MARINE MARINE BIOMEBIOMEPREPARED BY:PREPARED BY:

MRT 10MRT 10JARL CEDRYCH PANGCOGJARL CEDRYCH PANGCOGMERVIN BRYLLE TIMBANGMERVIN BRYLLE TIMBANGMICHEAL VINCENT SAPAOMICHEAL VINCENT SAPAO

MARINE BIOMEMARINE BIOME

• The marine biome is the biggest The marine biome is the biggest biome in the world! It covers about biome in the world! It covers about 70% of the earth. 70% of the earth.

•   It includes five main oceans: the It includes five main oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern, as well as many smaller Southern, as well as many smaller Gulfs and Bays. Gulfs and Bays.

•   There is about one cup of salt per There is about one cup of salt per gallon of water in the ocean. gallon of water in the ocean.

WEATHERWEATHER

• The constant motion of the ocean results in The constant motion of the ocean results in currents and waves that may either be warm currents and waves that may either be warm or cold depending on the weather and or cold depending on the weather and temperature of that area. Temperatures in temperature of that area. Temperatures in the ocean range from just around freezing at the ocean range from just around freezing at the pole and in the deep waters, to tropical the pole and in the deep waters, to tropical clear waters that are as warm as a bathtub. clear waters that are as warm as a bathtub. The average temperature of all oceans is The average temperature of all oceans is about 39°F (4°C). Heat from the sun warms about 39°F (4°C). Heat from the sun warms only the surface of the water. Deep down, only the surface of the water. Deep down, oceans everywhere are cold and dark oceans everywhere are cold and dark

LAYERS OF THE OCEANLAYERS OF THE OCEAN

LAYERS OF THE OCEANLAYERS OF THE OCEAN

• The ocean is divided up into three vertical The ocean is divided up into three vertical zones. The top layer is called the euphotic zones. The top layer is called the euphotic zone and it is the area of the ocean where zone and it is the area of the ocean where light can penetrate. The next layer is the light can penetrate. The next layer is the disphotic zone. This area is too deep for lots disphotic zone. This area is too deep for lots of light to reach. Instead, the light here of light to reach. Instead, the light here looks like our twilight on land. The deepest looks like our twilight on land. The deepest part of the ocean is called the aphotic zone, part of the ocean is called the aphotic zone, or deep sea. The water here is awfully cold, or deep sea. The water here is awfully cold, completely dark, and low in nutritional completely dark, and low in nutritional content.  content. 

PELAGIC ZONEPELAGIC ZONE

• Bathypelagic, or Midnight Zone-Bathypelagic, or Midnight Zone- between 1,000 and 4,000  between 1,000 and 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) in depth, the bathypelagic zone is a region of meters (13,000 ft) in depth, the bathypelagic zone is a region of total darkness, with a very low level of dissolved oxygen and total darkness, with a very low level of dissolved oxygen and nutrients, low temperature and extremely high pressure. nutrients, low temperature and extremely high pressure. Adaptations of the inhabitants of the bathypelagic zone include a Adaptations of the inhabitants of the bathypelagic zone include a slow metabolism, bioluminescence, and hinged jaws and distensible slow metabolism, bioluminescence, and hinged jaws and distensible stomachs that allow them to swallow prey that is several times stomachs that allow them to swallow prey that is several times larger than they are.larger than they are.

• Abyssopelagic, or Lower Midnight Zone-Abyssopelagic, or Lower Midnight Zone- the abyssopelagic  the abyssopelagic zone, extending down from a depth of 4,000 meters, is similar to the zone, extending down from a depth of 4,000 meters, is similar to the bathypelagic, but more extreme in terms of pressure.bathypelagic, but more extreme in terms of pressure.

• Hadropelagic Zone-Hadropelagic Zone- taking its name from the Greek Hades, or  taking its name from the Greek Hades, or underworld, the hadropelagic zone refers to the deep ocean underworld, the hadropelagic zone refers to the deep ocean trenches, some of which exceed 9,000 meters (30,000 ft) in depth, trenches, some of which exceed 9,000 meters (30,000 ft) in depth, and have pressures of 16,000 psi. Average temperatures hover and have pressures of 16,000 psi. Average temperatures hover around freezing, with the exception of hydrothermal vents, where around freezing, with the exception of hydrothermal vents, where water heated by the magma of Earth's mantle boils out. Organisms water heated by the magma of Earth's mantle boils out. Organisms of the hadropelagic zone are highly specialized and cannot survive if of the hadropelagic zone are highly specialized and cannot survive if they are removed to shallower water with lower pressurethey are removed to shallower water with lower pressure

PELAGIC ZONEPELAGIC ZONE

• Epipelagic, or Sunlit Zone-Epipelagic, or Sunlit Zone- this is the topmost layer of the pelagic  this is the topmost layer of the pelagic zone, from the surface to a depth of about 200 meters (660 ft). It zone, from the surface to a depth of about 200 meters (660 ft). It receives enough sunlight to support photosynthetic organisms such receives enough sunlight to support photosynthetic organisms such as seaweed and phytoplankton, and also has a high level of as seaweed and phytoplankton, and also has a high level of dissolved oxygen due to the action of the waves. The epipelagic dissolved oxygen due to the action of the waves. The epipelagic zone is home to the majority of ocean life, including large predatory zone is home to the majority of ocean life, including large predatory fish such as tuna and sharks, small forage fish such as herrings, fish such as tuna and sharks, small forage fish such as herrings, sardines and anchovies, dolphins, whales and other marine sardines and anchovies, dolphins, whales and other marine mammals, sea turtles, and numerous other species.mammals, sea turtles, and numerous other species.

• Mesopelagic, or Mesopelagic, or TwilightTwilight Zone-  Zone- ranging from 200 to 1,000 meters ranging from 200 to 1,000 meters (3,280 ft), the mesopelagic zone receives very little sunlight, and (3,280 ft), the mesopelagic zone receives very little sunlight, and photosynthetic organisms cannot survive in this layer. The pressure photosynthetic organisms cannot survive in this layer. The pressure increases and the temperature and dissolved oxygen levels continue increases and the temperature and dissolved oxygen levels continue to drop with increasing depth. The fish that live in the mesopelagic to drop with increasing depth. The fish that live in the mesopelagic zone are predominantly small filter feeders such as lanternfish, and zone are predominantly small filter feeders such as lanternfish, and larger predator fish including sabertooth fish. The filter feeders make larger predator fish including sabertooth fish. The filter feeders make vertical migrations up to the epipelagic zone by night to feed on vertical migrations up to the epipelagic zone by night to feed on plankton, returning to the darkness by day to hide from predators.plankton, returning to the darkness by day to hide from predators.

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FAUNASFAUNAS

• A A clamclam is a type of  is a type of shellfishshellfish. Clams can be . Clams can be found in found in saltwatersaltwater and  and freshwaterfreshwater. Clams eat . Clams eat planktonplankton, and are eaten , and are eaten by small by small sharkssharks and  and squidsquid. Clams can be eaten by . Clams can be eaten by people. They may be people. They may be found on menus in found on menus in restaurantsrestaurants that serve  that serve seafoodseafood. Clams are a . Clams are a fairly common form of fairly common form of bivalvebivalve, therefore making , therefore making it part of the phylum it part of the phylum molluscamollusca. There are many . There are many clams in the clams in the oceanocean, but , but some can also be found in some can also be found in some lakes, streams, and some lakes, streams, and rivers. rivers.

• DolphinsDolphins are  are mammalsmammals from the  from the orderorder of  of CetaceaCetacea, the , the WhalesWhales. . They are They are animalsanimals that  that usually live in salt water, usually live in salt water, like the like the seasea, but certain , but certain species can live in species can live in riversrivers..

• The name "dolphin" is The name "dolphin" is used for used for oceanic dolphinsoceanic dolphins and  and river dolphinsriver dolphins, but , but oceanic dolphins and oceanic dolphins and river dolphins are not river dolphins are not directly related.directly related.

• SharksSharks are part of a group  are part of a group of of fishfish called  called ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes, with , with skeletons made of skeletons made of cartilagecartilageinstead of instead of bonebone. . Cartilage is rubbery stuff Cartilage is rubbery stuff that is softer than bone. that is softer than bone. Cartilaginous fish also Cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays. include skates and rays. There are more than 350 There are more than 350 different kinds of sharks, different kinds of sharks, such as thesuch as theGreatGreat White White and  and Whale sharksWhale sharks.  .  FossilsFossils show that sharks have  show that sharks have been around for 420been around for 420millionmillion years, since the early  years, since the early SilurianSilurian. .

• The The OctopusOctopus is a  is a cephalopodcephalopod  molluscmollusc in the  in the order Octopoda. Octopuses order Octopoda. Octopuses have two eyes and four have two eyes and four pairs of arms equipped pairs of arms equipped with suckers. An octopus with suckers. An octopus has a hard beak, and its has a hard beak, and its mouth is at the center mouth is at the center point of the arms.point of the arms.

• Most octopuses have no Most octopuses have no internal or external internal or external skeleton, allowing them to skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight squeeze through tight places. Octopuses are places. Octopuses are intelligentintelligent  predatorspredators with a  with a taste for taste for crabscrabs..

• Sea snakesSea snakes, or "seasnakes", , or "seasnakes", are are poisonouspoisonous  elapidelapid  snakessnakes that live in marine  that live in marine environments for most or all environments for most or all of their lives. Together with of their lives. Together with sea turtlessea turtles they are among  they are among the best-known the best-known marinemarine  reptilesreptiles. They . They evolvedevolved from  from their ancestors who lived on their ancestors who lived on land. Some sea snakes still land. Some sea snakes still have some of the behaviour have some of the behaviour and traits of their ancestors and traits of their ancestors left (like left (like LaticaudaLaticauda who can  who can also move a little on land). also move a little on land). Most sea snakes are well Most sea snakes are well adapted to living in the water adapted to living in the water all the time. They are unable all the time. They are unable to even move on land. to even move on land.

FLORASFLORAS

• BBrown alga, rown alga, Hedophyllum sessile,Hedophyllum sessile, of  of the North Pacific, characterized by a the North Pacific, characterized by a compact mass of fronds resembling a compact mass of fronds resembling a cabbage cabbage

• Sea anemonesSea anemones are a group  are a group of water-dwelling, of water-dwelling, predatorypredatory animals of the  animals of the orderorder  ActiniariaActiniaria; they are named ; they are named after the after the anemoneanemone, a , a terrestrial terrestrial flowerflower. Sea . Sea anemones are classified in anemones are classified in the phylumthe phylumCnidariaCnidaria, class , class Anthozoa, subclass Anthozoa, subclass Zoantharia.  Anthozoa often Zoantharia.  Anthozoa often have large have large polypspolyps that allow  that allow for digestion of larger prey for digestion of larger prey and also lack a and also lack a medusamedusa stage. As  stage. As cnidarianscnidarians, sea , sea anemones are closely related anemones are closely related to to coralscorals, , jellyfishjellyfish, , tube-dwelling anemonestube-dwelling anemones, , and and HydraHydra. .

• MangrovesMangroves are various  are various kinds of kinds of treestrees up to  up to medium height and medium height and shrubsshrubs that grow in  that grow in salinesaline coastal sediment  coastal sediment habitats in the habitats in the tropicstropics and  and subtropicssubtropics – mainly  – mainly between between latitudeslatitudes 25° N  25° N and 25° S. The and 25° S. The remaining mangrove remaining mangrove forest areas of the world forest areas of the world in 2000 was 53,190 in 2000 was 53,190 square miles (137, 760 square miles (137, 760 km²) spanning to 118 km²) spanning to 118 countries and territories  countries and territories  

• PhytoplanktonPhytoplanktonare the are the autotrophicautotrophic Component of the  Component of the planktonplankton community.  Most  community.  Most phytoplankton are too small to phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the be individually seen with the unaided eyeunaided eye. However, when . However, when present in high enough present in high enough numbers, they may appear as numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the a green discoloration of the water due to the presence of water due to the presence of chlorophyllchlorophyll within their cells  within their cells (although the actual color may (although the actual color may vary with the species of vary with the species of phytoplankton present due to phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of accessory the presence of accessory pigments such as pigments such as phycobiliproteinsphycobiliproteins, , xanthophyllsxanthophylls, etc.). , etc.).

• SeaweedSeaweed is a loose  is a loose colloquial term colloquial term encompassing encompassing macroscopicmacroscopic, , multicellularmulticellular, benthic marinealgae. The , benthic marinealgae. The term includes some term includes some members of members of the red, brown and green the red, brown and green algae. Seaweeds can also algae. Seaweeds can also be classified by use (as be classified by use (as food, medicine, fertilizer, food, medicine, fertilizer, industrial, etc.).industrial, etc.).