marine fisheries introduction and status
TRANSCRIPT
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Marine Fisheries:Introduction and Status
by
Wynn W. Cudmore, Ph.D.
Northwest Center for Sustainable ResourcesDUE# 0757239
This project supported in part by the National Science Foundation.
Opinions expressed are those of the authors and
not necessarily those of the Foundation.
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Global map of cumulative human impact
across 20 ocean ecosystem types
A. Global oceans
B. Eastern Caribbean
C. North Sea
D. Sea of Japan
E. Torres StraitNorthern Australia
From: B. S. Halpern et al., Science 319, 948 -952 (2008) reprinted with permission from AAAS
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Recent reports on thestatus of marine fisheries
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What is a fishery?
The resource
The habitat
The people involved
NOAA Photo LibraryARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies / Marine PhotobankNOAA Photo LibraryKip Evans
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World Fisheries Production1950-2006
UN FAO
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Top species contributing to marinecapture fisheries production in 2004
Anchoveta 10.7
Alaska pollock 2.7
Blue whiting 2.4
Skipjack tuna 2.1
Atlantic herring 2.0
Chub mackerel 2.0
Japanese anchovy 1.8
Production
(millions of metric tons)
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Most fish are harvested within200 miles of shore
Upwellings
Continental shelves
Estuaries
NASA, MODIS Rapid Response TeamNEFSC (NOAA)
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Nearshore ecosystems are the mostproductive fishing grounds
NOAA
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U.S. tuna and swordfishlongline effort
No. of
long line
sets
Atlantic Ocean
Fig. 1 from Baum, et al. 2003 Science 299:389-392 reprinted with permission from AAAS
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MILLER. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions Brooks / Cole Reproduced by permission
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Seamounts
Former volcanoes that
emerge from theseafloor
NEFSC NOAA
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14,000 large seamounts (elevation > 1,500 m)
Could be as many as 200,000 seamounts, knolls, pinnacles (Hillier & Watts 2007)
Seas Around Us - Kitchingman & Lai 2004
Global Distribution of Seamounts
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Seamounts as Fish Habitat
Currents and upwellings
around seamounts
concentrate plankton
and increaseproductivity
Fisheries Centre, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia
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Orange Roughy
Stephen McGowan, Australian Maritime
College, 2006 / Marine Photobank
Orange Roughy and other deep water species
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Trend in Mean Depth of Catch Since 1950
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
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Marine fish are categorizedaccording to their habitat
Demersal speciesbottom-dwelling
Pelagic speciesopen water
Haddock Flounder Cod
Anchovy Tuna Mackerel
Northeast Fisheries Science Center
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Harvest of fish from high seas areashas increased since 1950
High seas areas lie outside of the Exclusive Economic Zone of any country (>200 miles)UN FAO
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Campbell, Neil A.: Mitchell, Lawrence G.; Reece, Jane B., Biology: Concepts and Connections, 2nd Edition, 1997, p. 711.
Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
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A Marine
Biomass
Pyramid
Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and other phytoplankton
Euphausid crustaceans
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Importance of fish as a food source
Nearly 144 million metric tons(mmt)
produced annually for consumption
(92 mmt from wild capture, 52 mmt from aquaculture)
More than 2.6 billion people get at least 20%
of their animal protein from fish and shellfish
30-90% for some coastal and island regions
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Tsukiji Fish MarketTokyo, Japan
Wikipedia
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Fish as food: per capita supply
UNFAO
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Top ten U.S. fish species
Shrimp
Tuna
Salmon
Pollock Catfish
Tilapia
Crab
Cod
Clams
Flatfish
Northeast Fisheries Science Center
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Status of Marine Fisheriesa historical perspective
Until recently in the balance between productivity of fish populations and
peoples ability to catch fish, the fish were favored. Iudicello, et al. 1999
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World capture fisheries production(1950-2006)
UN FAO
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
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Status of Marine Fisheries
In 2004, 52% of world fish stockswere fully exploited, 25% wereoverexploited or depleted
Large predatory fish have declinedglobally by 90%
At least 42% of U.S. fisheries arebeing overexploited
UNFAO Antonio Pais
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Evidence for rapid worldwide depletion ofpredatory fish communities
Data from Myers and Worm (2003)
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Mean Catch Rates of Sharks in the Gulf of
Mexico - 1950s vs. 1990s
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.5
5
Ocea
nicw
hitetip
Silky
Mako
Tige
r
Hammerhe
ad
Blackti
p
Sandba
r
Spinn
er
ThresherM
ean
catchrate/1000h
ooks
Mid 1950s
1990s
Oceanic white tip
Mako
Tiger
Hammerhead
Data from Baum and Myers (2004) / Images from Wikimedia
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Fisheries Collapses
Atlantic cod
Atlantic salmon
Pacific sardine
Haddock
Atlantic halibut
Peruvian anchovy
Collapse of the Atlantic Cod Fishery off Newfoundland
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
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Are any marine fish endangered?
Blue hake
Roundnose grenadier
Reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Nature, 439, 7072. 2006NOAA - Northeast Fisheries Science Center
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Some good news for a change?
Worm, B., et al. 2009. Rebuilding global fisheries. Science
325:578-585.
In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems average exploitation ratehas recently declined
63% of assessed global fish stocks still require rebuilding
Fisheries and conservation objectives can be met by using a
variety of management actions (catch restrictions, gear
modification and closures)
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COMPASS, E. Neeley
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Summary
Marine fisheries are an important biological andcultural resource
Near-shore ecosystems are the most productive
Significant numbers of stocks (especially largepredators) are overexploited or depleted
Capture fisheries production probably peaked inthe 1980s
Aquaculture provides an increasing proportionof total fish production
OAR / National Undersea Research Program (NURP); Alaska Department of Fish and Game
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Photo Credits Baum and Myers (2004)
Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS), E. Neeley
Fisheries Centre, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO)
Marine Photobank- ARC Centre for Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Stephen McGowan,
Antonio Pais Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
MILLER, Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions
Myers and Worm (2003)
NASA - MODIS Rapid Response Team
Nature one figure reprinted with permission
NOAA- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Ocean
Explorer, Kip Evans, Russ Hopcroft, Jerry McLelland, B. Sheiko
Science multiple figures reprinted with permission from AAAS
Seas Around Us - Kitchingman & Lai 2004
Wikipedia, Wikimedia