marine oil spill impacts on microorganism and cleanup
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Marine Oil Spill Impacts onMicroorganisms and
Cleanup Options
Muhammad Suleman Bacha
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Oil spill
An oil spill is the release of a liquidpetroleumhydrocarbon into the environment due to humanactivity, and is a form ofpollution. The term oftenrefers to Marine oil spills, where oil is released into the
ocean orcoastal waters. The oil may be a variety ofmaterials, including crude oil, refined petroleumproducts (such as gasoline ordiesel fuel) or by-products, ships' bunkers, oily refuse or oil mixed inwaste. Spills take months or even years to clean up.
Marine oil spills are very catastrophic events whichpose a great threat on the affected environment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid -
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Although it is often believed that oil spills
affecting marine environments are primarily
the result of large oil tanker spills, most of the
oil contamination that occurs is due to surfacerunoff, the transportation of oil, port activity,
and illegal bilge water discharges. Oil is
comprised of many different toxic compounds
which endanger the natural habitat involvedin the spill.
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Largest oil spills
Some of the marine oil spills occurred in
history are given in the following table
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Impacts of Oil spill on the marine
biota:
The oil penetrates and opens up the structure of the
plumage of birds, reducing its insulating ability, and so
making the birds more vulnerable to temperature
fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. It alsoimpairs birds' flight abilities, making it difficult or
impossible to forage and escape from predators. As they
attempt to preen, birds typically ingest oil that coats their
feathers, causing kidney damage, altered liverfunction,
and digestive tract irritation. This and the limited foraging
ability quickly cause dehydration and metabolic
imbalances. Most birds affected by an oil spill die unless
there is human intervention.5/30/2013 6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage -
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Marine mammals exposed to oil spills are
affected in similar ways as seabirds. Oil coats
the fur ofSea otters and seals, reducing its
insulation abilities and leading to bodytemperature fluctuations and hypothermia.
Ingestion of the oil causes dehydration and
impaired digestions.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ottershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnipedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ottershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal -
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As far as the Microorganisms in marine
environment are considered, they act
differently, although most of the
microorganism i.e. bacteria, algae, and fungietc. bear negative consequences of the oil
spills but some of the microorganisms (oil
degrading microorganisms) growth rate
increases with the increase of carbon contentin water.
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Duck covered in oil as a result of the 2007 San Francisco Bay oil spill
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_San_Francisco_Bay_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_San_Francisco_Bay_oil_spill -
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Marine Oil spills
Clean up options
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There are generally two approaches used for the
cleaning of marine oil spills
Traditional cleaning methods
Bioremediation
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1. Traditional methods:
Some of the most used traditional
methods are as under
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a. Physical methods
The physical process for the cleanup of oil spills in
marine environments is the primary method used in
the United States. Physical methods include using
booms, washing, soil movement and tilling, and
mechanical removal. The use of booms is combinedwith skimmers to control the flow and movement of
the oil and then collect the contained oil. This is a
very effective method of cleaning marine oil spills, as
well as collecting the spilled oil, and this also allowsfor minimal damage to the natural environment if the
process is carried out properly.
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Washing
Washing is a physical method that is
practiced; however this can be more time
consuming. Washing is used on the coastal
areas affected by oil spills. Washing can beperformed with the use of hot or cold water
and high or low pressure depending on the
situation. Absorbent materials can also be
used, which utilizes a hydrophobic material toaid the removal of oil along the coast.
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b. Mechanical methods
Mechanical methods of oil cleanup can also
be used, but this should only be used when
the site is not vulnerable to disruptions or
erosion. Mechanical methods are utilizedwhen the amount of oil contaminated shore
is minimal, and a mechanical machine is
capable of removing the polluted soil.
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c. Chemical methods
The most widely used chemical method is the
use of dispersants, which helps to disperse
the oil from the water surface and into the
water which allows for dilution to occur andavoids coasts and shorelines from becoming
affected. Other chemical methods include
using demulsifiers, solidifiers, and surface
film chemicals which allow for easier physicalcleaning of shorelines.
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d. Natural methods:
Natural methods of marine oil spill remediation are aslower process, which does not utilize anysupplemental actions to aid in the cleaning process. Itcan be used when the environment affected is notextremely vulnerable, or if the spill is in a location
which will have little to no impact on the site. Naturalmethods are also preferred for certain locations thatarea very sensitive and could be more impacted andaffected by physical and chemical methods than tobe left alone and allowed for nature to run its course.
Natural methods of marine oil spill cleanup primarilyinclude evaporation of pollutants, photo oxidation bysunlight, dispersion, dissolution, emulsification,adsorption, and biodegradation by the indigenousmicroorganisms.
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Major weathering processes after an oil spill
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Physical Cleaning (Marinebiotech.org)
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2. Bioremediation
Bioremediation is defined as the use of
natural microorganisms, plants, or fungi in the
correction of a contaminated or altered
environment. Bioremediation for the use of oilspill cleanup is either undergone by
bioaugmentation or biostimulation.
Bioaugmentation is the addition of
microorganism capable of degrading the toxichydrocarbons, in order to achieve a reduction
of the pollutants
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Biostimulation is the addition of nutrientsneeded by indigenous hydrocarbondegrading microorganisms in order to achievemaximum degradation of toxic compoundspresent in the oil. The degradation ofhydrocarbons begins by the conversion of thealkane chain or polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon (PAH) into an alcohol. Oxidation
then converts the compound to an aldehydeand then into an acid and eventually intowater, carbon dioxide, and biomass.
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Biostimulation, the addition of nutrients, is practiced for
marine oil spill cleanup when there is an existing population
of oil degrading microbes present. When an oil spill occurs,the result is a large increase in carbon and this also
stimulates the growth of the already present oil degrading
microorganisms. However, these microorganisms are
limited in the amount of growth and remediation that can
occur by the amount of available nitrogen and phosphorus.By adding these supplemental nutrients in the proper
concentrations, the hydrocarbon degrading microbes are
capable of achieving their maximum growth rate and hence
the maximum rate of pollutant uptake. It has been foundthat when using nitrogen for the supplemental nutrient, a
maximum growth rate is achieved by the oil degrading
microorganisms at a concentration of 2.0 mg/L .
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Biostimulation has been proven to
be an effective way of achieving
increased hydrocarbon degradationby the indigenous microbial
population.
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Hydrocarbon Degrading Microorganisms
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Bioaugmentation, the addition of microbes
capable of degrading hydrocarbons, is used
when there are pollutants types which are
unable to be degraded by the existing
microorganisms. There are many different
types of hydrocarbon degradingmicroorganisms, with more than 200 known
species of bacteria, fungi, and yeast which
are capable of degrading compounds assimple as methane to compounds with more
than 40 carbon atoms
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Bioremediation has many advantages overtraditional
cleanup methods of marine oil spills. One of the major
advantages of bioremediation is the savings in cost
and also the savings in the time put forth by workers to
clean a contaminated site. The financial savings of
bioremediation, when used properly, have tremendous
benefits compared to traditional cleanup processes.
Another way that bioremediation allows for savings isthat unlike traditional methods, bioremediation
continues to clean the contaminated site without the
constant need of workers. This saves a great deal of
money which would be spent on labor hours, and it alsoallows for time to be spent performing further research
on bioremediation.
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Bioremediation is also advantageous due to its
Environmental friendly approach. Unlike
chemical methods, no foreign or toxic chemicalsare added to the site. It is also environmentally
friendly because it does not require any disruption
to the natural habitat which often occurs from
physical and chemical methods of cleanup.Bioremediation allows fornatural organisms to
degrade the toxic hydrocarbons into simple
compounds which pose no threat to the
environment, and this also eliminates the need to
remove and transport the toxic compounds to
another site
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Prevention of the Oil spills
Secondary containment - methods to prevent
releases of oil or hydrocarbons into environment.
Oil Spill Prevention Containment and
Countermeasures (SPCC) program by the UnitedStatesEnvironmental Protection Agency.
Double hulling - build double hulls into vessels, which
reduces the risk and severity of a spill in case of a
collision or grounding. Existing single-hull vessels
can also be rebuilt to have a double hull
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Thank You