grémillet, D., Lescroël, A., Grecian, W.J., Bodey, T.W., Hamer, K.C., Wakefield, E. et al. 2014. Individual differences in searching behaviour and spatial foraging consistency in a central place marine predator. Oikos. 123(1): 33-40. 43. Plagányi, É.E., Ellis, N., Blamey, L.K., Morello, E.B., Norman-Lopez, A., Robinson, W., Sporcic, M. & Sweatman, H. 2014. Ecosystem modelling provides clues to understanding ecological tipping points. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 51299-113. 44. Pohl, B., Rouault, M. & Roy, S.S. 2014. Simulation of the annual and diurnal cycles of rainfall over South Africa by a regional climat model. Climate Dynamics. 1-20. 45. Porter, S.N., Kaehler, S., Branch, G.M. & Sink, K.J. 2014. Riverine subsidies for inshore filter-feeder communities: Potential influences on trophic patterns among bioregions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 49813-26. 46. Potts, W.M., Henriques, R., Santos, C.V., Munnik, K., Ansorge, I., Dufois, F., Booth, A.J., Kirchner, C. et al. 2014. Ocean warming, a rapid distri butional shift, and the hybridization of a coastal fishspecies. Global Change Biology. 20(9): 2765-2777. 47. Pulfrich, A. & Branch, G.M. 2014. Effects of sediment discharge from Namibian diamond mines on intertidal and subtidal rocky-reef communities and the rock lobster Jasus lalandii. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 150(PA): 179-191. 48. Pulfrich, A. & Branch, G.M. 2014. Using diamond-mined sediment dis charges to test the paradigms of sandy-beach ecology. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 150(PA): 165-178. 49. Remisiewicz, M., Tree, A.J., Underhill, L.G. & Nowakowski, J.K. 2014. Geographical patterns in primary moult and body mass of green shank tringa nebularia in southern Africa. Ardea. 102(1): 31-46. 50. Ribeiro, Â.M., Lloyd, P., Dean, W.R.J., Brown, M. & Bowie, R.C.K. 2014. The ecological and geographic context of morphological and genetic divergence in an understorey-dwelling bird. Plos One. 9(2): 51. Roos, C.I., Bowman, D.M.J.S., Balch, J.K., Artaxo, P., Bond, W.J., Cochrane, M., D’Antonio, C.M., Defries, R. et al. 2014. Pyrogeogra phy, historical ecology, and the human dimensions of fire regimes. Journal of Biogeography. 41(4): 833-836. 52. Ryan, P.G., Lamprecht, A., Swanepoel, D. & Moloney, C.L. 2014. The effect of fine-scale sampling frequency on estimates of beach litter accumulation. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 88(1-2): 249-254. 53. Sabarros, P.S., Grémillet, D., Demarcq, H., Moseley, C., Pichegru, L., Mullers, R.H.E., Stenseth, N.C. & Machu, E. 2014. Fine-scale recognition and use of mesoscale fronts by foraging Cape gannets in the Benguela upwelling region. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 10777-84. 54. Schüller, S.E., Bianchi, T.S., Li, X., Allison, M.A. & Savage, C. 2014. Historical Reconstruction of Phytoplankton Composition in Estuaries of Fiordland, New Zealand: the Application of Plant Pigment Biomarkers. Estuaries and Coasts. 1-16. 55. Seddon, A.W.R., Mackay, A.W., Baker, A.G., Birks, H.J.B., Breman, E., Buck, C.E., Ellis, E.C., Froyd, C.A. et al. 2014. Looking forward through the past: Identification of 50 priority research questions in palaeo ecology. Journal of Ecology. 102(1): 256-267. 56. Shannon, L., Coll, M., Bundy, A., Gascuel, D., Heymans, J.J., Kleisner, K., Lynam, C.P., Piroddi, C. et al. 2014. Trophic level-based indicators to track fishing impacts across marine ecosystems. Marine Ecolog Progress Series. 512115-140. 57. Shannon, L.J., Osman, W. & Jarre, A. 2014. Communicating changes in state of the Southern Benguela ecosystem using trophic, model- derived indicators. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 512217-237.

Publications contd

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Publications using Marine Research Institute (Ma-Re) and UCT as affiliation address

65. Ternon, J.F., Roberts, M.J., Morris, T., Hancke, L. & Backeberg, B. 2014. In situ measured current structures of the eddy field in the Mozambique Channel. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 10010-26. 66. Thiebault, A., Mullers, R., Pistorius, P., Meza-Torres, M.A., Dubroca, L., Green, D. & Tremblay, Y. 2014. From colony to first patch: Processes of prey searching and social information in Cape Gannets. Auk. 131(4): 595-609. 67. Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J.E., Parkes, S., Lohrer, A.M., Pilditch, C., Woodin, S.A., Wethey, D.S., Chiantore, M. et al. 2014. Experimenting with ecosystem interaction networks in search of threshold potentials in real-world marine ecosystems. Ecology. 95(6): 1451-1457. 68. Travers-Trolet, M., Shin, Y.-. & Field, J.G. 2014. An end-to-end coupled model ROMS-N2P2Z2D2-OSMOSE of the southern Benguela foodweb: Parameterisation, calibration and pattern-oriented validation. African Journal of Marine Science. 36(1): 11-29. 69. Travers-Trolet, M., Shin, Y.-., Shannon, L.J., Moloney, C.L. & Field, J.G. 2014. Combined fishing and climate forcing in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem: An end-to-end modelling approach reveals dampened effects. Plos One. 9(4): . 70. Van Der Lingen, C.D. & Miller, T.W. 2014. Spatial, ontogenetic and interspecific variability in stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon of Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus off South Africa. Journal of Fish Biology. 85(2): 456-472. 71. Weller, F., Cecchini, L.-., Shannon, L., Sherley, R.B., Crawford, R.J.M., Altwegg, R., Scott, L., Stewart, T. et al. 2014. A system dynamics approach to modelling multiple drivers of the African penguin population on Robben Island, South Africa. Ecological Modelling. 27738-56. 72. Winker, H., Kerwath, S.E. & Attwood, C.G. 2014. Proof of concept for a novel procedure to standardize multispecies catch and effort data. Fisheries Research. 155149-159. 73. Wittmann, K.J. & Griffiths, C.L. 2014. Description of the ‘stargazer mysid’ Mysidopsis zsilaveczi sp. nov. (mysida, mysidae, leptomysinae) from the cape peninsula, South Africa. Crustaceana. 87(11-12): 1411- 1429. 74. Yemane, D., Kirkman, S.P., Kathena, J., N’siangango, S.E., Axelsen, B.E. & Samaai, T. 2014. Assessing changes in the distribution and range size of demersal fish populations in the Benguela Current Large Marine Eco system. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 24(2): 463-483. 75. Young, J.W., Hunt, B.P.V., Cook, T.R., Llopiz, J.K., Hazen, E.L., Pethybridge, H.R., Ceccarelli, D., Lorrain, A. et al. 2014. The trophodynamics of marine top predators: Current knowledge, recent advances and challenges. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 76. Zeeman, Z., Branch, G.M., Pillay, D. & Jarre, A. 2014. An experimental test of the effect of the abalone Haliotis midae on benthic community composition. Marine Biology. 161(2): 329-337. 77. Zinke, J., Loveday, B.R., Reason, C.J.C., Dullo, W.-. & Kroon, D. 2014. Madagascar corals track sea surface temperature variability in the Agulhas Current core region over the past 334 years. Scientific Reports. 4.

Chapters in Books (1)Howard, J. 2014. Promoting sustainable development in marine regions. In: Sillitoe, P (ed) Sustainable Develop-ment: An Appraisal from the Gulf Region, 19, pp. 270-390. Publisher: Berghahn Books. ISBN: 978-178238372-7;978-178238371-0.

Other Marine Publications UCT 1. Amélineau, F., Péron, C., Lescroël, A., Authier, M., Provost, P. & Grémillet, D. 2014. Windscape and tortuosity shape the flight costs of northern gannets. Journal of Experimental Biology. 217(6): 876-885. 2. Bartosova-Sojkova, P., Kodadkova, A., Peckova, H., Kuchta, R. & Reed, C.C. 2014. Morphology and phylogeny of two new species of Sphaeromyxa Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) from marine fish (Clinidae and Trachichthyidae). Parasitology. 3. Bernard, A.T.F., Götz, A., Parker, D., Heyns, E.R., Halse, S.J., Riddin, N.A., Smith, M.K.S., Paterson, A.W. et al. 2014. New possibilities for research on reef fish across the continental shelf of South Africa. South African Journal of Science. 110(9-10): . 4. Bester, M.N., Ryan, P.G., Bester, W.A. & Glass, T. 2014. Vagrant Antarctic fur seals at the Tristan da Cunha Islands. Polar Biology. 5. Bourgeois, K., Wilson, J.W. & Dromzée, S. 2014. First records of the Northern Giant petrel Macronecteshal ashore on gough island. Marine Ornithology. 41(2): 135-136. 6. Bray, T.C. & Hockey, P.A.R. 2014. Population genetics and demographic inferences in a recovering shorebird, the African Black Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini. Ibis. 157(1): 171-176.7. Cawthra, H.C., Bateman, M.D., Carr, A.S., Compton, J.S. & Holmes, P.J. 2014.Understanding late quaternary change at the land-ocean inter face: A synthesis of the evolution of the Wilderness coastline, South Africa. Quatenary Science Reviews. 99210-223. 8. Cohen, L.A., Pichegru, L., Grémillet, D., Coetzee, J., Upfold, L. & Ryan, P.G. 2014. Changes in prey availability impact the foraging behaviour and fitness of Cape gannets over a decade. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 505281-293. 9. Colabuono, F.I., Barquete, V., Taniguchi, S., Ryan, P.G. & Montone, R.C. 2014. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of organochlorine contaminants in albatrosses and petrels. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 83(1): 241-247. 10. Commins, M.L., Ansorge, I. & Ryan, P.G. 2014. Multi-scale factors influencing seabird assemblages in the African sector of the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science. 26(1): 38-48.

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Other Marine Publications UCT

11. Connan, M., McQuaid, C.D., Bonnevie, B.T., Smale, M.J. & Cherel, Y. 2014. Combined stomach content, lipid and stable isotope analyses reveal spatial and trophic partitioning among three sympatric albatrosses from the Southern Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 497259-272. 12. Cook, T.R. & Brischoux, F. 2014. Why does the only ‘planktonic tetrapod’ dive? Determinants of diving behaviour in a marine ectotherm. Animal Behaviour. 98113-123. 13. Cooper, R., Leiman, A. & Jarre, A. 2014. An analysis of the structural changes in the offshore demersal hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus) trawl fishery in South Africa. Marine Policy. 50(PA): 270-279. 14. Daron, J.D. & Colenbrander, D.R. 2014. A critical investigation of evaluation matrices to inform coastal adaptation and planning decisions at the local scale. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 15. Dehnhard, N., Poisbleau, M., Demongin, L., Ludynia, K. & Quillfeldt, P. 2014. High juvenile annual survival probabilities in Southern Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes chrysocome are independent of individual fledging traits. Ibis. 156(3): 548-560. 16. Guastella, L.A. & Smith, A.M. 2014. Coastal dynamics on a soft coast line from serendipitous webcams: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 150(PA): 76-85. 17. Jerardino, A., Navarro, R.A. & Galimberti, M. 2014. Changing collecting strategies of the clam Donax serra Röding (Bivalvia: Donacidae) during the Pleistocene at Pinnacle Point, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution. 68(1): 58-67. 18. Jewell, O.J.D., Wcisel, M.A., Towner, A.V., Chivell, W., Van der Merwe, L. & Bester, M.N. 2014. Core habitat use of an apex predator in a complex marine landscape. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 506231-242. 19. Jones, M.G.W., Dilley, B.J., Hagens, Q.A., Louw, H., Mertz, E.M., Visser, P. & Ryan, P.G. 2014. The effect of parental age, experience and historical reproductive success on wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) chick growth and survival. Polar Biology. 20. Jones, M.G.W. & Ryan, P.G. 2014. Effects of pre-laying attendance and body condition on long-term reproductive success in Wandering Albatrosses. Emu. 114(2): 137-145. 21. Kirchner, C. 2014. Estimating present and future profits within the Namibian hake industry: a bio-economic analysis. African Journal of Marine Science. 22. Kohler, S.A., Connan, M., Kolasinski, J., Cherel, Y., Mcquaid, C.D. & Jaquemet, S. 2014. Trophic overlap between sexes in the dimorphic African black oystercatcher foraging on an alien mussel. Austral Ecology. 39(5): 567-578. 23. Kyriacou, K., Parkington, J.E., Marais, A.D. & Braun, D.R. 2014. Nutrition, modernity and the archaeological record: Coastal resources and nutrition among Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers on the western Cape coast of South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution. 7764-73. 24. Lange, L. & Griffiths, C.L. 2014. Large-scale spatial patterns within soft-bottom epibenthic invertebrate assemblages along the west coast of South Africa, based on the Nansen trawl survey. African Journal of Marine Science. 36(1): 111-124. 25. LEI, B.R., GREEN, J.A. & PICHEGRU, L. 2014. Extreme microclimate conditions in artificial nests for Endangered African Penguins. Bird Conservation International. 26. Lescroël, A., Ballard, G., Grémillet, D., Authier, M. & Ainley, D.G. 2014. Antarctic climate change: Extreme events disrupt plastic phenotypic response in Adélie penguins. Plos One. 9(1):27. Manyilizu, M., Dufois, F., Penven, P. & Reason, C. 2014. Interannual variability of sea surface temperature and circulation in the tropical western Indian Ocean. African Journal of Marine Science.36(2): 233-252. 28. McQuaid, K.A. & Griffiths, C.L. 2014. Alien reef-building polychaete drives long-term changes in invertebrate biomass and diversity in a small, urban estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 38101-106.

Publications contd

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Other Marine Publications UCT

29. Milne, R. & Griffiths, C. 2014. Invertebrate biodiversity associated with algal turfs on a coral-dominated reef. Marine Biodiversity. 44(2): 181-188. 30. Muller, A.A., Reason, C.J.C., Schmidt, M., Mohrholz, V. & Eggert, A. 2014. Computing transport budgets along the shelf and across the shelf edge in the northern Benguela during summer (DJF) an winter (JJA). Journal of Marine Systems. 31. Murua, H., Eveson, J.P. & Marsac, F. 2014. The Indian Ocean Tuna Tagging Programme: Building better science for more sustainability. Fisheries Research. 32. Offerman, K., Carulei, O., van der Walt, A.P., Douglass, N. & Williamson, A.-. 2014. The complete genome sequences of poxviruses isolated from a penguin and a pigeon in South Africa and comparison to other sequenced avipoxviruses. BMC Genomics. 15(1): . 33. Peters, K., Griffiths, C. & Robinson, T.B. 2014. Patterns and drivers of marine bioinvasions in eight Western Cape harbours, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science. 36(1): 49-57. 34. Photopoulou, T., Fedak, M.A., Thomas, L. & Matthiopoulos, J. 2014. Spatial variation in maximum dive depth in gray seals in relation to foraging. Marine Mammal Science. 30(3): 923-938. 35. Ponchon, A., Grémillet, D., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Erikstad, K.E., Barrett, R.T., Reiertsen, T.K., McCoy, K.D., Tveraa, T. et al. 2014. When things go wrong: Intra-season dynamics of breeding failure in a seabird. Ecosphere. 5(1): . 36. Porri, F., Jackson, J.M., Von der Meden, C.E.O., Weidberg, N. & McQuaid, C.D. 2014. The effect of mesoscale oceanographic features on the distribution of mussel larvae along the south coast of South Africa. Journal of Marine Systems. 132162-173. 37. Porter, S.N., Kaehler, S., Branch, G.M. & Sink, K.J. 2014. Riverine subsidies for inshore filter-feeder communities: Potential influences on trophic patterns among bioregions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 49813-26. 38. Punt, A.E., A’Mar, T., Bond, N.A., Butterworth, D.S., De Moor, C.L., De Oliveira, J.A.A., Haltuch, M.A., Hollowed, A.B. et al. 2014. Fisheries management under climate and environmental uncertainty: Control rules and performance simulation. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 71(8): 2208-2220. 39. Rao, A.S., Hockey, P.A.R. & Montevecchi, W.A. 2014. Coastal dispersal by pre-breeding African Black Oyster catchers Haematopus moquini. Marine Ornithology. 42(2): 105-112. 40. Reed, C.C. 2014. A review of parasite studies of commercially important marine fishes in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitology. 41. Reid, T.A., Ronconi, R.A., Cuthbert, R.J. & Ryan, P.G. 2014. The summer foraging ranges of adult spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata. Antarctic Science. 26(1): 23-32. 42. Reisinger, R.R., Oosthuizen, W.C., Péron, G., Toussaint, D.C., Andrews, R.D. & De Bruyn, P.J.N. 2014. Satellite tagging and biopsy sampling of killer whales at subantarctic Marion Island: Effectiveness, immediate reactions and long-term responses. Plos One. 9(11): . 43. Rexer-Huber, K., Parker, G.C., Ryan, P.G. & Cuthbert, R.J. 2014. Burrow occupancy and population size in the Atlantic Petrel Pterodroma incerta: A comparison of methods. Marine Ornithology. 42(2): 137-141. 44. Rius, M., Clusella-Trullas, S., Mcquaid, C.D., Navarro, R.A., Griffiths, C.L., Matthee, C.A., Von der Heyden, S. & Turon, X. 2014. Range expansions across ecoregions: Interactions of climate change, physiology and genetic diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 23(1): 76-88. 45. Rius, M., Clusella-Trullas, S., Mcquaid, C.D., Navarro, R.A., Griffiths, C.L., Matthee, C.A., Von der Heyden, S. & Turon, X. 2014. Range expansions across ecoregions: Interactions of climate change, physiology and genetic diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 23(1): 76-88. 46. Rollinson, D.P., Dilley, B.J. & Ryan, P.G. 2014. Diving behaviour of white-chinned petrels and its relevance for mitigating longline bycatch. Polar Biology. 37(9): 1301-1308. 47. Ryan, P.G. 2014. Litter survey detects the South Atlantic ‘garbage patch’. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 79(1-2): 220-224. 48. Ryan, P.G. 2014. Moult of flight feathers in darters (Anhingidae). Ardea. 101(2): 177-180. 49. Ryan, P.G., Bourgeois, K., Dromzée, S. & Dilley, B.J. 2014. The occurrence of two bill morphs of prions Pachyptila vittata on Gough Island. Polar Biology. 37(5): 727-735. 50. Ryan, P.G., Musker, S. & Rink, A. 2014. Low densities of drifting litter in the African sector of the Southern Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 89(1-2): 16-19. 51. Shannon, L., Coll, M., Bundy, A., Gascuel, D., Heymans, J.J., Kleisner, K., Lynam, C.P., Piroddi, C. et al. 2014. Trophic level-based indicators to track fishing impacts across marine ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 512115-140. 52. Smith, A.M., Guastella, L.A., Botes, Z.A., Bundy, S.C. & Mather, A.A. 2014. Forecasting cyclic coastal erosion on a multi-annual to multi-decadal scale: Southeast African coast. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.53. Sowman, M., Raemaekers, S. & Sunde, J. 2014. Shifting gear: A new governance framework for small-scal fisheries in South Africa. 54. Sowman, M., Sunde, J., Raemaekers, S. & Schultz, O. 2014. Fishing for equality: Policy for poverty alleviation for South Africa’s small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy. 4631-42. 55. Sparks, C., Odendaal, J. & Snyman, R. 2014. An analysis of historical Mussel Watch Programme data from the west coast of the Cape Peninsula, Cape Town. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 56. Thiebault, A., Mullers, R.H.E., Pistorius, P.A. & Tremblay, Y. 2014. Local enhancement in a seabird: Reaction distances and foraging conquence of predator aggregations. Behavioral Ecology. 25(6): 1302-1310. 57. Trathan, P.N., García-Borboroglu, P., Boersma, D., Bost, C.-., Crawford, R.J.M., Crossin, G.T., Cuthbert, R.J., Dann, P. et al. 2014. Pollution, habitat loss, fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins. Conservation Biology.

Publications contd

32

Other Marine Publications UCT 58. Treasure, A.M. & Chown, S.L. 2014. Antagonistic effects of biological invasion and temperature change on body size of island ecto therms. Diversity and Distributions. 20(2): 202-213. 59. Tremblay, Y., Thiebault, A., Mullers, R. & Pistorius, P. 2014. Bird-borne video-cameras show that seabird movement patterns relate to previously unrevealed proximate environment, not prey. Plos One. 9(2): . 60. Van Noort, S., Masner, L., Popovici, O., Valerio, A.A., Taekul, C., Johnson, N.F., Murphy, N.P. & Austin, A.D. 2014. Systematics and biology of the aberrant intertidal parasitoid wasp Echthrodesis lamorali Masner (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae s.l.): A parasitoid of spider eggs. Invertebrate Systematics. 28(1): 1-16. 61. Van Sittert, L. 2014. The fire and the eye: Fishers knowledge, echo- sounding and the invention of the skipper in the St. Helena bay pelagic fishery ca. 1930-1960. Marine Policy. 62. Varsani, A., Kraberger, S., Jennings, S., Porzig, E.L., Julian, L., Massaro, M., Pollard, A., Ballard, G. et al. 2014. A novel papillomavirus in Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) faeces sampled at the Cape Crozier colony, Antarctica. Journal of General Virology. 95(PART 6): 1352- 1365. 63. Whitehead, T.O., Rollinson, D.P. & Reisinger, R.R. 2014. Pseudostalked barnacles Xenobalanus globicipitis attached to killer whales Orcinus orca in South African waters. Marine Biodiversity. 64. Witbooi, E. 2014. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing on the high seas: The port state measures agreement in context. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law. 29(2): 290-320. 65. Wittmann, K.J. & Griffiths, C.L. 2014. Description of the ‘stargazer mysid’ Mysidopsis zsilaveczi sp. nov. (mysida, mysidae, leptomysinae) from the cape peninsula, South Africa. Crustaceana. 87(11-12): 1411-1429.

Publications contd

33

Ma-Re would to thank all our colleagues, partners and funders for their valuable financial support and intellectual contributions to Ma-Re’s 2014 activities, and also for their willingness to contribute to the report.

Website: www.ma-re.uct.ac.za

Twitter: @Mare_UCT

FaceBook: Ma_re UCT Students

Email: ma-re@uct.ac.za

Acknowledgements

Contact Information

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Appendix I - Prof Marcello Vichi’s Forum Report Measuring the sea: A report on the density measurements in the Bos-phorus (1679-1680) by Luigi Ferdinando Marsili based on the study of Pinardi, Ozsoy and Moroni

Marcello Vichi (Dept. of Oceanography, UCT)Oceanography is often seen as a descriptive science because of its historical background of pioneering voyages over uncharted waters. The immensity of the ocean is such that humans have mostly considered it a subject to “describe” rather than to “explain”. The ocean is always changing as much as all of its living and abiotic components; its dynamics evolves from the smaller to the larger spatial and temporal scales and this complexity is fostering the development of more sophisticated instruments to “measure the sea”. We now have a clear recognition that ocean sciences are intimately interdisciplinary but we rather miss the struggle of scientists in achieving this state of knowledge.

A book written by Prof. Nadia Pinardi of the University of Bologna on what can be recognized as the “first oceanographic campaign” made by the Italian Luigi Ferdi-nando Marsili (Pinardi, 2009, soon to be published in its English version) is provid-ing a first reconstruction of these efforts (for an extended abstract on Marsili’s expedition, see also Oszoy et al., on-line resource).

The pioneering oceanographic work of Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730) was recognized only later in the 19th century. Interestingly enough his role was par-ticularly stressed in the study of another pioneer of remote oceans, Deacon (1997).

Marsili was trained by the major scientists of his period (Malpighi, Montanari and Cassini) in natural sciences and mathematics. He followed very closely the Bo-lognese Academies, which started to elaborate natural and complex phenomena by means of ‘empirical laws’ according to his own motto “see with the eyes and not the ears”.

He applied the Galilean method to field work at sea in his monograph ‘Osservazi-oni intorno al Bosforo Tracio’, reporting his campaign on the Bosphorus after his trip back from Istanbul (1680) where he diligently described the methods and collected the first in situ data on water density. He knew that weight is related to intrinsic properties of seawater, called at that time ‘peso in ispecie’ or ‘specific gravity’, nowadays the density. Then he drew information on the vertical structure of the water column that is remarkably similar to current observations (Pinardi, 2009). Marsili also constructed the first current-meter of his day, a wooden instru-ment with six paddles on an axle (see references in Oszoy et al, on-line). In a later laboratory experiment he applied his information to explain the density-driven circulation of the strait.

Marsili was able to bring together the experimental method with conceptual thinking, so much that Queen Christina of Sweden suggested him to put less em-phasis on his studies of political, military and civilian lives of the Ottoman Empire and instead to focus exclusively on natural observations that she financed with a substantial grant (Oszoy et al, on-line). Marsili can thus be regarded as one of the fathers of the modern methods in experimental oceanography, from the design of a campaign to the collection of samples, the analyses of results and the assess-ment of conceptual theories (… and fund-raising!). References

Deacon, M. Scientists and the Sea, 1650-1900: A Study of Marine Science. 2nd ed. Ashgate Publishing Company, Burlington, VT., 1997.Pinardi, N., Misurare il mare. Luigi Ferdinando Marsili nell’Egeo e nel Bosforo 1679-1680, Bononia University Press (collana Grandi opere), 83pp., 2009.

Oszoy E, N. Pinardi and F. Moroni http://linux-server.ims.metu.edu.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=34 , on-line resource

Appendices

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Appendix II - Prof Michael Orren’s Forum Report UCT Ma Re “Ancient Mariners” Forum, October 31, 2014.

Michael Orren.Jessi Lehman’s talk set the scene on what it really means to go to sea for science, reminding me forcefully of the immense progress we have made since the late 1950’s, the years of the IGY. Oceanography has evolved significantly and remains a truly inter-disciplinary field of science. Marine scientists apply the powerful tools of modern science, honed within the tra-ditional disciplines of Biology, Chemistry, Geology, Mathematics, and Physics, also those from the scientifically very fertile cross disciplines within these fields such as Biochemistry and Geophysics, in an attempt to unravel the intricate workings of our global ocean. It is today hard to visualise those decades-in my lifetime-when classical “wet” chemistry was all we had available to analyse ocean water for salinity and the simplest major ions and, occasionally, the chlorophylls (we only knew one of these then!), in non-representative, discrete water samples. Costly, custom-built, mercury in glass, thermom-eters read manually with exceptional care, gave us accurate, but still discrete, temperature measurements, while pressure measured by compression of the glass thermometer bulbs was used to estimate the sample depth to within some metres. Vertical and horizontal simple open net hauls returned qualitative plankton population and density information. Ordinary and special slide rules along with log tables were laboured over to do calculations of the physics, such as of densities and currents, while hand calculation using printed tables was necessary for determining position at sea-not very accurately by today’s standards-using celestial navigation in those pre-computer, pre-satellite eras where neither Email, cellphones nor tablets existed. Marine geology was done by methods best described as scratching at the seafloor while the detail of what lay below was known only in general terms. Amazingly, when viewed from today, useful computer models were not even on the horizon. Hydrothermal vents spurted superheated, chemically altered, seawater unseen, Argo autonomous floats were unknown while the only (non-“XBT”) BT’s were wire-held, missile shaped brass probes (below), with smoked glass slides for recording an often ‘noisy’ temperature versus depth record. These traces nevertheless demonstrated that discrete measurements gave us a very limited knowl-edge of the true temperature/depth profile. CCTV, then in its infancy, was barely used. We knew upwelling happened but the detailed mechanism, its relation to wind stress and local topography, and the complex internal flow regimes within active upwelling systems, remained educated guesswork.

Vere Shannon’s showing of the unique, historic record in photographs taken by Captain Shannon, his research vessel Master father, graphically underlined the immense practical problems of oceanographic work at high latitudes. Just staying alive, warm and afloat is challenging enough before you even contemplate the “doing of science”, venture on deck duly muffled up, only to discover that your regular sampling equipment malfunctions in the extreme cold.

Still on photography, Charles Griffiths then showed how the amount of useful information on longer term changes that can be gleaned from comparison of old photographs of inshore biology with those from today. This reminded me of the im-portance of properly standardised long-term repeat measurements, to the best available accuracy, at “standard sites”, to es-tablish both the nature and the direction of long-term changes. The Hawaiian Mauna Loa long-term record of atmospheric carbon dioxide increases is a classic example but funding for such extended sampling intervals is really difficult to obtain. Geoff Brundrit showed us how high speed, energy-laden and devastating, tsunami are focused by bathymetric features including ocean ridges. It is sobering to realise that any shore facing the open ocean has a slight, yet significant, probabil-ity of tsunami inundation from a distant seismic event; obviously the risk is dramatically larger in seismically active zones, these better documented by scientists today. The raw power of the rushing water in tsunami is terrifying as it contemptu-ously demolishes all in its path-we see these effects through video and satellite links almost in real-time today. However, thanks to modern geoscience we have warning systems in place to permit rapid evacuation of vulnerable shores. Indeed, a revolution has taken place in the past five or so decades and it is perhaps appropriate to reflect on what lies ahead; what follows is not, however, intended to be exhaustive. On-ship instrumental methods will I think continue to provide better, high quality coverage, while autonomous submersi-bles, floats and gliders may well be better instrumented to acquire chemical (e.g., nutrients, CO2) and biological (e.g., turbidity, micro-plankton) data to complement and greatly enhance the present valuable physical output from harsh, almost inaccessible sites such as the abyssal ocean, beneath floating ice, and under stormy seas where energy and mat-ter exchange is at a maximum. Benthic landers with instrumented arrays will provide more data on deep-sea currents, turbulent mixing and dissipation of energy, interchange of matter such as potentially toxic elements between sea bottom and the overlying waters, along with more sensitive seismic information unhindered by ‘ship noise’. Such autonomous platforms neighbouring a hydrothermal vent field site will inform us on dispersion of substances, living matter and energy from active venting and inform on the complex aqueous geochemistry operating within such sites which exerts a signifi-cant influence on global marine chemistry and all else dependent on seawater composition. Insights acquired from ever deeper DSDP type seafloor drilling will tell us more about what lies beneath. Those hard to measure air/sea interactions are of growing importance, in particular the exchange of extremely active electromagnetic energy absorbing/emitting compounds such as natural and man-made halocarbons (e.g., freons), carbon dioxide, dinitrogen oxide (“nitrous oxide”) and methane; more detail on the poorly constrained flux of water, itself a major “greenhouse gas”, in both directions; and on sensible energy transfers-all critical parameters within global climate change models.

36

Appendix II - Prof Michael Orren’s Forum Report contd.The microbe-rich, chemically active, sea-surface microlayer is a vital component of this vast, yet contradictorily barely accessible, research site where, unfortunately for the researcher, exchange is usually at a maximum when violent sea states make sampling impossible. Decades ago, I proposed using remotely controlled (model type) helicopters with some miniaturised instrumentation to sample near-shore (line of sight) surface water during weather so rough as to preclude surface ship microlayer sampling, but my proposal was turned down. Modern, inexpensive so-called “drones”, appropriately instrumented and controlled from a larger ship or from shore could do a wonderful job here. We need to better understand the microbial workings of the global ocean. Satellites will be able to probe deeper layers of the global ocean and seafloor with new sensors and give rapid, near real-time information. All this data, suitably quality-controlled and stored securely in data-centres, may next be inputted into higher speed and greater resolution models with better constrained boundary conditions and ever fewer simplifying assumptions, to obtain a deeper understanding of our challenging Atmosphere/Ocean System.

Appendix III - Ma-Re Chatties Speaker Title Date

Saachi Sadtchatheeswaran (PhD)

Serial invasions on rocky shores: Implications for struc-tural complexity, community structure and ecosystem functioning

3 Feb

Welly Qwabe (PhD) Ecosystem engineering in marine intertidal soft-sediment communities: Understanding Environmental contexts.

10 Feb

Thomas Morris (MSc)

Fish parasites as bio-indicators of heavy metals in South African marine ecosystems

17 Feb

Renae Logston (AMS MSc)

Defining the role local Oceanography plays in the loca-tion of the White Sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in Mossel Bay, South Africa

24 Apr

James Howard (Postdoc)

Global Understanding and Learning for Local Solutions (GULLS) Project: reducing the vulnerability of marine-dependent coastal communities

29 May

Kate Watermeyer (PhD)

A frame-based modelling approach to understanding changes in the distribution and abundance of sardine and anchovy in the southern Benguela

5 Jun

Jannes Lanschoff (AMS MSc)

Brooding and 3D-imaging of Ophioderma wahlbergii, a common shallow-water brittle star of SA

12 Jun

Adrian Hewitt (PhD)

Reproductive hormone profiling of the white shark: An investigation into biology, behaviour and physiology

19 Jun

Saachi Sadtchatheeswaran (PhD)

Bungalows to Skyscrapers: Sequential invasions change rocky shore communities

26 Jun

Pavanee Annasawmy (AMS MSc)

The role of micronekton in the food web of the South Indian subtropical gyre

24 Feb

Paul Juby(AMS MSc)

On the seasonal variability of the Canary Current up-welling according to in-situ measurements and model runs”

3 Mar

Rest of AMS Class Various Topics 10 Mar

Rest of AMS Class Various Topics 17 Mar

Maggie Reddy (PhD)

Molecular systematics of Porphyroids in southern Africa. 12 May

Dave Dyer (PhD) Trophic functioning of ecologically different kelp bed communities: a stable isotope

19 May

Mary Rowlinson(AMS MSc)

Biology of the tiger catshark in False Bay 23 May

Lisa Labinjoh(AMS MSc)

The impact of shark depredation on commercial ski-boat catches off the coast of Kwazulu-Natal

26 May

Leslie Roberson (AMS MSc)

Using Baited Remote Underwater Video in unsurveyed areas: An assessment of the reef fish assemblage in the Betty’s Bay MPA

31 Oct

Appendices contd

37

Appendix IV - Ma-Re/SANCOR Seminars 2014

Speaker Topic Date Time Venue Host

Dr Adelle Roux Department of Botany and Zoology, Stel-lenbosch University

Aiming towards the establishment of an oyster hatchery in South Africa

27 Jan 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Nicolas Barrier LPO / ICEMASA

Interannual to decadal heat budget in the subpolar North Atlantic

3 Feb 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Mr Neil Malan SAEON ,UCT Shelf-edge upwelling in the Agulhas Current 10 Feb 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Yunne-Jai Shin Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD - Institute of research for development) and University of Cape Town

A multi-model evaluation of ecosystem indicators’ performance

17 Feb 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Fabrice Collard, Oceandata Laboratory, Brest, France

Swell refraction by the Agulhas current me-anders and rogue wave high risk zone

24 Feb 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Ramesh Govind Division of Geomatics, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, UCT

Measuring Absolute Sea Level Changes -the contribution from Space Geodesy

3 Mar 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Mr Kolobe Mmonwa Marine Programme, SANBI

Evolutionary and foraging ecology of sym-patric intertidal southern African patellid limpets: divergence between territorial and non-territorial foragers

10 Mar 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Prof Marla Tuffin, SA Research Chair in Microbial Genomics, Institute for Microbial Biotechnology & Metagenomics, UWC

Putting Marine Microbes to Work 17 Mar 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Bror Jonsso, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University

How is Biological Production in the Ocean Really Controlled?

12 May 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Mariette Wheeler, Department of Envi-ronmental Affairs

A birder’s view of sub-Antarctic Marion Island: Does human disturbance influence the wildlife at the island?

19 May 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Mark Jury, Physics Department, Univer-sity of Puerto Rico

A compendium of 2011+ research high-lights from Mark Jury

23 May 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Assoc Prof Mafaniso Hara, Institute for Pov-erty, Land and Agrarian Studies, UWC

Efficacy of rights-based management of small pelagic fish within an ecosystems ap-proach to fisheries in South Africa

26 May 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Mr Precious Mongwe, CSIR The Seasonal Cycle of CO2 fluxes in the Southern a model spatial scale sensitivity analysis

23 Jun 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Mrs Bronwyn Maree, Birdlife SA Significant reductions in mortality of threatened seabirds in a South African trawl fishery

1 Sep 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Alon Stern, Centre for Atmospheric Ocean Science, New York University

Instability and mixing of ocean jets along an idealized Antarctic continental shelf break

1 Oct 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Ms Sara Andreott, Stellenbosch University and Shark Diving Unlimited

Counting white sharks - tools for the con-servation and management of a vulnerable marine species

6 Oct 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Charine Collins, Oceanography Depart-ment, UCT

Mesoscale activity in the Comoros Basin 27 Oct 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Sven Kerwath, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries & Miss Robyn Payne, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, UWC

The Walter’s Shoal expedition: preliminary findings

3 Nov 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Toufiek Samaai, Department of Environ-mental Affairs

Spatial Biodiversity assessment and spatial management, including Marine Protected Areas within the BCLME (Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem)

10 Nov 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Katrin Ludynia, Department of Biological Sciences, UCT

Processes influencing the population dynamics and conservation of African pen-guins on Dyer Island, South Africa

17 Nov 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Mr Ricardo Oliveros , Peruvian Marine Re-search Institute - IMARPE

End to end modelling for an ecosystem approach to fisheries in the Northern Hum-boldt Current Ecosystem

24 Nov 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Dr Daniela Maldini, SeaSearch Africa Being a Male California Sea Otter in the 21st Century: the History of an Estuary

1 Dec 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

Ms Jessi Lehman, University of Minnesota

Querying international oceanography from South Africa: a work in progress

11 Dec 13:00 UCT Ocean.Sem Room

Ma-Re/ SANCOR

38

Appendix V - List of Acronyms

ACCESS Applied Centre for Climate & Earth System Sciences

ACDI African Climate and Development Initiative

ACEP African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme

AFRICOG African Centre for Capacity-building in Ocean Governance

AMS Applied Marine Science

BASICS Benguela and Agulhas Systems for Interdisciplinary Climate Change Science

BCC Benguela Current Commission

CNRS Centre Nationalde la Recherche Scientifique

CPUT Cape Peninsula University of Technology

CSIR Council for Scientific & Industrial Research

DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs

DST Department of Science & Technology

EEU Environmental Evaluation Unit

EMIBIOS End-to-end Modelling and Indicators for BIOdiversity Scenarios

EU European Union

GOOS Global Oceans Observing Sytems

GHRSST Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature

HRA Honourary Research Associates

IAPSO International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans

ICEMASA International Centre for Education, Marine and Atmospheric Sciences over Africa

IMEL Institute for Marine & Environmental Law

IMR Institute of Marine Research Centre for DevelopmentCooperation in Fisheries

IRD Institute for Research & Develpment

IUGG International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

NERSC Nansen Environmental & Remote Sensing Centre

NRF National Research Foundation

NTC Nansen-Tutu Centre

POGO Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans

SAEON South African Environmental Observation Network

SANCOOP South African - Norway Cooperative Research Programme

SANCOR South African National Coastal & Oceanic Research

SARChI South African Research Chair

SCAMPI Seasonal to Decadal Changes Affecting Marine Productivity: An Interdisciplinary Investigation

SCIFR South Coast Interdisciplinary Fisheries Research

SOCCO Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory

TCD Training & Capacity Development

UBO University of Brest

Appendices contd

39