marine mammals: class mammalia. order sirenia: manatees and dugongs 1 species of dugong1 species of...
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Marine Mammals:
Class Mammalia
Order Sirenia: Manatees and Dugongs
• 1 species of dugong• 3 species of manatees
Florida Manatee
• Endangered • Herbivore• Migrate in Winter• Inhabit tropical waters
Order Carnivora
• Well-developed claws.• Strong facial musculature• Specialized teeth: canines and incisors.
Suborder Pinnipedia: Sea Lions, Seals and the Walrus
Family Otariidae: Sea Lions
Family Phocidae: Seals
Comparison of Sea lions and Seals
Sea Lions (Otariids)• External ears• Long neck• Performs in shows• Use front flippers to
swim• Can pull hind flipper
under body to walk on land
• Claws ¾ to end of flipper
Seals (Phocids)• No external ears• Short neck• Do not perform• Use back flippers to
swim• Can’t rotate hind
flippers
• Claws at end of flippers
Family Odobenidae: Walrus
• Both males and females have tusks.
• Use vibrissae (whiskers) to feed.
Family Mustelidae: Sea Otter
Two North American Subspecies
1. The Alaska / Northern
2. The California / Southern
Sea Otter Fur• Over 1 million hairs/in2 (Humans have 20,000
hairs on their entire head!)• Need thick fur because they have NO
blubber• Oil on hair repels water
Oil Spills
• Oil covers fur and otters die of exposure• When otters attempt to clean their fur, they
ingest the oil and die.
Diet
• Eat invertebrates (urchins,abalone, crabs).• Use tools.
Polar Bears
Family Ursidae
• Partially aquatic bears.• Inhabit arctic sea ice, water islands &
coastlines.
Adaptations to the Arctic
• Small ears which help conserve body heat.
• Hind limbs are longer than forelimbs• 12’’ paws – act like snowshoes• Non-retractable claw (to grip ice)• Thick fur that is oily and water
repellent• Skin is black which enables the bear
to absorb sunlight energy to warm its body.
• Have 4 inches of blubber
• Need 4.4 lbs of fat a day to survive. • Polar bears can smell a seal more than 20
miles away.• Feed mainly seals, but will scavenge other
mammals
• No natural predators as adults• Threatened species protected under MMPA (Marine
Mammal Protection Act)• No hunting in U.S., but are hunted in Canada.
Whales
Order: Cetacea
Suborders:
1. Mysticeti = Baleen whales
2. Odontoceti =Toothed whales
Whale Anatomy
• Female whales have a genital slit and 2 mammary slits.
• Males have 1 genital slit.
Order Mysticeti (Baleen Whales)• Largest: Blue• 2nd largest: Fin • Humpback (sings)• http://www.oceanmammalinst.o
rg/songs/hmpback3.wav
• 2 Blowholes
Humpback
Minke Whale
Baleen
• Used for filter feeding• Grow down from upper jaw.
Rorqual• Many throat grooves• Shorter baleen plates
• Expand capacity of mouth
Diving Adaptations• Have 2x the RBC’s, and 9x
the myoglobin (than humans)
• Countercurrent heat exchange system
• Veins surround arteries; heat from blood in arteries is transferred to venous blood.
• Mammalian diving reflex- blood is shunted away from extremities to vital organs.
Gray Whale
Undertakes the longest migration (11,000 miles)
•
Order Odontoceti• Examples: Sperm,
Orca, Dolphins, Porpoises, Narwhal & Beluga
• Found in fresh and salt water
• Many toothed whales are countershaded or have disruptive coloration (killer whale)
• Sperm Whales have teeth in the lower jaw only!
• One Blowhole• No sense of smell in toothed whales
• Largest member of Dolphin family is Orca
• Largest toothed whale is the Sperm Whale
• Fastest is Dall’s Porpoise: 34 m.p.h.
Sperm Whale Dall’s Porpoise
Orca
Cooperative Hunting• Orcas, false killer whales, pilot whales, & bottlenose dolphins• Hunt in packs like wolves • Humpbacks use bubble netting to surround
their prey
Echolocation• Enables toothed whales
to locate and discriminate objects by listening for echoes
• Uses organ called a melon which contains fats
• Acts as an acoustical lens to focus sound waves out to H2O
• Sound travels 4x faster in H2O than in air.
• Lower jaw bones = sound reception